Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Pages
1.02 - 1.03
1.04
2
GEORGEFISCHER
1.01
Important Note:
The technical data given in
this publication is for
preliminary information
purposes only and is
published without guarantee.
All line drawings are for
illustrative purposes only and
should not be regarded as
wholly accurate in every
detail.
We reserve the right to
withdraw or to alter the
specification of any product
without notice. Please consult
our General Conditions of
Supply.
1.02
Fig. 1.01
Extract from the first catalogue
for gas pipe fittings with
respective prices dated 1865.
Paradies Museum
5
Fig. 1.02
Selection of malleable iron
fittings
GEORGEFISCHER
1.03
1.04
GEORGEFISCHER
Pages
Quality Assurance
2.02 - 2.03
Standardisation
2.04 - 2.05
Standards
2.06 - 2.07
Product Specification
2.08 - 2.09
GEORGEFISCHER
2.01
Quality Assurance
We know that our company's success
can only be secured if we meet the
expectations of our customers with
corresponding and consistant
performance.
The quality of George Fischer products
and services is determined by the
markets specific requirements.
Therefore, quality for us means far more
than the manufacture of functioning
products. Quality means the reliable
and constant correspondance of
requirement and performance".
The strive for quality accompanies all
activities of George Fischer; in
marketing, research and development,
material purchasing and production
as well as in sales, logistics and field
services.
What do we mean by Quality
Assurance?
GEORGEFISCHER
BS EN 1S0
No.
9000
No.
29000
9001
29001
9002
29002
9003
29003
9004
29004
International standards
for QA systems
Object
Requirements concerning
QA-Elements
Recommendations
for the establishment
of a QA-System
Fig.2.01
GEORGEFISCHER
2.03
Standardisation
ISO, CEN or BS?
ISO = International
Organisation for
Standardisation
CEN = European Committee
for Standardisation
BS = British Standard
DIN = German Standard
Description
ISO
CEN
BS
49:1994
10242:1995
143, 1256:1986*
7-1:1994
10226-1
21:1985
7-2:1982
10226-2
21:1985
5922:81
1562
6681:1986
Fig.2.02
2.04
In draft form
GEORGEFISCHER
GEORGEFISCHER
2.05
Standards
The following pages list some of the
standards mentioned in this publication,
which may have an association with
steel pipework, plumbing and
equipment.
Some of the national British Standard
(BS) specifications are in the process of
being replaced by new European
specifications (BS EN). It is recommended
that the status of the BS EN standard is
confirmed at the time of use.
BS 21 : 1985
Specification for pipe threads for tubes
and fittings where pressure-tight joints
are made on the threads (metric
dimensions).
BS 143/1256 : 1986
BS 6681 : 1986
Specification for malleable cast iron.
2.06
BS 6974 : 1991
Specification for unsintered PTFE tape for
thread sealing applications (coarse
threads).
GEORGEFISCHER
BS 7531 : 1992
Specification for compressed nonasbestos fibre jointing.
BS 6891 : 1988
Specification for installation of low
pressure gas pipework of up to 28mm
(R1) in domestic premises (2nd family
gas).
BS EN 751-2 : 1997
Sealing materials for metallic threaded
joints in contact with 1st, 2nd and 3rd
family gases and hot water.
Part 2 : Non Hardening Jointing
Compounds
Part 3 : Unsintered PTFE Tapes
BS EN 10242 : 1995
Threaded pipe fittings in malleable cast
iron.
IGE/UP/ 2 Dec 94 (formally IM/16)
Guidance notes on the installation of gas
pipework boosters and compressors in
customers premises.
GEORGEFISCHER
2.07
Product Specification
The latest European specification (BS EN
10242) defines all elements of fittings
designation and specification and is the
most significant review of fittings
standards for many years. Consequently,
many of the methods and references
used to specify malleable iron fittings are
now out of date.
Thread Type
External
Internal
Material Grade
Rp
Fig.2.03
d)
e)
f)
Fitting size
Surface Finish eg. Black - Fe,
Galvanised - Zn
design symbol
Examples
i) Equal Female Elbow, size 2", Black Finish, Design Symbol A.
Elbow EN 10242-A1-2-Fe-A
ii) Reducing Tee with Run 2" and Branch 1", Galvanised finish, Design Symbol A.
Tee EN 10242-B1-2x1-Zn-A
* future designation in accordance with
BS EN 1560: GJMW-400-5
2.08
GEORGEFISCHER
Fittings
All threaded pipe fittings in malleable
cast iron shall be in accordance with
BS EN 10242, Design symbol A, as
manufactured by George Fischer, or
similar.
Installation
Should be in accordance with the
George Fischer Malleable Iron Fittings Technical Manual, A guide to the design
and installation of low carbon steel
pipeline systems (LITGF0531, Section 4).
Quality
All threaded pipe fittings in malleable
cast iron shall be manufactured under a
quality system in accordance with EN
29001 or EN 29002 and certified by a
third party certification body operating
to EN 45012, as a means of ensuring
that the fittings conform to the specified
requirements.
GEORGEFISCHER
2.09
2.010
2.10
GEORGEFISCHER
Technical
Pages
3.02 - 3.03
Corrosion Protection
3.04 - 3.05
3.06 - 3.07
Size Designation
3.08
Fittings Design
3.09 - 3.10
Designation of Fittings
3.11 - 3.12
Union Fittings
3.13 - 3.15
3.16
3.17 - 3.18
GEORGEFISCHER
3.01
Fig. 3.01
Complex shape with thin wall
section.
Fig. 3.04
Blackheart structure 70 x - uniform carbon
distribution
Types
There are two distinct types of malleable
cast iron which are dependent mainly on
the annealing method used. Their names
result from the different visual
appearances at the fracture surfaces:
1. Whiteheart malleable iron is
produced by annealing in an oxidising
atmosphere. The result is a lower carbon
content, particularly in the surface zone
of the material. (Figs. 3.02 & 3.03)
Fig. 3.02
Whiteheart structure, section
through complete test piece
5 x Reduced carbon content
at surface.
Iron (Fe)
Fig. 3.03
Whiteheart structure 100 x.
Part section of test piece,
reduced carbon content at
surface
3.02
Carbon (C)
GEORGEFISCHER
percentage elongation of a
standard test piece
eg W = whiteheart
400 = tensile strength (N/mm 2)
05 = percentage elongation
5
Welding and Brazing
The whiteheart malleable cast iron used
for George Fischer pipe fittings,
(GTW-400-05) is not ideal for welding or
brazing. This is mainly due to the levels of
carbon, silicon, sulphur and manganese.
3.03
Corrosion Protection
Corrosion
The two main causes of corrosion which
can affect ferrous components are:
Protection Methods
Protection of iron based components
from the causes of corrosion is usually
carried out by using a coating material.
The coating may be classified as either a
barrier coating or a sacrificial coating.
Metal
Chemical
Symbol
Normal
Electrode
Potential
(volts)
Gold
Platinum
Silver
Mercury
Copper
Lead
Tin
Nickel
Cadmium
Iron
Chromium
Zinc
Aluminium
Magnesium
Sodium
Potassium
Lithium
Au
Pt
Ag
Hg
Cu
Pb
Sn
Ni
Cd
Fe
Cr
Zn
Al
Mg
Na
K
Li
+ 1.42
+ 1.20
+ 0.80
+ 0.80
+ 0.345
0.125
0.135
0.250
0.40
0.44
0.71
0.76
1.67
2.34
2.71
2.92
3.02
Fig. 3.05
3.04
2
3
Fig. 3.06 Section through hot dipped zinc
galvanised malleable iron fitting 300 x.
GEORGEFISCHER
Electro-plating
For practical reasons, steel fittings are
electro-plated instead of galvanised. In
the electro-plating process zinc is
deposited from an electrolyte by
applying an electric current to the
workpiece.
GEORGEFISCHER
3.05
Gas supply
Water heating
Sprinklers
Hospitals
Process Industries
Mining
Original equipment manufacturers
Petro chemical
Industrial piping
Mechanical services
bar
25
20
0
-20
120
working temperature
300
Fig. 3.07
3.06
GEORGEFISCHER
Fig. No.
Temperature Limit
Flat Seat
Taper Seat
300C
Bronze/Iron
342
210C
Double Bronze
342a
210C
Spherical Seat
346
300C
Fig. 3.08
GEORGEFISCHER
3.07
Size Designation
Pipes
The size of a particular Low Carbon
Steel (LCS) tube to BS 1387 is based on
the internal bore dimensions. This was
originally given in imperial dimensions
and known as Nominal Bore.
For example, a 1/ 2" LCS tube has an
internal bore diameter of approximately
1
/ 2".
The concept of nominal size (DN) is now
used to designate the size of a particular
pipeline. It is defined in ISO 6708 as a
numerical designation of size which is
common to all components other than
components designated by outside
diameters or thread size. It is a
convenient round number which is only
loosely related to manufacturing
dimensions.
Nominal size is designated by the letters
DN followed by a number. This number is
the approximate bore diameter
measured in millimetres.
/8
/4
/8
8 10
/2
/4
15 20
1 11/ 4 11/ 2 2
2 1/ 2 3
25 32 40 50 65
Fig. 3.09
3.08
GEORGEFISCHER
Fittings Design
When considering the design of a fitting
there are a number of other factors to be
taken into account, in addition to the
choice of thread and material.
Strengthening of internal threaded
outlets
Fittings with internal threads are
reinforced on the outside by designing a
band or bead of material around the
circumference of the outlet. (Fig. 3.10)
Reinforcing bead
Fig. 3.10
Part section through internal
thread.
Min. length of
spanner flats
/8
/4
/8
5 5.5
/2
/4 11/4 11/2
6
6.5
2 1/2
7.5
Fig. 3.11
Ribs
Some fittings may incorporate ribs into
the fittings design. The main function of
the rib is to facilitate manufacture during
the casting process, although they often
allow the fitting to be held more securely
during installation.
Dimensions
Dimensions for individual fitting types
and sizes are specified in BS EN 10242.
Those fittings conforming to this
standard are identified in this manual
and the associated dimensions are
detailed.
Length Tolerances
The applicable tolerance depends on
the dimension being considered and is
tabulated in the following table. For
straight fittings (e.g. nipples and sockets)
GEORGEFISCHER
up to
over 30
over 50
over 75
over 100
over 150
over 200
to 30
to 50
to 75
to 100
to 150
to 200
Maximum
deviations
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
5.0
Fig. 3.12
Angle Tolerances
The alignment of the axes of the screw
threads is designed to be within 0.5 of
the specified angle.
Chambered Fittings
Fittings with internal threads may be
designed and manufactured in two
different ways.
3.09
Fig. 3.13
Internal thread machined into wall of fitting.
Fig. 3.14
Chambered design: thicker section at thread
position.
3.10
GEORGEFISCHER
Designation of Fittings
In order to be certain that the desired
fittings are specified and supplied, it is
important to have a standard method of
designating the various elements
associated with malleable iron pipe
fittings.
Fittings which are in accordance with BS
EN 10242 use the following elements of
designation:
a) Type of Fitting
All the types of fitting shown in the
Product Data section of this manual are
referred to by a standard name. The
name given to each fitting denotes its
type. e.g. long sweep bend.
b) Standard
Method a
The fitting outlets are numbered as
follows:
c) The Symbol
Each type of fitting covered by the
International and European standards
have been allocated a symbol to denote
the fitting type. These symbols are
shown in the product data section with
each fitting type. This symbol identifies
exactly the type of fitting required.
e.g.
G1 Long Sweep Bend, 90 with internal
threads
6
Fig 3.15
Method a for specifying outlets.
GEORGEFISCHER
Method b
The fitting outlets are numbered as
follows:
1 - Largest outlet on run
2 - Smaller outlet on run
3 - Branch size
Thread Type
Ext.
Int.
R
Rp
Material Grade
W400-05* or B350-10
Fig. 3.17
run
branch
run
Design
Symbol
branch
e) Surface Finish
Two standard finishes are available,
black or galvanised. The black finish
(sometimes called natural or self colour) is
designated internationally by the symbol
Fe. The galvanised finish is designated by
the symbol Zn.
Traditionally, English speaking countries
have used B for black and G for
galvanised, while for example, German
speaking countries would use S for
schwarz (black) and V for verzingt
(galvanised). Other countries may use
different characters.
f) Design Symbol
The latest editions of the ISO and EN
standards use the concept of design
symbols to specify the thread
combination and material.
* future designation in
accordance with
BS EN 1560: GJMW-400-5
3.12
Union Fittings
Function and Installation
In order to assemble a pipeline system it
is necessary to be able to rotate either
the pipe or the fitting to make the
threaded connection. Inevitably there
are occasions where it is not practical to
do this, usually when making the last joint
in the system.
The union fitting is designed to enable
two pipes to be connected and sealed
without having to turn either pipe. The
union consists of three parts:
Union Bush
Fig. 3.18
Component parts of union
fitting
Union Nut
Union End
GEORGEFISCHER
Fig. 3.19
George Fischer
Flat Seat Union
Gasket
3.13
Fig. 3.20
George Fischer Iron/Iron
Taper Seat Union
Fig. 3.21
George Fischer Bronze/Iron
Spherical Seat Union
3.14
GEORGEFISCHER
Fig. 3.22
George Fischer Bronze/
Bronze Spherical Seat Union
Fig. 3.23
George Fischer Spherical
Seat Mac Union
8
Union Fitting Tightening Torques
Size
Tightening torque Nm
40
/8
/4
11/4
11/2
2 1/2
60
80
120
150
180
240
310
350
470
/2
Fig. 3.24
GEORGEFISCHER
3.15
Sealing Gaskets
Gasket
Inside diameter x
Outside diameter
Thickness
Fastening thread,
G
Joining thread
Fitting size, R/Rp
13 x 20
17 x 24
17 x 24
22 x 30
21 x 30
24 x 34
21 x 28,5
27 x 36
27 x 38
26,5 x 34,5
34 x 43
32 x 44
43 x 53
38 x 48
42 x 55
42 x 52
48 x 60
46 x 62
54 x 64
61 x 73
60 x 78
75 x 97
88 x 110
115 x 135
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
95 97 100 101 330 331 332 335 336 338 595 599a 1330 1335 370 372 376
1
/4
3
/8
1
/2
1
/2
1
/2
1
/2
3
/4
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
2
2 1/ 2
3
4
/8
3
/4
3
/8
1
/2
1
1 1/ 8
1
/2
3
/4
1 1/ 4
3
/4
1
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 8
2
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
2 1/ 4
1 3/ 4
2
2 3/ 4
3 1/ 2
4
5
recommended gasket recommended gasket for Fig. no. 373 for the middle plane face gasket supplied
Fig. 3.25
Fig. 3.26
3.16
GEORGEFISCHER
Steel Tubes
Background
There are a multitude of steel pipes or
tubes used in industry for many
engineering applications. This section will
be restricted to those steel pipes defined
by BS 1387:1985 (ISO 65) which may be
used with George Fischer malleable iron
pipe fittings.
Steel pipes to BS 1387:1985 are the
traditional material for most steel
plumbing and pipework applications.
Sometimes referred to as mild steel
tubes, the correct title is Low Carbon
Steel (LCS) tubes. These pipes are used
for conveying many different media
including water, steam, compressed air,
gases and oils.
Types
There are three main grades of steel
tube. All have the same outside diameter
but different wall thickness. The thickness
series are designated; light, medium and
heavy. The dimensions are given below.
Type Identification
The different thickness series of LCS tube
are colour coded by the manufacturer
for ease of identification.
The tubes have a 50mm band of colour
near the end of each tube, according to
the following:
Light tubes
- brown
Medium tubes - blue
Heavy tubes - red
Surface Finish
Steel tubes are available in either self
colour (known as black) or galvanised
finish.
Tube Ends
The tube can be supplied with either
plain or screwed ends. The screwed ends
are threaded in accordance with BS 21
(ISO 7) and supplied with a threaded
socket.
Designation
of thread
Outside diameter
max.
min.
mm
mm
Thickness
/4
13.6
13.2
1.8
0.515
0.519
10
/8
17.1
16.7
1.8
0.670
0.676
15
/2
21.4
21.0
2.0
0.947
0.956
20
/4
26.9
26.4
2.3
1.38
1.39
25
33.8
33.2
2.6
1.98
2.00
32
1 /4
42.5
41.9
2.6
2.54
2.57
40
1 /2
48.4
47.8
2.9
3.23
3.27
50
60.2
59.6
2.9
4.08
4.15
65
2 /2
76.0
75.2
3.2
5.71
5.83
80
88.7
87.9
3.2
6.72
6.89
100
113.9
113.0
3.6
9.75
10.0
Fig. 3.27
GEORGEFISCHER
3.17
Designation
of thread
Outside diameter
max.
min.
mm
mm
Thickness
13.3
2.3
0.641
0.645
10
17.4
16.8
2.3
0.839
0.845
21.7
21.1
2.6
1.21
1.22
20
/4
/8
1
/2
3
/4
13.9
27.2
26.6
2.6
1.56
1.57
25
15
34.2
33.4
3.2
2.41
2.43
32
1 /4
42.9
42.1
3.2
3.10
3.13
40
1 /2
48.8
48.0
3.2
3.57
3.61
50
60.8
59.8
3.6
5.03
5.10
65
2 /2
76.6
75.4
3.6
6.43
6.55
80
89.5
88.1
4.0
8.37
8.54
100
114.9
113.3
4.5
12.2
12.5
125
140.6
138.7
5.0
16.6
17.1
150
166.1
164.1
5.0
19.7
20.3
Fig. 3.28
Outside diameter
max.
min.
mm
mm
Thickness
13.3
2.9
0.765
0.769
10
17.4
16.8
2.9
1.02
1.03
21.7
21.1
3.2
1.44
1.45
20
/4
/8
1
/2
3
/4
13.9
27.2
26.6
3.2
1.87
1.88
25
15
34.2
33.4
4.0
2.94
2.96
32
1 /4
42.9
42.1
4.0
3.80
3.83
40
1 /2
48.8
48.0
4.0
4.38
4.42
50
60.8
59.8
4.5
6.19
6.26
7.93
8.05
65
2 /2
76.6
75.4
4.5
80
89.5
88.1
5.0
10.3
10.5
100
114.9
113.3
5.4
14.5
14.8
125
140.6
138.7
5.4
17.9
18.4
150
166.1
164.1
5.4
21.3
21.9
Fig. 3.29
3.18
GEORGEFISCHER
Pipe Threads
Pages
4.02
4.03
4.04
Thread Engagement
4.05
Thread Cutting
4.06
Assembly Method
4.07
4.08
Thread Measurement
Key Data for Threads to ISO 7/1
Thread Jointing and Sealing
4.09 - 4.11
4.12
4.13 - 4.14
5
GEORGEFISCHER
4.01
r
H
27.5 27.5
Pitch P
H/6
H = 0.960 491 P
h = 0.640 327 P
r = 0.137 329 P
Fig. 4.01
r
H
h
r
27.5 27.5
Pitch P
Axis of screw
90
Fig. 4.02
Jointing Thread
Fastening
Thread
Jointing Thread
Fig. 4.03
The George Fischer Union,
showing both jointing and
fastening threads.
parallel
Rp 1 1/2
External thread
(right-hand)
taper
R 1 1/2
parallel
G 1 1/2
G 1 1/2 A
G 1 1/2 B
GEORGEFISCHER
Internal thread
maximum size
External thread
maximum size
Internal
thread
G
Internal
thread
Rp
thread diameter
External
thread
R
Nominal
size
External
thread
G ... A
Internal thread
minimum size
External thread
minimum size
2
Internal thread
minimum size
External thread
maximum size
External thread
minimum size
External
thread
G ... B
4
... for tolerance ranges used by
External thread
minimum size
Fig. 4.06
5
Combination of Jointing and
Fastening Threads
If a parallel external pipe thread, G
(fastening thread to ISO 228-1), is
screwed together with a parallel internal
pipe thread R p , (jointing thread to ISO 71), special consideration is required since
this combination may not assemble
together and does not necessarily lead
to a pressure tight joint. (see ISO 228-1
section 3 and/or BS21:1985 Table 6).
