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Integrals
Definitions
Anti-Derivative : An anti-derivative of f ( x )
Definite Integral: Suppose f ( x ) is continuous
on [ a, b] . Divide [ a, b ] into n subintervals of
Indefinite Integral : f ( x ) dx = F ( x ) + c
*
i
Then
where F ( x ) is an anti-derivative of f ( x ) .
f (x ) x .
a f ( x ) dx = nlim
i
b
=1
*
i
v( x )
dx
a
dx
d u( x)
Part II : f ( x ) is continuous on [ a, b ] , F ( x ) is
f ( t ) dt = u ( x ) f [ u ( x ) ] v ( x ) f [ v ( x ) ]
dx v( x )
an anti-derivative of f ( x ) (i.e. F ( x ) = f ( x ) dx )
then f ( x ) dx = F ( b ) F ( a ) .
b
f ( x ) g ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx g ( x ) dx
b
b
b
f
x
g
x
dx
=
f
x
dx
(
)
(
)
(
)
a
a
a g ( x ) dx
Properties
cf ( x ) dx = c f ( x ) dx , c is a constant
b
b
cf
x
dx
=
c
(
)
a
a f ( x ) dx , c is a constant
f ( x ) dx = 0
a f ( x ) dx = b f ( x ) dx
b
f ( x ) dx
If f ( x ) g ( x ) on a x b then
If f ( x ) 0 on a x b then
f ( x ) dx = f ( t ) dt
f ( x ) dx
f ( x ) dx g ( x ) dx
b
f ( x ) dx 0
b
If m f ( x ) M on a x b then m ( b a ) f ( x ) dx M ( b a )
b
k dx = k x + c
n
n
1
x dx = n+1 x + c, n 1
x dx = x dx = ln x + c
a x + b dx = a ln ax + b + c
ln u du = u ln ( u ) u + c
e du = e + c
+1
Common Integrals
cos u du = sin u + c
sin u du = cos u + c
sec u du = tan u + c
sec u tan u du = sec u + c
csc u cot udu = csc u + c
csc u du = cot u + c
2
tan u du = ln sec u + c
sec u du = ln sec u + tan u + c
u
a + u du = a tan ( a ) + c
u
1
a u du = sin ( a ) + c
1
g b
using
1 5x
cos ( x3 ) dx
1 5x
cos ( x3 ) dx =
u = x 3 du = 3x 2 dx x 2 dx = 13 du
5
cos
1 3
= 53 sin ( u ) 1 =
8
x = 1 u = 1 = 1 :: x = 2 u = 2 = 8
3
a u dv = uv
b
a
5
3
( u ) dx
xe
u=x
xe
dx
Ex.
dv = e x
du = dx v = e x
dx = xe + e dx = xe e
x
+c
3 ln x dx
u = ln x
5
dv = dx du = 1x dx v = x
ln x dx = x ln x 3 dx = ( x ln ( x ) x )
5
= 5ln ( 5) 3ln ( 3) 2
tan
tan
x sec5 x dx
cos x dx
(sin x ) sin x
sin x
sin x sin x
cos x dx = cos x dx = cos x dx
(1 cos x ) sin x
=
dx
( u = cos x )
cos x
= (1u ) du = 12u +u du
u
u
sin5 x
Ex.
( u = sec x )
= 17 sec7 x 15 sec5 x + c
2 2
Trig Substitutions : If the integral contains the following root use the given substitution and
formula to convert into an integral involving trig functions.
a 2 b 2 x 2 x = ab sin
b 2 x 2 a 2 x = ba sec
cos 2 = 1 sin 2
Ex.
16
2
4 9 x 2
tan 2 = sec 2 1
dx
x = 23 sin dx = 23 cos d
sec2 = 1 + tan 2
16
4 sin 2 ( 2cos )
9
4 9x = 2 cos .
2
( 23 cos ) d = sin122 d
= 12 csc 2 d = 12 cot + c
2
2
4 9x 2 = 4 4sin = 4 cos = 2 cos
a 2 + b 2 x 2 x = ab tan
16
2
4 9 x 2
dx = 4
4 9 x 2
3x
4 9 x 2
x
. So,
+c
P( x )
Q ( x ) . Factor denominator as completely as possible and find the partial fraction decomposition of
the rational expression. Integrate the partial fraction decomposition (P.F.D.). For each factor in the
denominator we get term(s) in the decomposition according to the following table.
