ARF Documents Series 1994-2004

ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM
DOCUMENTS SERIES 1994 - 2004
ii
ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS

SECRETARY-GENERAL
FOREWORD
The ARF Unit at the ASEAN Secretariat is pleased to publish the 2005 edition of the
ASEAN Regional Forum Documents Series. This current edition is a complete record of
publicly-available reports, chairmans statements or summaries and other documents of
the ARF for the period between 1994 and 2004.
The ASEAN Regional Forum serves as the only inter-governmental forum of twenty-four
participants, which aims to promote peace and security through dialogue and cooperation
in Asia and the Pacific.
In particular, the ARF endeavours to promote cooperative security through confidencebuilding, preventive diplomacy and the development of conflict resolution mechanisms.
The ARF process is a reaffirmation of the primary role of political and diplomatic
approaches of maintaining regional peace and security.
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations considers it a privilege and a serious
responsibility to be the primary driving force of this important endeavour as its
contribution towards world peace.
ONG KENG YONG
iii
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
THE FIRST ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM
Bangkok, Thailand, 25 July 1994
n
Chairmans Statement ...........................................................................
THE SECOND ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM

Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, 1 August 1995
n
n

The ASEAN Regional Forum: A Concept Paper ......................................
7
13
THE THIRD ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM

Jakarta, Indonesia, 23 July 1996
n
n

Summary Report of the Meetings of the ARF Inter-sessional Support
Group on Confidence Building Measures, Tokyo, Japan, 18 - 19 January
1996, and Jakarta, Indonesia, 15 - 16 April 1996 ...................................
Summary Report of the ARF Inter-Sessional Meeting on Search and
Rescue Coordination and Cooperation in Asia Pacific Region, Honolulu,
Hawaii, 4 - 7 March 1996 ......................................................................
Summary Report of the ARF Inter-Sessional Meeting on Peacekeeping
Operations, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 1 - 3 April 1996 ...........................
25
35
41
47
THE FOURTH ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM

Subang Jaya, Malaysia, 27 July 1997
n
n
n
n
n
n

Summary Report of the ASEAN Regional Forum Inter-Sessional Meeting
on Disaster Relief, Wellington, New Zealand, 19 - 20 February 1997 ......
Co-Chairmens Summary Report of the Meeting of the ARF Inter-sessional
Support Group on Confidence Building Measures, Beijing, China,
6 - 8 March 1997 ...................................................................................
Co-Chairmens Summary Report of the Second Inter-Sessional Meeting
on Search and Rescue Coordination and Cooperation, Singapore, 26 - 28
March 1997 ...........................................................................................
Report of the Co-Chairmen on the Inter-Sessional Meeting on
Peacekeeping Operations, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 10 - 14 March 1997,
and Palmerston North, Auckland, New Zealand, 7 - 11 April 1997 .........
Summary Report of the ASEAN Regional Forum Workshop on Train
the Trainers ARF Inter-Sessional Meeting on Peacekeeping Operations,
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 11 - 14 March 1997 ........................................
Summary Report of the ARF Demining Seminar, Palmerston North, New
Zealand, 7 - 11 April 1997 ......................................................................
Seminar on Preventive Diplomacy, Paris, France, 7 - 8 November 1996 .
Seminar on Non-Proliferation, Jakarta, Indonesia, 6 - 7 December 1996
55
63
67
75
81
85
89
93
95
THE FIFTH ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM

Manila, Philippines, 27 July 1998
n
n
n
n
n
n
vi

Co-Chairmens Report of the Second ARF Inter-Sessional Meeting on
Disaster Relief, Bangkok, Thailand, 18 - 20 February 1998 ...................
Co-Chairmens Summary Report of the Meetings of the ARF Intersessional Support Group on Confidence Building Measures, Bandar
Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, 4 - 6 November 1997, and Sydney,
Australia, 4 - 6 March 1998 ...................................................................
Distillation of Agreed CBMs from the First up to the Fourth ARF ...........
List of New ARF CBMs ............................................................................
The First ARF Meeting of Heads of Defense Colleges and Institutions,
Manila, the Philippines, 7 - 8 October 1997 ...........................................
101
111
117
135
137
139
Conference on Preventive Diplomacy, Singapore, 9 - 11 September 1997
143
THE SIXTH ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM

Singapore, 26 July 1999
n
n
Chairmans Statement ........................................................................... 149

Co-Chairmens Summary Report of the Meetings of the ARF Intersessional Support Group on Confidence Building Measures, Honolulu,
USA, 4 - 6 November 1998, and Bangkok, Thailand, 3 - 5 March 1999 .. 157
Co-Chairmens Summary Report of the Third ASEAN Regional Forum
Inter-sessional Meeting on Disaster Relief, Moscow, Russia, 11 - 14 April
1999 ....................................................................................................... 177
THE SEVENTH ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM

Bangkok, Thailand, 27 July 2000
n
n
n
n

Co-Chairmens Summary Report of the Meetings of the ARF Intersessional Support Group on Confidence Building Measures, Tokyo,
Japan, 13 - 14 November 1999, and Singapore, 5 - 6 April 2000 .............
Co-Chairmens Summary Report of the Fourth ARF Inter-Sessional
Meeting on Disaster Relief, Ha Noi, Viet Nam, 4 - 6 May 2000 ...............
CSCAPs List of Proposals on Enhancing Interaction between Track I
and Track II ..........................................................................................
191
201
211
217
THE EIGHTH ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM

Ha Noi, Viet Nam, 25 July 2001
n
n
Chairmans Statement ........................................................................... 221

Co-Chairmens Summary Report of the Meetings of the ARF Intersessional Support Group on Confidence Building Measures, Seoul,
Republic of Korea, 1 - 3 November 2000, and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,
18 - 20 April 2001 .................................................................................. 231
Co-Chairmens Summary Report of the ARF Experts Group Meeting on
Transnational Crime, Seoul, Republic of Korea, 30 - 31 October 2000,
and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 16 - 17 April 2001 ................................... 243
vii
n
n
n
ASEAN Regional Forum Concept and Principles of Preventive

Diplomacy ............................................................................................. 253
Enhanced Role of the ARF Chair ........................................................... 259
Co-Chairs Paper on the Terms of Reference for the ARF Experts/Eminent
Persons (EEPs) ...................................................................................... 263
THE NINTH ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM

Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, 31 July 2002
n
n
n
n
n

ARF Statement on Measures Against Terrorist Financing, Bandar Seri
Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, 30 July 2002 ..........................................
Co-Chairmens Summary Report of the Meetings of the ARF Intersessional Support Group on Confidence Building Measures, New Delhi,
India, 19 - 21 December 2001, and Ha Noi, Viet Nam, 22 - 24 April 2002
Co-Chairs Report on ARF Workshop on Prevention of Terrorism,
Bangkok, Thailand, 17 - 19 April 2002 ..................................................
Statement by the Chairman of the ARF on the Terrorist Acts of the 11th
September 2001, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, 4 October
2001 ......................................................................................................
267
277
281
295
299
THE TENTH ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM

Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 18 June 2003
n
n
n
n
viii

ASEAN Regional Forum Statement on Cooperation Against Piracy and
Other Threats to Maritime Security, Adopted on 17 June 2003 ...............
ASEAN Regional Forum Statement on Cooperative Counter-Terrorist
Action on Border Security, Adopted on 17 June 2003 ..............................
Co-Chairs Summary Report of the ASEAN Regional Forum Workshop
on Managing the Consequences of a Major Terrorist Attack, Darwin,
Australia, 3 - 5 June 2003 ......................................................................
ASEAN Regional Forum Workshop on Managing the Consequences of a
Major Terrorist Attack, Recommendation to Build on Outcomes from the
Workshop, Darwin, Australia, 3 - 5 June 2003 .......................................
303
315
319
325
329
Report of the ASEAN Regional Forum Inter-Sessional Meeting on Counter

Terrorism and Transnational Crimes (ISM-CTTC), Karambunai, Sabah,
Malaysia, 21 - 22 March 2003 ................................................................
Co-Chairs Summary Report of the Meeting of ARF Inter-sessional
Support Group on Confidence Building Measures, Vientiane, Lao PDR,
26 - 28 March 2003 ...............................................................................
Co-Chairs Summary Report of the Meeting of ARF Inter-sessional
Support Group on Confidence Building Measures, Wellington, New
Zealand, 20 - 22 November 2002 ...........................................................
Statement by the Chairman of the ARF on the Tragic Terrorist Bombing
Attacks in Bali, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 16 October 2002 ...................
331
339
349
359
THE ELEVENTH ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM

Jakarta, Indonesia, 2 July 2004
n
n
n
n
n
n
n

Co-Chairs Summary Report of the Meeting of the ARF Inter-sessional
Support Group on Confidence Building Measures, Yangon, Myanmar,
11 - 14 April 2004 ..................................................................................
Co-Chairs Summary Report of the Second ARF Inter-Sessional Meeting
on Counter-Terrorism and Transnational Crime, Manila, Philippines,
30 - 31 March 2004 ...............................................................................
Co-Chairs Summary of ARF Workshop on Preventive Diplomacy, Tokyo,
Japan, 16 - 17 March 2004 .....................................................................
Co-ChairsSummary Report of the Meeting of the ARF Inter-sessional
Support Group on Confidence Building Measures, Beijing, China, 20 - 22
November 2003 ......................................................................................
ARF Statement on Strengthening Transport Security Against International
Terrorism, Jakarta, Indonesia, 2 July 2004 ............................................
ARF Statement on Non-Proliferation, Jakarta, Indonesia, 2 July 2004 ....
Guidelines for the Operation of the ARF EEPs .......................................
363
371
379
385
389
397
403
407
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THE FIRST
B ANGKOK , T HAILAND , 25 J ULY 1994
CHAIRMANS STATEMENT
BANGKOK, THAILAND, 25 JULY 1994
1.
The First Meeting of the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) was held in Bangkok
on 25 July 1994 in accordance with the 1992 Singapore Declaration of the
Fourth ASEAN Summit, whereby the ASEAN Heads of State and Government
proclaimed their intent to intensify ASEANs external dialogues in political and security
matters as a means of building cooperative ties with states in the Asia-Pacific region.
2.
Attending the Meeting were the Foreign Ministers of ASEAN, ASEANs Dialogue Partners,
ASEANs Consultative Partners, and ASEANs Observers or their representatives. The
Minister of Foreign Affairs of Thailand, served as Chairman of the Meeting.
3.
Being the first time ever that high-ranking representatives from the majority of states
in the Asia-Pacific region came to specifically discuss political and security cooperation
issues, the Meeting was considered a historic event for the region. More importantly, the
Meeting signified the opening of a new chapter of peace, stability and cooperation for
Southeast Asia.
4.
The participants of the Meeting held a productive exchange of views on the current
political and security situation in the Asia-Pacific region, recognizing that developments
in one part of the region could have an impact on the security of the region as whole. It
was agreed that, as a high-level consultative forum, the ARF had enabled the countries
in the Asia-Pacific region to foster the habit of constructive dialogue and consultation
on political and security issues of common interest and concern. In this respect, the ARF
would be in a position to make significant contributions to efforts towards confidencebuilding and preventive diplomacy in the Asia-Pacific region.
5.
Bearing in mind the importance of non-proliferation of nuclear weapons in the

maintenance of international peace and security, the Meeting welcomed the continuation
of US-DPRK negotiation and endorsed the early resumption of inter-Korean dialogue.
6.
The Meeting agreed to:

6.1.
Convene the ARF on an annual basis and hold the second meeting in Brunei
Darussalam in 1995; and
6.2.
7.
8.
Endorse the purposes and principles of ASEANs Treaty of Amity and Cooperation
in Southeast Asia, as a code of conduct governing relations between states and
a unique diplomatic instrument for regional confidence-building, preventive
diplomacy, and political and security cooperation.
The Meeting also agreed to entrust the next Chairman of the ARF, Brunei Darussalam,
working in consultation with ARF participants as appropriate, to:
7.1.
Collate and study all papers and ideas raised during the ARF Senior Officials
Meeting and the ARF in Bangkok for submission to the second ARF through the
second ARF-SOM, both of which to be held in Brunei Darussalam. Ideas which
might be the subjects of such further study including confidence and security
building, nuclear non-proliferation, peacekeeping cooperation including
regional peacekeeping training centre, exchanges of non classified military
information, maritime security issues, and preventive diplomacy;
7.2.
Study the comprehensive concept of security, including its economic and social
aspects, as it pertains to the Asia-Pacific region;
7.3.
Study other relevant internationally recognized norms and principles pertaining

to international and regional political and security cooperation for their possible
contribution to regional political and security cooperation;
7.4.
Promote the eventual participation of all ARF countries in the UN Conventional