GEORGEFISCHER
4.03
Total thread
Useful thread (not less than gauge length plus fitting allowance)
Incomplete
thread
Complete thread
Washout
thread
Vanish cone
Gauge plane
Gauge
diameter
d
Major cone
T1
2
T1
2
Wrenching
allowance
Gauge length
Fig. 4.07
Allowance equivalent
to positive tolerance
on internal thread
Fitting allowance
Internal Threads, Rp or Rc
The length and design of the internal
thread must be such to allow the external
thread to be screwed in sufficiently to
achieve adequate compression and
sealing in the threads, even when the
external thread is at the maximum
permitted length.
GEORGEFISCHER
Thread Engagement
Thread engagement is the standard
distance that the pipe may be screwed
into the fitting. This dimension is
fundamental to the development of the z
method (see section 6). The following
Thread Size
/4
/8
/2
/4
1 1/4
1 1/2
2 1/2
Gauge length
(hand tight)
Turns
(mm)
4 1/2
6.0
4 3/4
6.4
4 1/2
8.2
5 1/4
9.5
fitting
allowance
Turns
(mm)
2 3/4
3.7
2 3/4
3.7
2 3/4
5.0
2 3/4
5.0
2 3/4
6.4
2 3/4
6.4
2 3/4
6.4
3 1/4
7.5
4
9.2
4
9.2
4 1/2
5
10.4 11.5
wrenching
allowance
Turns
(mm)
1 1/2
2.0
1 1/2
2.0
1 1/2
2.7
1 1/2
2.7
1 1/2
3.5
1 1/2
3.5
1 1/2
3.5
2
4.6
2 1/2
5.8
2 1/2
5.8
3
6.9
average
thread
engagement*
Turns
(mm)
7 1/4
10
7 1/2
10
7 1/4
13
8
15
7 1/4
17
8 1/4
19
8 1/4
19
3 1/2
8.1
Fig. 4.08
Table of Nominal Thread Lengths
GEORGEFISCHER
4.05
Thread Cutting
The usual method of producing pipe
threads on low carbon steel tube is to
cut them using a threading machine.
(Details of the George Fischer pipe
cutting and threading machines can be
found in section 8).
Alternatively, pipe threads can be
produced using hand tools known as
stocks and dies.
If a number of pipe threads have to be
cut, the benefits of using a machine
include: accuracy which is repeated on
each thread and significant time savings.
Once the machine is set for a particular
size, cutting and threading times of 20
seconds are not unusual.
4.06
GEORGEFISCHER
Assembly Method
The important dimensional data relating
to thread lengths and their asssembly is
detailed in Fig. 4.08. As an example, the
correct method of assembling a 1" pipe
joint is described.
Fig. 4.09
Hand tight position
Fig. 4.10
Position after wrenching
GEORGEFISCHER
4.07
Notes on Taper/Parallel
Threaded Joints
A pressure tight joint is achieved by the
compression in the threads resulting from
tightening in the wrenching allowance.
This compression and sealing occurs in
the first few turns of the internal thread.
As wrenching takes place, the internal
thread will stretch to accommodate the
external taper. This ensures a perfect
metal to metal contact which minimises
the effects of threads produced at
different ends of the permissible
tolerances. Variations within the
tolerances can occur between threads
which are factory produced and those
produced on site, whether by machine or
hand cut.
The metal to metal contact enables the
joint to withstand tensile and
compressive loads and bending stresses.
In order to achieve the best sealing effect
the following points should be taken into
account:
threads must be produced to allow the
components to be screwed together,
without jointing compound.
the jointing compound should be
applied sparingly, since it is only
required to fill the inevitable deviations
from the theoretical thread profile and
the roughness of the thread surfaces.
sufficient threads must be available for
wrenching, even when the internal
thread is at maximum diameter.
the end of the useful thread should not
be screwed in further than the first full
formed internal thread.
the washout thread will normally
remain visible after tightening with a
wrench (typically 1 to 2 threads).
Sealing and compression
performance may be reduced if
attempts are made to seal on the
external washout thread.
allowances for thread chamfers may
be necessary (see page 4.10)
Reuseability
Fittings may be reused only if no
permanent deformation has occured
during the jointing process. If the correct
4.08
GEORGEFISCHER
Thread Measurement
Background
Threads are produced world-wide by
many thousands of factories and also
individuals working on site. It is important
to know that the threads on the pipe and
fittings are in accordance with the
appropriate standard. Measurement of
threads is known as gauging and is
carried out using a set of standardised
gauges.
Gauges are precision instruments which
should be regularly checked for
accuracy by a calibration laboratory.
They are therefore expensive. Any
gauging system must be readily
available, quick and easy to use, and be
resiliant in a production or site
environment.
Over the years, different countries have
developed a number of slightly different
ways to measure the same thread, with
some types of gauge attempting to
measure more than one of the thread
parameters. As a result it is possible to
obtain slightly different results depending
on the measuring system used. Therefore
a component which is to standard using
one set of gauges may not appear to be
to standard using a different method.
Gauge
plane
Gauge plane
Gauge plane
Gauge plane
4
Fig. 4.12
Full form, plain plug and ring gauges.
Start of
thread
Thread Gauges
External thread of
maximum gauge length
GEORGEFISCHER
Ring gauge
Gauge plane
Gauge
length
(max)
Gauge
length
(min)
Gauge
plane
Plug gauge
External thread of
minimum gauge length
8
Start of
thread
Fig. 4.13
4.09
Start of
thread
Minor cone
Internal Thread
Major
cone
Start of
thread
Start of
thread
Fig. 4.14
Effect of a chamfer on start of thread
4.10
GEORGEFISCHER
Example
4
D
DA
/ 4" to 3/ 8"
/ 2" to 3/ 4"
1" to 2"
21/2" to 4"
for Rp
example.:
D A = 28,3 mm
1/4 gauge
revolution
9
Fig. 4.15 Nomogram (to be reproduced only with the express permission of George Fischer)
GEORGEFISCHER
4.11
4.12
mm
mm
cm2
l/m
kg/
mm
mm
cm2
l/m
kg/
Medium Duty
Wall thickness
Inside diameter
Bore area
Capacity
Pipe mass,plain
end black pipe
Heavy duty
Wall thickness
Inside diameter
Bore area
Capacity
Pipe mass,plain
end black pipe
Threaded pipes
Outside diameter mm
Surface area
m 2/m
Pipe threads
Gauge diameter mm
(thread external dia.
at the gauge plane)
Pitch
Number of threads/inch
Gauge length
turns
(external thread)
mm
Tolerance for
mm
gauge length
Fitting Allowance turns
Useful thread
turns
Wrenching
turns
allowance
Thread size
Nominal diameter DN
19
4 1/2
6
1.3
2 3/4
7 1/4
1 1/2
28
4 3 /8
4
0.9
2 3 /4
7 1/8
1 1/2
2.6
5.0
0.19
0.020
0.49
2.0
6.2
0.30
0.030
0.40
2.9
7.7
0.47
0.047
0.77
2.3
8.9
0.62
0.062
0.64
13.5
0.042
1.337
0.907
10.2
0.032
13.157
/4
8
9.728
1
/8
6
2.9
11.4
1.02
0.102
1.02
2.3
12.6
1.25
0.125
0.84
17.2
0.054
2 3 /4
7 1/2
1 1/2
19
4 3 /4
6.4
1.3
1.337
16.662
3
/8
10
3.2
14.9
1.74
0.174
1.44
2.6
16.1
2.04
0.204
1.21
21.3
0.067
2 3/4
7 1/4
1 1/2
14
4 1/2
8.2
1.8
1.814
20.955
1
/2
15
3.2
20.4
3.27
0.327
1.87
2.6
21.7
3.70
0.370
1.56
26.9
0.085
2 3 /4
8
1 1/2
14
5 1/4
9.5
1.8
1.814
26.441
3
/4
20
4.0
25.7
5.19
0.519
2.93
3.2
27.3
5.85
0.585
2.41
33.7
0.106
2 3/4
7 1/4
1 1/2
11
4 1/2
10.4
2.3
2.309
33.249
1
25
Key Data for Threads to ISO 7-1, BS21 and Threaded Pipes to
ISO65, BS1387
4.0
34.4
9.29
0.929
3.79
3.2
36.0
10.18
1.018
3.10
42.4
0.133
2 3/4
8 1/4
1 1/2
11
5 1/2
12.7
2.3
2.309
41.910
1 1/4
32
4.0
40.3
12.76
1.276
4.37
3.2
41.9
13.79
1.379
3.56
48.3
0.152
2 3 /4
8 1/4
1 1/2
11
5 1/2
12.7
2.3
2.309
47.803
1 1/2
40
4.5
51.3
20.66
2.066
6.19
3.6
53.1
22.15
2.215
5.03
60.3
0.189
3 1/4
10 1/8
2
11
6 7 /8
15.9
2.3
2.309
59.614
2
50
4.5
67.1
35.36
3.536
7.93
3.6
68.9
37.28
3.728
6.42
76.1
0.239
4
11 9 /16
2 1/2
11
7 9 /16
17.5
3.5
2.309
75.184
2 1/2
65
5.0
78.9
48.89
4.889
10.30
4.0
80.9
51.40
5.140
8.36
88.9
0.279
4
12 15 /16
2 1/2
11
8 15 /16
20.6
3.5
2.309
87.884
3
80
5.4
103.5
84.13
8.413
14.50
4.5
105.3
87.09
8.710
12.2
114.3
0.359
4 1/2
15 1/2
3
11
11
25.4
3.5
2.309
113.030
4
100
5.4
128.9
130.59
13.050
17.90
5.0
129.7
132.12
13.212
16.6
139.7
0.439
5
17 3/ 8
3 1/2
11
12 3/8
28.6
3.5
2.309
138.430
5
125
5.4
154.3
186.99
18.699
21.30
5.0
155.1
188.94
18.894
19.8
165.1
0.519
5
17 3 / 8
3 1/2
11
12 3 /8
28.6
3.5
2.309
163.830
6
150
Fig. 4.16
GEORGEFISCHER
steam
marine
potable water
natural and LP gases
compressed air
fuels
GEORGEFISCHER
exposure to vibration
size of thread
ease of application
shelf life
Reinforcing Material
Dependent on manufacturers
instructions it may be necessary to use a
reinforcing material in conjunction with
the jointing compound.
This is traditionally hemp which is wound
evenly around the threads, starting at the
front of the thread and wound in the
direction of the threads towards the
washout.
Note: Hemp is not permitted for use on
hot and cold water according to the UK
Water Byelaw Scheme, although a hemp
substitute is available from some
suppliers.
For threaded joints above 2" the use of
reinforcing material is generally
considered essential, mainly due to the
larger gaps between the threads which
require filling and sealing.
PTFE Tape
This material is used as a general
purpose thread sealant. The tape is
applied to the external thread by starting
at the front of the thread and winding in
a clockwise direction towards the
washout. This ensures that the sealing
material is drawn into the threads as the
joint is made.
A slight tension to the tape, during the
application should be maintained which
will help to achieve the correct
positioning.
The number of turns required is
somewhat dependent on the thread
type and thread quality, although as a
general guide use a single wrap up to 2"
threads and double or multiple wraps
above 2".
Standards and Specifications
With any piping installation it is important
to take account of any standards or
requirements which have been detailed
by the specifier. This is particularly
important when dealing with potable
water and gas installations.
4.14
GEORGEFISCHER
Pipeline Design
Pages
5.02 - 5.03
5.04 - 5.06
5.07 - 5.09
5.10 - 5.19
5.20
5.21 - 5.24
Compressible Fluids
5.25 - 5.27
Steam
5.28 - 5.29
Water Hammer
5.30 - 5.32
GEORGEFISCHER
5.01
Velocity of Fluid
Temperature
C
10
75
150
1000
975
917
1.3 x 10 -3
0.4 x 10 -3
0.2 x 10 -3
v= Q
A
v = velocity of fluid (m/s)
Q = volume flow rate (m 3/second)
A = pipe cross sectional area (m 2)
water
GEORGEFISCHER
Reynolds Number
Re =
6
Disturbed Turbulent Flow Re >2000 and Re <4000
v
7
v
8
Fig. 5.02
Velocity profiles for different types of flow.
GEORGEFISCHER
5.03
Pipeline Sizing
What size should the pipe be?
The following formula can be used as a
first approximation for a given flow rate.
d = 1.13
Q
v
Example
What size steel pipe should be used
when the flow rate Q = 8 x 10 -3 m 3/s and
the velocity v = 2m/s?
d =1.13
8 x 10
2
-3
= 0.071m = 71mm
In this case a 3'' (DN80) steel pipe can be
used, since it ha a nominal bore of
80.9mm. The next size down is 2 1/2"
(DN65) which has a bore of 68.7mm and
would cause a reduction in the required
flow rate to 7.45 x 10 -3m 3/s. If the flow
rate may be slightly less than 8 x
10 -3 m 3/s, it would be more economical
to use the smaller pipe.
Pressure Loss
Whenever fluid flows in a pipe there will
be some loss of pressure due to several
factors:
a) friction- this is affected by the
roughness of the inside surface of the
pipe, the pipe diameter, and the physical
properties of the fluid.
5.04
GEORGEFISCHER
Cross-sectional area
A = x (68.7x10 3m/2) 2m 2
Volume flow rate
Q = 3x10 -3 m 3/s
Absolute viscosity = 1.3Pa s x 10 -3
Density
= 1000kg/m 3
(both from Fig. 5.01)
Step 1
Calculate Reynolds number
Re = vd i
le = di
4f
l e = equivalent length (m)
d i = inside pipe diameter (m)
f = friction factor (dimensionless)
Re = vd i = (0.81) x (0.0687)
1.3 x10 -6
= 4.3x10 4
Step 2
Use Moody diagram to determine the
friction factor. For a Reynolds number of
4.3 x10 4 and a roughness of 6.7 x 10 -4
we find f = 0.006
Step 3
Find head loss in m/m
Moodys Diagram
Fig. 5.03
5.06
GEORGEFISCHER
Example 1
What is the - value for a system of 1
inch (DN25) diameter with a malleable
cast iron elbow and a diverging tee
where the flow being considered is
along the run of the tee?
Step 1
Find the - value for the malleable cast
iron elbow. From the table we see this is
0.8. ( Fig. 5.05)
Step 2
Find the - value for the tee junction.
The run is the important part so we have
flow from A 1 to A 3 in Fig. 5.05 . So we read
the basic 3 value of 0.2. We do not need
to add on a reduction or enlargement
factor as the pipe bore does not change.
Step 3
Find the total - value
fittings. For the elbows and bends, the value can be easily read directly from the
table. For example a 90 elbow 1 1/ 4
(DN32) has = 0.7 However the situation
may be more complex. In some pipe
systems we may have a reduction or
enlargement in pipe size. This change in
size has a - value which depends on
the ratio of the two pipe areas (see
example below).
Tees and junctions have - values which
vary depending on which branch is
being considered. Once the basic value for the relevant branch has been
determined extra factors need to be
added on. The first is for the elbow or
bend (if the flow is through the straight
section of a tee then this is zero). Finally
any reduction or enlargement in pipe
cross sectional area must be accounted
for.
Example 2
What is the - value for the following
system?
Diverging junction (DN 32)
Reducer
6
1 1/4 " (DN 32) pipe
Fig. 5.04
Step 1
Find the basic - value for a diverging
junction. The table gives 2 = 0.5 (Fig. 5.05)
Step 2
Find the contribution due to the 90
elbow. From the elbows and bends table
we see for a 32mm 90 elbow we have
= 0.7.
Step 3
Find the contribution to due to the
reduction from 32mm pipe to 25mm
pipe.
GEORGEFISCHER
5.07
A 2 = x (25) 2
4
L ef = d i
4f
L ef = equivalent length of fitting (m)
= pressure loss factor (dimensionless)
A 2 = 0.6
A1
is = 0.25.
Step 4
Find the total by adding together
contributions from the previous three
steps.
5.08
GEORGEFISCHER
Diverging
Diverging
0.5
0.5
Converging
factor for
enlargement or
reduction where
bores differ
0.2
factor for
enlargement or
reduction where
bores differ
Converging
factor for
enlargement or
reduction where
bores differ
Reductions
Enlargements
A2
A1
A2
A1
A1
A2
A1
A2
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.55
0.50
0.45
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.40
0.25
0.05
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.80
0.65
0.50
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.35
0.15
0.05
DN
Type
10-25mm 32-50mm
65-90mm
>100mm
0.6
0.6
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.7
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.7
Fig. 5.05
Extract from CIBSE Guide, Table 4.36.
