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The Tomb of Baldwin V, King of Jerusalem (1185-1186),

Vllu lx \.x'\5
and the Workshop of the Temple Areal
SE! TIMa lN IRlLo PER=ism REX

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FIGURE 1. Tomb of Baldwin V;

ez'glzteenthcerztur_v drawing by Elzear Horn.

ZEHAVA J ACOBY

University of Haifa

Statue Column from the Cloister

at Chfilons-sur-Marne
Cleveland Museum of Art

\\\Vm\\'t

Baldwin V, the seventh of the Latin kings of Jerusalem, died in the autumn of 1 186 at the age of eight after
a rule of about eighteen months. He was buried in the
church of the Holy Sepulcher, next to his predecessors.-'
His magnificent tomb, which stood in the vicinity of the
so-called chapel of Adam, close to the southern doorway
of the church, considerably impressed travellers and pilgrims who visited Jerusalem during the centuries. Several
of them mention it in their travel accounts. The Franciscan monk Elzear Horn, who examined it closely in the
first half of the eighteenth century, went further and made
a drawing of the tombs erected in honour of Baldwin V
(Fig. 1) and three of his predecessors; he also measured
these monuments."
Numerous fragments of Crusader sculpture are to be
found nowadays in the Haram or Temple area in Jerusalem, many in secondary use in Muslim buildings. Some
of these fragments display a striking resemblance to parts

of the tomb of Baldwin V as depicted by Horn. It has

been conjectured, recently anew, that several of these
pieces belong to the monument. A close examination of
them, however, proves that this is not the case. On the
other hand, I am convinced that other fragments recently
discovered in Jerusalem in the course of my survey of
Crusader sculpture in the Holy Land originally belonged
to the tomb of Baldwin V. On the basis of Horns drawing, which proves to be fairly accurate, it is now possible
to suggest a reconstruction of this monument. This reconstruction has evidently far-reaching implications. The
tomb of the child king was erected by one of the most
important and prolific workshops active in Jerusalem at
the time of the Crusades. It provides in a highly concentrated way an illustration of the motifs and ornamental
designs, as well as of the style and techniques of this
workshop; it also provides an important clue to the chronological range of the latters activity, as Baldwin V died
about a year before the occupation of Jerusalem by Saladin on the 2nd of October 1 187. In the light of the newly
discovered fragments, it is the aim of this study to re3

GESTA XVIII/2 The International Center of Medieval Art 1979

consider the problem of the tomb of this king, as well as

some aspects of Crusader sculpture in the second half of
the twelfth century.
=l<

The identification of the newly discovered fragments

as parts of the tomb of Baldwin V requires a close examination of Horns drawing (Fig. 1). The monument he
depicts consists of three sections built one above the other.
The broad side of the chest-like lower section is decorated
with two curling acanthus sprays springing from the center
where they are joined together; each spray ends with a
rosette. In the center, a bearded, clothed figure in halflength surrnounting a large leaf holds a blossom in its
raised right hand. Along the narrow side an unfolding
tendril stalk is visible. The middle section of the monument is surrounded by several pairs of coupled columns.
In each group the columns are linked by a series of
knotted coils, stand upon round bases and are surmounted
by Corinthian capitals, as well as decorated abaci. The
surface of the structure visible between the columns, situated on a receding plane in respect to the latter,~" is
adorned with curling tendril stalks. A continuous foliated
frieze runs along the upper part of this section and seems
to join the abaci; it protrudes between the columns so as
to form two canopies. The design on the narrow side of
the middle section seems to be foliated, although it is
impossible to determine its precise nature. In the upper
section of the tomb, the broad side is divided into five
parts, two of which consist of conchoid niches with a
curled design, difficult to decipher, at their center. In the
central spandrel Christ appears in half-length portrait
crowned with a cross-nimbus and flanked by the monoeach
gram I_C' XC. A half-length portrait of an angel fills
of the side spandrels; one of the angels holds a blossom,
the other a round object. A niche with a round design is
visible on the narrow side; it is joined to the other niches
by a continuous foliated design extending between them
along the lower rim of this section. Finally, a slab with
a funerary inscription covers the whole monument. Horn
supplemented the missing parts of the epitaph by the reading of Francesco Quaresmius, who had seen it in 16181619.6
Curiously enough, no use has ever been made of
Horns measurements. Even if we assume that his depiction of Baldwins tomb is not entirely correct and does
not provide the exact size and proportions of its various
parts, his measurements should nevertheless provide a clue
as to whether known fragments of Crusader sculpture did
or did not belong to this monument. Horns measurement from end to end of one of the long sides in the lower
section of the tomb points to a length of about 128 cm.,
while the middle section behind the columns was about
98 cm. long.7 Relying on the epitaph, as well as on the
small size of the tomb, Horn rightly concluded that it

FIGURE 4. Foliated frieze with leaves and

FIGURE 3. Conchaid niche with a dead bird.

FIGURE 2. Tomb of Baldwin V with

here attributed to the Tomb.

cones.

5;

newly discovered fragments

could have been only that of the child king. It should

be noted that the tombs attributed by Horn to Godefroy
of Bouillon and Baldwin I were around 240 cm. in length,
while that of Baldwin II or Fulk of Anjou reached around
180 cm.
Let us now turn to the newly discovered fragments,
all carved in a greyish marble. The most important and
exciting piece includes a conchoid niche with a bird at its
center (Fig. 3). The birds eye is closed, its bent neck
resting in a slack circular position, its head dropped below
the tail, while its legs ending with the claws of a prey-bird
hang inertly. This is obviously a masterly depiction of a
dead young bird, which may be safely identified with the
curled design depicted on Horns drawing of the front
niches. This assumption is enhanced by the small fragment of a wing appearing to the right of the niche, approximately at the height of the bird. The feathers undoubtedly belong to the angel represented by Horn on the
extreme right of the panel including the niches. The size
of the niche, as well as its iconography which will be
examined below definitely confirm that this fragment
originally belonged to the right upper section of the tomb
of Baldwin V (see Fig. 2). The same may be assumed
of another fragment decorated with a narrow continuous
foliated design, with large leaves and cones, running
around a corner (Fig. 4): it is to be identified with the
frieze depicted by l-lorn above the niches. The two
adorned faces have a concave shape and their lower part
protrudes, as on Horns drawing; their height is consistent
with that of the frieze as deduced from the drawing. This