Arms Register; and
7.5.
Convene, if necessary, informal meetings of officials to study all relevant papers

and suggestions to move the ARF process forward.
Recognizing the need to develop a more predictable constructive pattern of relationships

for the Asia-Pacific region, the Meeting expressed its firm conviction to continue to work
towards the strengthening and the enhancement of political and security cooperation
within the region as a means of ensuring a lasting peace, stability, and prosperity for the
region and its peoples.
Note
ASEAN consists of Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and
Thailand. ASEANs Dialogue Partners are: Australia, Canada, the European Union, Japan,
New Zealand, Republic of Korea, and the United States. ASEANs Consultative Partners are
China and Russia. ASEANs Observers are Laos, Papua New Guinea, and Viet Nam.
THE SECOND
BANDAR SERI BEGAWAN, BRUNEI DARUSSALAM, 1 AUGUST 1995
CHAIRMANS STATEMENT
BANDAR SERI BEGAWAN, BRUNEI DARUSSALAM, 1 AUGUST 1995
1.
The Second ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) was held on 1 August 1995 in Bandar Seri
Begawan. The Meeting was chaired by His Royal Highness Prince Mohamed Bolkiah,
Minister of Foreign Affairs of Brunei Darussalam.
2.
The Forum was attended by all ARF participants. The Secretary-General of ASEAN was
also present.
3.
The Ministers welcomed Cambodia to the ARF.
4.
The Ministers expressed their satisfaction at the level of stability in the Asia Pacific
Region. They noted the ways in which cooperative relationships were developing
constructively. In this regard, the Ministers noted the many positive steps taken since the
first ARF in Bangkok in July 1994, particularly those which built confidence and created
greater transparency. In this respect, they noted the participants willingness to address
substantive security issues in a spirit of mutual respect, equality and cooperation.
5.
The Ministers expressed their appreciation for the consultations conducted by the
Chairman of ARF, Brunei Darussalam, with ARF participants to obtain their views
in preparation for the ARF. Based on the inputs and proposals, ASEAN has produced
The ASEAN Regional Forum - A Concept Paper, as annexed.
6.
The Ministers considered and endorsed the Report of the Chairman of the ARF-SOM. In
particular, they adopted the following proposals in the context of the Concept Paper:
6.1.
GOALS AND EXPECTATIONS

6.1.1. The ARF participants shall continue to work closely to ensure and
preserve the current environment of peace, prosperity and stability in
the Asia Pacific;
6.1.2. The ARF shall continue to be a forum for open dialogue and consultation
on regional political and security issues, to discuss and reconcile the
differing views between ARF participants in order to reduce the risk to
security; and
6.1.3. The ARF recognizes that the concept of comprehensive security includes
not only military aspects but also political, economic, social and other
issues.
6.2.
METHOD AND APPROACH

6.2.1. A successful ARF requires the active, full and equal participation
and cooperation of all participants. However, ASEAN undertakes the
obligation to be the primary driving force;
6.2.2. The ARF process shall move at a pace comfortable to all participants;
6.2.3. The approach shall be evolutionary, taking place in three broad stages,
namely the promotion of condence building, development of preventive
diplomacy and elaboration of approaches to conicts. The ARF process
is now at Stage I, and shall continue to discuss means of implementing
condence building. Stage II, particularly where the subject matter overlap,
can proceed in tandem with Stage I. Discussions will continue regarding
the incorporation of elaboration of approaches to conicts, as an eventual
goal, into the ARF process.
6.2.4. Decisions of the ARF shall be made through consensus after careful and
extensive consultations among all participants.
6.3.
PARTICIPATION
6.3.1. The participants of the ARF comprise ASEAN Member States, Observers,
Consultative and Dialogue Partners of ASEAN. Any new application
should be submitted to the Chairman of the ARF who will then consult
the other ARF participants; and
6.3.2. To request the next Chairman, to study the question of future participation
and develop the criteria for the consideration of the Third ARF through
the ARF-SOM.
6.4.
ORGANISATION OF THE ARF

6.4.1. There shall be an annual ARF in the context of the ASEAN Ministerial
Meeting and Post Ministerial Conferences to be preceded by ARF-SOM;
6.4.2. The ARF process would move along two tracks. Track one activities will
be carried out by ARF governments. Track Two activities shall be carried
out by strategic institutes and relevant non-governmental organizations
to which all ARF participants should be eligible. To be meaningful
and relevant, the ARF Chairman shall ensure that Track Two activities
as indicated in Annex B result from full consultations with all ARF
participants; and
6.4.3. The ARF shall be apprised of all Track One and Track Two activities
through the current Chairman of the ARF, who will be the main link
between Track One and Track Two.
6.5.
IMPLEMENTATION OF IDEAS AND PROPOSALS

6.5.1. In order to assist the Chairman of the ARF-SOM to consider and make
recommendations to the ARF on the implementation of the proposals
agreed by the ARF participants as indicated in Annex A of the Concept
Paper, the following shall be convened at the inter-governmental level:
a.
Inter-sessional Support Group (ISG) on Confidence Building, in

particular, dialogue on security perceptions and defense policy
papers; and
b.
Inter-sessional Meetings (ISMs) on Cooperative Activities including

inter-alia, Peacekeeping.
6.5.2. ISG and ISMs shall be governed the following by guidelines:

a.
ISG and ISMs shall be co-chaired by ASEAN and non-ASEAN

participants;
b.
ISG and ISMs shall be held in between ARF-SOMS; and
6.5.3. Findings of the ISG and ISMs shall be presented to the ARF-SOM in
Indonesia in 1996. The possible continuation of the mandate of the ISG
and ISMs shall be reviewed at that time.
7.
In this regard the Ministers agreed that Indonesia would co-chair the ISGs on CBMs with
Japan; Malaysia would co-chair the ISMs on Peacekeeping Operations with Canada; and
Singapore would co-chair the ISMs Seminar on Search and Rescue Coordination and
Cooperation with the United States.
8.
9.
The Ministers also agreed on the following:

8.1.
To encourage all ARF countries to enhance their dialogues and consultations on

political and security cooperation including exchanges on security perceptions
on a bilateral, sub-regional and regional basis;
8.2.
For the ARF countries to submit to the ARF or ARF-SOM, on a voluntary basis, an
annual statement of their defense policy;
8.3.
On the benefits of increased high level contacts and exchanges between military
academies, staff colleges and training; and
8.4.
To take note of the increased participation in the UN Conventional Arms Register

