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6.

1: Rate of Reaction
Rate of reaction: The amount of reactants and products
change during a chemical reaction in a unit time is called the
rate of reaction or speed of reaction.
A chemical reaction can be slow or fast and we can measure the
speed of a reaction by measuring either how fast a product is
formed or how fast a reactant is used up.
The rate of reaction is inversely proportional to the time taken for
the reaction to be completed. So, Speed = 1/ Time

Catalyst: A catalyst is such a substance which participates


and speeds up the chemical reaction but remain unchanged at
the end of the reaction.
Catalysts are used in small amounts and transition metals have
catalytic properties.

Enzymes: The biological catalysts whose are generally found


and obtained from plants, animals & microorganisms and used
for speeding up chemical reactions than any ordinary catalysts
are called enzymes.
Some common enzymes are Amylase, Lipase, Zymase, Maltase,
Preoxidase etc.
Measuring Speeds of Reaction: The amount of
reactants and products change during a chemical reaction.
There are two common methods to measure the rate of a
reaction.
Measuring reaction time till completion.

Measuring amount of produced product or, amount of


remaining reactant in a period of time.
When a piece of Mg ribbon is dissolve in dilute H 2SO4, a lot of
bubbles of gas are produced and Mg reacts quite quickly with acid. At
beginning or initial stage, lots of bubble formation indicates that on that
particular period of time, reaction rate was faster enough. After few
minutes or at completion stage, only a few bubbles are producing which
indicates that reaction rate is much slower than before.
Rate of a reaction can be calculated at any moment for a particular
period of time.

Rate of a reaction can be calculated by measuring the


amounts of product produced for a particular period of time. Amount of
product can be mass of solids or volume of liquids and gases.
By plotting amount of product changes against time, the rate
of any reaction at any particular time can be calculated.
The gradient or slope of the graph shows the speed of the
reaction. The larger the gradient value (i.e. the steeper the slope), the
faster the reaction at that time.
The gradient is largest at the starting point (time =0) and the
gradient zero indicates that the reaction stops.

Rate of a reaction also can be calculated by measuring the


amounts of reactant for a particular period of time. The amount of
reactants decrease gradually with time.
By plotting amount or mass of reactant against time, the rate
of any reaction at any particular time can be calculated.
The gradient or slope of the graph shows the speed of the

reaction. The larger the gradient value (i.e. the steeper the slope), the
faster the reaction at that time.
The gradient is largest at the starting point (time = 0) and the
gradient zero indicates that the reaction stops.

Particle Size and Reaction Speed:


Reaction speed or rate of reaction is affected by the size of the
solid particles.
Most chemical reactions of solids with liquids or gases go faster
when the solids are broken into small pieces. This is because
Reason: Small pieces of solids have large total surface area than
large pieces of the same mass. So in this case, more particles are
exposed. As small pieces give larger surface area, so, more other
reactant particles (liquids or gases) can collide & react with at any
one time and a quicker reaction takes place. Hence the reaction
proceeds faster in case of small solid particles used instead of
large pieces.
Concentration and Reaction Speed:
The rate of reaction involving liquids or solutions is affected by
the concentration of the reactants.
Almost all chemical reactions go faster when the concentration of
the reactants (liquids or gases) are increased and slower the
speed with decrease of concentration. This is because

Reason: Concentrated liquids or solutions have more particles


than any dilute one to react in a given volume. So there is greater
chance of collisions and particles collide more often or more
frequently than any dilute reactants.
Pressure and Reaction Speed:
Pressure does not affect any reaction involving solid and liquid
reactants but gaseous reactions go faster at higher pressure.
This is because
Reason: Higher pressure makes the reactant molecules close
together and more collisions can take place under high pressure.
Example: Manufacture of NH3 by Haber process, 200 atm pressure
is used.

Temperature and Reaction Speed:


Temperature also affects the rate of reaction and one reaction at
two different temperatures can progress in different reaction rate
only due to temperature change.
All chemical reactions increase their reaction speed when the
temperature is raised, and decrease their speed when the
temperature is lowered.
Usually, for every 100C rise in temperature, the speed of the
reactions becomes double. Let, Initial temperature = 50 0C.
Temperature raised
600C
700C
1000C

Reaction rate increased


Twice or, 2 times
22 = 4 times
25 = 10 times

Activation Energy: Particles when collide with each other,


most of the time they bounce apart and no reaction takes place.
Why???

Particles have some energy inside themselves to react (which is


called internal energy), but they collide at great speed with a lot
of energy. In fact, they must have a certain minimum energy to
react when they collide. This minimum energy is called activation
energy. Example: Breaking an egg (Bang it hard enough).

When the temperature increased, it is easier for


particles to have or gain more energy. Now, large number of
particles has the minimum activation energy to react when they
collide. Finally, a huge number of particles are participated in
successive collisions and thus increased temperature speeds up
the rate of reaction.
Q: Describe the relation between increase of temperature and
activation energy.

Catalysts and Reaction Speed:


Catalysts are: 1. Very much reaction specific.
2. Used in small amount.
3. Speed up specific reaction enormously.
4. Participate in reaction but remain unchanged at the end.
5. Create different route for the reaction which require less bondbreaking energy
and less time.
6. The speed of catalysed reaction is also affected by changes of
conditions e.g. concentration, temperature and pressure.

H2O2 is unstable and decomposes to produce O2


gas and water.
2H2O2

2H2O + O2

This reaction is very slow and takes a very long time to


decompose. In fact, H2O2 solution remains almost unchanged for
many years in a dark bottle. But when a small amount of MnO2 is
added to it, the decomposition of H 2O2 speeded up enormously
and produces O2 gas.
Some common industrially used catalysts are Pt, Fe, Ni, Cr,
V2O5, MnO2, Al2O3 etc.

Some catalysts & their Uses:

Catalys

Uses

ts
1. Al2O3

Dehydration of Ethanol.

2. Fe

Manufacture of NH3 by Haber Process.

3. Ni

Hydrogenation of Vegetable oils (Manufacture of


Margarine).
Manufacture of H2SO4 by Contact Process.

4. V2O5
5. Pt

In catalytic converter to reduce pollution (produce


harmless gases) & In conversion of Ozone (O3) to
Oxygen.

How Catalysts Works:


In any reaction, bonds in the reactants break down and new
bonds formed to produce the products. This bond-breaking
process requires energy and takes some time.
Use of Catalyst makes a different route to complete the reaction.
Catalysed reaction requires less bond-breaking energy and thus
completes the reaction easily and more quickly.
Fe

Example:
184 KJ

N2 (g) + 3H2 (g)

2NH3 (g) ; H = -

Here, N2 and H2 molecules are adsorbed on the


surface of hot iron powder. By this way bonds between reactant
molecules become weak and formation of new product molecules
become easier.
Generally catalyst adsorbed one end of the reactant molecules.

V2O5

2SO2 (g) + O2 (g)

2SO3 (g) ; H = - 189

KJ
Here, SO2 + V2O5
2V2O4 + O2
2V2O5

SO3 + V2O4

Question: Explain why transition element or their compounds


can act as catalyst?
Answer: Transition elements have variable oxidation state and
thats why it is easier for them to form an unstable intermediate
product. By forming an intermediate complex product, transition
element can create a catalysed route which requires less energy.
Thus the specific reaction can happen at relatively lower
temperature and much faster.
Question:

Question:

Question: Photosynthesis is ac endothermic reaction.

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