Fig. 5a

aw J:'~

FIGURE 5:). Bearded head; detail of Fig. 5a.

piece obviously belonged to the right front corner of the

slab covering the upper section of Baldwins tomb, upon
which the slab with the epitaph was located (see Fig. 2).
Two newly found groups of small columns, one of
them consisting of two, the other of three units, may be
FIGURES 5a-b. Unit of intertwined columns and double

capital.

ascribed to the middle section of Ba1dwins tomb. Each

of these groups is carved in a single block, and this is also
5

FIGURES
6

621- d. Unit of

and bam
MP!" C[i'l column

FIGURES 6e-f.

Two feminine heads;

d etail of Fig- 5C~

FIGURE 7. Panel with foliated design.

FIGURE 8. Rosette with foliated design.

the case with a triple base and two groups of Corinthian

capitals, one with two and the other with three units. The
columns and capitals. as well as the triple base have all
been found together; they have been easily adjusted and
perfectly fit together (Figs. 5a-b and 6a-d). All the
columns are identical in size and diameter, and the same
holds true respectively of the capitals and bases. The
group consisting of two somewhat damaged, tightly intertwined columns surmounted by capitals (Figs. 5ab), one
of which is adorned with the head of a bearded man
(Fig. 5c),3 belongs undoubtedly to the center of this
section of the tomb, below the figure of Christ Pantokrator
(see Fig. 2). The second group of columns consists of
three connected units, two of which are intertwined, while
the third has only been roughened (Figs. 6a-b). The capitals crowning the intertwined columns are adorned with
feminine heads, one of which has been damaged (Figs.
6c,e,f). This group has obviously been devised for an
angle of the middle section of the tomb: this is apparent
when we examine its inner face (Fig. 6b). It is evident
that originally four such groups existed. The group presented here most likely stood at the left back angle (see
Fig. 2): this may explain why the sculptor did not take
the trouble to adorn one of the columns, as it would
anyhow be situated between a wall and the monument
and therefore be concealed by the latter.
Two further pieces also seem to have belonged to
Baldwins tomb. A panel decorated with curling tendril
stalks and a raised rim (Fig. 7) may be ascribed to the
middle section of the tomb. Its design and size, as well
as the rim enclosing it seem to indicate that it formed the
lower right section of the panel visible between the col-

Horns drawing (see Fig. 2). It should be noted

from the middle of the lower leaf to the
width
that its
the rim fits exactly half the width of the
of
outer edge
niche situated above it. The last fragment
conchoid
right
that may be attributed to the monument comprises a badly
damaged rosette surrounded by tendrils (Fig. 8); most
likely this rosette is the one depicted on Horns drawing
in the right part of the lower section, as it is attached to
the stalk on its left side (see Fig. 2).
It is already evident by now that Horns drawing is
inaccurate in many instances; its confrontation with the
newly discovered fragments emphasizes this point, especially in respect to the middle section of the monument.
The coupled columns at the corners as depicted by Horn
stand apart, save for two loops at their center; they seem
thus to enable the onlooker to see the panel behind the
columns, which is delineated by the vertical lines. We have
already noted, however, that in all the recently discovered
units the columns stand close together_and are tightly
interlaced, save for a small section at their top and another
in
at their bottom (Figs. 5b and 6a). Horns distortion
at
aimed
it
was
intentional:
this case was most likely
the
inserting
the
of
by
panel
measurement
providing the
rim surroundtwo vertical lines which represent the raised
rim should
this
In
fact,
7).
foliated
(Fig.
the
design
ing
have been depicted between the tendrils and the columns
flanking them. Horn found it probably difficult to insert
the rim and the letters at the right place. Elsewhere, Horns
distortions are due to inaccurate observation. In his drawing, two pairs of columns appear at the left front corner
of the tomb, one on the broad side and another on the
well as
narrow side. Yet the recently found fragments, as
umns on

pr
We are thus led to
the deceased child king.
way
gestive
combinascheme created by the
in various buildings of the Temple
iconographic
broad
the
many others inserted
and
the angels, Christ Pantokrator,
that triple columns, capitals
tion of the dead bird with
area clearly indicate
structures:
of
corners
the
at
appearing on the lower secas the bearded figure
well
bases were used by sculptors
as
suitable from an esthetic point
they were obviously more labor and space. Besides, the tion of the monument.
framework
should be considered in the
The
angels
of view and saved both
were
Their connection with
as well as their bases
symbolism.
funerary
Christian
of
capitals of the coupled columns
concealed and
not the case on Horns drawing,
is evident, although somewhat
the
departed
originally linked, which is bases
The
bird in a niche and
(Fig. 6d) is missing.
the insertion of the dead
blurred
by
and the flat section of the
striking
section of the monument.
on the drawing is
on the upper
its
duplication
clumsy handling of perspective
and
on Horns
tomb
side of the
is supported by the depiction
connection
This
both in the depiction of the narrow
obvious
There is a strikt. It is also
of the angel holding a blossom.
drawing
that of the slab covering the monumen
the
of
the
angels holding
with
the reproduction
similarity,in form and content, the sarcophagus of
that Horn did not adequately plan
ing
to
him
on
of space compelled
blossoms flanking the deceased
funerary inscription, and lack the
it appears
where
a thirteenth century
Arta,
slab,
in
of
son
her
side
complete it on the front the top. Yet, in spite of its SaintTheodora and the depiction of the angels is probmonument;
in smaller letters than on
The link with Christ
indispensable tool in the Byzantine
inspired by an older model.25
defects, the drawing remains an
ably
with two twelfth century
reconstruction ofBa1dwirrs tomb, Horn appear to be is suggested by a comparison
depicting the death of Abbot
The measurements provided by the newly discovwestern works, a miniature
slab
of
of SaintOmer and the tomb
the basis
SaintBertin
of
Lambert
close to those arrived at on
cathedral. In a more
and the niche enable
ered fragments. The coupled capitalssection, as well as that
of presbyter Bruno at Hildesheim
discussed here, the
on the monument
width of the upper
than
wa
oken
outs
us to assess the
his soul
identical, at 132 cm., while
deceased and the conveying of Christ.
of
of the lower section which is
'.
of
middle section
culminate in the figure of
i Horns width is about 128 cm. Thecalculated
to heaven by two angels
the
with
of the iconographic
as
the monument was 84 cm. wide,
In these two cases, the components
and
niche
Baldwins tomb
the
center,
the
at
in vertical succession; on
scheme
appear
help of the coupled columns Horn
sectitm
width
claims that its
side by side on the upper
are represented
the foliated panel, whereas
they
other
h0l<hr1g
bearded figure
Horn does not provide any
and completed by the enigmatic the
was about 98 cm.
section-27 In
the overall
estimate
to
on
salvation,
suggesting
blossom
measurements, yet it is possible
a
into
connec
cm. by taking
alluded to, the angels provide the of the
of the tomb at around 160
examples
the
all
height
and
soul
l
rendering of the
niche, capitals, columns
account the height of the
tion between the symbolic
drawHorns
of Baldwins tomb
to
according
iconography
and Christ. The

