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2015 Year 2 H2 Physics Mid-Year Assessment Solutions

Section A
1
A
13
B

2
A
14
A

3
C
15
A

4
D
16
C

5
B
17
D

6
B
18
A

7
A
19
C

8
C
20
B

9
D
21
C

[H] = [RT] = J mol-1 K-1 x K = J mol-1

Heat lost by Y = Heat gained by X


(2m) cY (100 20) = m cX (20 0)
cX = 8 cY

10
D
22
C

11
C
23
B

12
C
24
D

Use v2 = u2 + 2as
0 = u2 + 2(-a)x

u2
2a
x=

(1.20u) 2
2a
When train speed is increased, x =

1.44u 2
2a
=

= 1.44 x

At any point during the flight, the stone experiences acceleration due to gravity equal to 9.81
m s-1 downward. Since upward direction is positive, the acceleration of the stone is always
negative.

R1 = R2 = weight of the picture. And the sum of the vertical components of tension
should balance the weight. So T1 > T2 as T1 has a smaller angle of inclination to the
horizontal.

By principle of flotation, weight of nugget = upthrust due to displaced water and


displaced mercury.
7900 (VW + VM) g = 1000 VW g + 13600 VM g
Solve for VW/VM = 0.826

Although the spring balance is calibrated to read the mass, it actually measures the weight of
the mass and hence the reading is affected by g. On the other hand the lever balance uses
moments and hence g is eliminated when determining the mass of the stone.

Since momentum is conserved, mass 2m will move off with half the speed of mass m.

1
m(2v)2
2
1
(2m)v 2
2

X
Y
=

2
1
=

(or use EK = p2/2m)

2
9

The force F does work to increase the gravitational potential energy of the body. There is no
change in KE since velocity is constant.

output work
input work
Efficiency =
10

mg (s sin )
mg sin

Fs
F
=

Vertical component of N = weight mg

mr 2
Horizontal component of N provides centripetal force
Solve the simultaneous equations to find r.
11

GM 1
.
r
r

Gravitational potential
And WD = m(Vf - Vi) = 400 kJ
12
13

C
B

14

Equipotential lines must intersect electric lines at right angles.


The opposite charges on the two spheres attract each other. More charges reside on the
inner sides of the spheres, hence the effective distance between the centres of charge is
less than d, giving a bigger electric force

R
Using
decreases.

15

So VQ = half of VP = - 400 kJ kg-1

L
A
, L decreases (halved) and A increases (for same total volume), hence R

Voltmeter reads the pd across the effective resistance.

1
1
500 1500
V=(

)-1 (0.020) = 7.5 V

16

3.0 has no effect. 8.0 and 4.0 are in series, and they are together in parallel with
R. The effective resistance of 8.0 , 4.0 and R is 6.0 , hence R works out to be 12 .

17

By FLHR, magnetic force acts upwards and drives electrons towards R.


R will have lower potential than S.

18

F = BIL cos
F is max when = 0

19

d
dt

Use
20

VpI p VsIs
Is

120 x 60
1.6 A
4500

Is2R 1.62 x1.0

x100% 0.036%
Ptotal 120 x 60
Percentage power lost =
21

2
I 2R Irms
R/2
2
Irms
2I 2

Irms 2I
Irms

I02 I0

4
2

For half-rectified sinusoidal wave,

I0
2I
2
I0 2.8I

22

N
hf
t
N
0.20 6.63 10 34 5.0 1014
t
N
6.03 1017 s 1
t
P

n
e
t

60.0 10 6

n
1.6 1019

n
3.75 1014 s 1
t
n

14
t 100% 3.75 10 100% 0.062%
N
6.03 1017
t

23

i I A2
AP
i
P 2
AQ
iQ

4
24

p2
E
eV , p 2meV
2m
h
h

p
2meV
1

Section B:
1

(a)

Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of molecules in a body. A rise in


temperature of a body indicates an increase in the average kinetic energy of the molecules
[1]
Internal energy is the sum of kinetic and potential energies of the molecules due to their
random motion. As temperature increases, kinetic energies of the molecules increase and
hence, internal energy increases. (Can also mention increase in PE due to expansion of
body)
[1]

(b)

(i)

The products of p and V are not constant. For example, the product of p and V is 5.0
x 104 Pa m3 at B, but 6.0 x 104 Pa m3 at A.
[1]

(ii)

Work done in one cycle is estimated from the area enclosed.


W = 9 x (1.0 x105 x 0.10)
= 9.0 x 10 4 J
[2]
(positive sign as net work is done by the gas for expansion)

U q W 0

(iii

=> q = 9.0 104 J

In one cycle,
2

(a)

[1]

Gravitational force provides centripetal force of the satellite about the planet.
2

GMm
2
GM 2
mR 2 mR
R 3
T

2
R
T
4 2
(b)

(i)

[2]

16 days = 16 x 24 x 3600 = 1.38 x 106 s.