since the first ARF and encourage those not yet participating to soon do so.
The Ministers expressed the view that their endorsement of such specific ideas
and proposals provided sufficient direction for the ARF process at this stage. They
also reaffirmed their belief that the Asia Pacific Region currently had a historically
unprecedented opportunity to establish and consolidate long term conditions for peace
and stability.
10. The Ministers also received the reports of the following seminars on Building of
Confidence and Trust in the Asia Pacific, held in November 1994 in Canberra, Australia;
Seminar on Peacekeeping: Challenges and opportunities for the ASEAN Regional Forum,
held in March 1995 in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam; Seminar on Preventive
Diplomacy, held in May 1995, Seoul, Republic of Korea. They commended the hosts and
sponsors of those seminars for their efforts and agreed that the arrangements under the
Track Two process should continue. They also noted the Russian offer to host a Track
Two seminar in Spring of 1996 on the proposed Principles of Security and Stability in the
Asia-Pacific Region. They also commended bilateral and multilateral, governmental and
non-governmental consultations and seminars in the Asia Pacific region including the
Indonesian Workshop Series (co-sponsored by Canada) on Managing Potential Conflicts
in the South China Sea as a useful means of enhancing dialogue and cooperation.
11. Noting the overall stable environment and many areas of ongoing regional cooperation,
the Ministers exchanged views on regional security issues, and highlighted the
following:
11.1. Expressed concern on overlapping sovereignty claims in the region. They
encouraged all claimants to reaffirm their commitment to the principles
contained in relevant international laws and convention, and the ASEANs 1992
Declaration on the South China Sea;
10
11.2. Recognized that the Korean Peninsula issue has a direct bearing on peace
and security in the Asia-Pacific. They welcomed the recent US-DPRK talks
held in Kuala Lumpur and expressed the hope that this would lead to the full
implementation of the Agreed Framework of 21 October 1994. The Ministers
urged the resumption of dialogue between the Republic of Korea and the
Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea and believed that it would assist in the
successful implementation of the Agreed Framework and the maintenance of
peace and stability on the Korean Peninsula. The ministers also recognized
the importance which international support for the Korean Peninsula Energy
Organisation (KEDO) has for the implementation of the Agreed Framework;
11.3. Expressed their support for the efforts of the Royal Government of Cambodia to
achieve security, promote national stability and economic recovery; and
11.4. Emphasized the importance of non-proliferation of nuclear weapons in
promoting regional peace and stability. They welcomed the commitment by all
parties to the Non-Proliferation Treaty to conclude a Comprehensive Test Ban
Treaty by 1996. Those countries who plan to conduct further nuclear tests were
called upon by all other ARF member states to bring immediate end to such
testing. They also endorsed the nuclear-weapon free zones, such as the South
Pacific Nuclear Free Zone, in strengthening the international non-proliferation
regime and expressed the hope that all nuclear weapon states would in the very
near future adhere to the relevant Protocols. They noted with satisfaction the
progress made towards the establishment of the South East Asia Nuclear Weapon
Free Zone and encouraged further consultations on this issue with those states
that would be significantly affected by the establishment of the zone.
11
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THE ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM:

A CONCEPT PAPER
Introduction
1.
The Asia-Pacific region is experiencing an unprecedented period of peace and prosperity.

For the first time in a century or more, the guns are virtually silent. There is a growing
trend among the states in the region to enhance dialogue on political and security
cooperation. The Asia-Pacific is also the most dynamic region in the world in terms of
economic growth. The centre of the worlds economic gravity is shifting into the region.
The main challenge of the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) is to sustain and enhance this
peace and prosperity.
2.
This is not an easy challenge. The region has experienced some of the most disastrous
wars of the twentieth century. It is also a remarkably diverse region where big and small
countries co-exist. They differ significantly in levels of development. There are cultural,
ethnic, religious and historical differences to overcome. Habits of cooperation are not
deep-seated in some parts of the region.
3.
ASEAN has a pivotal role to play in the ARF. It has a demonstrable record of enhancing
regional cooperation in the most diverse sub-region of the Asia-Pacific. It has also fostered
habits of cooperation and provided the catalyst for encouraging regional cooperation in
the wider Asia-Pacific region. The annual ASEAN Ministerial Meetings have contributed
significantly to the positive regional environment today. There would be great hope for
the Asia-Pacific if the whole region could emulate ASEANs record of enhancing the
peace and prosperity of its participants.
4.
Although ASEAN has undertaken the obligation to be the primary driving force of the ARF,
a successful ARF requires the active participation and cooperation of all participants.
ASEAN must always be sensitive to and take into account the interests and concerns of
all ARF participants.
The Challenges
5.
To successfully preserve and enhance the peace and prosperity of the region, the ARF
must dispassionately analyze the key challenges facing the region. Firstly, it should
acknowledge that periods of rapid economic growth are often accompanied by significant
13
shifts in power relations. This can lead to conflict. The ARF will have to carefully manage
these transitions to preserve the peace. Secondly, the region is remarkably diverse. The
ARF should recognize and accept the different approaches to peace and security and try
to forge a consensual approach to security issues. Thirdly, the region has a residue of
unresolved territorial and other differences. Any one of these could spark conflagration
that could undermine the peace and prosperity of the region. Over time, the ARF will
have to gradually defuse these potential problems.
6.
It would be unwise for a young and fragile process like the ARF to tackle all these
challenges simultaneously. A gradual evolutionary approach is required. This evolution
can take place in three stages:
Stage I
: Promotion of Confidence-Building Measures
Stage II
: Development of Preventive Diplomacy Mechanisms
Stage III : Development of Conflict-Resolution Mechanisms

7.
The participants of the first ARF Ministerial Meeting in Bangkok in July 1994 agreed
on the need to develop a more predictable and constructive pattern of relations for
the Asia-Pacific region. In its initial phase, the ARF should therefore concentrate on
enhancing the trust and confidence amongst participants and thereby foster a regional
environment conducive to maintaining the peace and prosperity of the region.
Stage I
8.
14
: Promotion of Confidence-Building Measures
In promoting confidence-building measures, the ARF may adopt two complementary

approaches. The first approach derives from ASEANs experience, which provides a
valuable and proven guide for the ARF. ASEAN has succeeded in reducing, tensions
among its Member States, promoting regional cooperation and creating a regional
climate conducive to peace and prosperity without the implementation of explicit
confidence-building measures, achieving conditions approximating those envisaged in
the Declaration of Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality (ZOPFAN). The concepts of
ZOPFAN and its essential component, the Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapons-Free Zone
(SEANFWZ), are significantly contributing to regional peace and stability. ASEANs
well established practices of consultation and consensus (musyawarah and mufakat)
have been significantly enhanced by the regular exchanges of high-level visits among
ASEAN countries. This pattern of regular visits has effectively developed into a preventive
diplomacy channel. In the Asian context, there is some merit to the ASEAN approach. It
emphasizes the need to develop trust and confidence among neighbouring states.
9.
The principles of good neighbourliness, which are elaborated in the concept of ZOPFAN,
are enshrined in the 1976 Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia (TAC).
One simple concrete way of expanding the ASEAN experience is to encourage the ARF
participants to associate themselves with the TAC. It is significant that the first ARF
meeting in Bangkok agreed to endorse the purposes and principles of ASEAN Treaty
of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia as a code of conduct governing relations
between states and a unique diplomatic instrument for regional confidence-building,
preventive diplomacy, and political and security cooperation.
10. The second approach is the implementation of concrete confidence-building measures.