deceased
bases, as well as the fact that,
were
and Western traditions.
section of the monument
ing, the lower and middle As for the depth of the tomb, seems to reflect both Byzantinehas been determined to a
almost identical in height.
The display of its components
the monument. Only the
78 cm., assuming that the niche
extent by the structure of
must have been around
it
large
those
to
identical
t
sections, situated on the
were
and columns on its narrow side tomb obviously suited
surfaces of the upper and lower accommodation of the
of the
suitable for the
of the broad Side_22 The size
same plane, were
most of the
not have accomcould
and
boy
motifs and for obvious reasons
that of an eight-year-old
iconographic
crowded
somewhat
t
in a
modated the body of an adult.
latter were exhibited horizontally,
of
the use
tomb
the
hand,
other
as
monument
on the
on the upper section;
The identification of the
fashion,
The
have
woulh
section
iconography.
its
middle
of the receding panel of the
Baldwin V is further enhanced by
deelsefull
situated
a
elements
tomb prevents
blurred the connection with the
absence of any similar Christian
iconosafely
the
of
one
may
yet
overall meaning

where and, thereby, the

ciphering of the iconographic scheme,
in the conchoid
depicted
dead
prey-bird
assume that the
be
graphic scheme.
This bird
of an historical nature, can
final
argument,
A
niches provides the clue to its
dis
strengthened by adduced in favor of the identification of the newly
a supposition
seems to be a young eagle,
l
Latrun capitals
the
of
here as parts of Baldwins
on two
presented
of
eagles
fragments
covered
the
portrayal
adult
l,
found in the possession
workshop.-4 The
tomb. All of them have been
carved by sculptors of the same
the
of
capone
be remembered that the
on
should
wings
of the Greek church. It
eagle portrayed with spread-out
the
On
full splendour in
its thick plumage.
Baldwin V was visible in its
of
tomb
itals has a bulky neck, due to
a
l
then by Horn.
adorning
century and depicted
the thin plumage of the eagle
eighteenth
hand,
early
other
the
to the fire that
l
latters neck an elongated
must definitely be related
destruction
Its
neighboring capital gives the
of
in 1808.
niche
exaggerated on the
wide destruction in the Holy Sepulcher
caused
appearance, intentionally
Turkish
the
from
slack circular posture.
alone received permission
Greeks
Baldwins tomb so as to convey its
The
l
sugin a poetic and highly
The dead young eagle recalls

depihtion thlie

1ower

\
.

comprehension.-3

..

anydhocchashonahlyhhihhhh

0f Subsequent centuries monotonousl ere t th d

royal tombs by the Greeks
TurkS Wh h Oh dahhg this Went, yet it is obvious that
they not concern the tomb of Baldwin V.33
re newed examination of the fragments found in
1
the Temple area proves beyond doubt that th d'd
hlhhh
belong to this monument. The most im
referred to in the past in this connection
has
in the Dome of the Rock; after recent restor
been transferred to the Islamic Museum in
hhh
area (Fig. 9).3" It consists of several parts a
Orated With a curling acanthus rests upon a anel
With two conchoid niches; the whole is su
t h
hth
pairs of knotted columns, one of which
bel
frieze
did
not
the
obvious that originally
hh , h
same structure as the other pieces.-*5 At
dill
niches
the
the
panel including
appears that
Slderably from that represented on Horns d
A rosette adorns the center of the right niche
hhdecipherahle rr10tif the left One; none of these
has an thin in co

U011 of

"

:0

N
,

hyhm hot
washohhhthh Shhhhhd
htlfrh1-jhh;hghh
h
hhlh
hdrt dh hhhhhh
ishhiutii (if tlhhh
clohshthhl thkthh
-

hrhhhrtih

andrhwl
chlhhihelhihiths

'

'

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Fhefiel Wine

merly in

\;shhhhhdhh-hhhd
by Hohh BhesidesvIh1Ihlhhlg1f: ha1i>I1h:ai1:hi: hhhhl
t hlhhdhs

'