GEORGEFISCHER
5.09
Example
The pressure drop for water at 10C,
flowing at 1 x 10 -3 m 3/s through heavy
black 1 1/ 2 " (DN40) pipe, can be read
from Fig. 5.08 as 220 Pa/m.
However if this pipe were rusted we
would need to apply a correction factor.
As the nominal pipe size required is not
actually listed in Fig. 5.06 we use the next
size up, 2" (DN 50). Our pressure loss is
about 200 Pa so we read off a
correction factor of 3.3. We multiply our
original pressure loss by this factor to
find the loss for rusted pipes. 220 x 3.3
gives us 726 Pa/m.
For new pipes the pressure loss is 220
Pa/m, but for rusted pipes it would be
726 Pa/m.
2
1.0
2.4
2.3
2.3
5
3.2
2.7
2.5
2.4
500 1000
4.5 4.7
3.9 4.0
3.4 3.5
3.1 3.1
Fig. 5.06
2
1.00
0.90
0.90
0.95
5
1.00
0.90
0.92
0.96
500 1000
1.0 1.0
1.0 1.0
1.0 1.0
1.0 1.0
Fig. 5.07
5.10
GEORGEFISCHER
GEORGEFISCHER
5.11
Volume
flow
rate
l/s
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
Pressure loss per unit length (Pa/m) and velocity of flow (v)
20 mm
25 mm
32 mm
3
/ 4 in
1 in
1 1 / 4 in
15mm
1
/ 2 in
H
140
420
880
1500
G v
175
600
1500
2250
3500
5000
7000
9000
11000
0.28
0.57
0.85
1.13
1.42
1.70
1.98
2.26
2.55
H
25.0
92.5
200
320
480
660
880
1200
1400
1700
G v
50
120
250
450
700
1000
1250
1750
2000
2750
0.16
0.32
0.48
0.64
0.80
0.95
1.11
1.27
1.43
1.59
3000
3500
4500
5000
5500
6500
7000
8000
9000
10000
1.75
1.91
2.07
2.23
2.39
2.56
2.71
2.87
3.03
3.18
H
6.5
32.5
62.5
120
160
220
280
360
460
540
640
760
880
1000
1200
1300
1500
1600
1800
G v
40 mm
1 1 / 2 in
G v
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.16
0.20
0.24
0.28
50 0.32
60 0.36
80 0.40
50
80
130
200
275
400
500
600
800
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.41
0.51
0.61
0.71
0.82
0.92
1.02
2.0
8.0
17.5
27.5
40.0 50
52.5 70
70.0 90
87.5 110
120 140
140 175
0.8
2.5
0.19
0.25
0.31
0.37
0.44
0.50
0.56
0.62
1.5
3.5
7.5
12.5
20.0
25.0
32.5
42.5
50.0
62.5
900
1100
1250
1500
1750
2000
2150
2250
2500
2750
1.12
1.22
1.32
1.43
1.53
1.63
1.73
1.83
1.94
2.04
160
200
220
240
280
320
360
380
420
460
200
225
275
320
350
400
450
500
550
600
0.68
0.75
0.81
0.87
0.93
1.00
1.06
1.12
1.18
1.24
72.5
85.0
97.5
120
140
150
160
180
200
220
7000
11000
3.06
4.08
980 1500
1700 2250
3500
5000
7000
1.87
2.49
3.11
3.73
4.35
460
760
1200
1700
90
100
120
140
160
175
200
225
250
275
0.44
0.48
0.52
0.56
0.60
0.64
0.68
0.72
0.76
0.80
600
1000
1750
2250
3000
1.19
1.60
1.99
2.39
2.79
Fig. 5.08
Data extracted and re-arranged (uses volume flow rate rather than mass flow rate)
From CIBSE Guide, tables C4-17, C21.
5.12
GEORGEFISCHER
Volume
flow
rate
l/s
Pressure loss per unit length (Pa/m) and velocity of flow (v)
50 mm
2 in
H
G
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.8
4.0
8.0
15.0
20.0
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
27.5
35.0
45.0
55.0
65.0
50.0
55.0
70.0
80.0
65 mm
2 1/ 2 in
H
G
80 mm
3 in
H
G
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
100 mm
4 in
H
G
0.3
1.5
2.5
4.0
5.5
0.03
0.06
0.09
0.12
0.15
0.2
0.5
1.0
2.0
2.5
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.1
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.31
0.36
0.41
0.46
0.51
7.5
9.5
12.5
15.0
20.0
0.18
0.21
0.24
0.27
0.3
3.5
4.5
5.5
7.0
8.0
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.20
1.0
1.3
1.5
2.0
2.5
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.12
0.13
4.5
7.5
12.5
17.5
22.5
27.5
32.5
40.0
50.0
0.19
0.25
0.32
0.38
0.45
0.51
0.57
0.64
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
140
240
340
480
640
820
1100
1300
175
300
450
700
900
1250
1500
1750
0.76
1.02
1.27
1.53
1.78
2.04
2.29
2.55
37.5
62.5
92.5
140.0
180.0
220.0
280.0
340.0
50.0
80.0
110.0
175.0
225.0
275.0
350.0
450.0
0.45
0.60
0.75
0.90
1.06
1.21
1.36
1.51
17.5
27.5
42.5
57.5
77.5
97.5
120.0
160.0
50.0
70.0
90.0
120.0
150.0
175.0
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10
1500
1800
2250
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
6000
7000
2.80
3.06
3.31
3.57
3.82
4.08
4.33
4.59
4.84
5.10
400.0
480.0
540.0
620.0
720.0
800.0
900.0
1000.0
1200.0
1300.0
500.0
600.0
700.0
800.0
1000.0
1100.0
1250.0
1350.0
1500.0
1750.0
1.66
1.81
1.96
2.11
2.26
2.41
2.56
2.71
2.87
3.02
180.0
220.0
240.0
280.0
320.0
360.0
400.0
440.0
500.0
540.0
225.0
250.0
300.0
350.0
400.0
450.0
500.0
550.0
650.0
700.0
1.10
1.20
1.29
1.39
1.49
1.59
1.69
1.79
1.89
1.99
47.0
55.0
65.0
72.5
82.5
92.5
110.0
120.0
130.0
140.0
55.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
110.0
130.0
140.0
160.0
175.0
0.70
0.76
0.83
0.89
0.96
1.02
1.08
1.15
1.21
1.27
8000
5.61
1500.0
1800.0
2000.0
2250.0
2750.0
3200.0
3500.0
4000.0
4500.0
5500.0
6000.0
3.32
3.62
3.92
4.22
4.52
4.82
5.13
5.43
5.73
640.0
760.0
880.0
1000.0
1200.0
1300.0
1500.0
1700.0
1800.0
800.0
1000.0
1250.0
1350.0
1500.0
1750.0
2000.0
2250.0
2500.0
2.19
2.39
2.59
2.79
2.99
3.18
3.38
3.58
3.78
180.0
200.0
240.0
280.0
300.0
340.0
380.0
420.0
480.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
350.0
400.0
450.0
500.0
550.0
600.0
1.40
1.53
1.66
1.78
1.91
2.04
2.17
2.29
2.42
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
GEORGEFISCHER
5.13
Volume
flow
rate
litres/sec
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
Pressure loss per unit length (Pa/m) and velocity of flow (v)
15mm
1
/ 2 in
H
90
360
760
1300
2000
20 mm
3
/ 4 in
M
25 mm
1 in
65
240
500
880
1400
1900
0.28
0.57
0.85
1.13
1.42
1.70
20
15
70
55
160 120
260 200
400 300
560 420
760 560
960 720
1200 900
1500 1100
0.16
0.32
0.48
0.64
0.80
0.95
1.11
1.27
1.43
1.59
6.5
22.5
47.5
82.5
140
180
240
300
380
460
1900 1400
1600
1900
1.75
1.91
2.07
2.23
2.39
2.56
2.71
2.87
3.03
3.18
540
660
780
900
1000
1200
1300
1500
1600
1900
32 mm
1 1/ 4 in
40 mm
1 1/ 2 in
5
20
35
60
90
140
180
220
300
340
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.41
0.51
0.61
0.71
0.82
0.92
1.02
2.0
5.5
12.5
20
30
42.5
55
70
85
120
1.5
5
9
17
25
35
45
55
70
85
0.06
0.12
0.19
0.25
0.31
0.37
0.44
0.50
0.56
0.62
400
480
560
660
740
840
980
1100
1200
1300
1.12
1.22
1.32
1.43
1.53
1.63
1.73
1.83
1.94
2.04
140
160
180
200
240
260
300
320
360
400
100
120
140
160
200
220
240
260
280
320
0.68
0.75
0.81
0.87
0.93
1.00
1.06
1.12
1.18
1.24
840 680
1500 1200
1800
1.87
2.49
3.11
H
0.8
2.5
5.5
9.0
15
20
25
35
40
50
60
65
80
90
100
120
140
160
180
200
0.7
2.5
4.5
7.5
12.5
17.5
22.5
27.5
35
40
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.16
0.20
0.24
0.28
0.32
0.36
0.40
50
55
67.5
75
85
97.5
120
130
140
160
0.44
0.48
0.52
0.56
0.60
0.64
0.68
0.72
0.76
0.80
320
540
840
1200
1600
1.19
1.60
1.99
2.39
2.79
Fig. 5.09
Data extracted and re-arranged (uses volume flow rate rather than mass flow rate)
From CIBSE Guide, tables C4-11, C4-12.
5.14
GEORGEFISCHER
Volume
flow
rate
l/s
Pressure loss per unit length (Pa/m) and velocity of flow (v)
50 mm
65 mm
80 mm
2 in
2 1/ 2 in
3 in
M
v
H
M
v
H
M
v
H
100 mm
4 in
M
v
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.8
3.0
6.0
9.0
15.0
0.7
2.5
5.0
8.5
12.5
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.3
0.8
2.0
3.0
1.0
0.2
0.7
1.5
2.5
3.5
0.03
0.06
0.09
0.12
0.15
0.2
0.4
0.7
1.5
2.0
0.1
0.4
0.7
2.5
3.5
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.5
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
20.0
27.5
35.0
42.5
55.0
17.5
25.0
30.0
37.5
45.0
0.31
0.36
0.41
0.46
0.51
5.5
7.5
9.5
12.5
15.0
5.0
6.5
8.0
10.0
12.5
0.18
0.21
0.24
0.27
0.3
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.0
6.5
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
5.5
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.20
0.7
0.9
1.2
1.5
2.0
0.7
0.8
1.4
1.5
2.0
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.12
0.13
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
120
200
300
420
580
740
920
1200
95
180
260
360
480
640
780
960
0.76
1.02
1.27
1.53
1.78
2.04
2.29
2.55
30.0
50.0
77.5
120.0
160.0
200.0
240.0
300.0
27.5
45.0
67.5
95.0
140.0
180.0
220.0
260.0
0.45
0.60
0.75
0.90
1.06
1.21
1.36
1.51
15.0
22.5
35.0
47.5
62.5
82.5
120.0
140.0
12.5
20.0
30.0
42.5
57.5
75.0
92.5
120.0
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
3.5
6.0
9.0
12.5
17.5
22.5
27.5
32.5
3.5
5.5
8.5
12.5
17.5
20.0
25.0
30.0
0.19
0.25
0.32
0.38
0.45
0.51
0.57
0.64
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10
1400
1700
1200
1400
2.80
3.06
3.31
3.57
3.82
4.08
4.33
4.59
4.84
5.10
360.0
420.0
480.0
560.0
640.0
720.0
820.0
920.0
1200.0
320.0
360.0
440.0
500.0
560.0
640.0
720.0
820.0
880.0
980.0
1.66
1.81
1.96
2.11
2.26
2.41
2.56
2.71
2.87
3.02
160.0
180.0
220.0
240.0
280.0
320.0
360.0
400.0
440.0
480.0
140.0
160.0
20.0
220.0
260.0
300.0
320.0
360.0
400.0
440.0
1.10
1.20
1.29
1.39
1.49
1.59
1.69
1.79
1.89
1.99
40.0
47.5
55.0
62.5
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
120.0
130.0
37.5
42.5
50.0
57.5
65.0
72.5
82.5
90.0
100.0
120.0
0.70
0.76
0.83
0.89
0.96
1.02
1.08
1.15
1.21
1.27
1200.0
1400.0
1700.0
1900.0
3.32
3.62
3.92
4.22
580.0
680.0
820.0
920.0
1100.0
1200.0
1400.0
1500.0
1700.0
520.0
600.0
720.0
820.0
940.0
1100.0
1200.0
1400.0
1500.0
2.19
2.39
2.59
2.79
2.99
3.18
3.38
3.58
3.78
150.0
160.0
200.0
240.0
280.0
300.0
340.0
380.0
420.0
140.0
160.0
200.0
220.0
260.0
280.0
320.0
360.0
400.0
1.40
1.53
1.66
1.78
1.91
2.04
2.17
2.29
2.42
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
5.61
6.12
GEORGEFISCHER
5.15
Volume
flow
rate
litres/second
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
Pressure loss per unit length (Pa/m) and velocity of flow (v)
15mm
1
/ 2in
G
140
550
1250
2250
3500
5000
7000
9000
11000
v
0.28
0.57
0.85
1.13
1.42
1.70
1.98
2.26
2.55
20mm
3
/ 4 in
G
v
25mm
1 in
G
32mm
1 1/ 4 in
G
v
40mm
1 1/ 2 in
G
v
50
100
225
400
600
900
1250
1500
2000
2250
0.16
0.32
0.48
0.64
0.80
0.95
1.11
1.27
1.43
1.49
50
70
110
175
250
350
450
550
700
0.2
0.3
0.41
0.51
0.61
0.71
0.82
0.92
1.02
50
55
70
100
120
140
0.31
0.37
0.44
0.50
0.56
0.62
50
70
0.36
0.40
2750
3500
4000
4500
5000
6000
7000
7500
8000
9000
1.75
1.91
2.07
2.23
2.39
2.56
2.71
2.87
3.03
3.18
800
1000
1250
1350
1500
1750
2000
2250
2500
2750
1.12
1.22
1.32
1.43
1.53
1.63
1.73
1.83
1.94
2.04
175
200
250
275
325
350
400
450
500
550
0.68
0.75
0.81
0.87
0.93
1.00
1.06
1.12
1.18
1.24
80
90
110
120
140
165
175
200
225
250
0.44
0.48
0.52
0.56
0.60
0.64
0.68
0.72
0.76
0.80
6000
11000
3.06
4.08
1250
2250
3500
5000
7000
9000
11000
1.87
2.49
3.11
3.73
4.35
4.98
5.60
550
1000
1500
2250
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
9000
10000
11000
1.19
1.60
1.99
2.39
2.79
3.18
3.58
3.98
4.38
4.78
5.18
5.57
Fig. 5.10
Data extracted and re-arranged (uses volume flow rate rather than mass flow rate)
From CIBSE Guide, tables C4-16.
5.16
GEORGEFISCHER
Volume
flow
rate
litre/ second
Pressure loss per unit length (Pa/m) and velocity of flow (v)
50mm
2 in
v
65mm
2 1/ 2 in
G
v
80mm
3 in
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
50
55
70
150
275
400
600
800
1000
1500
1750
0.41
0.46
0.51
0.76
1.02
1.27
1.53
1.78
2.04
2.29
2.55
50
70
100
140
200
250
350
400
0.45
0.60
0.75
0.90
1.06
1.21
1.36
1.51
50
60
80
110
130
175
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
2000
2250
2750
3250
3500
4000
4500
5000
6000
6500
2.80
3.06
3.31
3.57
3.82
4.08
4.33
4.59
4.84
5.10
500
550
700
800
900
1000
1100
1250
1350
1500
1.66
1.81
1.96
2.11
2.26
2.41
2.56
2.71
2.87
3.02
200
250
275
350
400
450
500
550
600
700
1.10
1.20
1.29
1.39
1.49
1.59
1.69
1.79
1.89
1.99
50
60
70
80
90
100
120
130
140
160
0.70
0.76
0.83
0.89
0.96
1.02
1.08
1.15
1.21
1.27
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
20.0
8000
5.61
1850
2250
3750
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
6000
3.32
3.62
3.92
4.22
4.52
4.82
5.13
5.43
5.73
6.03
800
900
1150
1250
1500
1750
2000
2100
2250
2500
2.19
2.39
2.59
2.79
3.00
3.18
3.38
3.58
3.78
4.00
200
225
275
300
350
400
450
500
550
700
1.40
1.53
1.66
1.78
1.91
2.04
2.17
2.29
2.42
2.55
100mm
4 in
G
v
GEORGEFISCHER
5.17
Example 1
What is the pressure loss for the system below, made of heavy grade steel pipe, when
water flows at 10C? The flow rate is 1litre/second.
Reducer
1 1/4 " (DN 32)
1m
90 Diverging
Junction
45 Elbow
/"
1 4
Fig 41
Fig 240
(D
Fig 130
v= Q =
A
1m
1x10 -3
x (57.3 x10 -3 ) 2
4
= 0.39m/s
v=
1x10 -3
x (34.3 x10 -3 ) 2
4
= 1.08m/s
v=
Pipe losses
The total amount of straight pipe in the
system is as follows:
3m of 2" pipe
2m of 1 1/4" pipe
From Fig. 5.08 we read off the following
values for pressure loss per metre:
2" pipe
65Pa/m
460 Pa/m
1 1/4" pipe
So the total pressue loss due to straight
pipe is
p pi = 3x65 + 2x460 = 1115 Pa
Fitting losses
We need to split the fitting losses into
two sections, one for the 2" pipe fittings
and the other for the1 1/4" pipe fittings.
Reductions or enlargements, connecting
pipes of different diameters, are included
in the section for the smaller pipe. So
here the reduction is included in the 1 1/4"
fittings.
32
3m
Fig. 5.11
x (34.4x10 -3) 2
4
= 0.45
x (51.3x10 -3) 2
4
GEORGEFISCHER
Example 2
So
Re = 0.28 x (0.067)
1.3x10 -6
= 14430
The roughness is given in Fig. 5.13 as
6.9x10 -4 and we combine this with our
Reynolds number in the Moody diagram
to find the friction factor (f).