The first ARF meeting, in Bangkok entrusted the next Chairman of the ARF, Brunei
Darussalam, to study all the ideas presented by ARF participants and to also study other
relevant internationally recognized norms, principles and practices. After extensive
consultations, the ASEAN countries have prepared two lists of confidence-building
measures. The first list (Annex A) spells out measures which can be explored and
implemented by ARF participants in the immediate future. The second list (Annex B) is
an indicative list of other proposals which can be explored over the medium and longterm by ARF participants and also considered in the immediate future by the Track Two
process. These lists include possible preventive diplomacy and other measures.
11. Given the delicate nature of many of the subjects being considered by the ARF, there is
merit in moving the ARF process along two tracks. Track One activities will be carried
out by governments. Track Two activities will be carried out by strategic institutes and
non-government organizations in the region, such as ASEAN-ISIS and CSCAP. To be
meaningful and relevant, the Track Two activities may focus, as much as possible, on
the current concerns of the ARF. The synergy between the two tracks would contribute
greatly to confidence-building measures in the region. Over time, these Track Two
activities should result in the creation of a sense of community among participants of
those activities.
Moving Beyond Stage 1
12. There remains a residue of unresolved territorial and other disputes that could be
sources of tension or conflict. If the ARF is to become, over time, a meaningful vehicle
to enhance the peace and prosperity of the region, it will have to demonstrate that it is
a relevant instrument to be used in the event that a crisis or problem emerges. The ARF
meeting in Bangkok demonstrated this by taking a stand on the Korean issue at the very
first meeting. This was a signal that the ARF is ready to address any challenge to the
peace and security of the region.
13. Over time, the ARF must develop its own mechanisms to carry out preventive diplomacy
and conflict-resolution. In doing so, the ARF will face unique challenges. There are
15
no established roads or procedures for it to follow. Without a high degree of confidence

among ARF participants, it is unlikely that they will agree to the establishment of
mechanisms which are perceived to be intrusive and/or autonomous. This is a political
reality the ARF should recognize. However, it would be useful in the initial phase for
the Track Two process to consider and investigate a variety of preventive diplomacy
and conflict-resolution mechanisms. A good start was made with the three workshops
organized by the International Studies Centre (Thailand) and Institute of Policy Studies
(Singapore) on ASEAN-UN Cooperation for Peace and Preventive Diplomacy, and the
Indonesia-sponsored series of workshops on the South China Sea.
Stage II
: Development of Preventive Diplomacy
14. Preventive diplomacy would be a natural follow-up to condence building measures. Some
suggestions for preventive diplomacy measures are spelled out in Annexes A and B.
Stage III : Conflict Resolution
15. It is not envisaged that the ARF would establish mechanisms for conflict resolution
in the immediate future. The establishment of such mechanisms is an eventual goal
that ARF participants should pursue as they proceed to develop the ARF as a vehicle for
promoting regional peace and stability.
Organization of ARF activities
16. There shall be an annual ARF Ministerial Meeting in an ASEAN capital just after the
ASEAN Ministerial Meeting. The host country will chair the meeting. The incoming
Chairman of the ASEAN Standing Committee will chair all inter-sessional Track One
activities of the ARF.
17. The ARF shall be apprised of all Track Two activities through the current Chairman of
the Track One activities, who will be the main link between Track One and Track Two
activities.
18. In the initial phase of the ARF, no institutionalization is expected. Nor should a Secretariat
be established in the near future. ASEAN shall be the repository of all ARF documents
and information and provide the necessary support to sustain ARF activities.
19. The participants of the ARF comprise the ASEAN Member States, the Observers, and
Consultative and Dialogue Partners of ASEAN. Applications to participate in the ARF
shall be submitted to the Chairman of the ARF who will then consult the other ARF
participants.
16
20. The rules of procedure of ARF meetings shall be based on prevailing ASEAN norms
and practices. Decisions should be made by consensus after careful and extensive
consultations. No voting will take place. In accordance with prevailing ASEAN practices,
the Chairman of the ASEAN Standing Committee shall provide the secretarial support
and coordinate ARF activities.
21. The ARF should also progress at a pace comfortable to all participants. The ARF should
not move too fast for those who want to go slow and not too slow for those who want to
go fast.
Conclusion
22. ARF participants should not assume that the success of the ARF can be taken for granted.
ASEANs experience shows that success is a result of hard work and careful adherence to
the rule of consensus. ARF participants will have to work equally hard and be equally
sensitive to ensure that the ARF process stays on track.
23. The ARF must be accepted as a sui generis organization. It has no established
precedents to follow. A great deal of innovation and ingenuity will be required to keep
the ARF moving forward while at the same time ensure that it enjoys the support of its
diverse participants. This is a major challenge both for the ASEAN countries and other
ARF participants. The UN Secretary-Generals Agenda for Peace has recognized that
just as no two regions or situations are the same, so the design of cooperative work
and its division of labour must adjust to the realities of each case with flexibility and
creativity.
17
18
ANNEX A
I.
CONFIDENCE-BUILDING MEASURES
Principles
1.
The development of a set of basic principles to ensure a common understanding

and approach to interstate relations in the region; and
2.
Adoption of comprehensive approaches to security.
Transparency
3.
Dialogue on security perceptions, including voluntary statements of defense

policy positions;
4.
Defense publications such as Defense White Papers or equivalent documents as

considered necessary by respective governments;
5.
Participation in UN Conventional Arms Register;
6.
Enhanced contacts, including high level visits and recreational activities;
7.
Exchanges between military academies, staff colleges and training;
8.
Observers at military exercises on voluntary basis; and
9.
Annual seminar for defense officials and military officers on selected

international security issues.
II. PREVENTIVE DIPLOMACY

1.
Develop a set of guidelines for the peaceful settlement of disputes, taking into
account the principles in the UN Charter and the TAC;
2.
Promote the recognition and acceptance of the purposes and principles of the
TAC and its provisions for the pacific settlement of disputes, as endorsed by the
UNGA in Resolution 47/53(B) on 9 December 1992; and
3.
Seek the endorsement of other countries for the ASEAN Declaration on the South
China Sea in order to strengthen its political and moral effect (as endorsed by
the Programme of Action for ZOPFAN).
19
III. NON-PROLIFERATION AND ARMS CONTROL

1.
Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapons-Free Zone (SEANWFZ).
IV. PEACEKEEPING
V.
1.
Seminars/Workshops on peacekeeping issues; and
2.
Exchange of information and experiences relating to UN Peacekeeping