Vi

'

whh niches "hhV f""Wi"9f CO1

hf [he Hhhhh Jhhhhhhm (fhh

thehDhh1hrnehohi1}i: I1:/f71:hf<h)hm

thereafththrbhhh Whfshhhhh hhhh

still
oh
htatihs
l : eht0E
Fragmemsgof ofhth
SePh1Ch1',
duiipgThe
19438 hhmdhved
lhhhhh.
huh
3:1 off hek
thereforehzhthZhhfitlsing.
exclihmfid mt dthe
0%
:1 :1: If-ansferred
If_ .1Y Selfhh

were hhhhhhh 1h h
authorities to restore the chu h
to
h
report Written shortly
destroyed the tombs of the Latin .mgs 0 Jerusalem
ahd Scaherlhg
existing then of eradicatin the
their hones_-.29
S were lhsehed in
fr0m
the walls of the Greek Section
e
013
restora
which many were Subsequent]
tions accomplished in the
preSBhldwm V 1h the
91106 Of fragments from the t
the
rubble accumulated in various
Church
where 1 found them, is
Muslims
at
On the other hand it is
Such fra3
should have got hold
them in the early nineteenth centu fro
ls hhhhshhlh
area
eher to their structures in the
here
to ascertain when pieces similar to
e safely
Were inserted in the Muslim bui1dihgs31mhhh
assumed, however, that they originally
e tomb
Urrlents Or Church furniture destroyed earlier
Of Baldwin V, either after the con uest of hhhhhhhh hy
wa
Saladin in 1187, or else after
by
Shhhhhh
the Khwarizmians in 1244. Western
Urch
connect the dismantling and transfer of
esecratmh
rliture from the Holy Sepulcher as well a
h
of
of royal torhhs Only with tho
be noted that after this date the H01 Sehh1
in Christian hands and did
f
violence.
The
travel
10nS
western
ical
.

Temge those
ithlhhhhhhhd
salon ayd
ho
tthh
Jhht
thehcit ,5 hthhhhhh
grisomhh
d he

..

eiCarvrf
/ehthhhprec
the
whichhis hhghhj
tori],
tb
Museur:dhlhhlh
@01wideyput Cayhe hhhh
precisely,the
hZ-ghhhhhi
It1)(l)t
adjustegithsepresul
Orihla 11)
argumeny colfgihngl
mhllhlhs
thohh hf
bets:
thhhfhelhlhthl
5Ph01'fedyhmtybhlhh
hfhllih

hs
hhh the hhhhhhh hhtwheh them hardly
was
Christ
that
any possibility
sented there; nor could any angel have been
-hh
the arrow Side Spandrels, as on Hot-ns drawin
hf the angel ahhhst touches the niche
Baldwirfs
hash Oh the piece ascribed here
h twhen
avai1ab1o
small
the
Moreover,
3).
space
(Fig.
the hiehes and at their side on the Islamic
PrVss that the panel was not supported b C011 1
Urrlrls and Capitals, the latter 24 em.
Sh
columns and capitals;33 such is
(
a panel adorned with niches in the alAqs51' mos
It fohows that the C011P1ed Columns and
whh the htches in the Islamic Museum (pi 9)
belong together and were arbitrarily
after being removed from the sites where
Y
is
stood in the twelfth century_3,, This
hh
substantiated by the fact that the panel and the
are hhhhhhhvhly carved ih two chhereht qualities of
To sum hp the Size of the hiCheS' larger than
0
the newly found Piece (Fig. 3),4o the narrow space
them hhh ht their side the lack of evidehce that the 5
Surface of the Panel eVer bore figures and final]
h" h
that this piece was dhsighed to he
hhhhhhs hh hhiht to the conclusion that it did
to the tomb hf Baldwin V The Same holds true
h th
panel wtih the niches adorned with floral element In the
S
31-Aqfi mosquo This Suggests that these
Shh as
hht hhhhhhhhhy hhhghhd for hlherhry
tomb, but Could have a1so bgen inc
other church furniture. the function of
ortunately impossible to ascertain.

Pantokrator

the.

19)

the :1 f_11rehems 1:44; Shhhlh

,not suflfehi hvlhh hhmamed haldwhhs
accounthhzftlnd<li1<:1s1thr1i1)h yS~ En

an;
mohhmhhfs hlvihhh

Whichhlghitaltlid
h

(11118)
gi(i>i<i1i: i:yi ofi 13ioi ;1il;>irisii (;1oii ioAnjBi, aldwin
(11143)
ioi u
I

were

all
Iii oik riti c of the Thus,
Temple
cofiioip
i 3iPOiXi itgictures such

ieieiii and iiiiiiy Sim ie

conclude is that iiie
designed and executed
of the Child iiiiig aiiei

ures.

we

area
as

and
dif.
may
first
that

....::.;:.::i::::::::::?;;:i:.::::"'.::::::,:d ;',;";;.r

woii sbiiyoilimi zilsli iligpiri i efci iaCtlV1tyi11'1

-the
.1d
preSumpa3;iy0iililIi1i1ie autumn
and

win

Jerusalem of the
15 execuuoni It has been artomb
have been
gued, recently anew that
built in the shorts
separating the death of the
Child kiiigi
of 1186, and the
e
capiiiiiaiioii of Jeiiisiiiem i o Saladin in the earl da 5 of
October 1187?" However, scholars have
clusion that the slo
and Siiiiipiiiie
merous indue
financlal and ehI1iC81
ten
put of the builders and the sculptors was
3
not a decisive factor in this respect,-.1 It has been To
could be
within one Week
case of Baldwin V, the tomb was presumby his mother, Queen Sybilla, and its
financed
CH0"
by Toyal funds. There can be no
the sculptors were required to erect it as fast
pSSble- They belonged to one of the most ex ert
gifted and prolific workshops active at this time
which had most likely performed a similar
Close
to the death Of Baldwin IV; the artists
efore
As
f
various
its
structure,
composite
parts Such as decorated Panels, capitals, intertwined colbe
simultaneously
S Workmg Side by side. Once the work
was finished, little time
-

reachedtheycon

prOC:iVeii 3:1C(ili 2i1ti i\::1l]1e:i 1e(i li fi:iaInfi0nStruCtlOn

pr0b1l: tri )sriSiheVdiSi1malnly .to

I())n[;:I:i

,-

capitals,
FIGURE 10. Panel with niches,
Jerusalem.
bases; AI-Aq. mosque.

single columns and

to be a striking resemAt first glance, there seems

mns of the Islamic
colu
blance between the intertwined
of the Ibr2'ihim Mihrab in
Museum piece (Fig. 9 ), those
11) and those ascribed
the Dome of the Rock (Fig.
5b and 6a), all crowned
here to Baldwins tomb (Figs.
In spite
suppo rted by bases.
by Corinthian capitals and
those
from
differ
of their similar size, the first two groups
each
it:
to
do not belong
of Baldwins tomb and obviously
for
while
e block,
of them has been carved in a singl
have
bases
and
Baldwins monument capita ls, columns
columns
3 Moreover, whereas the
been carved separately.
ll)
(Fig.
Ibrahim Mihrab
of the tomb and those of the
the
with
suc h is not the case
are tightly intertwined,
follows
It
(Fig. 9).
columns of the Islamic Museum piece
to different monbelonged
that the three groups originally
as interfunction
the same
uments, in which they fulfilled
an
and
upper
section
mediaries between a chest-like lower
have
them
may
of
adorned with niches. Some

section

belonged to funerary monuments.