5m
f = 0.0075
5m
l ef = 2.4 x 0.067
4 x 0.0075
Fig 90
5m
5m
5m
Fig. 5.12
= 5.36
Now we add this equivalent length to the
real length of straight pipe to get an
effective length.
Effective length = 25m + 5.36m = 30.36m
The pressure loss per unit length for
65mm pipe with a flow rate of 1l/s is
20Pa/m. So we multiply this value by our
effective length to get a total pressure
loss.
l ef = d i
4f
1 x 10 -3
x (67 x 10 -3) 2
4
= 0.28 m/s
The internal diameter is 67mm from Fig.
5.14 and the kinematic viscosity () is
1.3x10 -6 m 2/s.
GEORGEFISCHER
5.19
inches
3
/8
1
/2
3
/4
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
2
2 1/ 2
3
4
Relative roughness
Mild steel BS 1387
Medium black
Heavy black
Heavy Galvanised
3.7x10 -3
2.9 x 10 -3
2.1x10 -3
1.7x10 -3
1.3x10 -3
1.1x10 -3
8.7x10 -4
6.7x10 -4
5.7x10 -4
4.4x10 -4
4.1x10 -3
3.1 x 10 -3
2.2x10 -3
1.8x10 -3
1.3x10 -3
1.1x10 -3
9.0x10 -4
6.9x10 -4
5.8x10 -4
4.5x10 -4
1.4x10 -2
1.4 x 10 -2
7.5x10 -3
5.9x10 -3
4.4x10 -3
3.8x10 -3
2.9x10 -3
2.3x10 -3
1.9x10 -3
1.5x10 -3
inches
3
/8
/2
3
/4
1
1
1 /4
1 1/ 2
2
1
2 /2
3
4
1
Heavy black
12.4
16.1
21.6
27.3
36.0
41.9
53.0
68.7
80.7
105.1
11.3
14.9
20.4
25.7
34.4
40.3
51.3
67.0
79.1
103.5
Heavy Galvanised
10.8
14.4
19.9
25.2
33.9
39.8
50.8
66.5
78.6
102.8
5.20
inches
10
15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
100
/8
/2
3
/4
1
1
1 /4
1 1/ 2
2
1
2 /2
3
4
1
Wall Thickness/mm
Mild Steel BS 1387
Medium black
Heavy black
2.3
2.6
2.6
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.6
3.6
4.0
4.5
2.9
3.2
3.2
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.5
4.5
5.0
5.4
GEORGEFISCHER
Gases
p x p2
Qg = 30.8 kv
xT
The k v factor is defined as the flow rate
of water in litres per minute with a
pressure drop of 1 kg/cm 2 across the
valve.
The relationships between k v factor, flow
rate (Q) and pressure drop (p) are given
in the following formulae.
Liquids with kinematic viscosity less
than 22 centistokes (22 x 10 -6 m 2/s)
e.g. water, hydraulic oil
kv = Q
or
Q = kv
or p = x Q 2
k v2
where Q = flow rate (litres per minute)
= density of the liquid (kg/dm 3)
p = pressure drop (kg/cm 2 )
only
1
k v1 2
1
k v2 2
1
k v3 2
+ +
k vn 2
k vx = k v1 + k v2 + k v3 + + k vn
All references are in metric (k v) units. For
imperial (f) or american (cv) units the
following conversions may be used:
1
14.28
17.09
0.07
1
1.1966
0.0585 0.8357 1
Fig. 5.16
GEORGEFISCHER
k vn = k v x c
c=1 +
where
Q g = flow rate (m 3 / hour)
k v = flow factor for water
(dimensionless)
p = pressure drop (kg / cm 2)
= p 1-p 2
p 1 = absolute inlet pressure (bar)
p 2 = absolute outlet pressure (bar)
= density of gas at 0C (kg/m 3)
T = absolute temperature (Kelvin)
= 273 + t
t
= temperature in Celsius (C)
k vx2
Liquids with kinematic viscosity
greater than 22 centistokes
The effect of viscosity, caused by friction
between the particles of the fluid, is no
longer negligable, and the flow rate is
reduced. The flow factor must be
multiplied by a correction factor, c, to
give a new flow factor, k vn.
p1
5.21
Example 2
Part1
What is the k v factor for a 1 1/4 " water
pipeline with a flow of 300 litres/min, an
inlet pressure of 0.5 bar and an outlet
pressure of 0 bar?
Part 2
If a valve has to be fitted and the
minimum acceptable flow rate in the
pipline is 250 litres/min, which type of
valve should be used?
Fig. 5.18
Part 3
Having established which type of valve
should be used, what will be the true
flow rate of the system?
1
0 .5
kvt = 250
kvt = 354
Solution to part 1
Calculate the k v for the pipeline (k vp)
Fig. 5.17
Given
p
k vp
= 300 litres/min
= 1 kg/dm3
= p1 p2 = 0.5 0 = 0.5 kg/cm2
= ?
kvp = Q
= 300
p
1
0.5
= 424
Solution to part 2
First it is necessary to calculate the k v
factor for the total system (k vt).
5.22
k v1
1
k v2 2
1
1
1
= 2 2
k vv
k vt
k vp 2
1
1
1
=
2
2
k vv
354
424 2
=7.98 10 -6 5.56 10 -6
= 2.42 10 -6
k vv =
1
2.42 10 -6
= 643
In this example, the k v factor for the valve
has been determined by calculation. It
may also be found by the simpler
method of reading off the nomograph,
Fig. 5.20 .
GEORGEFISCHER
-6
k vt = 365
The true flow for the system can now be
calculated as follows:
Q
= kv
Fig. 5.19
= 365
The section of the nomograph
reproduced above allows us to read off
the reciprocals of the squares of the flow
factors.
k vt=354 gives 8.5 x10 -6 and
k vp=424 gives 6 x10 -6
0.5
1
= 258 litres/min
Solution to part 3
First, calculate the k v factor for the pipline
with the 1 1/ 4 " ball valve installed.
1
=
kvt2
=
GEORGEFISCHER
1
+
kvp2
1
kv 2(ball valve)
1
1
+
2
424
800 2
5.23
(kg/dm 3 )
(kg/cm 2 )
Fig. 5.20
5.24
GEORGEFISCHER
Compressible Fluids
Fluids such as air and steam are
compressible. A force acting on them
may decrease the fluid volume
(increasing its density) rather than
causing movement of the fluid. This
density change will lead to a pressure
drop. If this drop in pressure is less than
10% of the inlet pressure we can treat the
fluid as incompressible. If this is not the
case then new equations must be used
to describe the flow depending on the
type of fluid and the surrounding
conditions.
Compresssed Air
Example
The problem below is solved by the
dotted lines on the nomogram.
Pipe length = 300m
Free air flow = 175 litres/second
Pipe inner diameter = 90mm
Working pressure = 9 bar
Pipe Losses
For compressed air the pressure drop
can be found from the following
equation
p = 1.6 x 10 8 x V 1.85 x L
d5 x P
Fig. 5.21
GEORGEFISCHER
5.25
Fig. 5.22
5.26
GEORGEFISCHER
Fitting Losses
For compressed air the pressure loss for
a system is most easily calculated using
equivalent lengths. The following table
gives the equivalent lengths for fittings of
various pipe sizes.
/4
20
1
25
1 1/ 2
40
2
50
3
80
4
100
/2
15
90 Elbow
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.3
1.6
Bend
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.6
1.0
1.2
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.8
1.0
1.6
2.0
0.6
1.0
1.5
2.4
3.0
4.8
6.0
Reducer
0.3
0.5
0.7
1.0
2.0
2.5
Fig. 5.23
Example
A compressed air system where air flows
at 0.2m 3/s has a working pressure of 10
bar (10 x10 5Pa) and consists of 20m of
1 1/2" (DN 40) straight pipe with the
following fittings:
2 x 90 elbow
1 x tee: air flows through the branch of
the tee
5m
Fig 130 1 1 / 2
DN 40
5m
5m
Fig 90
11/2
DN 40
Fig 90
11/2
Fig. 5.24
GEORGEFISCHER
5m
5.27
Steam
Steam is another compressible fluid which
behaves in a similar way to compressed air.
Two important factors to remember when
laying steam piping are that temperature
changes can lead to expansion or
contraction, which must not put any
excessive stress on the system, and that no
water should be allowed to collect
anywhere in the system. Each time the
system is started from cold there will be
water of condensation to dispose of.
Another consideration is that if the velocity
exceeds about 60 m/s the system may
become intolerably noisy. The volume flow
rate corresponding to a velocity of 60m/s is
given below for various pipe sizes.
Maximum Flow rates corresponding to a
velocity of 60m/s at 100C
Nominal size
mm inches
10
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
100
/8
3
/4
1
1 1/4
1 1/2
2
1
2 /2
3
4
6.1
19.6
31.0
55.6
76.3
121.2
211.3
294.1
504.2
/8
1
2
3
4
10
Reynolds no.
10 5 10 6
0.035
0.033
0.032
0.032
0.031
0.029
0.025
0.022
0.021
0.020
0.027
0.023
0.020
0.018
0.017
10 7
0.027
0.023
0.019
0.017
0.016
Fig. 5.26
Fig. 5.25
Pressure Loss
Pipe losses
The pressure loss for steam flowing in a
straight pipe is given by:
p = 6.48 f
V2
d i 100000
p = pressure loss per unit length
(Pa/m)
3
= density (kg/m )
5.28
GEORGEFISCHER
Pressure
kPa
Temperature
C
Density
kg/m 3
Kinematic Viscosity
(m 2/s)
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
28.0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1200
1400
1800
2000
2200
2400
2800
81.35
99.63
111.37
120.23
127.43
133.54
138.88
143.63
147.92
151.85
158.84
164.96
170.41
175.36
179.88
187.96
195.04
207.10
212.37
217.24
221.78
230.04
0.309
0.590
0.863
1.129
1.391
1.650
1.908
2.165
2.415
2.667
3.165
3.663
4.167
4.651
5.155
6.135
7.092
9.091
10.000
10.989
12.048
14.085
5.2 x 10 -5
2.7 x 10 -5
1.9 x 10 -5
1.4 x 10 -5
1.2 x 10 -5
1.0 x 10 -5
8.4 x 10 -6
6.6 x 10 -6
6.0 x 10 -6
5.1 x 10 -6
4.4 x 10 -6
3.8 x 10 -6
3.4 x 10 -6
3.1 x 10 -6
2.6 x 10 -6
2.3 x 10 -6
1.8 x 10 -6
1.6 x 10 -6
1.5 x 10 -6
1.3 x 10 -6
1.1 x 10 -6
Fig. 5.27
GEORGEFISCHER
5.29
Water Hammer
Water hammer, or surge pressure, is a
term used to describe dynamic surges
caused by pressure changes in a piping
system. They occur whenever there is a
deviation from the steady state, i.e. when
the velocity of the fluid is increased or
decreased, and may be transient or
oscillating. Waves of positive or
negative pressure may be generated by
any of the following:
1. opening or closing of a valve
2. pump start up or shut down
3. change in pump or turbine
speed
4. wave action in a feed tank
5. entrapped air
Wavelength
Fig. 5.28
Pressure
Change
Step 1
Determine the velocity of the pressure
wave
Vw =
K
x (1 +
K x di
)
txE
where
V w = velocity of pressure wave (m/s)
K = bulk modulus of elasticity of
fluid (Pa)
= fluid density (kg/m 3)
5.30
GEORGEFISCHER
Step 2
Calculate maximum pressure change
due to surging.
p = Vw x v x x 10 -5
where p = maximum pressure change
(bar)
V w = velocity of pressure wave
(m/s) (see step 1)
v = change in fluid velocity (m/s)
= (v 1-v 2)
v1 = velocity of fluid before
change (m/s)
v2 = velocity of fluid after
change ( m/s)
= density of fluid (kg/m 3)
NB. All pressure rises induced by a flow reduction
will have a corresponding reflected pressure drop
(vacuum). If this exceeds the expected static
minimum operation pressure it must not exceed
the collapsing pressure for safe operation of the
system.
Step 3
Calculate the maximum and minimum
total pressures
p max = P + p
p min = P p
where p max = maximum total pressure
(bar)
Tc = 2L
Vw
Step 4
Compare the maximum total pressure
due to water hammer, calculated in step
3, with the maximum allowable pressure
in the system. The maximum allowable
pressure is determined by the pressure
rating of the weakest component in a
system. As most surges last for a matter
of seconds the system need only
GEORGEFISCHER
5.31
Example
Water piping from a storage tank is
connected to a primary shut-off valve,
which is hydraulically actuated with an
electrical remote control. The water flow
rate is Q= 10m 3/h. The working pressure
is 6 bar.
The pipe details are:
material
medium grade steel
Nom. size
100
inner diameter
105 mm
wall thickness
4.5 mm
pipeline length
500m
operating temp.
40C
Modulus of elasticity E = 200 x 10 9
other information:
water density
bulk modulus
of water
= 1000 kg/m 3
K = 2.05 GPa
Step 3
Find maximum pressure
P max = 6 + 4.12 = 10.12 bar
p < p so the minimum pressure is
positive. If the minimum pressure was
negative (i.e. p > p), then we would
need to ensure that all the components in
the system could withstand the negative
pressure.
Step 4
The maximum total pressure due to
water hammer is 10.12 bar. If this value is
less than the maximum allowable
instantaneous pressure in our system
then the effects of water hammer are
acceptable. If it is not, adjustments need
to be made to pipe dimensions, or valve
closing time, to reduce water hammer.
Step 1
Find velocity of pressure wave
Vw
2.05 x10 9
= 1286 m/s
Step 2
Find velocity of fluid before change
v1 =
T c = 2L = 2 x 500
V w 1286
= 0.78s
If we use an actuated valve with a
closing time greater than this critical
period ( e.g. a closing time of 1.5s) this
will help to reduce water hammer.
= 0.32 m/s
assume water velocity goes to zero after
the valve is closed i.e. v = 0.32m/s
Find pressure change
p = 1286 x (0.32) x 1000 x 10 -5
= 4.12 bar
5.32
GEORGEFISCHER
Installation
Pages
6.02 - 6.05
6.06 - 6.07
The z method
6.08 - 6.14
Examples of Use
6.15 - 6.20
6.21 - 6.24
6.25
6.26 - 6.28
GEORGEFISCHER
6.01
L = x L x T
Where is known as the coefficient of
expansion and is constant for a given
material. For steel its value is
0.012/mmK.
L = Length of pipe (m)
T = Change in temperature (k)
Substituting in the formula:
L = 0.012 x L t
For convenience the following table
illustrates this formula for different
lengths and temperatures.
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.60
1.20
1.80
2.40
3.00
0.72
1.44
2.16
2.88
3.60
0.84
1.68
2.52
3.36
4.20
0.96
1.92
2.88
3.84
4.80
1.08
2.16
3.24
4.32
5.40
1.20
2.40
3.60
4.80
6.00
6
7
8
9
10
0.72
0.84
0.96
1.08
1.20
1.44
1.68
1.92
2.16
2.40
2.16
2.52
2.88
3.24
3.60
2.88
3.36
3.84
4.32
4.80
3.60
4.20
4.80
5.40
6.00
4.32
5.04
5.76
6.48
7.20
5.04
5.88
6.72
7.56
8.40
5.76
6.72
7.68
8.64
9.60
6.48
7.56
8.64
9.72
10.80
7.20
8.40
9.60
10.80
12.00
11
12
13
14
15
1.32
1.44
1.56
1.68
1.80
2.64
2.88
3.12
3.36
3.60
3.96
4.32
4.68
5.04
5.40
5.28
5.76
6.24
6.72
7.20
6.60
7.20
7.80
8.40
9.00
7.92
8.64
9.36
10.08
10.80
9.24
10.08
10.92
11.96
12.60
10.56
11.52
12.48
13.44
14.40
11.88
12.96
14.04
15.12
16.20
13.20
14.40
15.60
16.80
18.00
16
17
18
19
20
1.92
2.04
2.16
2.28
2.40
3.84
4.08
4.32
4.56
4.80
5.76
6.12
6.48
6.84
7.20
7.68
8.16
8.64
9.12
9.60
9.60
10.20
10.80
11.40
12.00
11.52
12.24
12.96
13.68
14.40
13.44
14.28
15.12
15.96
16.80
15.36
16.32
17.28
18.24
19.20
17.28
18.36
19.44
20.52
21.60
19.20
20.40
21.60
22.80
24.00
Fig. 6.01
6.02
GEORGEFISCHER
5
L1
L3
L4
L2
6
Fig. 6.03
Fig. 6.04
Fig. 6.02
Two types of expansion loop
7
Alternatively, the expansion leg or loop
is sometimes fabricated using lengths of
pipe and elbow or bend fittings ( Figs. 6.03
and 6.04) . This method is not suitable for
heavy duty applications due to the
stresses on the threaded joints. The
design and mathematical analysis of
loop design is relatively complex,
particularly if the loop position within the
run is taken into consideration.
GEORGEFISCHER
6.03
30
3
20
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
12
600
14
16
18
20
450
350
250
200
150
100
80
50
40
32
25
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
(mm)
Expansion
Pipe Size
(DN)
200
(metres)
Expansion Leg
0.5
Fig. 6.05
6.04
GEORGEFISCHER
Example
A 2" (DN 50) steel pipeline has a straight
run of 60m and carries water at up to
90C.
Estimate the change in length and the
required expansion loop dimensions to
compensate for this if the factor of
safety is 1.5.
First calculate the change in length, using
the formula:
60 m
L = x L x T
Anchor
point
6m
= 0.012 x 60 x 90
(assumes temperature range between 0
and 90C)
Anchor
point
L = 64.8 mm
ii)
Anchor
point
2.5 m
60 m
2.5 m
Anchor
point
5
1m
Fig. 6.06
= 1.5 x 4.1
= 6.15 metres
GEORGEFISCHER
6.05
Horizontal
(m)
Vertical
(m)
/8
1.8
2.4
/2
10
15
1.8
2.4
20
/4
2.4
3.0
25
2.4
3.0
32
1 1/4
2.7
3.0
40
1 1/2
3.0
3.6
50
3.0
3.6
65
2 1/2
3.6
4.5
80
3.6
4.5
100
4.0
4.5
150
4.5
5.4
Fig. 6.07
6.06
GEORGEFISCHER
Pipe Spacing
When constructing a pipeline it is
important to allow appropriate pipe
spacing. Two separate situations are
considered:
between the pipe and the
building wall
between two pipes
The spacing is the minimum necessary to
allow for fittings, such as elbows or tees
to be turned freely, without obstructing
either the wall or the other pipe. These
values are tabulated below.
