Grammar II

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Roln Silvina

SIMPLE COORDINATION
What is a coordination? A way of joining clauses, or clause elements with coordinators such as:
and, or and but
Simple coordination consists of: A single clause or clause constituent is linked to others that
are parallel in meaning, in function and generally in form.
The coordinated units are CONJOINS (to join with a coordinating conjunction) and the
resulting combination is called CONJOINT.
This can be seen as:
1. As an elliptical version of clause coordination.

Alice has cleaned and (Alice has) painted the room.

2. Or as a single clause containing two coordinated predications. Together form the
predication of the clause.

Alice has (cleaned) and (painted the room).

Coordination of two clauses: Alice-the subject-and the operator has- have been ellipted from
the second clause.

TYPES OF SIMPLE COORDINATION

Independent clauses may be coordinated and subordinate finite clauses may be coordinated (if
they belong to the same function class)Coordination of CLAUSES

1. Complete independent clauses may be coordinated:

My grandmother refuses to go into the house, and I'm afraid she's going to catch
a bad cold.

2. Subordinate finite clauses may be coordinated, so long as they belong to the same
function class:

Coordinated adverbial clauses

Unless you pass your exam and have a good degree, you arent able to entrance the
University
Coordinated nominal that clause

The man thought that he had won the lottery and (that) the prize had been a
lot of money.
Coordinated nominal wh clause

I simply dont know when Frank phoned and where he was.

Grammar II
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Coordinated relative clauses

I told you about the woman who lives next door and whose car was parked in front
of my house.

3. Nonfinite clauses of the same type and also verbless clauses may coordinated
Nonfinite clauses

To infinitive clause

I paid him a lot of money to rebuild the house and (to) redecorate.

Ing- participle clause

I am tired of going to the same place and listening to the same music.

Ed - participle clause

The palm oil has caused damaged to the forest and killed endangered animals.

Verbless clauses

Nervous to move, and unable to speak, she stood on the floor trembling.

Coordination of PREDICATE and PREDICATION

Coordination of predicate: Kate works in the morning and studies in the afternoon.
Coordination of predication You should telephone you mother and find out if she is

ok.
Coordination of NOUN PHRASE and their constituents
Noun phrase coordination
Two or more noun phrases may be joined to form a conjoint noun phrase, functioning:

As a subject: All companies and supermarkets have cut the price of their

products.
As object: They sent a letter to Bill and Ben.
They contain general ellipsis: which car was the winner? The red dress, the
green or the white?
Combinatory and Segregatory coordination of noun phrase

Phrases linked by and may express

SEGREGATORY: means that is possible to paraphrase it into two or more clause coordination.
(Distributive Coordination)

Sam and Mary has cold. = Sam has cold, and Mary has cold.

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COMBINATORY: it is impossible to paraphrase. (Joint coordination)

Sam and John make a great team. It is not the same to say Sam make a great team. John
make a great team.
Indicators of segregatory meaning.
We use indicators of segregatory meaning to make ambiguous sentence unambiguous one.
Both each neither nor - respective (formal) - respectively (formal) - apiece (rather rare)

John and Mary fell in love. John and Mary each fell in love. (SEGREGATORY)
Sally and Matt each make excellent cakes. (SEGREGATORY)

The adjective respective premodifies a plural noun phrase to show segregatory

interpretation: John and Kate won the marathon race in their respective

countries.
whereas the adverbs respectively shows constituents in the same order as the things you
have mentioned and it means 'in the order described': George and Martha came in
third and fifth in the race, respectively.
COORDINATION WITHIN NOUN PHRASE

Coordinated noun heads

When heads are coordinated, the determiner, premodifier, and postmodifier apply to each of the
conjoins:

Our teacher and classroom.

Her name and surname.
Its head and ears.

Coordinated modifiers
The segregatory meaning is possible only when the coordinated modifiers denote exclusive
properties. In other words, it is possible to use coordinated modifiers only in order to describe
and segregate entities by their features.

Big and small animals. Good and bad memories.

Exceptions to this are colour adjectives. Red, white and blue flag. We know that we are talking
about only one flag that is partly one colour and partly other colours.

Coordination of other CLAUSE CONSTITUENTS

Verb phrases: Last night the ship hit an object, the captain gave a warning,
and the passengers put on life vests.
Main verbs: You shouldnt have gone to that place and stayed at home.

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Auxiliaries. You need and must have a chance.

Adjective phrases: The poster was red in the middle, blue around the border,
and black at the bottom.
Adjectives heads: The red, white, and green flag is flapping in the wind.
Adverbs: Grace was calm before, during, and after the exam.
Prepositional phrases: The group of children explored inside, behind, and
around the museum exhibit.

COMPLEX COORDINATION
The conjoins are combinations of units rather than single units.
FIRST TYPE
Each conjoin consists of contiguous elements and the conjoins are combined in final position in
the clause.
Indirect object + direct object

The doctors said Julia to stop smoking and Kate to lose weight.
Object + object complement

They named the boy Christopher and the girl Anne.

Object + adverbial

You can put the chairs at the table and the dish on it.
SECOND TYPE
The conjoins are not in final position. The second conjoin is separated by intonation in speech.

Those are and those were, the best days of my life.

GAPPING
The second or subsequent conjoin contains a medial ellipsis.
Subject + object

Fred took a picture of you, and Susan (took a picture) of me.

Subject + adverbial

Gonzi has been absent for three days in London and Fernanda (ellipsis) one day.
Subject + complement

Gonzi plays guitar beautiful and Fernanda terrible.

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APPENDED COORDINATION
Informal speech. When an elliptical clause is appended (add/join) to a previous clause.

Barbara sings beautifully, and john too.

PSEUDO-COORDINATION
Informal speech. We have coordination of completely identical constituents.
The coordination of two verbs that has an idiomatic function similar.

You will love and adore it.

Two adjectives, the first as an intensifier of the second.

The charming and friendly city.

Identical comparative forms of adjectives, adverbs, and determiners (usually two
conjoins) that expresses an increase in degree.

She felt less and less happy.

Two or more identical form of verbs and adverbs that expresses continuation and
repetition.

They played worse and worse.

Two identical nouns to indicate different kinds.

You can find prices and prices. = high and low prices.
Three or more identical nouns to indicate a large number of quantity.

There was only sand and sand and sand.

QUASI-COORDINATION
They are related to comparative forms: As well as, as much as, rather than, more than

John, as well as his brothers, were guilty.

They are not fully coordinative, since in subject position they normally do not cause plural
concord if the first noun phrase is singular.

John, as much as his brothers, was responsible for the loss.