Franciscan Museum of the
A piece preserved at the
attests to the existence
Flagellation in Jerusalem d(Fig. 12)the
same architectural,
of another tomb designe along
the monument
les
ornamentaland iconographic princip f as
a design running
honoring Baldwin

V. It bears

part

F IGURE ll.

ili iai izi le].'si)6CirgeilficCapital

Pziiysijti mirnissioned
gpubt that
E:i1iybLand,~~

.5

columns and
Trefoil arch, capitals, intertwined
Jerusalem.
Rock,
the
of
Dome

inpthe

ba.rei*,"Ibr&liini Miliirab,

of
a small fraction
around two niches and joining them,
Lamb
a
them,
the space between
t hese niches and, in
and holding a cross with
cross-nimbus
a
crowned with
the basis
of the niches, assessed on
a halo. The size
of the
that
to
identical
is
of a corijectural reconstructi on,
dead bird (Fig. 3), while the space
one adorned with the
hat the panel to which this
between the niches indicates t
rted by coupled colpiece originally belonged washatsuppo
narrower than those of
somew
umns similar to, but
such a monument the Holy
the tomb of Baldwin V. On
victim, would correspond
as
Lamb, a symbol of Christ
tomb and be equally
Baldwins
to the Pantokrator on
section. If the tomb
situated at the center of the upper
four
this section should have had
was that of an adult,
for
room
with
case,
niches, and not two as in Baldwins
the
of the existing fragment,
five spandrels. On the basis
estimated at about 2.20 ms
be
thus
length of the tomb can
Godefroy of Bouillon
According to I-lorn, the t ombs of-113
and Baldwin 1 were even longer.
monument similar to
The existence of a funerary
when such structures,
that of Baldwin V raises the question
executed in the Latin kingunknown elsewhere, were first
difficult to imagine that a tomb
dom of Jerusalem. It is
composite in structure, adorned with
so grandiose and

carved

FIGURE 12. Panel with f

Franciscan Museum of the

r:)ii: i';iti:i:i:"iteor mcilier

.

and

holy lamb;

usa em.

:::::I;-::.:::;.:i.::;*;2
ebi:ie:ii:1idabacli Could

carved

Si; i :i:01i:eIi>iai teSe3:i heoiieito'<ifri irJusti b them and to complete

:liChltherefore,
Vd speculate
ifjlehsmall
i
i
v
oi
v
i
g
i
r
ounh,
workshop
erection
ambition:p"ioie?1ciiSCil:1S3iti:St(:ui 3i.i1lI;Ch himself
(

i
J11
!
the years
erusa
although Baidwii T<>]iei:i reiri uired
1244i
rule,iall
iioii iegain
construction
i i gaii scziurbce emperor Frederick
Sponsored
uncielsariastfi iei sesii oeli ei fsioizthil : throine.<i1 aciiviiy
during
C-ii oi oie tomib iof iBaldwin provides
Sli gmiiesii gori sidarmii idni":

sophis-

such complex orname t 1 d

bearing a
iicaied iconographic
been conceflled
so as
specifically for Baldwin V. All the
size of his tomb, only about 132 cm lon gs
W<i)u suchardly
have ins ii. d
an
in elaborate planning, and
as own to be
sickly his death came unexpectedly at an early a gs ab out
eighteen months after h
On
the other haiidi his
aldwin IV was
a leper, whose illness dragged on for
years. Almost
blind and paralyzed since 1183 48 his dii
two Wars later
'

the iiiskiiii This Coiiid be

one yeaii and iiiiiiii is no
that iiie
of Baidwiii V was aciive iii
when the Cii was ii
iiie more so as
Sin

si

to: therefore,
i iei isoin,

li s(l'fBt?ldw1I}1'i1/i
0baVI0fl1Snef21:3
1:),' :1.bIt
6 cqnliectlon
is imposbefogilmi ltast
theft {the iyfm
e me

between the two cases seems

sible, however, to ascertain whether
that depicted by Horn was executed
of the reign of Baldwin IV We know
-

similar to

om s

of

Oi

within less than

to

of the tomb
1229em in
under Christian

attests to

hardly came as a surprise. It stands

that his funerary miiiiiimiiiii Similar iii
should have been designed hnd built in
child king died shortly after B ld

ce

II

Th
these years
ihus an impoiiaiii
may safely consider the year 1187 in
rule
came to an
IC
ad quem for
end in Jeiiisaiem
emple area in the city.
aciiviiy of iiie
The gcu[pt0rS who had
on the
of Biiidwiii V as weii
ow artists left the cit)
in H87 in
exodus
the
framework
e
Latin poiiiiiaiioiii some of
ave worked in the
north of the Latin kingdom in e
Yars of the twelfth
It is excluded, howor iii ihii early iiiiiieeiiiii Ciiiiiu ry.
iii

(i)iti CCiiU_9~iWe
I i>Vok d_
asoiri eieiirihi eni lerusalem
eral
ici e Hiigeni
5: ay

ristian
iai io :1
w0,iiiSi.i0 siai iter$mus

i ise

the
tomb
of

igst

11

10

lg

ever, that the same

activetliere lflpery

t -tW0 Y ears
in 1187 should have been
Chris ian r
later, after the city returned to Baldwin V as Preeehted
of
tomb
the
of
The discussion
lications on the dating
here has not only far-reaching
but may also alter
of the Temple area workshops activity,
south-Italian sculpture attribthe accepted chronology of
be examined
-

uted to this same atelier. This

elsewhere.