Operations.
MARITIME SECURITY COOPERATION

1.
20
Disaster Prevention.
ANNEX B
I.
CONFIDENCE-BUILDING MEASURES
1.
Further exploration of Regional Arms Register;
2.
Regional security studies center/coordination of existing security studies

activities;
3.
Maritime information data bases;
4.
Cooperative approaches to sea lines of communication, beginning with exchanges

of information and training in such areas as search and rescue, piracy and drug
control;
5.
Mechanism to mobilize relief assistance in the event of natural disaster;
6.
Establishment of zones of cooperation in areas such as the South China Sea;
7.
Systems of prior notification of major military deployments that have regionwide application; and
8.
Encourage arms manufacturers and supplier to disclose the destination of their

arms exports.
II. PREVENTIVE DIPLOMACY

1.
Explore and devise ways and means to prevent conflict;
2.
Explore the idea of appointing Special Representatives, in consultation with ARF

members, to undertake fact-finding missions, at the request of parties involved
to an issue, and to offer their good offices, as necessary; and
3.
Explore the idea of establishing a Regional Risk Reduction Center as suggested

by the UN Secretary-General in his Agenda for Peace and as commended by
UNGA Resolution 47/120 (see section IV, operative para 4). Such a center could
serve as a data base for the exchange of information.
III. NON-PROLIFERATION AND ARMS CONTROL

1.
A regional or sub-regional arrangement agreeing not to acquire or deploy

ballistic missiles.
21
IV. PEACEKEEPING
1.
V.
Explore the possibility of establishing a peacekeeping center.
MARITIME SECURITY COOPERATION

1.
A multilateral agreement on the avoidance of naval incidents that apply to both

local and external navies;
2.
Sea Level/Climate Monitoring System;
3.
Establishment of an ASEAN Relief and Assistance Force and a Maritime Safety

(or Surveillance) Unit to look after the safety of the waters in the region;
4.
Convention on the Marine Environment

- Dumping of Toxic Wastes
- Land-based Sources of Marine Pollution;
22
5.
Maritime surveillance; and
6.
Explore the idea of joint marine scientific research.
THE THIRD
JAKARTA, INDONESIA, 23 JULY 1996
24
CHAIRMANS STATEMENT
1.
The Third ASEAN Regional Forum was held in Jakarta on 23 July 1996. The Meeting was
chaired by H.E. Mr. Ali Alatas, Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia.
2.
The Meeting was attended by all ARF participants. The Secretary General of ASEAN was
also present.
3.
The Ministers recalled the decision of the Second ASEAN Regional Forum Ministerial
Meeting in Brunei Darussalam in July 1995, requesting the Chairman of the ARF to study
the question of future participation and to develop a set of criteria for such participation
for the consideration of the Third ARF through the ARF-SOM.
4.
The Meeting noted with appreciation the round of consultations made by the Chairman
with the representatives of ARF participants to obtain their views on the matter. On the
basis of the inputs and comments received, the Chairman had prepared a paper on
criteria for participation in the ARF.
5.
In this regard, the Ministers considered the guiding principles and criteria suggested in
the Chairmans Paper on Criteria for Participation in the ARF as recommended by the
ARF-SOM and agreed on the following:
5.1.
Guiding Principles
i.
Any new participant must subscribe to and work cooperatively to help

achieve ARFs key goals. As stated in the ARF Concept Paper (which
was annexed to the Chairmans Statement of 1 August 1995), the main
challenge of the ARF is to sustain and enhance the unprecedented
period of peace and prosperity now enjoyed by the Asia-Pacific region.
All participants should work to develop an agenda which focuses on the
security concerns of the Asia-Pacific region.
ii.
The ARF should only admit participants that can directly affect the
peace and security of the region on which the ARF shall focus its peacebuilding and peace making efforts. As the Asia-Pacific region could
theoretically cover a large part of the worlds surface (including the two
25
American continents), it would be wise to spell out clearly the specific

region - or the geographical footprint - that the ARF will concentrate
on. It is clear that there is already an implicit consensus among ARF
participants that this geographical footprint will cover all of East Asia,
both Northeast and Southeast Asia, as well as Oceania. In the short term,
it would not be wise to expand this geographical scope for the key ARF
activities. (Some ARF activities, for example, Cooperation on Search and
Rescue, will cover the larger Asia Pacific region and not just East Asia).
5.2.
iii.
The ARF should expand carefully and cautiously. As the ARF process
is barely three years old, it would be advisable to consolidate the ARF
process before expanding it rapidly. Each new participant must be
admitted on the firm understanding that its participation is necessary
for the ARF to accomplish its key goals.
iv.
All questions regarding participation should be decided by consultations

among all ARF participants. As stated in the Chairmans Statement of
1 August 1995, A successful ARF requires the active, full and equal
participation and cooperation of all participants. However, ASEAN
undertakes the obligation to be the primary driving force. The following
paragraph states The ARF process shall move at a pace comfortable to all
participants. These statements suggest that regarding ARF participation
the ARF will have to take into consideration both the views of all the
participants and the special needs and interests of the ASEAN States.
Hence, all members of ASEAN shall automatically become participants
of ARF.
(Note: The founding fathers of ASEAN agreed in 1967 that ASEAN will
eventually become a community of ten, encompassing all Southeast
Asian States).
Criteria
Bearing these principles in mind, the ARF participants agree that the criteria for
new participants should be as follows:
i) Commitment:
26
All new participants, who will all be sovereign

states, must subscribe to, and work cooperatively
to help achieve the ARFs key goals. Prior to their
admission, all new participants should agree to abide
by and respect fully the decisions and statements
already made by the ARF. All ASEAN members are
automatically participants of ARF.
ii) Relevance:
A new participant should be admitted only if it can be

demonstrated that it has an impact on the peace and
security of the geographical footprint of key ARF
activities (i.e. Northeast and Southeast Asia as well as
Oceania).
iii) Gradual expansion:
Efforts must be made to control the number of

participants to a manageable level to ensure the
effectiveness of the ARF.
iv) Consultations:
All applications for participation should be submitted

