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    Aziz Al-Azmeh - Civilization

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    24 visualizzazioni13 pagine

    Aziz Al-Azmeh - Civilization

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    Evren Sunnetcioglu
    Aziz Al-Azmeh - Civilization

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Cisll Society} Public Sphere: History of the Concept proletarian pubic sphere. Cleary, workers have at Many pont bul tier own institons, edi, and rcowonts of communicton, and entered ilo con {Eaton wih ourgeoisetes and oer groups ove the ‘csi good. Buti thin 8 dsearave compe Sion=that iy if worker and Hourgeob argue over Svat canis the elective good Tater tha on Fighting about itn ths ips an encompasing pubic sphere, abet a internally dfereniated one. ‘Nancy Fraser (1993) has tbe emplasred sn importance of subalter counterpublie” such os ‘ose famed hy race, clas, or gener Some pub: lyeven very partial ones-may cum Lo repeat {he nol other oppose dminant scurave perms nd ill oters are neutral, Not all pubes tat are ‘Fstinguisht fom the putative wbole at salem. ‘AS Michael Warner (01) as suggested, the d= Poymer of cine oan amare pbc he ih aphere alo asiratey,gonrally a statety 0 thepeweral. Yes pera to keepin ind bo hal tho exten of counterpublis at such presap- poses mutull engagement in some larger publc {phere and that the segmentation of din: Public ifom ie unmasked larger pubic may be arevalt of txclsion norte. Feminist scholar epeilly have raya atetion to both the gender lass within family fe that cesmpower women andthe historically Strong gender diviton betwesn publ a private ‘ealms on which male pltcal ecedom has geveraly Feated (Elan 1993, Young 2000, 6. Conetusion “Theorie of civil society foeus on the capaity fo self ‘organization of social relations outside the contro of the state and usually beyond th realm of family. The basic question posed by theories of the public spre is to what extent collective discourse caa determine the ‘conitions of this social fe Contemporary research ‘on evil Socoty and the public sphere turns on the breadth of pot! pripation ibe xe! to which capitalist markets Fimit other dimensions of sel ‘orEanization in civil society, che exstence of multiple fer overlapping public spheres, the impact of new ‘communications medi, and the quality of rational ‘ritcal discourse’ and’ its lationship to culture Tormingactivites. These sues also inform discussions bout international cv society and its public sphere. "The concepts of cv society and publi sphere took fon their primary modern dimensions in he Tate tighteenth and early nmetcenth centuries in Western ‘Burope and to a lesser extent the United States, They ‘have become important ina variety of other setigs, inching in conceptualizing social sulonemey in Te. Iiionship to communist and authoritarian’ states “They inform democratic projects as well as aeademic research in a varely of slings and are in turn themselves informed by cultural creativity and social action 1902 ‘See aso: Citizenship and Public Policy; Civil Society, Concept and History off Democracy; Individual Soci: History of the Concept; Public Good, The: Cultural Concerns; Public Sphere: Nineteenth ang ‘Tweatieth-contury History: State, History of Bibliography ‘Avcaner IC 1998 Rew! Chil Societies Donna of Inst, "onan. Sage, Those Oaks CA, Acct H 151 The Org of Totleaanam, Harcout Bae, ‘New York And 1 1954 The Haan Condon, Univesity of Cig ‘rss, cago Aeade HDT2 Cries of the Repu, Hatcour Base Toraorich, New York Arandt 11980 Or Reson, Pega, New York ‘lamer H 198 Pobbo apnion and pubis opson poling “dere Soli! Recew 18 S42 30 Cclnoun € (eh) 19 aterm ond te Pie Sphere MIE rom Casas MA Ccathoun 1998 Gl sect and ble sphere. Pubic Cate Peay Ccahoun C1999 Natomas, pote comunity, an the Tepresettion of sot Or, wh fuga home at ‘shnutate for pute apoce. roan la of Sata Theory bay air ‘Cathe 200) Constitutional patriot andthe pal see Tere identity amd solar nth integration of azo Se Gra Croan (ed) Tranmatioal Pic MET Pro Cus MA ‘Clandhake N 1988 Save ond Cle Sok: splrtion 8 Police! Thor. Sige New De ‘Cohen I, Arta A IEE The Poi Theory of Ch Sec Mt Bru Catone, MA ‘coy CHD Soca Orgncaion: A Sealy ofthe Large “Mind, Sets, New Yors wey 197 The Pubic ont Prolene Obie Stat Uaiety ras, Columbus, OF itm 18,1998 Prhate Man, Pe Woman, Prieta Unser Pres, Priston, ND Faigson A176) fay oe Mites of Ci Sec “Franeasioa