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CHSL Tier I
Fundamental Arithmetical Operations
1. Averages
An average is the sum of a list of entities divided by the number of entities in the list.
2. Percentages
Percent means for every 100 or out of 100. The (%) symbol is a quick way to write a
fraction with a denominator of 100.
Handy Trick 1: To express (p/q) as a percent
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For e.g.
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Then,
Invertendo
Alternendo
Componendo
Dividendo
Componendo Dividendo
4. Interest
Simple Interest:- If the interest on a sum borrowed for a certain period is reckoned
uniformly, then it is called simple interest. The formula for simple interest is
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Where, P = each equal installment, R = rate of interest per annum (or per specified
period),
T = time, say 4 years (or 4 specified terms).
Tip: If T = n years (or specified terms), then there will be n brackets.
Population Formula:-
Gain or Profit = SP CP
Loss = CP SP
Formulas:
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Handy Trick: When a person sells two items at the same Selling Price, one at a gain of
x%, and the other at a loss of x%, then the seller always incurs a loss expressed as:
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Tips
Handy Trick 1: If M1 persons can do W1 work in D1 days working T1 hours per day and
M2 persons can do W2 work in D2days working T2 hours per day, then the relationship
between them is:
Handy Trick 2: If A can do a piece of work in p days and B can do the same in q days
then A and B together can finish it in (in days)
More Tips:
If A is x times as good (efficient) as B in work, then ratio of work done by A and B = x : 1
Ratio of time taken to finish a work by A and B = 1 : x
That is, A will take (1/x)th of the time taken by B to do the same work.
Some More Tips: All of these things are valid for Pipes and Cistern also.
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Average Speed:- The average speed of an object tells you the (average) rate at which it
covers any distance. Average speed is a measure of the distance traveled in a given
period of time. It is sometimes referred to as the distance per time ratio.
Average speed formula helps you calculate the average speed for a set of different
distances d1, d2.. dn if their corresponding different time intervals t1, t2,.tn are given.
Handy Trick 1: Say, a car travels at S1 kmph on a trip in t1 hours and at S2 kmph on
return trip in t2 hours. What is the average speed for the entire trip?
For this type of problem, dont fall in the trap of just averaging the 2 speeds. Overall
average speed is not simply (S1+S2)/2.
Total average speed is simply = Total distance/Total time
Tip: This is for 2 speeds. You can extend this to 3 speeds. Simply use harmonic mean.
Average speed is not the arithmetic mean, just harmonic mean.
Problems on trains:Problems on trains and Time and Distance are almost the same. The only difference is
we have to consider the length of the train while solving problems on trains.
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Handy Trick 1: Time taken by a train of length of L meters to pass a stationary pole
or standing man or a signal is equal to the time taken by train to cover L meters.
Handy Trick 2: Time taken by a train of length of L meters to pass a stationary object
of length P meters is equal to the time taken by the train to cover (L + P) meters.
Handy Trick 3:
If two trains are moving in the same direction and their speeds are x kmph and y kmph
(x > y) then their relative speed is (x y) kmph.
If two trains are moving in opposite direction and their speeds are x kmph and y kmph
then their relative speed is (x + y) kmph.
Handy Trick 4:
If two trains of p meters and q meters are moving in same direction at the speed of x
m/s and y m/s (x > y) respectively then time taken by the faster train to overtake slower
train is given by
If two trains of p meters and q meters are moving in opposite direction at the speed of x
m/s and y m/s respectively then time taken by trains to cross each other is given by
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Still Water: If the water is not moving then it is called still water.
Let the speed of a boat in still water be x kmph and the speed of the stream be y kmph,
then
Handy Trick 5: Let the speed downstream be a kmph and the speed upstream be b
kmph, then
8. Progressions:
Progressions are a form of series. There are three major types. These are Arithmetic,
Geometric and Harmonic progressions. We even have combinations of progressions
such as Arithmetic-Geometric progression). An arithmetic progression (AP) is a series
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where each term differs from the previous term by a common difference.
9. Number System:
It is a chapter where problems can be made as tough as possible to challenge the
candidates to the fullest. The trick is to find a method to make calculations easier. There
are numerous tricks to solve these problems. Following are just a few of them-
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Mensuration Formulas
1. Mensuration Formulas for RECTANGLE
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Perimeter = a + b + c
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Area of Triangle, A=
(This is also known as Herons formula)
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Perimeter of a rhombus = 4 l
(where l = length of a side)
Circumference of a circle = 2r = d
Circumference of a semicircle = r
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Volume of cuboid = l b h
Volume of cube = a3
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If a cone is cut by a plane parallel to the base of the cone, the lower part is called
the frustum of the cone.
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Prism consists of two polygonal bases which are parallel to each other.
These bases are joined by lateral faces, which are perpendicular to the polygonal
bases.
The number of lateral faces is equal to the number of sides in the polygonal base.
Thus, the base of a prism could be of various shapes, namely, triangular,
quadrangular, pentagonal etc.
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Pyramid consists of a polygonal base and triangles at its sides. These triangles are
called faces.
The base could be of any shape, whereas the faces are generally isosceles
triangles.
All these triangular faces meet in a single point called the apex.
Total surface area of pyramid = base area + (number of sides slant height
base length)
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The number of permutations of n objects, where p1 objects are of one kind, p2 are of
second kind, pk are of kth kind and the rest, if any, are of different kind is
, is given by
where 0 r n.
Handy Trick 5:
The number of ways to arrange n distinct objects along a fixed circle is (n 1)!
Tip: This works for circles where there is a definite up and definite down. Like a
circular table. Else, for objects like garlands and strings, where up and down doesnt
matter, it is 2(n 1)!
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Probability
Probability is the chance of occurrence of an event.
Let S be the sample space and let E be an event.
Then, E S
Mixture Problems
Handy Trick 1: Rule of Alligation
If two ingredients are mixed, then we can present it as below
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Algebra Formula
These are the basic formulas that you should keep in mind while solving algebra
questions.
1. (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2; a2 + b2 = (a+b)2 2ab
2. (a b)2 = a2 2ab + b2; a2 + b2 = (ab)2 + 2ab
3. (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca)
4. (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b);
5. a3 + b3 = (a+b)3 3ab(a + b)
6. (a b)3 = a3 b3 3ab(a b);
7. a3 b3 = (ab)3 + 3ab(a b)
8. a2 b2 = (a+b)(a b)
9. a3 b3 = (ab)(a2 + ab + b2)
10. a3 + b3 = (a+b)(a2 ab + b2)
11. am . an = am+n
12. am/ an = am-n
13. (am)n = amn = (an)m
14. a0 = 1
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