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Pre-combustion
Post-combustion
Oxyfuel
Compression /
Liquefaction
Supercritical fluid
or vapor (> 74 bar)
Last stage after
compressor
Transport
Injection
Pressure needed
depends on
storage location
Pressure
gradient:
~80 bar/km of
depth
CO2 Capture
Pressure Boosting
Pipelines & Oil Production or CO2 sequestration
R Adams and H Miller 6
Commercially available
in medium scale.
At present, most
expensive, but winner!
Oxyfuel
Pre-Combustion
Might be competitive.
IGCC without capture
in 5 demo plants
Post
Combustion
CO2 scrubbing
could increase
plant cost by
75%
Post
Combustion
CO2 scrubbing
could increase
$/kwh by 72%
Feed gas
enters
absorber
at pipeline
pressure
for
effective
contact of
amine and
feed gas
www.newpointgas.com
Head ~ 30 m
~ 100Ft
Single Stage
Materials:
Compression /
Liquefaction
Pre-combustion
Post combustion
Oxyfuel
Supercritical
fluid or vapor
> 74 bara
(1080 psia)
Last stage after
compressor
Still at low
pressure &
ambient temp =
compressor
CO2 Capture
Pressure Boosting
Transport
Booster pumps
Injection
Pressure
needed depends
on storage
location
Pressure
gradient:
~80 bar/km
(1900 psi /
mile) of depth
14500 psia
1450
14.5
145
Sublimation of an element or compound is a transition from the solid to gas phase with no intermediate liquid stage
R Adams and H Miller 19
Supercritical
fluid
Sublimation of an element or compound is a transition from the solid to gas phase with no intermediate liquid stage
R Adams and H Miller 20
Pressure (P)
3 states: Solid,
Liquid, Vapor
Supercritical Fluid
More
Dense
Critical
Pressure
2 Phase
Dome
Many
Bubbles
Few
Bubbles
Vapor
Less
Dense
Vapor
Supercritical Fluid
More
Dense
Critical
Pressure
Pressure (P)
CO2 Pipelines
typically run at
supercritical pressure
to increase density.
That allows a smaller
diameter pipeline for
same mass flow =
lower installed cost
Less
Dense
2 Phase
Dome
Few
Bubbles
Many
Bubbles
Vapor
Pressure (P)
Supercritical Fluid
More
Dense
Critical
Pressure
4th
stg
2 Phase
Dome
Many
Bubbles
Few
Bubbles
Vapor
Another stage,
intercooling
The compressors at
DGC use 8 intercooled
stages
Less
Dense
3rd
stg
2nd
stg
Vapor
1st
stg
Final CO2
temperature is
seldom lower than 6
deg. C (11 deg F)
warmer than the air
or water
temperature on a
particular day
Pressure (P)
Temperature is
limited by the
temperature of the
cooling medium (air,
water, etc) and the
heat exchange
effectiveness
Supercritical Fluid
More
Dense
Critical
Pressure
Less
Dense
4th
stg
2 Phase
Dome
Many
Bubbles
Few
Bubbles
Vapor
3rd
stg
2nd
stg
Vapor
1st
stg
Experiences,
Thermodynamics,
Rotor Construction,
Mechanical Seals
Polytropic
120C, > 500 Bar,
248F, > 7300psi, SG=0.82
Pressure (bar)
Some of our
engineers refer to
these as "fog"
pumps due to very
low specific gravity
R Adams and H Miller 35
API Type BB3 - 4 stage 1984 (seal oil system on next slide)
80 deg F,
Ps - 2000 psia, Pd - 2555 psia
220 to 417 GPM, 1548 Ft,
API 610 Type BB3 8 stg for Wasson Field CO2 - 1983
This pump has a double suction 1st stage impeller. Would we need it if
the CO2 was at 1200 psi suction pressure?