Period T2 = 1.9 x 1012 s2.
From Fig 2.1, R3 = 1.85 x 1027 m3.
Hence radius of orbit R = 1.23 x 109 m.

(ii)
The gradient of R3 versus T2graph gives

[2]

GM
4 2

which is proportional to M
[3]

MS gradientS
MS
1.50 / 1.56

27
MJ gradient J
1.90 x 10
2.00 / 0.60
mass of Saturn, MS 5.48 x 10 26 kg
3

(a)

(i)

It is the constant magnetic flux density which, when acting normally to a long straight
wire carrying a current of one ampere, causes a force per unit length of 8.6 x 10 -3 N m-1
on the conductor.
[2]

(ii)

eE Bev
E 0.0086 4.3 107
3.7 105Vm 1

[1]
[1]

(iii)

Diagram of crossed fields. [1]


Apply electric field of magnitude 3.7 x 10 5 V m-1 at right angle to the magnetic field such
that electron of a particular speed will move through the crossed fields undeflected. [1]

6
(b)

Fig. 3.1
Circular arc in magnetic field [1]
[1]
Parabolic path in electric field [1]
[1]

(a)

Faradays Law states that the induced e.m.f. in a circuit is directly proportional to the rate of
change of flux linkage or to the rate of cutting of magnetic flux.
Lenzs Law states that the direction of the induced e.m.f. is such that it tends to oppose the flux
change causing it, and does oppose it if induced current flows.
[2]

(b)
(i)

When the transponder is in the range of the power source, the varying magnetic field generated
by power source results in a changing magnetic flux linkage through the wire loops embedded in
the transponder. [1]
By Faradays law of electromagnetic induction, this results in induced e.m.f. Since there is a
closed circuitry inside the transponder, the induced emf drives a current which supplies power to
the internal circuitry. [1]

(ii)

1.

= - d/dt
= - d(NBA sin 2ft)/dt
= - 2fNBA cos 2ft
o = 2fNABo
= 2 (13.6 106) (3) (4.00 10-3) Bo
= 1.03 106 Bo

2.

[1]

[2]

2
Vrms = Vo /

2
10.0 10-3 = 1.03 106 Bo /
Bo =1.37 10-8 T
5

[2]

(a)
Q
0.500
0.380

x/ cm
0.0
0.5

7
0.300
0.210
0.150
0.100
0.050

1.0
1.8
2.5
3.5
5.0

[2]

(b)

[2]

x = 1.40 cm
(ii)

Grad of tangent at x = 2.5 cm

Q 0.315 0.000
0.0670
x
0.00 4.70
(c)

=
Qmax = 0.500
(ii)

(d)

(i)

(ii)

[1]

[3]
cm-1

Source emits photons uniformly in all directions.


On the right side of the source, at most half of the number of emitted
photons can be absorbed by the crystal.

[1]

[2]

At low photon energy, there is higher chance of of absorption as the


photons interact with the crystal atoms, hence most incident photons
are absorbed

[1]

At higher photon energy, there is greater penetration through crystal or


more scattering from the crystal.

[1]

8
6

Diagram:

high voltage supply (variable)

V
electrodes
heating element
air chamber
temperature sensor
data
logger
Defining the problem
Independent variable: temperature of air between the electrodes
Dependent variable: minimum voltage V needed to generate spark
Control of variables: Ensure fixed gap between electrodes/same pressure in the chamber/fixed
amount of gas
Method of data collection
Fully-labelled diagram including the air chamber with electrodes, a circuit diagram to provide a
current to the heating element, sensors to m easure temperature and pressure
Method of measuring the temperature (thermocouple/temperature sensor connected to data
logger)
Method of varying and measuring the high voltage when spark is first seen
(voltmeter/CRO/voltage sensor connected to data logger)
Method of varying the temperature (adjust the rheostat to vary the current in the heating
element/use of thermostat)
Method of analysis
Suggest an appropriate graph (Plot V versus
OR assume V = k n => lgV= n lg + lgk. Plot lgV versus lg where gradient and intercept of
graph give n and lgk respectively
Safety considerations
Handle high power supply with care
Switch off the circuits when not in use to prevent over heating
Avoid working at extreme high temperature so not to melt any element or wire
Additional details
Conduct a pre-experiment to find a measurable range for data collection or to calibrate the
instrument.
Ensure constant electrode separation by clamping the electrodes in place
Place temperature sensor near the electrode for accurate measurement of temperature.
Conduct experiment in a dark room to better detect the first spark
After each sparking, allow air exchange in the chamber to ensure that air composition is not
affected by spark
Total

1
1

2
1
1
1
1

12

Section C:
1

(a)

Force is proportional to the rate of change of momentum.