In the case of two pipes of different
sizes, each will require a different
minimum distance. The larger pipe
15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
100
125
150
273
168
150
187
191
194
200
203
210
219
229
241
260
146
125
165
168
171
178
181
187
197
206
219
235
124
100
140
143
146
152
156
165
171
181
197
98
80
117
120
124
130
133
140
149
159
86
65
101
108
111
117
120
127
133
73
50
92
95
98
101
108
114
60
40
79
83
86
92
95
54
32
76
79
83
89
48
25
73
76
79
41
20
70
73
38
15
67
8
Fig. 6.08
GEORGEFISCHER
6.07
The z Method
Basic Principles
This method of pipe installation was
introduced by George Fischer and has
since been used successfully on many
different kinds of contracts. Its principles
have been adopted by many leading
contracting organisations and
appreciable savings in both time and
materials have been possible.
The basic principles of the George
Fischer Method are; the taking of as
many measurements as possible at one
time to eliminate backward and forward
movements by the fitter in preparing
individual pieces of pipe, the cutting and
screwing in bulk of pipe of similar sizes,
the part assembly of pipework on a onepipe-one-fitting basis and the making of
completed sections ready for
installations. To carry pre-assembly
further than this has been found by
experience not to be the ideal way of
working owing to the difficulty of
handling and installing awkward
combinations of pipework.
The advantage of the George Fischer
Method is that instead of time consuming
and costly piecemeal preparation of
short lengths of pipe and fittings on an
individual basis, involving the fitter in
frequent journeys between job and
workbench, all the measurements for
groups of pipework are taken in one
Thread
engagement
length
z1
Pipe length L = M - (z 1 + z 2)
z2
Application
Successful application of the Method
depends on only two basic requirements:
an understanding of a simple technique
for executing clearly arranged
dimensional sketches on specially
prepared pipe layout charts and a
knowledge of certain known
measurements of pipe fittings called the
z dimensions. Once the layout of a pipe
installation has been determined, the
most satisfactory method of setting out
the precise details is by centre to centre
measuring and the preparation of an
isometric sketch. To fabricate pipe
assemblies when only centre to centre
measurements are given it is necessary
to have a simple means of calculating the
actual lengths of pipe required. To do
this, all that need be known is the
measurement from the centre of the
fitting to the beginning of the pipe after it
has been screwed the standard distance
into the fitting. This is the z dimension
and is the key to the whole system.
By subtracting the sum of the z
dimensions of the two fittings (one at
each end of the pipe) from the centre-tocentre measurement, the length of pipe
required can be determined quickly and
accurately. Fig. 6.09 indicates the
simplicity of the dimensioning system. It
clearly shows that the centre-to-centre
dimension M when it has had the
dimensions z 1 and z 2 subtracted from it,
gives the actual cutting length of pipe
necessary to produce this assembly.
The z dimensions of all fittings are
based upon the standard thread
engagement length as shown in the
table overleaf.
M
Fig. 6.09
6.08
GEORGEFISCHER
Fig. 6.10
10
/4
/8
/8
/2
/4
10 13 15
13
/ 32 17/ 32 9/ 16
Flexibility
To work effectively, any system designed
to apply semi-production engineering
techniques to pipework must be flexible
enough to allow for special problems or
difficulties which may be encountered at
the site, such as irregularity in the
dimensioning of radiators, heater units
and so on, or perhaps in some cases a
lack of adequate manufacturers
dimensions. Use of the George Fischer
Method, by facilitating faster production
of pipe assemblies, means that such
items of equipment can be installed even
before pipe runs are dimensioned. Basic
pipework such as risers and run-outs in
false ceilings or in floor ducts, can be
dimensioned direct from drawings, but
beyond this point where more complex
and critical detailing is required it is
preferable for the measurements to be
taken on site. However, by using this
system a multiple dimensioning
operation can be carried out and in one
day many hundreds of feet of pipe can
be dimensioned from site.
GEORGEFISCHER
1 11/ 4 11/ 2 2 2 1/ 2 3
17 19 19 24
21
/ 32 3/ 4 3/ 4
29
27 30 36 40 40
Experience has shown that the onepipe-one-fitting system is the ideal way
of handling pre-fabricated pipework; by
using this system all pipework assemblies
can be broken down into the 13 basic
forms as shown on the Master Assembly
Key ( Fig. 6.14 ). The golden rule with this
form of working is to endeavour to
maintain an external thread into internal
thread sequence of assembly to
eliminate turning problems.
The Master Assembly Key reduces the
preparation of pipework details to an
6.09
Cost Savings
The savings in time which are possible by
applying production techniques are
obvious. Machines can be used to their
maximum advantage; cutting and
threading times of 15 - 20 seconds per
end are not out of the question. This
enables the cost of pipework
preparation to be precisely calculated,
whereas the conventional way is to put in
a figure which has been estimated on a
rule of thumb basis. Not only does this
system save time spent on installation on
site but it also saves on material costs.
The most significant savings are
achieved by the better use of site labour.
Piecemeal and therefore time consuming
installation is eliminated. Most of the
initial planning of pipe runs and
calculations can be done even before
any materials arrive on site.
6.10
GEORGEFISCHER
Marking
Date:
C to C
Dimensions (mm)
Z Dimensions
(mm)
1
Cutting length of
pipe (mm)
Z Dimensions
(mm)
Cutting length of
pipe (mm)
C to C
Dimensions (mm)
Fig. 6.11
Marking
millime
tres
millime
tres
57
57
900
32
57
Existing
bend
1000
22 978
11/4
300
89
300
3
10003
11
32
43
RADIATOR
11
57
11/4 211 89
Le
s
d i s vva
me
e
ns l
i o 1/2
957 43
n
211 11/4
Le s s vv
ael
dimens
ion
43
57
/2
107 43
150 6
11/4
386 114
500 7
11/4
511 114
625 8
57
57
57
57
11/4 211
57
57
32
Le s
s v
vael
dim
ens
ion
43
57
11
500
386 11/4
300
10
6
1
/2 957
43
1000 11
RADIATOR
12 1250
114
89
22 122811/4
11
14
350
89
15
750
114 36
6 11/4
32
261 11/4
43
Less val
ve
dimension
/2 107
43
150
13
57
57
57
57
Existing bend
GEORGEFISCHER
2a Bends
131 itcher
P
ees
T
6.11
6.12
Z Dimensions
(mm)
Cutting length of
pipe (mm)
C to C
Dimensions (mm)
Marking
Contract:
Date:
Number of sheets:
Sheet No.:
Marking
C to C
Dimensions (mm)
Z Dimensions
(mm)
Cutting length of
pipe (mm)
Client:
GEORGEFISCHER
Typical Cutting Schedule (the details shown refer to pipe layout overleaf)
Fig. 6.1 2
Cutting Schedule
Customer
B & S Constr
uctionimit
L ed
Sheet No.
12/982/13
Housing Dev
elopment,
ong
L Str
eet
Black / Galvanised
Tube Length
(cutting)
Medium / Heavy
2
Jointing Material
PTFE
3
Assembly
Fitting
Fig. No.
Size
Mark
786
2A
11/4
211
131
11/4 x 1/2
978
131
11/4 x 1/2
211
2A
11/4
millime
tres
Delivery Required
L 6459
11/4
No. off
386
2A
1 /4
511
2A
11/4
386
2A
11/4
211
131
11/4 x 1/2
10
1228
131
11/4 x 1/2
12
261
2A
11/4
14
636
2A
11/4
15
C/C
GEORGEFISCHER
6.13
Fig. 6.13
A
B
C
1 1A 2 2A 90 92
D
E
F
G
H
I
130
180
O
P
Q
40 120 121
130
131
131
131
132
132
Fig. 6.14
6.14
GEORGEFISCHER
Examples of use
1
b is the dimension of internal thread centre
to face of the external thread
2
For fittings combinations with internal and
external threads the sum of z + b produces
the axial distance M:
M=z+b
Pipe length
Pipe length
Pipe length
GEORGEFISCHER
6.15
Calculation of lengths of
angled pipe
It is customary to install pipes in both
horizontal and vertical directions.
However, it is occasionally necessary to
install pipes at an angle.
This section illustrates how the z method
can still be used for angled pipes and
shows how to determine the required
lengths of pipe.
Example
The diagram below shows an installation
where the centre to centre dimensions M,
M 1 and a are from site requirements.
In order to calculate the required cut pipe
lengths, l, l 1 and l 2 , we must establish the
lengths b, c and M 2 .
Fig. 6.15
5.2
138.6
346.4
Total b = 490.2
Part value of c
6
160
400
Total c = 566
GEORGEFISCHER
GEORGEFISCHER
1
2
3
4
5
b
c
b
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,7
2,6
3,5
4,4
5,2
6,1
7,0
7,9
8,7
17,5
26,2
35,0
43,7
6,0
7,0
8,0
9,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,1
50,1
60,1
70,1
80,1
90,1
100,1
200,3
300,4
400,5
500,7
600,8
701,0
801,1
901,2
1001,4
0,3
0,4
0,4
0,5
0,5
1,0
1,6
2,1
2,6
3,1
3,7
4,2
4,7
5,2
10,5
15,7
21,0
26,2
31,4
36,7
41,9
47,2
52,4
6,0
7,0
8,0
9,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
70,0
80,0
90,0
100,0
200,1
300,1
400,1
500,2
600,2
700,2
800,3
900,3
1000,3
0,2
0,2
0,2
0,2
0,3
0,5
0,8
1,0
1,3
1,6
1,8
2,1
2,4
2,6
5,2
7,9
10,5
13,1
15,7
18,3
21,0
23,6
26,2
6,1
7,1
8,1
9,1
10,2
20,3
30,5
40,6
50,8
60,9
71,1
81,2
91,4
101,5
1,1
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
3,5
5,3
7,1
8,8
10,6
12,3
14,1
15,9
17,6
35,3
52,9
70,5
88,2
6,0
7,0
8,0
9,0
10,0
20,1
30,1
40,2
50,2
60,2
70,3
80,3
90,3
100,4
200,8
301,1
401,5
501,9
105,8 609,3
123,4 710,8
141,1 812,3
158,7 913,9
176,3 1015,4
203,1
304,6
406,2
507,7
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,1
5,1
0,2
0,4
0,5
0,7
0,9
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
52,5 602,3
61,2 702,7
70,0 803,1
78,7 903,4
87,5 1003,8
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,3
0,4
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
0,1
0,1
0,2
0,2
0,3
10
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
80
85
87
0,0
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
1 1/ 2
88 1/ 2
1,0
2,1
3,1
4,1
5,2
6,2
7,2
8,3
9,3
10,4
20,7
31,1
41,4
51,8
62,1
72,5
83,8
93,2
103,5
207,1
310,6
414,1
517,6
621,2
724,7
828,2
931,8
1035,3
1,6
1,9
2,1
2,4
2,7
5,4
8,0
10,7
13,4
16,1
18,8
21,4
24,1
26,8
53,6
80,4
107,2
134,0
160,8
187,6
214,4
241,2
267,9
c
0,3
0,5
0,8
1,1
1,3
15
75
= given angle
= accompanying angle
a = given dimension
in the following boxes = the sought values b and c belonging to a, and
600
700
800
900
1000
200
300
400
500
60
70
80
90
100
20
30
40
50
6
7
8
9
10
Fig. 6.17
c
b
c
b
115,5
173,2
230,9
288,7
346,4
404,1
461,9
519,6
577,4
6,4
7,4
8,5
9,6
10,6
21,3
31,9
42,6
53,2
63,9
74,5
85,1
95,8
106,4
212,8
319,3
425,7
532,1
2,2
2,5
2,9
3,3
3,6
7,3
10,9
14,6
18,2
21,8
25,5
29,1
32,8
36,4
72,8
109,2
145,6
182,0
218,4 638,5
254,8
744,9
291,2 851,3
327,6
957,8
364,0 1064,2
34,6
40,4
46,2
52,0
57,7
11,5
17,3
23,1
28,9
3,5
4,0
4,6
5,2
5,8
1,1
2,1
3,2
4,3
5,3
0,6
1,2
1,7
2,3
2,9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1,2
2,3
3,5
4,6
5,8
6,9
8,1
9,2
10,4
11,5
23,1
34,6
46,2
57,7
69,3
80,8
92,4
103,9
115,5
230,9
346,4
461,9
577,4
692,8
808,3
923,8
1039,2
1154,7
12
14
16
18
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
10,4
12,1
13,9
15,6
17,3
34,6
52,0
69,3
86,6
103,9
121,2
138,6
155,9
173,2
346,4
519,6
692,8
886,0
1039,2
1212,4
1385,6
1558,8
1732,1
8,5
9,9
11,3
12,7
14,1
28,3
42,4
56,6
70,7
84,9
99,0
113,1
127,3
141,4
282,8
424,3
565,7
707,1
848,5
989,9
1131,4
1272,8
1414,2
c
2
4
6
8
10
b
1,7
3,5
5,2
6,9
8,7
60
30
1,4
2,8
4,2
5,7
7,1
45
30
20
0,4
0,7
1,1
1,5
1,8
45
60
70
c
3,9
7,7
11,6
15,5
19,3
23,2
27,0
30,9
34,8
38,6
77,3
115,9
154,5
193,2
231,8
270,5
309,1
347,7
386,4
772,7
1159,1
1545,5
1931,9
2318,2
2704,6
3091,0
3477,3
3863,7
22,4
26,1
29,9
33,6
37,3
74,6
112,0
149,3
186,6
223,9
261,2
298,6
335,9
373,2
746,4
1119,6
1492,8
1866,0
2239,2
2612,4
2985,6
3358,8
3732,1
20
30
40
50
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
600
700
800
900
1000
200
300
400
500
60
70
80
90
100
75
3,7
7,5
11,2
14,9
18,7
15
6.17
Method 2. Graphical
Using the graph in Fig. 6.18 , the values b
and c are quickly found;
The a value is plotted on the horizontal
axis.
Draw a line vertically and plot the point
where it intersects the appropriate value
of the angle (60 in this example). The
value of b is read on vertical scale.
Following the circular line from the
plotted point to where it crosses the
vertical axis, gives the value of c.
Having found the values of b and c , the
cut pipe lengths are quickly calculated;
Length, l = c - (2 x z dimension of fig. 51)
= 566 - (2 x 33)
l = 500 mm
Length, l 1 = M 1 - (sum of z dimensions
of tee, fig. 130 1 1 / 4
joint and bend, fig. 51
1 1/ 4 )
= 1270 - (17 + 33)
l 1 = 1220 mm
Length, l 2 = M 2 - (sum of z dimensions
of bend, fig. 51 1 1 / 4
and tee, fig. 130 1 1 / 4
joint)
Substitute:M2 = M - M1 - b
= 3810 - 1270 - 490
= 2050
l 2 = 2050 - (33 + 17)
l 2 = 2000 mm
The following pages show a summary of
z dimensions for the most popular
George Fischer malleable iron pipe
fittings and also the z dimensions for a
variety of fitting combinations.
6.18
GEORGEFISCHER
c = 566
b = 490
a = 283
Fig. 6.18
GEORGEFISCHER
6.19
Installation aids
z dimensions and overall lengths of the most common malleable cast iron fittings
3
Dimension
Nominal
thread length
10
Catalogue No.
