Macromolecules

POLYMER:
Carbohydrates
Lipids (Fats)
Proteins
Nucleic acids

MONOMER (Building Block):

Saccharides (sugars)
3 fatty acids & glycerol
Amino acids
Nucleotides

Carbohydrates

Structure: Contains
Elements - C (Carbon), H
(Hydrogen), and O
(Oxygen).!

Examples: Sugars and

Starches. !

Function: 1.) Broken down

into chemical energy for
cells. 2.) Major part of plant
cell structure.

Monosaccharides

SIMPLE SUGARS! ( MONO=1)!

5 or 6 carbon atoms!

Examples:!

- Fructose: Fruit !
- Glucose: Sugar plant cells
make in photosynthesis. !
!

Disaccharides

DI=TWO!

Monosaccharide+
Monosaccharide =
Disaccharide!

Example: !
- Sucrose: (Table Sugar)
Glucose+ fructose

Polysaccharides

POLY= MANY!

Examples: !

1.) Starches- Branched chains of

glucose molecules. Made/stored
by plants, broken down into
energy for plants/animals.!
2.) Glycogen- More highly
branched glucose molecules. Made
and stored in animals.!
3.) Cellulose- Straight and rigid.
Major building block in plant cell
structure- Cell wall.

Lipids

Non-polar

Examples: Fats, oils, and

cholesterol

Elements: Carbon (C),

Oxygen (O), and hydrogen (H)

Functions: !

1.) Some are broken down to

usable energy for cells
2.) Part of a cells structure

Fats/Oils

Store large amounts of

chemical energy in
organisms. !

Animal fats: Meat and

Butter!

Plant fats: (OILS) Olive /

Peanut oil !

Structure of fats and oils

are similar.

Triglycerides

1 Glycerol molecule + 3
Fatty Acid chains. !

Fatty acids- chains of

carbon atoms bonded to
hydrogen atoms.

Saturated vs Unsaturated
Fats

Saturated: (Most animal fats)

Maximum number of hydrogen
atoms possible. !

-Carbon-Carbon single bonds.!

Unsaturated: ( Oils) Have fewer

hydrogen bonds !

- at least one Carbon- Carbon double

bond.!
- Double bonds make kinks in the
fatty acid- molecules cant pack
tightly into a solid.

Cholesterol

Ring structure!

Your body needs a certain

amount, too much can be
dangerous. !

Used in the cell membrane!

Body uses it to make

steroid hormones
( estrogen/testosterone)

Proteins

Most varied of molecules

Monomer- Amino acids

Amino acids- molecules that

contain C, H, O, N, and
sometimes S

Your body can make 12 of the

amino acids, the rest you get
from food. ( meats, beans,
and nuts)

Proteins

Structure: Four parts

1.) Hydrogen atom

2.) Amino Group ( NH2)
3.) Carboxyl Group ( COOH)
4.) R-Group - differs for each
amino acid.

Proteins

Amino acids can link into

chains called- Polypeptides.!

Amino acids form covalent

bonds called - Peptide bonds.!

- Bond between one the amino

group (NH2) of one amino acid
and the carboxyl (COOH) of
another.!

Proteins are made of one or

more polypeptides.

Proteins

The specific sequence of

amino acids determines a
proteins structure and
function.!

-Examples: !
Side groups with sulfur force
the protein to bend!
Hydrogen bonds between side
groups can cause folding of
the protein.

Nucleic Acids

Monomers: Nucleotides !

Structure: (Nucleotide) !

- Sugar !
-Phosphate Group!
- Nitrogen-containing
molecule (base) !

Examples: DNA and RNA

Nucleic Acids

Extremely long carbon

molecules !

Work together to make

proteins !

DNA- provides the code for

the proper assembly of
proteins ( putting amino
acids together). !

RNA- helps build the

proteins