It acts in the same direction as the change in momentum.

[1]
[1]

(b)

Resolve momentum of each body along x- and y-axes. Find algebraic sum of the x- and ycomponents, px and py respectively. Total momentum is then found from the vector addition of px
and py.
[2]
OR
Use momentum vector diagram. The total momentum is obtained by placing the vectors head to
tail and drawing the vector from the free tail to the free head.
[2]

(c)

(i)

vertical height through which C is raised = (52 + 52)1/2 - 5 = 2.1 cm


gain in PE = mgh
= 0.150 9.81 0.021
= 0.031 J

(ii)

(iii)

(d)

1.

[1]

[1]
[1]

Let v be the speed with which the ball strikes the block
0.25 mv2 = 0.031
[1]
0.011 v2 = 0.124 (This value is the initial KE of ball.)
v = 4.75 m s-1
[1]

[1]

2.

Let v be the speed with which the ball rebounds from the block.
mv 2 = 0.75 0.124
[1]
0.011 v 2 = 0.75 0.124 [1]
v = 4.11 m s-1
[1]

1.

change in momentum of the ball


p = mv
= 0.011 (4.11 (- 4.75))
[1]
= 0.098 kg m s-1
[1]

2.

<F>t = p
<F> 0.15 = 0.098
<F> = 0.65 N

[1]
[1]

CG needs to be raised a greater distance


also greater weight need to be lifted
hence more energy required, not less

[1]
[1]
[1]

10
2

(a)

(i)

(ii)

Photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons from the surface of a


metal when electromagnetic radiation of sufficient high frequency is
shone on it.
1.
According to quantum theory, light consists of photons. Intensity is
proportional to the rate of arrival of photons if the wavelength of
photons is fixed. Since photon to electron interactions is one-toone, the rate of ejections of photoelectrons is directly proportional
to the rate of arrival of photons and hence to intensity.
2.

(b)

(c)

(i)

From Einsteins photoelectric equation, hf = + kemax , when


photons of same energy are incident on the surface of the metal,
electrons at the surface will be emitted with maximum kinetic
energy.
Those electrons below the surface of the metal will require energy
higher than work function to escape and hence left with lower
kinetic energies. Therefore kinetic energies of the photoelectrons
emitted vary.

[1]

[2]

[2]

-existence of threshold frequency as shown by the x-intercept on Fig. 2.1


-Kemax varies linearly with frequency showing it is the frequency that
determines the maximum kinetic energy of the electrons emitted,
satisfying Einstein photoelectric equation.

[2]

(ii)

Draw a straight line to the right and parallel to the original line in Fig 2.1

[1]

(iii)

1.

Since the frequencies (or crosses) are located in the same range
of frequency values, the transitions corresponding to these
frequencies have similar E, indicating these transitions are to the [1]
same lower energy level.
The frequencies lie in the visible region of the electromagnetic [1]
spectrum.

2.

Frequencies of the light emitted are due to transitions from higher


energy levels to lower energy level in the hydrogen atom. Since
the energy levels are not evenly spaced, the frequencies of the
light emitted are not multiples of each other. Hence the crosses
cannot be evenly spaced.
OR Since the energy levels are closer at higher energy range,
the crosses are nearer at higher frequency range.

(i)

34
14
h hf 6.63 10 4.74 10
p

1.05 1027 kg m s 1
c
3.00 108

[2]

[2]

11
(ii)

p mv
1.05 1027 3.35 10 26 v
v 0.031 m s 1

(iii)

[2]

Absorption of 1 photon caused a change in velocity of 0.31 m s-1

For a change in velocity of 103 m s-1,

103
0.31
photons need in 1 s

[2]

103
103 3.0 107
0.31
(iv)

If atom is to be stopped in 1 ms,


photons needed.
Not feasible to slow atom using absorption of photons as:
-the probability of photon hitting the atom/being absorbed by an atom is
low,
-very high power/intensity of light is required which may not be attainable

[1]
[1]

EXAMINERS COMMENTS
Section B:
1

(a)
(b)

Many students wrongly define internal energy as the sum of kinetic energy and potential
energy of the body.
(i)

There is significant number of students who wrongly stated that the graph should be
linear in order for temperature to be constant.

(ii)

105 is commonly missed out when reading pressure from the graph.

(iii)

Many students do not realise that work done on the gas during the cycle is negative,
and use a positive value for w in the 1st Law equation..

(a)

The statement to explain that gravitational force provides the centripetal force for the circular
motion is seldom given.

(b)

(i)

Well attempted by students.