/2
13
b z
/4
15
17
b z
b z
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
2 1/ 2
19
19
24
27
30
36
b z
b z
b z
b z
b z
b z
38
1a
2a
26
45
40
45
41
20
23
30
50
17 24 21 30 27 36 33 44 37 46 42 54 53 66 62 77 78 100
30
51
17
21
27
33
37
42
85
28
34
40
53
66
90
15
15
18
21
26
31
34
42
48
60
92
15 32 15 37 18 43 21 52 26 60 31 65 34 74 42 88 48 98 60 118
Equal
Fittings
42
32
35
28
46
34
57
45
Dimension
1
/ 2 x 3/ 4
3
/ 4 x 1/ 2
1 x 1/ 2
1 x 3/ 4
1 1/ 4 x 1 / 2
1 1/ 4 x 3 / 4
1 1/ 4 x 1
1 1/ 2 x 1 / 2
1 1/ 2 x 3 / 4
1 1/ 2 x 1
1 1/ 2 x 1 1 / 4
14
97
66
49
17
78
57
19
88
72
21
97
- 129 -
83
- 105 -
121 10 25 9 28 10 32 11 37 14 43 17 46 19 55 19 54 22 61
11
86
45
10
68
120 10
54
45
24
130 15
15
18
21
26
31
34
42
48
60
180 15
15
18
21
26
31
34
42
48
60
270 10
10
11
12
17
17
20
20
22
471 15
15
18
38
44
47
53
57
59
68
75
83
95
280
130,
Branch
reduced
/8
z1
18
15
15
18
15
17
21
17
19
23
27
z2
15
18
21
21
25
26
25
29
29
29
29
130,
Branch
and run
reduced
Dimension
3
/ 4 x 1 / 2 x 1/ 2
3
/ 4 x 3/ 4 x 1/ 2
1 x 1/ 2 x 3/ 4
1 x 3/ 4 x 3/ 4
1 x 3/ 4 x 1/ 2
1 x 1 x 3/ 4
1 1/4 x 1/2 x 1
1 1/4 x 3/4 x 1
1 1/4 x 1 x 3/ 4
1 1/4 x 1 x 1
1 1/4 x 1 1/ 4 x 3/ 4
z1
15
18
15
18
18
21
15
17
21
21
26
z2
18
18
21
21
21
21
25
26
25
25
26
z3
15
18
18
15
18
21
15
18
21
21
26
Dimension
11/ 4 x 1 1/ 4 x 1
11/ 2 x 3/ 4 x 1 1/ 4
1 1 / 2 x 1 x 1 1/ 4
11/ 2 x 1 1/ 4 x 1
11/ 2 x 1 1/ 4 x 1 1/ 4
11/ 2 x 1 1/ 2 x 1 1/ 4
z1
26
19
23
27
27
31
z2
26
29
29
29
29
31
z3
25
17
21
25
26
29
6.20
GEORGEFISCHER
15
53/54
53/54
3
/8
90/92
62
26
47
15
31
31
20
20
25
25
10
10
M
z=z 1
80
38
9
35
15
15
21
36
17
17
37
37
23
23
26
26
9
9
M
z=z 1
90
42
77
32
52
15
/4
a
b
z
z1
11
42
18
18
26
44
21
21
45
45
28
28
30
30
10
10
M
z=z 1
114
54
85
35
61
18
a
b
z
z1
13
47
20
20
32
55
27
27
54
54
34
34
34
34
11
11
M
z=z 1
143
68
109
46
73
21
1 /4
a
b
z
z1
16
58
24
26
39
67
33
33
70
70
45
45
40
40
14
14
M
z=z 1
181
86
133
57
86
26
1 1/ 2
a
b
z
z1
16
61
26
28
42
72
37
37
76
76
49
49
45
45
17
17
M
z=z 1
202
97
151
66
96
31
a
b
z
z1
18
66
27
27
48
83
42
42
90
90
57
57
52
52
19
19
M
z=z 1
246
116
180
78
108
34
2 1/ 2
a
b
z
z1
112
112
72
72
53
53
19
21
M
z=z 1
314
149
203
88
130
42
a
b
z
z1
129
129
83
83
60
60
22
24
M
z=z 1
365
175
224
97
146
48
a
b
z
z1
166
166
105
105
M
z=z 1
469
224
45
1/2
1a/2a
a
b
z
z1
90
120/121
90
1/2
/2
50/51
120/121
a
b
z
z1
45
40/41
30
40/41
30
50/51
7
294
129
178
60
1a/2a
GEORGEFISCHER
6.21
15
2a/53
/8
a
b
z
/2
a
b
z
16
61
15
14
51
15
9
35
15
33
57
17
28
48
17
/4
a
b
z
20
76
18
15
58
18
11
42
18
42
73
21
a
b
z
25
94
20
19
72
20
13
48
20
1 1/ 4
a
b
z
31
116
24
24
88
24
1 1/ 2
a
b
z
34
128
26
a
b
z
2 1/ 2
a
b
z
3
4
90/53
30
45
30
15
2/53
2/50
2a/50
90/50
2/40 2a/40
90/40
44
44
20
35
35
20
28
28
20
20
35
17
51
51
23
44
44
23
32
32
23
33
56
21
24
42
21
64
64
28
50
50
28
38
38
28
52
90
27
41
71
27
29
49
27
78
78
34
62
62
34
45
45
34
16
58
24
65
113
33
51
87
33
35
61
33
99
99
45
78
78
45
57
57
45
26
98
26
17
64
26
72
124
37
56
97
37
39
67
37
110
110
49
88
88
49
63
63
49
41
152
27
31
115
27
19
72
27
85
147
42
66
114
42
44
76
42
132
132
57
105
105
57
74
74
57
52
194
35
36
135
35
24
91
35
108
186
53
77
133
53
54
94
53
166
166
72
123
123
72
91
91
72
a
b
z
126
218
62
87
151
62
63
108
62
194
194
83
139
139
83
105
105
83
a
b
z
162
281
78
115
198
78
80
139
78
250
250
105
183
183
105
134
134
105
45
2/40
2a/40
90/40
6.22
GEORGEFISCHER
45
130/40
Branch
Same run
/8
/2
/4
1 1/ 4 1 1/ 2 2
2 1/ 2 3
/8
a=b
z1
z
28
15
20
/2
a=b
z1
z
28
13
20
32
15
23
/4
a=b
z1
z
30
13
20
34
15
23
38
18
28
a=b
z1
z
33
13
20
36
15
23
40
18
28
45
21
34
1 1/ 4
a=b
z1
z
35
13
20
39
15
23
44
17
28
47
21
34
57
26
45
1 1/ 2
a=b
z1
z
37
14
20
42
17
23
46
19
28
50
23
34
59
27
45
63
31
49
a=b
z1
z
46
14
23
50
16
28
54
20
34
63
24
45
66
28
49
74
34
57
2 1/ 2
a=b
z1
z
52
14
23
57
18
28
60
20
34
69
25
45
72
28
49
79
34
57
91
42
72
a=b
z1
z
57
15
23
62
18
28
65
21
34
74
25
45
78
28
49
84
34
57
95
42
72
105
48
93
a=b
z1
z
87
28
49
93
34
57
105
41
72
115
48
93
74
20
34
4
134
60
105
5
90
Branch
Same run
130/1
GEORGEFISCHER
/8
/2
/4
1 1/ 4 1 1/ 2 2
2 1/ 2 3
/8
M
z1
z
57
15
38
/2
M
z1
z
58
13
38
63
15
42
/4
M
z1
z
60
13
38
66
15
42
78
18
54
M
z1
z
64
13
38
69
15
42
81
18
54
96
21
68
1 1/ 4
M
z1
z
68
13
38
73
15
42
86
17
54
100
21
68
121
26
86
1 1/ 2
M
z1
z
70
14
38
77
17
42
89
19
54
104
23
68
124
27
86
136
31
97
M
z1
z
83
14
42
95
16
54
110
20
68
130
24
86
141
28
97
164
34
116
2 1/ 2
M
z1
z
91
14
42
104
18
54
118
20
68
138
25
86
149
28
97
172
34
116
207
42
149
M
z1
z
98
15
42
111
18
54
125
21
68
146
25
86
157
28
97
179
34
116
214
42
149
238
48
175
M
z1
z
170
28
97
192
34
116
227
41
149
252
48
175
138
20
68
9
305
60
224
6.23
Branch
90
130/1a
130/92
6.24
Same run
3
/8
M
z1
z
51
15
26
/2
M
z1
z
52
13
26
60
15
32
/4
M
z1
z
54
13
26
63
15
32
68
18
35
M
z1
z
58
13
26
66
15
32
71
18
35
84
21
46
1 1/ 4
M
z1
z
62
13
26
70
15
32
76
17
35
88
21
46
102
26
57
1 1/ 2
M
z1
z
64
14
26
74
17
32
79
19
35
92
23
46
105
27
57
116
31
49
M
z1
z
80
14
32
85
16
35
98
20
46
111
24
57
121
28
49
136
34
78
2 1/ 2
M
z1
z
88
14
32
94
18
35
106
20
46
119
25
57
129
28
49
144
34
78
157
42
88
M
z1
z
95
15
32
101
18
35
113
21
46
127
25
57
137
28
49
151
34
78
164
42
88
175
48
97
M
z1
z
150
28
49
164
34
78
177
41
88
189
48
97
126
20
46
225
60
129
Branch
Same run
3
/8
M
z1
z
47
15
15
/2
M
z1
z
48
13
15
52
15
15
/4
M
z1
z
50
13
15
55
15
15
61
18
18
M
z1
z
54
13
15
58
15
15
64
18
18
73
21
21
1 1/ 4
M
z1
z
58
13
15
62
15
15
69
17
18
77
21
21
86
26
26
1 1/ 2
M
z1
z
60
14
15
66
17
15
72
19
18
81
23
21
89
27
26
96
31
31
M
z1
z
72
14
15
78
16
18
87
20
21
95
24
26
101
28
31
108
34
34
2 1/ 2
M
z1
z
80
14
15
87
18
18
95
20
21
103
25
26
109
28
31
116
34
34
130
42
42
M
z1
z
87
15
15
94
18
18
102
21
21
111
25
26
117
28
31
123
34
34
137
42
42
146
48
48
M
z1
z
130
28
31
136
34
34
150
41
42
160
48
48
115
20
21
178
60
60
GEORGEFISCHER
6.25
Pipeline Identification
In large plant rooms and buildings such
as factories and hospitals it is important
that each pipe and its contents can be
easily identified. Therefore, a system of
standard identification has evolved. An
outline of the identification practice is
given in this section, but full details can
be found in BS 1710 - Identification of
Pipelines.
The colour coding system has two
elements of classification, dependent on
the degree of identification that is
required.
a) Basic Identification
The basic colour is used to identify the
general nature of the fluid but does not
define the exact contents. e.g. green is
used to denote water but does not
differentiate between drinking water or
heating water.
b) Basic Identification plus a safety
colour (code indication)
The safety colour or code indication is
used where it is necessary to define the
pipeline contents more precisely and is
used in conjunction with the basic
identification colour. e.g. A white code
indicator used with a green basic colour
identifies: cooling (primary) water.
Application of pipeline identification
Pipeline identification should be used at
all junctions, both sides of valves, service
appliances, bulkheads, walls and any
other place where identification is
necessary.
The application of both basic
identification colour and safety colour
should follow the diagram below:
Safety colour
or indication
colour
Basic identification
colour
150mm
approx
100mm
approx
Fig. 6.19
6.26
Basic identification
colour
150mm
approx
Pipe
Contents
Basic
Identification
Colour
Water
Green
12 D 45
Steam
Silver-Grey
10 A 03
Brown
06 C 39
Yellow Ochre
08 C 35
Acids and
alkalis
Violet
22 C 37
Air
Light Blue
20 E 51
Other Fluids
Black
Black
Electrical
services
Orange
06 E 51
Mineral, animal
& vegetable
oils; combustible
liquids
Gases in
gaseous or
liquified condition
(except air)
GEORGEFISCHER
Colour References
To avoid pipes being painted in all
different shades, the colours used for
pipeline identification are standardised
in BS 4800 and given below:
Fig. 6.20
Safety Colour
BS Colour
reference
BS 4800
Red
04 E 53
Yellow
08 E 51
Auxiliary Blue
18 E 53
BS 4800
Crimson
04 D 45
Emerald Green
14 E 53
Salmon Pink
04 C 33
Yellow
10 E 53
Fig. 6.21
White
Oxygen
Yellow Ochre
French Blue
Nitrous Oxide
Yellow Ochre
White
French Blue
N 2 /0 2 mixture
Yellow Ochre
French Grey
Carbon Dioxide
Yellow Ochre
White
Black
Medical air
Light Blue
Primrose
Medical vacuum
Light Blue
GEORGEFISCHER
6.27
Basic colour
(approx. 150 mm)
Drinking
Green
Blue
Green
Cooling (Primary)
Green
White
Green
Boiler Feed
Green
Crimson
Crimson
Green
Condensate
Green
Green
Chilled
Green
White
Green
Blue
Crimson
Blue
Green
Green
Crimson
Blue
Crimson
Green
Green
White
Blue
White
Green
Green
White
Crimson
White
Green
Hydraulic power
Green
Pipe contents
Water
White
Salmon Pink
Green
Green
Green
Fire extinguishing
Safety Red
Green
Light Blue
Compressed air
Light Blue
Vacuum
Steam
White
Light Blue
Silver Grey
Drainage
Black
Orange
Town Gas
Manufactured gas
Yellow Ochre
Emerald Green
Yellow Ochre
Natural gas
Yellow Ochre
Yellow
Yellow Ochre
Brown
White
Brown
Oils
Diesel fuel
Furnace fuel
Brown
Lubricating
Brown
Emerald Green
Brown
Hydraulic power
Brown
Salmon Pink
Brown
Transformer
Brown
Crimson
Brown
Violet
6.28
GEORGEFISCHER
Product Range
Figure Number and Codes
Malleable Iron Fittings - Summary of the Range
Product Data
7.02 - 7.03
7.04
7.05 - 7.64
2
GEORGEFISCHER
7.01
7.02
G4
D4
G1
D1
G8
G4/45
G1/45
A1
A4
UA1
UA11
UA2
UA12
A1/45
A4/45
B1
E1
E2
C1
Za1
George ISO/BS
Fischer Symbol
Fig. No.
223
240
241
245
246
270
271
280
281
290
291
300
310
330
331
340
341
529
596
Za2
M2 red
N4
N8 red
M4 red
M2
M2 R-L
N8
N8 R-L
T9
T8
T1
P4
U1
U2
U11
U12
M4
TII
ISO/ BS George
Symbol Fischer
Fig. No.
A1
90
A1/45 120
A4
92
A4/45 121
B1
130
C1
180
D1
2a
D4
1a
E1
131
E2
132
G1
2
G1/45
41
G4
1
G4/45
40
G8
3
M2
270
M2 R-L
271
M2 red
240
M4
529a
M4 red
246
ISO/BS George
Symbol Fischer
Fig. No.
N4
N8
N8 R-L
N8 red
P4
T1
T8
T9
T11
U1
U2
U11
U12
UA1
UA2
UA11
UA12
Za1
Za2
241
280
281
245
310
300
291
290
596
330
331
340
341
95
97
96
98
221
223
GEORGEFISCHER
Symbols
black
galvanised
symbol to ISO 49
Rp
Piece Part
Footnotes
GEORGEFISCHER
7.03
1a
87
85
102
103
137
165
246
260
312
321
340
341
376
378
595
2a
596
90
120
92
121
180
271
342a
599a
280
344
281
330
529a
933a
97
132
291
371
532
1330
534
54
60
100
101
134
240
294
332
331
370
98
133
224
290
53
51
96
223
346
526
933
50
131
221
471
41
95
130
329
326
467
40
94
220
270
342
335
372
535
241
300
336
373
536
135
245
310
338
374
537
1335
Note: For gaskets see fig. 202.