Puen, New Bruch, SI ‘user 192 Rehaking the ple pete const a ihe que of actualy exiting docrcy. tn Calhoun C {el) Hanermas and he Pate Spor MIT Press, Cabs Mia! pp oats abermae J 1962/19 The Stractrl Tanfomaton of he ‘Boren Pate Sphere” An Iga inte Category of Beaogeots Say fans. Barger Ty MIT Press, Cane Ma Hitennas 3 1982 Retsen Facts ond Noms. MIT Pes Combe, MA bros 198 In: CovinC De Gre Pes) The Icon he Our NIT Pes, Cabra MA arson W, Rete D, Chan (ete) 1994 Cel Sac (ihe Sa yene Rear Bowser, CO Horhemer M_ Adorno TW 1984/1978 Dilete of Eau oat Herr an Hende,New York egal GW F801 The Phisophy of Rg res. Knox TM ean 1999 Ca Sac Sanford Unites rs, Star oe ey ¥ 0 196 Public Opin and Amerie Dena. Koo Rew York Manx K IES/I91S On tae Seva qustion. Mars Bagle ‘Coced Woks Lawrenceand Wiba, Londen VoL. fee Mary K 1927/1975 Catigue of Hepes plsophy of te ‘ors Engels Collected Work. Lawience aad” Wish london Vol 3.pp 129 MalIS 859 On bry Penein, London Nei O, Kluge A197/ 1995 Phe ae Sper and epee “Prine of Mascot Pras, Mizacapols, IN eine C8 T8T/192.The octal Pe” Selected Pio Vophl Writngs, A418 Indians Unversty res loominten, 18 iter DiasV MID9S The Reo Cl Society: The Degen of Dencerae Spain Harvard Unies Pres Cabo, a aun K IBA The Great Dafarmain: the Patil ant "Boonie Orn of Our Tine, Beuon, Boston rowel W. Clas Fae) 198 Prete Zetia ond he Pale “Good ak Univeral Pes, New Hate, CT ‘atta 22000 Bowing line Sanon aad Sehacer, New ‘York asm 2100 Soil Theory and Commineston Teck ogy. Aste, Lenen Rowse 1) 1763 The Soca Contact vsrman Paperback ‘Cn, London Sehason 1098 The God isn A Hoary of American Cie je Free Pres, New York Span A992 Cl Soc, Fre Pres, New York ‘Senne I917 Th Fa of Pu hon Roope Now Vor. Shih 4.1726 On he Wealhof Sane, Pes, Hamonds- tert, UK Sct’ 200 Desning pubic opinion i hisoy In: Hard “pichal (eds) Fenand Towson Publ Opaion Rowman aoa Titel Londen: pe 1-38 “Teslor 1989 source of the Sf Hever Unverty Pres, ‘Camtrdae, A “eeatcibe Ade 184/1838/196| Dean Ameria, Scho- oe Noe Yoo. Vales “Tenn 192/200 Rr fen Meng sections atl Hay, Spc 8 ode) Frdnand Toomer ‘ir Pabte Open. Rows and Lill, London. nat Warr M2101 Publc and Comer. Zone Books, Comte MA ‘Young M20) Inch a Democracy. Oxford Univesity Pres, Oxon UR ©. Calhoun Givilization, Concept and History of ‘The concept of cilization is inextricably connected ‘wth the conditions ofits emergence, most notably With the ese of historical consciousness in Europe i the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries as well lobalisition ofthis form of hisfoncal understanding And correlative forms of intellectual practice. ‘The ‘concept is complex and imprecise ints definition, but Ubiquitous nits uses, and inextricably imbricated with other categories by which hisovial matenals are organized, such as culture, nation, and race. Apart Cieiizaton, Concept and History of {om designating certain mosphological features of human ste, pastculany wihraference to urban find srbanisy, ivastion has been schema for Hntorcal categorzaon and for the organization of Iistoral merle Here as generaly token too forms, the universalist evoitionst and the ome pariclast The ine vas ending to rpain 0 the {eundant contoat of iden polite, a erin be femonic primacy worldwide tthe close of the Senet Century. In all te concept of ciation {ems nul chapter a the concept, soca ad pal Histon of son io aia ae supposed npr explicitly in he constasl Ewing fame horn 1. Pre-History Ld The Past Continuous “The meatal and socal conditions for speaking about civlizaton a a manne recognizable isthe yet 2000 sere not vale Beton te mile of tho cghtcen entury. Hitherto, in Prope as sewer largescale ‘ind long-term bisterial phenomena, whichlsteccame toe dsigated ss cibzntions, had been extegonied ina state manner that prected the consiousness af ieetional or veto stoi a stn rom the Ine rege of various change Hitherto, the succession of largeaale historical phenomeniy sich as Romany or stm, Bad bees feparde (2) "spol, most specially in the Sclvaor-istonealperspecive of menothtsic te Tigous dacous, a wich sucsnive events are taken {Srprebgurtions and aecomplbmeats a cack ote, {bj laters of the rgoal sotesion of word-empre, {G)ithe genre of egal susesion, which stated wilt the Bubylonn lisesi aad the ees stages of Chios historical wtng an culminated a mesieval “Arabichionical wet, Not vente schema of ate ‘oles evolved by the celebatee Tin” Kaaleun (E05 here ivoation Curd) was goes Seciologcaly denied