(ii)

Well attempted by most students. Wrong answers given usually arises from ignoring
1027 and 1012 in the values for R3 and T2 .

(i)

This part is not done well. Many candidates did not mention important criteria such as
conductor place perpendicular to the field.

(ii)

This part of the question is well attempted by almost all candidates.

(iii)

This part of the question is well attempted. Handful of students did not read the
question carefully and hence, did not offer any explanation in their working.

(a)

12
(b)

(a)

Candidates should be careful in their drawing/ sketching- A circular path and parabolic path
looks almost the same.

Many candidates merely stated that an emf is induced if/when there is change in
flux linkage, without specifying the relationship between the induced emf and that
change in flux linkage.
Students tend to state Lenzs law in terms of the direction of induced current. For a
one mark question, it is better to state Lenzs law in terms of the direction of the
induced emf as induced current does not necessarily exist.

(b)
(i)

Students must read the context given in the question carefully. The majority of the
students did not make reference to the varying magnetic field that exists and seem
to think that it is the motion of running and the cutting of magnetic flux that leads to
the induced emf. This gained no credit as the emf induced is very small and is not
the main means by which the transponder powers up.
1.

Students must show all working clearly.

2.

Not much issues with the calculation.

(ii)
5

(a)

Students must remember to read up to division from graph. The values of Q


should be consistent in number of decimal places (accepted 2 or 3 dp)

(b)

Be more careful to plot points correctly. Some slips by students in the 2 nd, 4th
and last point. Best fit smooth curve should be drawn, not just linking all the
points.
Expected 2 decimal places.
(ii) Some students drew tangent line wrongly at Q = 0.25. Must read
question clearly. Be careful to include negative sign and units in the
answer.
(i)
Almost all correctly gave 0,50.
(iii)
Students should think of possible physical reasons for the value, not
just describe the graph or take limits on the efficiency equation.
This part is poorly done. Inappropriate references to photoelectric effect and
energy levels were given. Should just comment on the probability of
absorption, penetration and scattering.

(c)

(d)

Section C
1

(a)

Most candidates correctly stated that force is equal to the rate of change of momentum but few
commented about their directions.

(b)

In discussing vector nature of momentum, many candidates restricted themselves to one


dimension and merely mentioned that momentum measured along a straight line can be either
positive or negative. This approach received one mark. For full credit, a discussion involving

13
motion in two dimensions, with resolution of momentum in two directions at right angles (or the
use of a momentum vector diagram) was expected.
(c)

(i)
(ii)

(iii)

This part was mostly well answered.


(1)
A few used the mass of the block instead of the mass of the ball to determine the
initial velocity of the ball.
(2)
A few used the mass of the block instead of the mass of the ball to determine the
rebound velocity of the ball.
nil

(d)

Saying that the system is more stable and hence harder to turn, or need to turn through greater
angle is not good enough. Need to link to greater energy needed. Also, if explain in terms of
restoring moment during turning, must link the greater force needed to greater work done and
hence to greater energy needed.

(a)

(i)

Note that for photoelectric effect to occur, the radiation must be of sufficiently high
frequency, not certain or suitable frequency

(ii)

1.

Note that one-to-one interactions means each electron ejected is due absorption of
one photon. Although the rate of ejection of photoelectrons is directly proportional
to the rate of arrival of photons, it is much smaller as not all photons succeed in
ejections.
When intensity is defined either in words or equation, it must be fully correct with
the concept of intensity as energy per unit area per unit time.

2.

Light of a particular wavelength is incident on a metal sets the context of the


question. Thus it incorrect to attribute varying KE to varying energy or wavelength
of photon, or work function of different metals.
It is wrong to think of inner electrons as having larger work function as each metal
has only one work function value.

(b)

(i)

Candidates did not state the features of the graph e.g. discussion of x-intercept or linear
relationship as required by the question, as a result, most of the candidates did not
answer to the question. It was not well attempted.

(ii)

It was well attempted. As a higher work function will lead to a higher threshold frequency
with the gradient unchanged.

(iii)

(1)

Candidates should substitute one value of the frequency to find the wavelength of
the light in order to find out with region the crosses are in, instead of guessing.
Candidates fail to see that when the crosses cluster, their frequencies are similar
and hence they are part of a series.

(2)

Most candidates did not mention the energy differences for higher energy levels
are smaller as the energy levels tend to converge.

14

(c)

(i)

Some candidates found the momentum of the atom instead of the momentum of the
photon. And some candidates used c = 3 x 10 8 m s-1 instead of 3.00 x 108 m s-1 and incur
s.f. error.

(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

This part was well attempted.


Some candidates are unsure what to for this part.
Candidates failed to discuss convincingly on the feasibility. They are expected to look at
the calculations done earlier and make sensible conclusions.

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