7.04
GEORGEFISCHER
Product Data
Size
G4
Long sweep bend
1a
35
32
28
40
36
30
48
42
38
55
48
42
69
60
54
85
75
68
105
95
86
116
105
97
140
130
116
176
165
149
205
190
175
260
245
224
Code
30
30
20
36
36
26
45
45
32
50
50
35
63
63
46
76
76
57
85
85
66
102
102
78
115
115
88
127
127
97
165
165
129
ISO
Short bend
Code
B /8
G 1/ 8
B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3
B 4
G4
Size
ISO
D4
B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3
B 4
G4
GEORGEFISCHER
7.05
Size
ISO G1
Long sweep bend
B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3
B 4
G4
Size
2a
Short bend
ISO
D1
7.06
B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3
B 4
G4
Code
40
30
48
38
55
42
69
54
85
68
105
86
116
97
140
116
176
149
205
175
260
224
Code
30
20
36
26
45
32
50
35
63
46
76
57
85
66
102
78
115
88
127
97
165
129
GEORGEFISCHER
ISO G8
Long sweep bend
40
G4/45
Long sweep bend
ISO
Size
Code
B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
G 2 1/ 2
Size
Code
B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3
B 4
G4
b
33
42
48
60
75
95
105
130
165
26
21
16
30
24
20
36
30
23
43
36
28
51
42
34
64
54
45
68
58
49
81
70
57
99
86
72
113
100
83
141
130
105
GEORGEFISCHER
7.07
41
ISO G1/45
Long sweep bend
50
30 bend
7.08
Size
Code
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3
G4
30
20
36
23
43
28
51
34
64
45
68
49
81
57
99
72
113
83
141
105
Size
Code
G 1/ 2
G 3/ 4
G1
G 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 2
G2
G 2 1/ 2
G3
G4
30
36
44
52
56
66
80
92
114
24
30
36
44
46
54
66
77
100
17
21
27
33
37
42
53
62
78
GEORGEFISCHER
51
30 bend
Size
G 1/ 2
G 3/ 4
G1
G 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 2
G2
Code
30
36
44
52
56
66
17
21
27
33
37
42
53
Size
Code
28
33
37
43
45
51
62
21
25
29
34
35
41
52
15
18
20
24
26
27
35
15 bend
G 1/ 2
G 3/ 4
G1
G 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 2
G2
G 2 1/ 2
54
15 bend
Size
G 1/ 2
G 3/ 4
G1
G 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 2
G2
Code
770 054 204
770 054 205
770 054 206
770 054 207
770 054 208
770 054 209
28
33
37
45
47
51
15
18
20
26
28
27
GEORGEFISCHER
7.09
60
Return bend
85
Crossover bend
Size
Code
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
45
38
32
52
50
37
64
64
47
73
76
54
80
89
61
90
102
66
Size
Code
38
/8
28
47
/2
34
49
/4
36
55
/4
40
70
53
85
1 1/ 4
66
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 1/ 2 - 3/ 4
G 1/ 2 - 3/ 4
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
87
Size
Crossover-T
7.10
Code
/2
a1
a2
z1
z2
26
93
13
80
45
/2
GEORGEFISCHER
90
Size
ISO
A1
Code
B 1/ 8
G 1/ 8
1
B
/4
G 1/ 4
3
B
/8
G 3/ 8
1
B
/2
G 1/ 2
3
B
/4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G 1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G 2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G 3
B 4
G 4
Elbow
equal
B /4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
1
reducing
2
GEORGEFISCHER
z1
z2
19
12
21
11
25
15
28
15
33
18
38
21
45
26
50
31
58
34
69
42
78
48
96
60
20
20
10
13
23
23
13
13
24
24
11
14
26
26
13
16
28
28
13
18
30
31
15
18
32
34
15
21
35
36
18
21
35
38
16
25
36
41
17
26
40
42
21
25
38
44
19
29
42
46
23
29
46
48
27
29
44
52
20
35
/8
/8
1
/4
1
/4
1
/4
1
/4
3
/8
3
/8
3
/8
3
/8
1
/2
1
/2
1
/2
1
/2
3
/4
3
/4
1
/2
1
/2
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
1
1
3
3
/4
/4
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1
1
7.11
90
Code
z1
z2
48
54
24
35
52
55
28
36
61
66
34
42
Size
Code
B 1/ 8
G 1/ 8
1
B
/4
G 1/ 4
3
B
/8
G 3/ 8
1
B
/2
G 1/ 2
3
B
/4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G 1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G 2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G 3
B 4
G 4
19
25
12
21
28
11
25
32
15
28
37
15
33
43
18
38
52
21
45
60
26
50
65
31
58
74
34
69
88
42
78
98
48
96
118
60
26
33
13
30
40
15
35
46
18
36
40
52
56
17
21
47
62
28
52
64
33
Size
ISO
A1
Elbow
reducing
92
ISO
A4
Elbow
equal
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
7.12
B 2
G2
B 2
G2
G 2 1/ 2
B /2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
G 11/4
B 11/4
G 11/4
B 11/2
G 11/2
B 11/2
G 11/2
1
z1
- /8
- 3/ 8
- 1/ 2
- 1/ 2
- 3/ 4
- 3/ 4
- 3/ 4
-1
-1
-1
-1
- 1 1/ 4
- 1 1/ 4
3
GEORGEFISCHER
92
Size
ISO
A4
Elbow
Internal thread reducing
1
3
B /8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
Code
z1
28
37
18
34
42
21
39
50
24
44
57
27
2
1
- /2
- 1/ 2
- 3/ 4
- 3/ 4
-1
-1
- 1 1/ 4
- 1 1/ 4
94
Elbow
Size
Code
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
29
37
40
47
56
59
68
GEORGEFISCHER
7.13
Size
95
ISO
z1
z2
s1
s2
52
25
15
42
22
32
58
28
15
45
26
39
62
33
18
47
31
48
72
38
21
55
38
55
82
45
26
63
48
67
90
50
31
71
54
74
100
58
34
76
67
90
. 374 >G<
UA1
Union elbow
flat seat
Code
B /8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
95 ET B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
1
374 >G< G 1 1/ 4
B 1 /2
G 1 1/ 2
372
B 2
G2
3
3
3
/4
/4
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
2 1/ 4
2 1/ 4
2 3/ 4
2 3/ 4
Size
95 ET
Rp
for union
elbow flat seat
B /8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
3
Rp
G ... B
Code
*
770 695 203
770 695 104
770 695 204
770 695 105
770 695 205
770 695 106
770 695 206
770 695 107
770 695 207
770 695 108
770 695 208
770 695 109
770 695 209
25
15
28
15
33
18
38
21
45
26
50
31
58
34
G
3
3
/4
/4
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
2 1/ 4
2 1/ 4
2 3/ 4
2 3/ 4
7.14
GEORGEFISCHER
Size
96
ISO UA11
Union elbow
with taper seat
/8
/8
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
2 1/ 4
2 1/ 4
2 3/ 4
2 3/ 4
3 1/ 2
3 1/ 2
4
4
5
Size
Rp
Rp
G ... B
z1
z2
s1
s2
48
21
11
38
20
28
52
25
15
42
22
32
58
28
15
45
25
39
62
33
18
47
32
48
72
38
21
55
38
55
82
45
26
63
48
67
90
50
31
71
54
74
100
58
34
76
66
90
130
72
45
103
85
111
134
78
48
104
96
131
374 >G<
B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
3
B
/8
G 3/ 8
1
B
/2
G 1/ 2
3
B
/4
96 ET G 3/ 4
B 1
G 1
374 >G< B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
381
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G 2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3
96 ET
Code
B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3
Code
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
21
11
25
15
28
15
33
18
38
21
45
26
50
31
58
34
72
45
79
49
/8
/8
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
2 1/ 4
2 1/ 4
2 3/ 4
2 3/ 4
3 1/ 2
3 1/ 2
4
4
5
5
GEORGEFISCHER
7.15
Size
97
ISO
UA2
z1
s1
s2
65
25
15
20
32
76
28
15
25
39
82
33
18
32
48
93
38
21
39
55
107
45
26
48
67
115
50
31
54
74
128
58
34
66
90
z1
s1
s2
374 >G<
Union elbow
flat seat
95 ET
374 >G<
371
Code
B /8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
/4
/4
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
2 1/ 4
2 1/ 4
2 3/ 4
2 3/ 4
Size
98
ISO UA12
Union elbow
with taper seat
61
21
11
15
28
65
25
15
20
32
76
28
15
25
39
82
33
18
32
48
94
38
21
38
55
107
45
26
48
67
115
50
31
54
74
128
58
34
67
90
164
72
45
85
111
167
78
48
95
131
374 >G<
B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
3
B
/8
G 3/ 8
1
B
/2
96 ET G 1/ 2
3
B
/4
G 3/ 4
374 >G< B 1
G 1
382
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G 2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3
7.16
Code
/8
/8
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
2 1/ 4
2 1/ 4
2 3/ 4
2 3/ 4
3 1/ 2
3 1/ 2
4
4
5
5
GEORGEFISCHER
Size
100
Code
s1
s2
58
39
45
26
39
61
43
46
31
48
71
52
55
38
55
374 >G<
1
B /2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
Union elbow
flat seat
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
100 ET
374 >G<
372
4
supplied without sealing gaskets
a and z include seal thickness
as per table page 3.16
Size
100 ET
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
Code
39
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
43
52
G ... B
GEORGEFISCHER
7.17
@0@
s1
s2
77
39
40
25
39
81
43
42
32
48
93
52
47
39
55
Code
s1
s2
59
39
46
25
39
61
43
46
32
48
71
52
54
38
55
Code
Size
374 >G<
B /2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
1
Union elbow
flat seat
100 ET
1
1
11/4
11/4
11/2
11/2
374 >G<
371
Size
@02
374 >G<
Union elbow
with taper seat
B /2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
1
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
102 ET
374 >G<
381
7.18
GEORGEFISCHER
Size
102 ET
for union
elbow taper seat
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
Code
*
*
*
*
*
*
39
43
52
Code
Size
@03
s1
s2
374 >G<
Union elbow
taper seat
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
1
1
11/4
11/4
11/2
11/2
76
39
40,5
25
39
81
43
42,5
32
48
93
52
47,5
38
55
102 ET
374
382
GEORGEFISCHER
7.19
Size
131
ISO
Code
z1
z2
z3
E1
PitcherTee
equal
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3
B 4
G4
1=3
Branch reducing
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1
G1
B 11/4
G 11/4
B 11/4
G 11/4
B 11/4
G 11/4
B 11/2
G 11/2
B 11/2
G 11/2
B 11/2
G 11/2
B 2
G2
B 2
G2
B 2
G2
B 2
G2
G 21/2
B 3
G3
B
G
B
G
G
B
G
/4
3
/4
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
1
45
24
32
11
50
28
35
13
63
33
46
16
76
40
57
21
85
43
66
24
102
53
78
29
115
62
88
35
127
70
97
40
165
87 129
51
/2
1
/2
1
/2
1
/2
3
/4
3
/4
1
/2
1
/2
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
1
3
3
/4
/4
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 4
2
2
GEORGEFISCHER
/2
1
/2
3
/4
3
/4
1
/2
3
/4
3
/4
47
48
25
32
35
10
49
51
28
32
38
11
53
54
30
36
39
13
51
56
30
32
43
11
55
58
33
36
43
14
66
68
36
47
51
17
55
61
33
36
46
14
66
71
36
47
54
17
77
79
41
58
60
22
69
75
39
45
60
15
70
77
40
46
60
16
80
85
45
56
66
21
91
94
48
67
75
24
103 108
138 143
58
69
76 89
108 119
31
39
46
47
24
31
34
11
49
49
27
34
34
14
49
53
51
54
25
28
32
36
38
39
10
13
3*
/2
/2
1
/2
1
/2
3
/4
3
/4
3
/4
1
7.25
Size
132
Twin elbow
equal
ISO
E2
133
Tee
equal
134
Tee
equal
7.26
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
Size
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
Size
B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
Code
770 132 104
770 132 204
770 132 105
770 132 205
770 132 106
770 132 206
770 132 107
770 132 207
770 132 108
770 132 208
770 132 109
770 132 209
Code
770 133 103
770 133 203
770 133 104
770 133 204
770 133 105
770 133 205
770 133 106
770 133 206
Code
770 134 102
770 134 202
770 134 103
770 134 203
770 134 104
770 134 204
770 134 105
770 134 205
770 134 106
770 134 206
770 134 107
770 134 207
770 134 108
770 134 208
770 134 109
770 134 209
45
32
50
35
63
46
76
57
85
66
102
78
22
31
12
25
38
12
33
45
18
39
53
22
22
28
12
24
32
14
27
37
14
32
43
17
37
50
20
45
58
26
50
65
31
59
69
35
GEORGEFISCHER
Size
134
Code
1=3
Tee
B /2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
1
Branch reducing
3
z1
z3
24
34
24
11
14
30
40
30
15
17
32
44
35
15
22
/4
1
/4
1
/2
1
/2
1
/2
1
/2
1
135
Tee
equal
Size
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
Code
770 135 104
770 135 204
770 135 105
770 135 205
770 135 106
770 135 206
b
37
43
48
GEORGEFISCHER
7.27
Size
137
1=3
Distribution tee
G1
G 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 2
Branch reducing
Code
30
35
35
40
73
85
75
86
13
16
16
21
z1
z2
z3
16
23
46
54
46
54
6
10
36
41
36
41
24
64
64
49
49
28
77
77
11
60
60
34
75
75
15
56
56
37
82
82
18
63
63
40
106
106
16
82
82
- 3/ 4
- 3/ 4
- 1
- 1
(3)
1
Size
165
45 Tee
equal
7.28
B 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
Code
770 165 103
770 165 104
770 165 204
770 165 105
770 165 205
770 165 106
770 165 206
770 165 107
770 165 207
770 165 108
770 165 208
770 165 109
770 165 209
GEORGEFISCHER
Size
180
ISO
C1
Cross
equal
Code
B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3
B 4
G4
z1
z2
21
11
25
15
28
15
33
18
38
21
45
26
50
31
58
34
69
42
78
48
96
60
30
31
15
18
32
34
15
21
35
36
18
21
40
42
21
25
38
42
44
46
19
23
29
29
44
52
20
35
reducing
1=3
2=4
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G 1
B 1
G 1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
- 1/ 2
- 1/ 2
- 1/ 2
- 1/ 2
- 3/ 4
- 3/ 4
- 1
- 1
- 3/ 4
- 1
- 1
- 1
- 1
Size
202
Code
7
1
Spare Gasket
(Compressed Non-asbestos Fibre)
t
d
D
GEORGEFISCHER
/2
3
/4
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
2
30
38
44
55
62
78
21
27
32
42
46
60
2
2
2
2
2
3
7.29
Size
220
B 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
Y piece
221
ISO
Za1
Size
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
223
Side outlet tee
Size
ISO
23
24
13
14
27
14
33
18
40
23
25
15
28
15
33
18
38
21
45
26
50
31
58
34
Code
28
15
33
18
38
21
Code
Za2
7.30
Code
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
GEORGEFISCHER
Size
224
Side outlet cross
Code
1
/2
27
14
Size
240
ISO
M2
Socket
reducing
GEORGEFISCHER
Code
B /4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1
G1
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
s*
z2
/8
/8
1
/8
1
/8
1
/4
1
/4
1
/4
1
/4
3
/8
3
/8
1
/4
1
/4
3
/8
3
/8
1
/2
1
/2
3
/8
3
/8
1
/2
1
/2
3
/4
3
/4
3
/8
3
/8
1
/2
1
/2
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
1
/2
1
/2
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
1
27
17
10
30
22
13
30
22
10
36
13
36
13
39
14
39
14
39
11
45
18
45
15
45
13
50
21
50
18
50
16
50
14
55
23
55
21
55
19
7.31
240
Size
ISO
M2
Socket
reducing
2
7.32
Code
1
B 1 /2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2
G2
B 2
G2
B 2
G2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3
B 3
G3
B 3
G3
B 4
G4
B 4
G4
B 4
G4
z2
55
17
65
28
65
26
65
24
65
22
65
22
74
30
74
28
74
28
74
23
80
31
80
26
80
23
94
34
94
31
94
28
1 /4
1 1/ 4
1
/2
1
/2
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
2 1/ 2
2 1/ 2
2
2
2 1/ 2
2 1/ 2
3
3
GEORGEFISCHER
241
ISO
Size
N4
Reducing bush
Form I
Form II
Form III
GEORGEFISCHER
Code
B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1
G1
B 1
G1
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2
G2
B 2
G2
B 2
G2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
1/ 8
1/ 8
1/ 8
1/ 8
1/ 4
1/ 4
1/ 8
1/ 8
1/ 4
1/ 4
3/ 8
3/ 8
1/ 4
1/ 4
3/ 8
3/ 8
1/ 2
1/ 2
1/ 4
1/ 4
3/ 8
3/ 8
1/ 2
1/ 2
3/ 4
3/ 4
3/ 8
3/ 8
1/ 2
1/ 2
3/ 4
3/ 4
1
1
3/ 8
3/ 8
1/ 2
1/ 2
3/ 4
3/ 4
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1/ 2
1/ 2
3/ 4
3/ 4
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
1
1
Form
I
I
I
I
I
I
II
II
I
I
I
I
II
II
II
II
I
I
II
II
II
II
II
II
I
I
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
I
I
III
III
III
III
II
II
II
II
II
II
III
III
20
13
17
20
13
19
20
10
19
24
17
22
24
14
22
24
14
22
26
16
30
26
16
30
26
13
30
29
19
36
29
19
36
29
16
36
29
14
36
31
21
46
31
18
46
31
16
46
31
14
46
31
21
50
31
18
50
31
16
50
31
14
50
31
12
50
35
48
35
65
35
48
33
65
37
20
65
37
18
65
37
18
65
37
80
40
54
7.33
Size
241
ISO
Reducing bush
2
N4
Form I
Form II
Form III
Code
2
1
B 2 /2
G 21/2
B 21/2
G 21/2
B 21/2
G 21/2
B 3
G3
B 3
G3
B 3
G3
B 3
G3
B 3
G3
B 4
G4
B 4
G4
B 4
G4
40
54
37
80
40
21
80
40
16
80
Form
1
1 /4
11/4
11/2
11/2
2
2
1
1
11/4
11/4
11/2
11/2
2
2
21/2
21/2
2
2
21/2
21/2
3
3
III
III
II
II
II
II
III
III
III
III
III
III
II
II
II
II
III
III
III
III
II
II
44
59
42
95
44
59
40
95
44
59
40
95
44
20
95
44
17
95
51
69
45
120
51
69
42
120
21
120
51
7.34
GEORGEFISCHER
Size
245
ISO
N8
Code
1
Hexagon nipple
reducing
2
B /4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2
G2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3
B 3
G3
B 4
G4
35
17
34
19
38
19
44
27
44
27
43
30
47
30
47
31
53
36
53
36
57
46
57
46
57
46
59
50
59
50
59
50
68
65
68
65
68
65
75
80
75
80
83
95
83
95
93
120
/8
/8
1
/8
1
/8
1
/4
1
/4
1
/4
1
/4
3
/8
3
/8
1
/4
1
/4
3
/8
3
/8
1
/2
1
/2
1
/2
1
/2
3
/4
3
/4
1
/2
1
/2
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
2
2
21/2
21/2
3
3
1
GEORGEFISCHER
7.35
Size
246
Socket
reducing
2
7.36
ISO
M4
Code
1
B /4
G 1/ 4
3
B
/8
G 3/ 8
1
B
/2
G 1/ 2
1
B
/2
G 1/ 2
3
B
/4
G 3/ 4
3
B
/4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G 1
B 1
G 1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2
G 2
B 2
G 2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3
B 3
G3
1
32
17
22
35
22
25
- /8
- 1/ 8
- 1/ 4
- 1/ 4
- 1/ 4
- 1/ 4
- 3/ 8
- 3/ 8
- 3/ 8
- 3/ 8
- 1/ 2
- 1/ 2
- 1/ 2
- 1/ 2
- 3/ 4
- 3/ 4
- 1/ 2
- 1/ 2
- 3/ 4
- 3/ 4
- 1
-1
- 3/ 4
- 3/ 4
- 1
- 1
- 1 1/ 4
- 1 1/ 4
- 1
-1
- 1 1/ 4
- 1 1/ 4
- 1 1/ 2
- 1 1/ 2
- 1 1/ 2
- 1 1/ 2
- 2
- 2
- 2
- 2
- 2 1/ 2
- 2 1/ 2
1
43
30
43
30
48
33
48
33
55
38
55
38
60
41
60
41
60
41
60
41
63
44
63
44
70
46
70
46
70
46
83
56
80
53
87
57
91
61
GEORGEFISCHER
Size
260
Code