with vinous orgonizationa forms human bation and socality. could mean ingfall exape from this faite repertoire of posible store conceptions. the perspective of typelogy, the continuity of historia phenomena was expres i he epeuton of prophecies suecestely rearing divine tent hd nunpuratng a ial orm of ore hose rae would be te end of sme. Thos the Jewish peophels Fepest each other and ae all Bges lor Abrahans Jetas fat once the repetition and termination of this ‘igus cle of teres time ad fs preted a Jowish prophecies: Muhammed Is he final accom lishment and the consummacon of ere propitic Fevelatons prefigued in Jewish and Chnstan scip= {resis ra Inaugurates the consummation ef time with he Apocalypse ‘Tho seootre of time fn the “elo othe Canin wring of Eases (8. 339), 1903 Citation, Concept and History of fof Augustine's Spanish pupil Orosius (9. 418), of Bemard de Clairvaux (1133), a8 in Muslim writings such as Mubammad!'s biography by Tbn Ishaq (after 4761) othe universal histories of Tabari (4.923) and Tha Kathie (4.1373), is homologous, All but Jewish typology Is independent of ethnic origin or goographival location, and construc his: foncally significant units as religious communities of fcimeniea desenpion. This yelde the soond mode ff organizing historical phenomena, the reanal. Thus, {he regnal categorization of long-term historical phe- ‘omens of broad extent was expressed in terms ofthe succession of four ecumenical World-empies, suc zeding one another as tho central actors in world history: the Assyrio- Babylonian, the Median-Persian, the AlevandrianeMacedanian, and the Roman. This perspective was shared by the Book of Daniel and by Eclonasicl Works, especially Syrian and Byzantine pocalypses fluence by it, albeit vith minor Ya 8 in ross substitution ofthe Carthaginian ‘world empire forthe Median-Persan. Muslim caliphs Considered their own ecumenical world empire to be the sith and final order of world history, «conception shaced by Muslin apocalypticism and, with many omplications and auanoé, by univeral stories ‘written in Arabic, all of which regerded dynastic Succession as both prophetic inheritance ands the enewal of ecumenical imperial ambition, transferted from one ine to another. "Analogously. medieval Christian polities, Byzantine as wells Frankish, subsorbed tothe same theory of ‘raclatio imperisb regarding themelves as being a. direct ‘line of typological continuity with. Rome, ‘varously through Byzantium, the "New Rome, ot through the Holy Roman Empite. In both, Remarity twas the worldly cement of Christianity. This was & Conception developed by Euschius for his contem= Porary overlord Constantine, and was to remain {tetive until the daw of modern times. all cases, the past was understood to have been completed atts inception, with subsequent polities re-enacting the foundational even Finally, meation must be made of the disjunction between these metahisterial end transcendental realms of typological continuity, and the alFtoo- hhurun chaos of particular histones. Nomovement or qualitative change sisceraible inthe content of thse, only the predictable succession of wars, rape, pest= lence, snd occasionally of praiseworthy acts, without connection with an ‘order of realty that Might transcend the events themselves and render sense Unto them. 12 The Past Exranged ‘Two roughly contemporary events heralded a ew conception of history that made the modern notion of Culiztion concowable. Both were speiielly Euro- 1908 pres, at thie conceptual consequences were go. Fatned in te couse of the neta ad went centuries The fra was Humanism, parca i aly which forthe rate broke thespel of Roman, eontautyby construing the immediate asta am age ‘of darknes, and by confining Roman grandeur tothe republican an eay impel ages. Thos Petrarch {1316 project of Gaslcam counteposed volving {radiion, Plasio Biondo's (6.1463) soscipation of tinsion of story nt the clas the mete tad {he modem, and Lorenzo Vallrs (@, 1431) relae tion of medieval documentary forgeries such ss the Donavon Constantin, based on ah argument trom {hachronam’ Topether, thw aid the prouad for 4 “ew of story athe domasn of change rater tof ‘epeiion ‘Needs to say, the notion of rasta peri was ao longer tenable in this context. tat thi pot tat Hiumanam converged with the other exdnt founda: ‘onal of the moder historeal consciousness, namely, the Reformation, Crem of te Chueh by Wyelit (1360) and Luther, and te Distonogaptic Dpresion of