to the Chairman of the ARF, who will consult all the
other ARF participants at the SOM and ascertain
whether a consensus exists for the admission of the
new participant. Actual decisions on participation
will be approved by the Ministers.
6.
The Ministers welcomed India and Myanmar joining the ARF as new participants and
took note of their express commitment to help achieve the ARFs key goals and to abide
by and respect fully the decisions and statements already made by the ARF.
7.
The Meeting discussed a wide range of issues relevant to the question of peace and
security of the Asia-Pacific region. In this context, they highlighted the following:
(i)
The signing of the SEANWFZ Treaty by all Heads of Government of Southeast Asia
countries in Bangkok in December 1995 signifies another important contribution
of the countries of Southeast Asia to the strengthening of the security in the region
and to the maintenance of world peace and stability. This is consistent with the
1995 NPT Review welcoming the development of further nuclear weapons free
zones.
(ii)
Nuclear testing remains a concern in the region. The Meeting welcomed the end
of nuclear testing in the South Pacic and conrmed their understanding that
the Asia Pacic region would shortly be free of nuclear testing. The Meeting called
upon all states participating in the Conference on Disarmament, in particular the
nuclear weapons states, to conclude, as a task of the highest priority, a universal and
multilaterally effectively veriable comprehensive nuclear test ban treaty which shall
contribute to nuclear disarmament and the prevention of the proliferation of nuclear
weapons in all its aspects so as to enable its signature by the outset of the fty-rst
session of the UNGA. The Meeting expressed the hope that the on-going negotiations
in the Conference on Disarmament to be reconvened on 29 July 1996 would lead to a
CTBT which would receive the support of all concerned parties.
27
(iii) With reference to the issue of the global elimination of anti-personnel mines, the
Meeting welcomed the decisions of several states to impose moratoria and ban
on the production, export and operational use of these weapons. The Meeting
recognized the need, following conflict, for reinforcing international support for
efforts to detect and remove landmines and to assist victims.
(iv) On the South China Sea, the Meeting welcomed the efforts by countries concerned
to seek solutions by peaceful means in accordance with international law in
general and with the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982
in particular. The Meeting also noted the positive contributions made by the
Workshop Series on Managing Potential Conflicts in the South China Sea.
(v)
Bearing in mind the importance of peace and security on the Korean Peninsula,
the Meeting stressed the need to establish a peace mechanism and also emphasized
that the 1953 Armistice Agreement until then should remain valid. The Meeting
reiterated the importance of the resumption of dialogue between the Republic
of Korea and the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea. The Meeting noted
the importance of the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization
(KEDO) and encouraged ARF participants to consider giving further financial
and political support to KEDO.
8.
The Ministers considered the Track One and Track Two activities since the Second ARF
in Bandar Seri Begawan.
9.
The Ministers took note with appreciation of the Summary Reports of the Track-One
activities presented by the respective co-chairmen of the activities, namely the meetings
of the Inter-sessional Support Group (ISG) on Confidence Building Measures held in
Tokyo on 18 - 19 January 1996 and in Jakarta on 15 - 16 April 1996, the Inter-sessional
Meeting (ISM) on Peace Keeping Operations held in Kuala Lumpur on 1-3 April 1996 and
the Inter-sessional Meeting (ISM) on Search and Rescue Cooperation and Coordination
held in Honolulu on 4 - 7 March 1996.
10. In this connection, the Ministers endorsed the proposals made by the Track-One Activities
which appear in their respective Summary Reports as follows:
A.
The Inter-Sessional Support Group on Confidence Building Measures

1.
Dialogue on Security Perceptions:

a.
28
Dialogue on security perceptions should be continued within the

ARF process, including at inter-sessional meetings.
b.
2.
3.
4.
Information-sharing on dialogue and other activities of the

ARF participants should be continued on the basis of papers
voluntarily submitted by participants. Such papers could also cover
defense contacts and exchange programmes undertaken by the
participants.
Defense Policy Publication:

a.
The ARF participants are further encouraged to submit annually

a defense policy statement to the ARF SOM on a voluntary basis.
Regular publication of defense white papers or similar papers
would also be welcomed.
b.
Exchanges of views on the information provided in such statements

and papers should be encouraged in future ARF dialogues.
Enhancing High-level Defense Contacts and Exchanges among Defense

Staff Colleges and Training.
a.
ARF SOM is open to defense representatives and encourages their

greater participation in inter-sessional activities.
b.
The ARF participants should be encouraged to submit papers on

their defense contacts and other exchange programmes to the
ARF SOM. Such papers could cover security dialogues and other
activities they undertake.
c.
The ARF participants should be encouraged to conduct exchanges

among national defense colleges, including information sharing
and personnel exchanges, and to convene a meeting of heads of
national defense colleges or equivalent to this end.
The UN Register of Conventional Arms (UNRCA)

a.
The discussions on the UN Register within the ARF framework

should be continued, with a view to enhancing security in the
region;
b.
The ARF participants should be encouraged to circulate on a

voluntary basis the same data to the ARF countries at the time of its
submission to the UN, while avoiding unnecessary administrative
duplication; and
29
c.
5.
6.
B.
The ARF participants should be encouraged to work together within

the UN to promote more global participation in the UN Register.
Additional Confidence Building Measures

a.
Completing and maintaining a current list of ARF contact points;
b.
Exchanging information on the role of defense authorities in

disaster relief, and considering the convening of an intersessional
meeting on this matter;
c.
Exchanging information on a voluntary basis on some of the

on-going observer participation in and on-going notification of
military exercises among ARF participants with a view to discussing
the possibilities of such measures in selected exercises;
d.
Encouraging the participants to support actively internationally

recognized global arms control and disarmament legal agreements,
specifically Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), the Chemical Weapons
Convention (CWC), the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) and
the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) and the
successful conclusion of CTBT.
The ISG on CBMs should continue its activities for another year in order
to review the implementation of CBMs to be approved by the Third ARF
Ministerial Meeting, and to further discuss measures to be promoted
in the future, with particular emphasis on proposals identified in the
summary Report (Annex D).
The Inter-Sessional Meeting (ISM on Search and Rescue Coordination and

Cooperation)
A meeting of SAR experts and officials who are familiar with the ARF process
should be convened to further discuss and explore cooperation in the following
areas:
30
a.
The increased sharing of training facilities and expertise in the region

to enhance the capabilities of SAR personnel.
b.
Further cooperation between training institutions and the facilitation of

a greater flow of information, for example, with the establishment of a
directory of training courses.
C.
c.
Movements towards standardization of SAR manuals, training and

procedures.
d.
Possible increased practical training and exercises such as attaching SAR

personnel to the Rescue Coordination Centers (RCCs) of other countries
for on-the-job training and experience; training of personnel other than
SAR Mission Coordinators (SMCs) such as pilots and medical personnel
involved in SAR; conducting paper and field exercises; and exploring the
possibility of establishing an internet web site between RCCs.
The Inter-Sessional Meeting (ISM) on Peacekeeping Operations