B /4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2
G2
B 2
G2
B 2
G2
3
Socket, eccentric
reducing
Size
270
Socket
equal
ISO
M2
41
13
45
15
45
13
3,5
50
18
11
50
16
50
14
56
20
7,5
56
18
65
28
21
65
24
14
65
22
10
65
22
/2
/2
1
/2
1
/2
3
/4
3
/4
1
/2
1
/2
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1
/2
1
/2
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
1
1
B /8
G 1/ 8
B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
3
B
/8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
3
B
/4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 11/4
G 11/4
B 11/2
G 11/2
B 2
G 2
B 21/2
G 21/2
B 3
G 3
B 4
G4
s*
z1
25
17
11
27
19
30
10
36
10
39
45
11
50
12
55
17
65
17
74
20
80
20
94
22
GEORGEFISCHER
7.37
Size
270b
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 11/4
G 11/4
B 11/2
G 11/2
B 2
G2
Socket
z1
N
10
Code
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
36
10
39
45
11
50
12
55
17
65
17
z1
27
30
10
36
10
39
45
11
50
12
55
17
65
17
Size
271
ISO
M2
R-L
Socket with rightand left-hand thread
Right-hand thread
B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
Code
Left-hand thread
7.38
GEORGEFISCHER
Size
280
ISO
N8
Hexagon nipple
Code
B 1/ 8
G 1/ 8
1
B
/4
G 1/ 4
3
B
/8
G 3/ 8
1
B
/2
G 1/ 2
3
B
/4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G 1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G 2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G 3
B 4
G 4
Size
281
N8
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
R-L
Hexagon nipple with right- B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
and left-hand thread
3
B
/4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G 1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
ISO
Code
29
17
36
19
38
22
44
28
47
32
53
42
57
50
59
55
68
70
75
85
83
100
95
131
38
22
44
28
47
33
53
42
57
50
59
55
68
70
GEORGEFISCHER
7.39
Size
290
ISO
T9
Plug, beaded
* solid
B 1/ 8
1
G
/8
1
B
/4
1
G
/4
3
B
/8
3
G
/8
1
B
/2
1
G
/2
3
B
/4
3
G
/4
B 1
G 1
1
B 1 /4
1
G 1 /4
1
B 1 /2
1
G 1 /2
B 2
G 2
1
B 2 /2
1
G 2 /2
B 3
G 3
B 4
G 4
Code
*
*
*
*
Size
291
Plug, plain,
hollow
* solid
ISO
T8
7.40
B 1/ 8
G 1/ 8
B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3
B 4
G4
Code
*
*
*
*
*
*
20
24
28
10
32
11
37
17
41
19
43
22
44
22
53
27
55
32
62
36
73
41
16
18
20
10
24
11
28
17
33
19
36
22
37
22
44
27
52
32
59
36
66
41
GEORGEFISCHER
Size
291a
Plug, plain, solid
Code
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
solid
Size
294
Code
B /2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 11/4
G 11/4
B 11/2
G 11/2
B 2
G2
1
Size
300
Cap
ISO
T1
GEORGEFISCHER
B 1/ 8
G 1/ 8
B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3
B 4
G4
Code
770 300 101
770 300 201
770 300 102
770 300 202
770 300 103
770 300 203
770 300 104
770 300 204
770 300 105
770 300 205
770 300 106
770 300 206
770 300 107
770 300 207
770 300 108
770 300 208
770 300 109
770 300 209
770 300 110
770 300 210
770 300 111
770 300 211
770 300 112
770 300 212
28
17
33
19
36
22
38
23
44
27
32
11
37
17
44
19
43
22
44
22
53
27
5
a
14
14
17
17
18
22
24
26
26
32
29
38
32
47
32
53
37
66
41
83
44
96
52
128
7.41
Size
310
ISO
B /8
G 1/ 8
B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3
Size
310a
ISO
P4
Backnut,
faced
7.42
19
7,5
22
27
32
10
36
12
46
13
55
14
60
16
75
19
95
22
105
Code
8,5
32
9,5
36
11,5
46
12,5
55
13,5
60
15,5
75
P4
Backnut
G
Code
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
GEORGEFISCHER
Size
310b
Code
9
10
12
13
14
16
32
36
46
55
60
75
G 1/ 2
G 3/ 4
G1
G 11/4
G 11/2
G2
3
Size
312
Code
7,5
22
27
32
10
36
12
46
13
55
14
60
16
75
G
1
Backnut
recessed
B /4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
GEORGEFISCHER
7.43
Size
321
Screwed flange
undrilled
326
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 11/4
G 11/4
B 11/2
G 11/2
B 2
G2
Code
PN 1
PN 1
PN 1
PN 1
PN 1
PN 1
PN 1
PN 1
PN 1
PN 1
PN 1
PN 1
Size
Code
32
55
13
80
38
65
14
90
47
75
17 100
51
10
90
21 120
56
10
100
21 130
73
11
110
22 140
32
11 11,5 55
80
45
17
38
11 11,5 65
90
64
19
46
11 11,5 75
3 100
72
20
56
12 14 90
3 120
85
22
63
13 14 100
4 130
95
23
77
13 14 110
0 140 100
24
Screwed flange
undrilled, 2 hole
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
PN 10
PN 10
PN 10
PN 10
PN 10
PN 10
PN 10
PN 10
PN 10
PN 10
PN 10
PN 10
Size
329
Screwed flange
to DIN 2566
drilled, 4 hole
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3
B 3 *
G3 *
B 4 *
G4 *
PN 10
PN 10
PN 10
PN 10
PN 10
PN 10
PN 10
PN 10
PN 10
PN 10
PN 10
PN 10
PN 10
PN 10
PN 10
PN 10
PN 16
PN 16
PN 16
PN 16
35
15 14 65
20
95
45
17 14 75
24
105
52
17 14 85
24
115
60
17 18 100
26
140
72
14 18 110
27
150
87
16 18 125
29
165
100
16 18 145
32
185
115
18 18 160
36
200
115
18 18 160
36
200
140
20 18 180
38
220
* 8 holes
see page 3.16 for gaskets
7.44
GEORGEFISCHER
Size
330
ISO
U1
Union,
Flat Seat
374 >G<
372
B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3
B 4
G4
/8
/8
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
2 1/ 4
2 1/ 4
2 3/ 4
2 3/ 4
3 1/ 2
3 1/ 2
4
4
5
5
5
Size
331
ISO
U2
Union
Flat seat
374 >G<
371
z1
s1
s2
s3
42
22
19
28
10
47
27
22
32
12
48
22
26
39
26
52
22
31
48
31
59
25
38
55
38
65
27
48
67
48
70
32
54
74
54
80
32
66
90
67
85
31
85
111
85
96
36
96
131
96
111
39
120
151
122
Code
z2
s1
s2
s3
45
19
28
15
48
22
32
19
53
26
39
25
57
31
48
32
63
38
55
39
71
48
67
48
76
54
74
54
83
66
90
66
91
85
111
85
101
96
131
95
374 >G<
370
374 >G<
370
Code
B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B3
G
/8
/8
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
2 1/ 4
2 1/ 4
2 3/ 4
2 3/ 4
3 1/ 2
3 1/ 2
4
4
5
5
GEORGEFISCHER
7.45
Size
332
Rp/G
Union
Flat seat
373 >G<
374 >G<
372
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 11/4
G 11/4
B 11/2
G 11/2
B 2
Code
s1
s2
11
35
22
26
39
30
12
39
24
31
48
36
14
42
25
38
55
43
16
50
31
48
67
53
17
52
33
54
74
60
19
57
33
67
90
73
s1
s2
s3
374 >G<
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
2 1/ 4
2 1/ 4
2 3/ 4
Size
335
Union
Flat seat
Code
374 >G<
376
374 >G<
372
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 11/4
G 11/4
B 11/2
G 11/2
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
2 1/ 4
2 1/ 4
43
21
66
26
39
26
48
22
72
32
48
31
54
26
82
38
55
38
57
31
90 12
48
67
48
61
32
95 13
54
74
54
7.46
GEORGEFISCHER
Size
336
Code
43
40
48
s1
s2
s3
85
26
39
25
42
92
32
48
32
54
47
103
38
55
39
57
55
114
48
67
48
61
57
120
54
74
54
374 >G<
Union
Flat seat
376
374 >G<
371
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 11/4
G 11/4
B 11/2
G 11/2
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
2 1/ 4
2 1/ 4
4
Size
338
Code
b1
b2
s1
s2
153
146
141
74
67
59
7
9
12
31
38
48
48
55
67
374 >G<
Distribution union
Flat seat
G 3/ 4
G1
G 1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
2
22 177
26 174
31 174
372
374 >G<
378
Rp 1/ 2
GEORGEFISCHER
7.47
Size
340
ISO
U11
Union
taper seat
374 >G<
381
B /8
G 1/ 8
B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3
B 4
G4
1
/2
/2
5
/8
5
/8
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
2 1/ 4
2 1/ 4
2 3/ 4
2 3/ 4
3 1/ 2
3 1/ 2
4
4
5
5
1
1
Size
341
ISO
U12
Union
taper seat
374 >G<
382
7.48
z1
s1
s2
s3
38
24
15
26
15
42
22
19
28
10
48
28
22
32
12
48
22
26
39
25
52
22
31
48
32
58
24
38
55
38
65
27
48
67
48
70
32
53
74
54
78
30
65
90
66
90
36
85 111
85
101
41
96 131
96
114
42 120 151
120
z2
s1
s2
s3
55
45
19
28
15
59
49
22
32
20
66
53
26
39
25
72
57
31
48
32
80
63
38
55
38
90
71
48
67
48
96
77
53
74
54
106
82
65
90
67
122
95
85 111
85
134
104
96 131
95
153
Code
374 >G<
380
374 >G<
380
Code
B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3
B 4
G4
/8
/8
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
2 1/ 4
2 1/ 4
2 3/ 4
2 3/ 4
3 1/ 2
3 1/ 2
4
4
5
5
5
5
GEORGEFISCHER
342
Size
U11
Union Bronze to Iron
Spherical Seat
(Railroad pattern)
Code
z1
s1
s2
s3
48
22
26
44
26
52
23
31
48
31
58
24
38
55
38
65
27
48
67
48
70
32
54
73
54
78
32
66
90
66
ISO
374 >G<
B
G
B
G
B
G
B
G
B
G
B
G
370/42
374 >G<
372/42
/2
/2
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
1
1 1/ 8
1 1/ 8
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
2 1/ 4
2 1/ 4
2 3/ 4
2 3/ 4
3
3
342a
Size
U11
Union Double Bronze
Seat - Spherical
(Navy Pattern)
ISO
370/42a
374 >G<
372/42a
Code
z1
s1
s2
s3
48
22
26
44
26
52
23
31
48
31
58
24
38
55
38
65
27
48
67
48
75
32
54
73
54
85
32
66
90
66
374 >G<
B
G
B
G
B
G
B
G
B
G
B
G
/2
/2
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
1
1 1/ 8
1 1/ 8
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
2 1/ 4
2 1/ 4
2 3/ 4
2 3/ 4
GEORGEFISCHER
7.49
Size
344
Union
taper seat
Code
374 >G<
382
/8
/8
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
2 1/ 4
2 1/ 4
2 3/ 4
2 3/ 4
5
Size
ISO
Code
s3
69
18
28
15
75
22
32
20
85
26
39
25
93
32
48
32
103
38
55
38
114
48
67
48
123
54
74
54
136
66
90
67
s1
s2
s3
48
22
26
44
26
52
23
31
48
31
58
24
38
55
38
65
27
48
67
48
75
32
54
73
54
85
32
66
90
66
374 >G<
U11
B
G
B
G
B
G
B
G
B
G
B
G
MAC Union
Spherical Iron Seat
370/46
374
372/46
s2
374 >G<
B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
383
346
s1
/2
/2
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
1
1 1/ 8
1 1/ 8
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
2 1/ 4
2 1/ 4
2 3/ 4
2 3/ 4
Accommodates up to 6 mis-alignment
of connecting pipes
7.50
GEORGEFISCHER
Size
Code
370
Rp
Union bush
/8
/8
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
1 1/ 8
1 1/ 8
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
2 1/ 4
2 1/ 4
2 3/ 4
2 3/ 4
3 1/ 2
3 1/ 2
4
4
5
5
Rp
G ... B
B /4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 1/ 2 s
G 1/ 2 s
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3
B 4
G4
Size
371
Union end
Code
21
11
19
23
13
22
25
12
26
25
12
26
28
13
32
31
14
38
33
14
48
36
17
54
42
18
66
41
14
85
48
18
96
62
26
122
32
18,1
15
34
21,6
19
40
27,1
25
42
35,5
32
47
41
39
55
52,5
48
57
58,5
54
62
73,5
66
75
91,9
85
80
104,4
95
47
41
39
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
octagon
octagon
octagon
octagon
octagon
octagon
D to G
of 374
*
*
*
*
770 370 119
770 370 219
770 370 120
770 370 220
770 370 105
770 370 205
770 370 106
770 370 206
770 370 107
770 370 207
770 370 108
770 370 208
770 370 109
770 370 209
770 370 110
770 370 210
770 370 111
770 370 211
*
*
/8
/8
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
11/4
11/4
11/2
11/2
2
2
21/4
21/4
23/4
23/4
31/2
31/2
4
4
5
B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3
*
*
*
*
770 371 104
770 371 204
770 371 105
770 371 205
770 371 106
770 371 206
770 371 107
770 371 207
770 371 108
770 371 208
770 371 109
770 371 209
770 371 110
770 371 210
770 371 111
770 371 211
hexagon
hexagon
octagon
octagon
octagon
octagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
octagon
octagon
octagon
octagon
B 1 - 1 / 4**
1
1 1/ 2
round
GEORGEFISCHER
7.51
Size
372
Union end
Code
Rp
19
18,1
10
22
21,6
12
12
22
27,1
26
22
31,5
26
22
35,5
31
26
41
38
31
52,5
12
48
32,5
58,5
13,5
54
35
73,5
11
67
39
91,9
12
85
45
104,4
15
96
46
128,7
10
122
25
41
10
31
30
52,5
15
32
30,5
52,5
13
38
31
58,5
12
48
23
27
10
12
29
14
33
16
D to G
of 374
Rp
equal
D
B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 1/ 2 s
G 1/ 2 s
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3
B 4
G4
/8
/8
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
1 1/ 8
1 1/ 8
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
2 1/ 4
2 1/ 4
2 3/ 4
2 3/ 4
3 1/ 2
3 1/ 2
4
4
5
5
5
5
*
*
*
*
770 372 119
770 372 219
770 372 104
770 372 204
770 372 105
770 372 205
770 372 106
770 372 206
770 372 107
770 372 207
770 372 108
770 372 208
770 372 109
770 372 209
770 372 110
770 372 210
770 372 111
770 372 211
*
*
I
I
I
I
hex
hex
hex
hex
octagon
octagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
octagon
octagon
octagon
octagon
octagon
octagon
Rp D to G
of 374
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
reducing
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
2
2
2 1/ 4
2 1/ 4
Size
373
G /2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
1
G 1 ... B
G 2 ... B
G1
Union bush
7.52
- 3/ 4
- 3/ 4
- 3/ 4
- 3/ 4
-1
-1
- 1 1/ 4
- 1 1/ 4
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
G2
GEORGEFISCHER
Size
374
ISO
Union nut
G
d
376
Union bush
G ... B
Code
P1
15
16,1
26
16
18,5
28
15,5
22
32
16
22
32
17
25
36
18
27,5
39
19
32
44
20
36
48
20
22
34,4
41,5
48
55
22
22
24
41,5
42,5
53
55
55
67
25
59
74
27
74
90
30
92,5
111
31
105
131
34
129,5
151
B 1/ 8
G 1/ 8
s
B 1/ 4
s
G 1/ 4
B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
s
B 3/ 8
s
G 3/ 8
1
B /2
G 1/ 2
s
B 1/ 2
1
s
G /2
3
B /4
G 3/ 4
B 3/ 4 d=34,4
s
B 1
s
G1
B 1
B 1 d=42,5 **
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3
B 4
G4
Size
/2
/2
5
/8
5
/8
3
/4
3
/4
3
/4
3
/4
7
/8
7
/8
1
1
11/8
11/8
11/4
11/4
11/4
11/2
11/2
11/2
11/2
2
2
21/4
21/4
23/4
23/4
31/2
31/2
4
4
5
5
1
Code
1
1
1 1/ 8
1 1/ 8
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
2 1/ 4
2 1/ 4
B /2
G 1/ 2
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
s
s
*
*
*
*
770 374 116
770 374 216
770 374 116
770 374 216
770 374 118
770 374 218
770 374 119
770 374 219
770 374 120
770 374 220
770 374 105
770 374 205
770 374 135
770 374 106
770 374 206
770 960 180
770 374 121
770 374 107
770 374 207
770 374 108
770 374 208
770 374 109
770 374 209
770 374 110
770 374 210
770 374 111
770 374 211
*
*
43
26
41
26
48
32
53
38
56
48
61
54
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
octagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
octagon
octagon
octagon
octagon
octagon
octagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
GEORGEFISCHER
7.53
Size
378
Code
R
Distribution union
bush
153
146
141
74
67
59
G /4
G1
G 1 1/ 4
3
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
2
G ... B
Rp 1/ 2
R
Size
380
Union bush
taper seat
Code
Rp
B /8
G 1/ 8
B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3
B 4
G4
1
Rp
G ... B
19
12
15
21
11
19
23
13
22
24
11
26
28
13
32
31
14
38
33
14
48
36
17
53
42
18
65
41
14
85
48
18
96
62
26
120
/2
/2
5
/8
5
/8
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1 1/ 2
2
2
2 1/ 4
2 1/ 4
2 3/ 4
2 3/ 4
3 1/ 2
3 1/ 2
4
4
5
5
1
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
octagon
octagon
octagon
octagon
octagon
octagon
7.54
GEORGEFISCHER
Size
381
Code
Union end
taper seat
Rp
B /8
G 1/ 8
B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3
B 4
G4
1
Rp
/2
/2
5
/8
5
/8
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
11/4
11/4
11/2
11/2
2
2
21/4
21/4
23/4
23/4
31/2
31/2
4
4
5
5
1
B 1/ 4
G 1/ 4
B 3/ 8
G 3/ 8
B 1/ 2
G 1/ 2
B 3/ 4
G 3/ 4
B 1
G1
B 1 1/ 4
G 1 1/ 4
B 1 1/ 2
G 1 1/ 2
B 2
G2
B 2 1/ 2
G 2 1/ 2
B 3
G3
B 4
G4
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Code
Union end
Taper seat
D to G
of 374
Size
382
17,5
6,5
15,8 10,5
15
20,5
18,1 10,5
10
22
6,5
21,6
12
12
22,5
7,5
27,1 9,5
25
22,5
35,5 6,5
32
25,5
8,5
41 8,5
38
31
52,5
12
48
33
9,5
58,5
14
54
34,5 11,5
73,5 10,5
66
42,5 13,5
91,9 15,5
85
96
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
octagon
octagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
octagon
octagon
octagon
octagon
octagon
octagon
D to G
of 374
/8
/8
3
/4
3
/4
1
1
11/4
11/4
11/2
11/2
2
2
21/4
21/4
2 3/ 4
2 3/ 4
31/2
31/2
4
4
5
5
5
5
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
32
18,1
15
34
6,5
21,6
19
40
7,5
27,1
25
42
35,5
32
47
8,5
41
38
56
52,5
48
58
9,5
58,5
54
62
11,5
73,5
67
75
13,5
91,9
85
80
14,5 104,4
95
87
15,5 128,7
120
hexagon
hexagon
octagon
octagon
octagon
octagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
octagon
octagon
octagon
octagon
hexagon
hexagon
GEORGEFISCHER
7.55
Size
Code
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
467
Size
Code
35
19
39
22
44
26
48
32
54
38
58
48
61
54
71
66
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
35
62
6,5
15
15
18
41,5
44,5
53,5
Floor socket
G 3/ 4
471
80
Size
Code
25
28
33
12
13
17
Bracket elbow
G 3/ 8
G 1/ 2
G 3/ 4
60
60
70
4,5
5,5
5,5
Angle between
bore holes 100
7.56
GEORGEFISCHER
Size
Code
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
467
Size
Code
35
19
39
22
44
26
48
32
54
38
58
48
61
54
71
66
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
hexagon
35
62
6,5
15
15
18
41,5
44,5
53,5
Floor socket
G 3/ 4
471
80
Size
Code
25
28
33
12
13
17
Bracket elbow
G 3/ 8
G 1/ 2
G 3/ 4
60
60
70
4,5
5,5
5,5
Angle between
bore holes 100
7.56
GEORGEFISCHER