this aatTradiionslit fundameatalsn Wiiotn Poses acts and Atonmens (1363), wore icra way cone i he concen 0 te past wilt Humanio, The entieation of the P Sih the Aichi the Uxignation of he greater part ‘ofthe istory of Cesisnty ae aston of falsehood, Sha the devaloraton of the immediate past 25 abiding Tradition and its comsrual as degeneration, Sho Ie tothe retin ofthe notion of ena Inport, ad the mibtttion of motions of Rofo Iaton aad reaovalion 40 that of transi ia cor Thuy This the ground was prepared for notions of ss, deatne, and falemow aotably the deine and fall of Rome and the reclamation of Roman republicans Iodeiein spn of rvvaiss that were Selly tate inthe eptccnth century, wit Gibbon and Montequiey among ether, spefrat along withthe evelopment and ultimately ia telat ightecath and Slring he nzetoenth cours the fsttatonal rans formation of philology and antiquarian io te foryasa opie research detached fom rhetorts This seas far beyond the lat Aowerng of mecievlinng ‘ppology with Bosrt (Tl). and ere the past URGE intr havingbecn’Pergangeiet), cost ruphcaly repented inthe ‘extant of Fuseums durmg the eighleemh century in aay ucopean capital ces "Wilh Vollie and othe eightcenth-centary figures tue Volney and Chardin, anther notion ena for ‘peaking of slizaton waa developed, The notion af Gfuatauve. societal and’ cultural diference es tmocus)qlte apart fom the dynastic nd the ‘lgows-—nas sow avaiable i the egbtecnh ce {sry a: Europe wassccountingfocberdirencesom the Ottoman, the Porsass the Chinese, and taba peoples inthe Armrics. Whereas previously the notion of historical sen escence may have heen used ina tragical ana rhetorical Sast the new notion of decadence roqused the otrelative notion af progress and amelioration. These fotions are the very conditions of possiblity for Conceiving ofevilization, asthe ascomplishmest of a ontindows line of historical development in Which fangins and beginnings are transcended rather than repeated, Word and Concept 24 Civilization and Cultre The tecms civilization and culture are intimately elated in their reference, and in many taslances are tsed almost interchangeably, aocording to tational fnd linguistic conventions. Bosh are terms of ancient inlage which underwent a gradual exial expansion ttn the eightcenth century, hey came to eesignate ‘meanings that are recognizable in 2001 Tn the course of the seventeenth and eighteenth entures, the meaning ofthe term culture expanded, in English, French, and German (as Kulu) from a medieval sense indicating the cultivation of nd and ff the religious elt, Higuratively to denote the man fenanoe and eul6vation of or aris and eters. This figurative sense was further extended in the course of {he eighteenth century to encompass the non-material lie of human sovietes in avery broad rene encom- pasine the refinement of manners no. less than fntellecwal and artistic accomplishments associated withthe Enightenment—the former sens sil persists interns sch as fate cowture ad Kedtrbeulel (wait) ase) The term was used both Jocally and in contrast to societies adjudged stil living in a state of nature, thoush in Geeman the accent had been on an aesthetic ofthe lofy andthe sublime ascistinet from the crassly ‘material, in association with aeorrelative emphasis ultvation,Aldung, both individual and collecive- 12 {his way, the term was opened up to impregnation by the emergent nation of progress, the progress of {individual societies as of umany in general reparded both as'a process natural to human society and as 8 principle of normative ranking among sositcs, Not disimilarly, and in imitation o "culture, inthe cieteents century the term civilization underwent most especially i: France and somewhat later in England~a figurative expansion initslexcal eerence fom the Lalin cil, hie under reputable forms of government, (othe broader designation of order ii nd. governmental, "This order befted developed Societies that might regard themselves as civized in Contradiction to other, barbarian or stvage, yoo be chilzed societies, The contrastive connotations of “Gwillztion’ were far more accentuated than those of Civization, Concept and History of Which was more commonly used in Gee many, 2 land then with litle of no experience of the ‘word outside Europe. "Cultue’ also came to be used in France and more saliendy in England, os in Germany, decidedly to signal socal distance and social

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