D_1P10m

"

Erna:lelernpjerolrgeljrifird

61 Ci't }b:1l.

mutilated, height canh

the wer T2116
slightly tlglp31hes,

Bagatti, Jerusalem, 1962, 15 Somewhat

see 1913- 70-75monumentorum Terrae Sanctae (1724-1744);

references, un 1 685
following
the
in
used
be
will
This edition

i iai ts fl11:ycmdwividth

otherwise stated.

Height

(W1SC0I151_)v '1977v_.P, 2_
Konfigreic
Jerusalem (drterreichische zflkademze cer dWzss;i: lc wifgfggy
ah
108~
)=. _
Philos.-/iistor. KI., Denkschrifteni
author identifies the
-

ceentger of

esp. pp. 154-177 and

5. As it
.

as a

IS

6. see

16.

H toria

P-

theologica er moralis Terrae Sanctae e ucl after

1639 2- 482. This work was completed
Land
had spent the years 1618-1619 in the Holy
of the Custodia de Terra Sancta; 1l_f35
PPecclesiastical censors in the 1620s:
the Holy an
The author also stayed in 1625-1629 in
Enciclopedia iialiana, XXVIII, p. 601, SJ. QuareSmIJ

asdgusfdii

ibId.. "PP1"eXD1('
X): XL

12

Ichnograpliiaa,

14

em-

'

17.

18.

Se

'

Templvertica1.1nS_
ehareal-' ni_Ig1 the drawing
mm

columns found m the

The
are discussed below.
called A_B and (1.1) by Horn

ined

t rt

..

his

were
.

'1

19.

and
see

two

niches, 30

above.

cm. each

132

cm.

For Horns

27.

28.
29.

Buschhausen, Die siiditalienische Bauplastik, Abb. 3.

A. Grabar, Sculptures byzantines du moyen dge, 2 (X16-XI VI
sicle), Paris, 1976, pl. CXXI-CXXII, no. 152. Grabar, p.
145, points to the influence of Byzantine painting on the
depiction of the angels and the bases of the columns. Theodora Petraliphina, wife of Michael H Ducas, ruler of Epirus,
died after 1271 and was later canonized: see D.M. Nicol,
The Despotate of Epiros, Oxford, 1957, pp. 128-131.
E. Panofsky, Tomb Sculpture, New York, 1964, p. 60, figs.
240 and 241. Buschhausen, Die siiditalienische Bauplastik,
pp. 175-176, has briefly drawn attention to the Arta monument and to these two works, but could not connect them
with the deceased Baldwin V as he did not decipher the
meaning of the curled design in the niches.
See W. Messerer, Zur Ikonographie romanischer Plastik im
Salzburger Kunstkreis, Mitteilungen der Gexellschaft fiir
Salzburgische Landeskunde 107 (1977): 149.
On the receding panel of the middle section, see above.
See the report in the first edition of Horns book (above,
It. 3), pp. XLVII-LI on the fire, and p. LII on the fate of
the tombs.

Chapel sizi,8e4 P) rlsfih

and palms (lbld-1

26.

original 1.11 us t ra
161 -164
Buschhausen, Die sudztaltertzrche Bauplaslliw. pp.about t h,e
of hypotheses
raises a Very Complicated series
unnecessary
11- 21): which are
below,
see
which
(on
6 pitaph
to solve a practical
had
Horn
that
account
if we take into
problem, as Suggesled here"
facing the front, 24 9,1111 eaehv
Three units of coupled capitals
width,
in

foot used. by'HorIn hwiz

p. 75. The
In order to discover its
long.
around 30 cm.
of t
compared Horns measurements of the
feet
in
P1 1
in thel-loly Sepulcher
un1tSmetric
in
site
this
of
my own measurements

7. Horn,

Height
diametenof the rosette,

Quaresmius

d.

25.

lower

'

diagrtleltrififl

of two, 24 cm.,
cal to that of the capitals in the unit.
C
01 he bases
6
cm.
of capital at the bottom,
1
r1
01
PP
width at the bottom, 24 cm.; diameter
6 cm.
13. Height, 5 cm.
14. Height, 5 cm.
24 cm.; width from the
15. H i ht 20 Cm. maximum width,
leaf, 15 cm.; maximum depth, including
the
9 Cm~
the rim 11 cm.; depth without the rim,
P111: 12 cm.;
18 cm.; width, 22 cm.; maximum

of the Latin Kings 0 1he

4. J. Strzygowski, Ruins of Tombs
11 (1935)? 499'508 and
Haram in Jerusalem, Speculum
Painting and Sculpture
pl. I-IV, esp. 506-507; 1. Foldai 1099-1291, in A History
Jerusalem,
in the Latin Kingdom of
The A" and A"""
of the Crusades, ed. K.M. setton. 4:
73;
of the Crusader States, Madison
h
Bauplastzk zrn
H. Buschhausen, Die siiditalienisclte

>

24.

30. As attested orally by architects who participated in the work.

Most fragments still bear traces of plaster proving that they
were previously inserted in walls. It is interesting to note
that Horn, Ichnographiae p. 70, also draws attention to
fragments of royal tombs reused by the Greeks.
31.
32.

They are discussed below.