Lube system
50 Bara (730
psia) suction
pressure
allowed use of
small seal oil
system
photo courtesy of Flowserve
R Adams and H Miller 41
There is no oil
system on gas seals
so they save many
kW (hp)! Be sure to
add seal flush flow
to 1st stage
R Adams and H Miller 42
New
Construction
pipeline dirt
can destroy
seal faces.
Invest in high
pressure dual
seal flush
filters.
One can be
cleaned while
the other is
running.
Driver is
1670 kW
(2250 HP)
and is VFD
Gas Seals
Curve drawing
software
included NPSHr
curve which is
not applicable
curve courtesy of Sulzer Pumps
R Adams and H Miller 48
W. Texas 2010: 8x10x13 API 610 Type BB3 - 5 stage. 2250 hp, 3600 RPM
VFD motor, Quasi Gas seals with plan 11 and secondary vent. SFP filters
added after startup pipeline construction dirt wiped the seals.
R Adams and H Miller 49
For pilot project, 4 pumps had to be run in series for low flow of 10 kg/s
(79,200 lb/hr) with dP as shown above. For pilot, total train only consumes
about 800 kW (1100 hp) at 3600 RPM. At rated flow each pump will
consume 2.2 MW at 7600 rpm. Above from Bergamini / Vescovo / Milone
paper which was presented here in 2011
SAFETY Moment..
Watch Your
Step!!!
Agenda
CO2 Compression Applications
CO2 Compressor Design Considerations
CO2 Compression Experience
CO2 Experience
Dresser-Rand has more than 500 units on carbon dioxide
service
More than 150 Centrifugal Comppressors
More than 350 Reciprocating Compressors
Capture
Sleipner A
Sleipner T
Utsira
Formation
Regularity: 98-99%
Sleipner st
Production- and Injection Wells
Sleipner st
Heimdal Formation
Injection
pressure
~ 65 bara
30 0C
30 0C
Suction
pressure
1 bara
1st stage
4 bar / 170 0C
30 0C
TO SLA
Pressure control by
cooling (CO2 density)
2ndstage
15 bar / 180 0C
3rdstage
32 bar / 120 0C
4th stage
66 bar / 130 0C
n P2
Head p ZRT1
n 1 P1
(n 1)/n
700
R Adams and H Miller 69
CO2
1200
1000
Pressure Psia
800
Single
Phase
Liquid
Region
Single
Phase
Gas
Region
600
Two
Phase
Gas +
Liquid
Region
Dew Line
Bubble Line
400
200
0
-11000
-9000
-7000
-5000
-3000
-1000
1000
3000
5000
Enthalpy Btu/lbmole
PRIMARY
VENT
SECONDAR
Y
VENT
SEPARATION
GAS SUPPLY
BEARING
SIDE
PROCESS
SIDE
INNER LABYRINTH
SEAL
PRIMARY
GAS SEAL
SECONDARY
GAS SEAL
BARRIER
SEAL
In order to predict
compressor
performance it is
critical to use the
proper gas properties
Extensive Gas
Properties testing at
South West Research
Equation of State
subject to continuous
improvement
Efficiency
-
0.85
MU - Efficiency - MU Input
MUinput
0.90
0.95
MU
0.80
0.75
0.70
0.65
0.60
0.55
0.50
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.030
0.035
Q/N (delivered flow)
0.040
0.045
0.050
Rotating
Speed
2nd Mode
65 barA
Discharge
Pressure
156 barA
Discharge
Pressure
319 barA
Discharge
Pressure
526 barA
Discharge
Pressure
Notice
reduction in
amplitude
No evidence
of 1st mode
Even 2nd
mode is
Minimized
1 PPM Smell
10 PPM 8 hr. TWA
100 PPM Loss of smell
300 PPM Loss of consciousness with time (~ 30 min.)
1000 PPM Immediate respiratory arrest, loss of
consciousness, followed by death
Final Exam
Can we use gas seals with
N2 injection on cold CO2
below critical pressure?
Do we use a pump, or a
compressor, on 60F CO2
at 30 psig?
What do we use to move
CO2 at -70 F at 14.7 psia?
CO2