Factor in Q ( x )
Ex.
ax + b
A
ax + b
ax 2 + bx + c
Ax + B
2
ax + bx + c
( ax + b )
( ax
7 x2 +13 x
( x 1)( x
7 x2 +13 x
( x 1)( x2 + 4 )
Ak
A1
A2
+
+L +
2
k
ax + b ( ax + b )
( ax + b )
+ bx + c )
Ak x + Bk
A1 x + B1
+L +
k
2
ax + bx + c
( ax 2 + bx + c )
7 x2 +13 x
dx
+4)
( x 1)( x + 4 )
2
dx = x41 + 3xx2++164 dx
= x41 +
Term in P.F.D
3x
x2 + 4
16
x2 + 4
dx
= 4 ln x 1 + 32 ln ( x 2 + 4 ) + 8 tan 1 ( x2 )
Here is partial fraction form and recombined.
x 1
+C
+ Bx
=
x2 + 4
A( x2 + 4) + ( Bx + C ) ( x 1)
( x 1)( x 2 + 4 )
An alternate method that sometimes works to find constants. Start with setting numerators equal in
previous example : 7 x 2 + 13x = A ( x 2 + 4 ) + ( Bx + C ) ( x 1) . Chose nice values of x and plug in.
For example if x = 1 we get 20 = 5A which gives A = 4 . This wont always work easily.
Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes.
Applications of Integrals
Net Area :
x-axis with area above x-axis positive and area below x-axis negative.
Area Between Curves : The general formulas for the two main cases for each are,
y = f ( x) A =
b
a
upper function
lower
function dx
& x = f ( y) A =
d
c
right function
left
function dy
If the curves intersect then the area of each portion must be found individually. Here are some
sketches of a couple possible situations and formulas for a couple of possible cases.
A = f ( x ) g ( x ) dx
b
A = f ( y ) g ( y ) dy
d
A = f ( x ) g ( x ) dx + g ( x ) f ( x ) dx
g ( y ) , A ( y ) and dy.
g ( y ) , A ( y ) and dy.
g ( x ) , A ( x ) and dx.
Ex. Axis : y = a 0
Ex. Axis : y = a 0
outer radius : a f ( x )
outer radius: a + g ( x )
radius : a y
radius : a + y
inner radius : a g ( x )
inner radius: a + f ( x )
width : f ( y ) g ( y )
width : f ( y ) g ( y )
These are only a few cases for horizontal axis of rotation. If axis of rotation is the x-axis use the
y = a 0 case with a = 0 . For vertical axis of rotation ( x = a > 0 and x = a 0 ) interchange x and
y to get appropriate formulas.
Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes.
f ( x ) dx
b
1
ba a
Arc Length Surface Area : Note that this is often a Calc II topic. The three basic formulas are,
b
L = ds
where ds is dependent upon the form of the function being worked with as follows.
( )
1+ ( )
ds = 1 +
dy
dx
ds =
dx
dy
( dxdt )
( )
dx if y = f ( x ) , a x b
ds =
dy if x = f ( y ) , a y b
ds = r 2 + ( ddr ) d if r = f ( ) , a b
dy
dt
dt if x = f ( t ) , y = g ( t ) , a t b
With surface area you may have to substitute in for the x or y depending on your choice of ds to
match the differential in the ds. With parametric and polar you will always need to substitute.
Improper Integral
An improper integral is an integral with one or more infinite limits and/or discontinuous integrands.
Integral is called convergent if the limit exists and has a finite value and divergent if the limit
doesnt exist or has infinite value. This is typically a Calc II topic.
Infinite Limit
1.
3.
f ( x ) dx = lim f ( x ) dx
t
2.
f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx +
f ( x ) dx = lim
f ( x ) dx
b
Discontinuous Integrand
1. Discont. at a: f ( x ) dx = lim+ f ( x ) dx
b
2. Discont. at b : f ( x ) dx = lim f ( x ) dx
t a
t b
xp
and
f ( x ) dx x f ( x ) + f ( x ) + L + f ( x ) , xi
b
*
1
*
2
*
n
is midpoint [ xi 1 , xi ]
x
f ( x ) dx 2 f ( x ) + 2 f ( x ) + +2 f ( x ) + L + 2 f ( x ) + f ( x )
b
n 1
x
f ( x ) dx 3 f ( x ) + 4 f ( x ) + 2 f ( x ) + L + 2 f ( x ) + 4 f ( x ) + f ( x )
b
n2
n 1