E.g., Matthaeus Parisiensis, Chronica maiora, ed. H.R. Luard,
London, 1872-1883, IV, p. 340: Columnas vero sculptas,
quae ante sepulchrum Domini erant ad decorem positae,

Reyssbuch des hcyligen

Lands, Frankfurt a/M, 1584, and the excerpts in Buschhau
sen, Die siiditalieziisclie Bauplastik, p. 161, n. 72, from which

it is obvious that at some time in the seventeenth century the

Catholics managed to persuade the Turkish authorities to
intervene in order to put an end to destruction by the Greeks.
This information is repeated by J.A.J. Rotthier, Reyse naer
her Heylig Land, gedaen in de jaeren 'I776 en 1777, Antwerpen, 1782, p. 197, who also mentions the dismantling of
royal tombs by the Turks, a term used by many authors
down to the nineteenth century for Muslims in general. In
the light of the evidence adduced above, Buschhausen (pp.
165-166) is wrong, therefore, in suggesting that the tomb of
Baldwin V was destroyed by the Turks in the second half
of the eighteenth century.

photograph presented here has been taken after a recent

restoration of the frieze; on the previous state of the latter,
see Buschhausen, Die siidizalienisc/ie Bauplastik, Abb. 89-90.
I wish to express my sincere thanks to the authorities of
the Waqf in Jerusalem for permission to photograph and
study this piece, as well as those in the Dome of the Rock
and the al"Aqs5. mosque examined below. Thanks are also
due to the authorities of the Islamic Museum for their gen-

34. The

23. As the dead young bird is identical to the curled design appearing on Horns drawing (see Fig. 1 and above), it follows
that it was depicted in both niches.

'

coupled capitals facing

33. See e.g., the various accounts in

'

lienische Bauplastik,
diameter at the top,
12. Height of the columns, 37 cm.;
7 cm. n
15
cm.; depth,
width of two coupled columns,
the
unit of two columns, which is
lf
of
calculated by taking into account the size
are
coils
from the center, where the
een CVfirst mt
link between the two caP11315 01 the
it 1s obvious
but
reused
We1'e
When the)
ere d P resumably
01 1he Cap"
been carved in one block. Height
hi
identiof
three
hit
1he
1h
of two caphals

282, where the

chest-like altar; 866 21150 bl0W, I1 21b el ow
situated behind the columns, see also

22. One niche of 30 cm. and two units of

this side, each of 24 cm. : 78 cm.

3513-;

tomb

'

front ac: time-

width

the period

i;

0 1er

'

880, 1001; also about Baldwin

pp. 509, 502, 702; I, 2, pp.
dof
from
and Baldwin V, a source
d
erick 11, L. de Mas Latrie, Chromque
me e ow n 8
Ie Trsorier, Paris, 1871, 1313- 113'119i
locorum et Hl0IllU7lVll07'U1
3. Elzear Horn, Ichnographiae
Golubovich. Roma. 1902s
H.
ed.
veigrum Terrae Sanctae,
by E. Hoade an d B.
edition
of the second
pp. 50-56. The title
different: Ichn0gr1l7h1a9
.

'

in Recueil

-~

HlSI0VIIfl1S
des Croisades, Historiens occzdentaux (=RHCs H0CC)_

partibus transmarinis gestdrttm,

'

1
Kehlg B.3 ldw'ns
se in Besitz nach einem unbekannten
lm d
Archzven
ztalzenisclien
ans
V Quellen und Forschungen
Bibliotheken 44 (1964): esp. 54-55 and 67of Tyre, Historia rerum
2 About the first five kings see William
dc:

in

Height
depth,

one

Cl'I1.1vr\Y1a;1l11lIlT:l.
fhe Museum th? Greed

width,
-

problem will

height of capital -1- column + base is 58 cm., to which

should add the height of the panel with the niches, about
30 cm., and that of the foliated frieze 9 cm. We arrive thus
at 97 cm. for the middle and upper sections, with the addition
of 58 cm. for the lower section (same height as the middle
one) and about 8 cm. for the slab with the epitaph, the result
is approximately 163 cm. For some unknown reason, Buschhausen (pp. 163-164) assesses the height of the monument
at about 200 cm. and launches himself in a series of hypotheses as follows: an epitaph inscribed on top of the slab
could not have been read if the latter was placed above so
high a monument; therefore, it seems likely that the slab was
originally situated next to the tomb of Baldwin V; later on,
the epitaph in honour of the child king was mistakenly placed
upon another tomb, so that the monument depicted by Horn
is in fact not the tomb of Baldwin V, but a chest-like altar
(ibid., p. 282). All these propositions can be easily refuted,
as we shall see later. Anyhow, one may wonder how a priest
could conduct service on an altar around 200 cm. high.

21. The

1
42
of the fragment, 25 cm.,
0
the nic 6,
17 cm.; minimum depth, within
horizontally, 15
radius of the niche with frame, measured
k
of
cm.I have found this fragment 111
heehsse
discovered
Pleees
newly
Patriarchate, and the other
Church around the Holy
below in the stores of the Greek
the authorities of the
hereby
thank
S ep ulcher I wish to
the Greek Church at
of
Greek Patriarchate, as well as those
ph0t0gF3Ph ahd
study,
to
the Holy Sepulcher for permission
publish these fragm9h15from above. It has b een
11 This place has been photographed
The mutilated right
faces.
unevenly cut on its two unadomed
frieze porn tt 'ts
the
of
lower
part
corner and the protruding
is arg
the
fragment
of
original location. The upper part
width. 74 cm-;
9
upper
cm_;
Height
than the lower one.
27 cm" dew h bel ow 35
lower width, 66 cm.; dellth 0 1Pi
as well as the PTO
faces,
decorated
the
of
cm The profile
f
the
of
and
ex_Cl d
portion between the height
for
a
abacus,
the identification of this piece With 3
Buschhausen, Die ill 1 aduced by the same workshop, see
Abb. 137, 142. 147, 153, 368-

10.

research project aiming at 1he

* This article is part of a wider
sculpture in the Holy Landpublication of a corpu s of Crusader
Zwi Foundation and the
Ben
the
hank
t
The author wishes to
that enables this
University of Haifa for the financial support
research.
auf dem Freudenberge und
1 See HE Mayer Sankt Samuel
.

Iclmographiae. pP 71'73-

9. Horn,

FOOTNOTES

rimmlatus; Ch. Kohler, Histoire anonYm la fin du XII

a
salem ( 1098-1187) compose peut-etre
5
(1897)? 238(:ROL)
Iatin
l0ri'ent
de
sicle, Revue

imp

szwtulerunt (
) Et violatis sepu/chris felicium regum in
cadem ecciesia collocatis, eorum ossa in Chrislianorum infuriam di.rper.rerunr,' also U. and M.C. LyonsJ.S.C. RileySmith, Ayyubids, Mamelukes and Crusaders, Selections from
the "Tfirikh al-duwal wa1-MuIi7k of Ibn al-Furat, Cambridge,
1971, 2: 3: They entered the chief Christian church [:the
Holy Sepulcher] (
) and destroyed the tomb of the
Messiah, and they ransacked its Christian and Frankish
graves, and the royal graves that it contains, burning the
bones of the dead.

20. One unit of coupled columns at the center, 24 cm., and two
niches, each 30 cm. : 84 cm. It should be noted that the
foliated design appearing on each side of the central columns
was 30 cm. wide (twice 15 cm., half the design: see above,
n. 15); we arrive thus at the same result. For Horns width,
see above and n. 7.

indeed st ates that the tomb

8.A late twelfth century source
(--~ ) Juxta predictum
Baldewynus
was small: quinrus
'0 extitit

sculptors who abandoned Jerusalem

help.
Height, 28 cm.; width, 95 cm.; depth, 7 cm. It has not the
same depth as the panel on which it now rests and has been
arbitrarily adjusted to it.
Height, 30 cm.; width, 112 cm.; depth, 10 cm.; diameter of

erous

35.

36.

the niches with frame, 39.6 cm.; distance between the bases
of the niches, 8 cm.; base of the spandrels at the side of the
niches, 16 cm. to the right and 14.5 cm. to the left; the right
side has retained its original shape.

37. The carved wing of the angel appearing on Fig. 3 clearly

indicates that the figures on Baldwins tomb were sculpted,
and not painted as asserted by Buschhausen, Die .ri'idz'taIienische Bauplastik, pp. 166, 212. The angel carved on the left
side of this panel (ibid., Abb. 100) is depicted in full length
and could not have been located in the right spandrel of the
narrrow side of, nor anywhere else on Baldwins tomb as
drawn by Horn (Fig. 1).
38. The

proportion between capitals, columns

and bases varies

from unit to the other, yet the overall height of all three
units is 58.5
one

cm.

39.

They were already adjusted when in the Dome of the Rock,

as illustrated by the drawing in Ch. W. Wilson, Picturesque
Palestine, Sinai and Egypt, London, 1880-1884, 1: 59, reproduced in Buschhausen, Die siiditalieriirclie Banplartik, Abb.
72.

40. On the diameter of the niche adorned with the dead bird,
see above n. 10. It is about 10 cm. smaller than that of the
niches examined here, on which see above, n. 36.

13

within

the other of three columns;

41. One of the units consists of two,
the corner of a monument.
at
used
the latter was originally
the capitals
of the trefoil arch are
The
the arch
that
obvious
thus
it
is
at
present;
on which they rest
The
proportion
and the columns were arbitrarily adjusted.
Varies from one mm to
between Capitals Columns and bases
58 Cm
the other but me Overall helgm 15

49- 565 ab0V3~

they were of a different type.

p. 240, has al43. Buschhausen, Die siidirciliortisc/it Bauplastik,
drawing,
Hortps
with
form
in
similarity
the
ready stressed
31.5
cm.;
Height,
conclusions.
but did not suggest any wider
wish to thank
cm.l
12.5
depth,
20
cm.;
maximum width,
and
hereby Father M Piccirmo for permission to photograph
Study this piece
that they had a
44. The reconstruction of the niches proves
I,

.d

h t

f th

art

t C

l
l

'

luustrated l300k by the

Th1_S beautlfuuy
of the Depflrtmnt of the History
clgArtalnnan
at C(_rne11Un1Ver51tY Presents S9160-ted
representative monuments of medieval art
and arCh1t_eCtur_e from the Early Christian t0
Late Gothic periods in atopical rather than
Many of the representasequential
developtwe examples of malor 3 f01'1'I1S

Study in pmpamlion devoted to this workshop"

visible on Figs. 5ab,
54, The me[a1 pegs used for adjustment are
6b-c_d and 7,
Die siiditalierzikche
55. After discussing this subject, Buschhausen,
159470: tC.,
151v
136
133
Bauplasii/<. 1313- 85- 129430
conclusion.
the
same
at
arrives
carved by this workshop
56. l have discovered only two pieces
shall be published in the
they
lsrael;
of
in the northern part
53.
study announced above, n.

the bases of the

arrives at 20 cm. as the distance between
of the same
capitals
on
rested
these
niches; it follows that
tomb which are
Baldwins
of
those
than
width,
24 cm. Wldei
five bases of spandrels, 20
45. Four niches of 30 cm. each -1Cm each = 220 Cm

narrower

46 See above

His poor health seems to be

47. On his reign, see above, n. 1.
that he might die
implied by the suggestion made in 1183

mariner.

01'

R;:1;fa:PI

P]

'

'

have been selected to show how f0III1

and content or how architecture, decoration,
work together to make a
and
particular artistic and cultural statement
within their larger historical context.

ments
_

>.U,:
:
:1
\;
V

9
FIGS 1 2 W U 0'" ) FIGS 3 12 (Z

..

and architecture of

de Vezrlay. Melun, 1948, p. 143,

52. See F. Salet. La .Mudelcuiz>
Zarnecki, Gi'sIebertu.r. sculpteur
G.
and
Grivot
and D.
rlAutim (Paris?), 1960, p. 164, n. 4.
M
I B (mp I 151..
in [_ienii-cw
h,ich see B usehhausen. D_is su__d,r
51 O n
in
will
appear
survey
Additional material discovered in my
_

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(1968); 249, 278, 281-282, 286, 291-292.

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The.choiceclear
concise, the information
description For allandundergraduate
libraries.
reliable.
Choice
.

/(/l

v.

234 black-and-whiteillustrations,

26 color plates.
300 pages, bibliography,index.

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