1.
2.
Current Status of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations

a.
ARF participants work together more closely within the ARF context
and also in the United Nations Special Committee on Peace Keeping
Operations as part of an ongoing dialogue to exchange views and
experiences on UN Peacekeeping Operations.
b.
ARF participants are encouraged to become Parties to the Convention

on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel.
c.
ARF participants endeavour to pay their assessed contributions to

peace keeping operations on time, in full and without conditions.
Training for Peace Support Operations

a.
ARF participants promote greater sharing of peace keeping

experience and expertise among ARF participants voluntarily
through, inter-alia:
holding training courses on specialized peacekeeping topics;
sharing curricula and course information;
developing a roster of peacekeeping trainers;
offering available places in national training programmes to
other ARF participants;
assisting where possible in financing of peacekeeping training;
31
fostering cooperation among national peace keeping training

centers.
3.
b.
ARF participants use United Nations training manuals and

materials as the basis of their training programmes for national
contributions to UN peacekeeping operations.
c.
ARF participants are encouraged to support the peacekeeping

capacity of the UN through loan of military and civilian personnel
and through other bilateral arrangements.
Stand-by Arrangements
a.
ARF participants work closely, according to their capabilities, with

UNDPKO to reinforce the ability of the UN to respond effectively
and rapidly to crisis situations.
b.
ARF participants consider, where possible, taking part in the

Standby Arrangements in order to facilitate the planning and
deployment of UN peacekeeping
11. Pursuant to the relevant recommendations of the ISG on CBMs, the Ministers agreed that
the ISG on CBMs continue its activities for another year and an ISM on Disaster Relief
be convened. Similarly, the ISM on Search and Rescue Coordination and Cooperation
should continue its activities for one more meeting, attended by SAR experts and officials
who are familiar with the ARF process, to be convened in Singapore in the first half of
1997 and remain co-chaired by the present co-chairmen namely Singapore and the
United States.
12. The Ministers also agreed that the ISM on Peacekeeping Operations co-chaired by Canada
and Malaysia continue to function for another year to coordinate the implementation of
the specific recommendations adopted by this ISM, including the convening of a regional
Train the Trainers Workshop in Kuala Lumpur and the conducting of a course on
demining. New Zealand has offered to host the course on demining.
13. The Ministers welcomed the offers made by China and the Philippines to co-host the ISG
on CBMs in Beijing in early March 1997 and by Thailand and New Zealand to co-host the
ISM on Disaster Relief.
14. Pursuant to the decision of the Second ARF Ministerial Meeting, the Ministers noted with
appreciation that a number of participants had submitted defense policy statements or
defense policy papers.
32
15. The Ministers took note of the report presented by the Chairman of the Track Two
Seminar on Principles of Security and Stability in the Asia Pacific held in Moscow on
23 - 24 April 1996. The Ministers observed that the Seminar had been useful, particularly
in promoting better understanding of the respective values and aspirations of the
participants with regard to security and stability in the Asia Pacific and agreed that the
dialogue on the matter should continue.
16. The Ministers also noted the EU proposals: a Track Two Seminar on Nonproliferation
to be co-sponsored by the Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) of
Indonesia and Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP) of Germany and the Peace
Research Centre, Australian National University (ANU) of Australia in Jakarta on 6 - 7
December 1996; a Track Two Seminar on Preventive Diplomacy to be co-sponsored by
LInstitut Francais des Relations Internationales (IFRI) and the Centre for Strategic and
International Studies (CSIS) of Indonesia in Paris on 7 - 8 November 1996.
17. With a view to assisting ARF participants in preparing their human resources for ARF
activities, the Ministers agreed that, in principle, Track One activities be carried out in
the first half of the calendar year while Track Two activities in the second half of the
calendar year.
18. The Minister is also agreed to consider at the next ARF Meetings the question of drug
trafficking and other related trans-national issues such as economic crimes, including
money laundering, which could constitute threats to the security of the countries of the
region.
19. It was noted that the discussions throughout the Meeting remained positive, although
there was some divergence of views on the subjects discussed. The participants were open
and candid in expressing their views but this did not generate tension or dissension in
the room. Instead, there was a tendency towards creating a harmonious environment.
This positive mood demonstrated that the overall trend remains encouraging.
20. The participants also displayed a high degree of comfort in their interactions with each
other. The ARF is still a fairly young process. Its success was never pre-ordained. It is
therefore worth noting that the increasing comfort level among the participants at the
Third ARF demonstrates that the ARF is progressing at a good pace. Future meetings
should try to build upon this demonstrated base of friendly and frank discussions among
the participants as this will in turn pave the way for agreements on substantive issues in
the coming years.
33
34
SUMMARY REPORT OF THE MEETINGS OF

THE ARF INTER-SESSIONAL SUPPORT GROUP
ON CONFIDENCE BUILDING MEASURES
TOKYO, JAPAN, 18 - 19 JANUARY 1996
JAKARTA, INDONESIA, 15 - 16 APRIL 1996
INTRODUCTION
1.
Pursuant to the agreement at the Second Ministerial Meeting of the ARF in Bandar
Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, 1 August 1995, the Inter-Sessional Support Group
(ISG) on Confidence Building Measures, co-chaired by Indonesia and Japan, held two
meetings in Tokyo and Jakarta, on 18 - 19 January and 15 - 16 April 1996, respectively.
The meetings were attended by all the ARF participants, and most participants had
defense officials in their respective delegations.
2.
In these two meetings, which were conducted in a frank and cordial manner, the ISG
had lively and productive discussions on various confidence building measures. Through
these discussions, the momentum of the ARF process has been strengthened and the
meetings marked another important milestone in the process.
3.
The participants reiterated the importance of the promotion and implementation of

confidence-building measures with a view to improving the security environment of the
Asia Pacific region. In this connection, the group noted various proposals concerning
the general approach toward CBM cooperation, including but not limited to respecting
the sovereignty and security interests of the ARF participants, voluntary participation
and agreement on consensus.
4.
The agenda of the ARF ISG on CBM is attached at Annex A. The programme of activities
is attached at Annex B. The list of delegates who attended the meeting is at Annex C.
5.
The following is a summary of the key points discussed.

Agenda item 1: Dialogue on Security Perceptions
6.
The participants exchanged views on the current security situation in the Asia Pacific
region. It was a widely held view that the overall security picture in the region was
positive. There were also views expressed that existing bilateral security arrangements
were conducive to this security environment and that the ARF process was a contributing
factor. Dynamic economic developments in the region as a whole, which required
peaceful security climate, were especially noted as a positive element. The meeting also
35
noted the importance of utilizing dialogue and consultation in resolving differences

among countries and encouraged continuing trend towards this direction. On the other
hand, as earlier observed by the Ministers in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam,
it was pointed out that, in a period of transition, there are still sources of tensions such
as the Korean Peninsula situation, territorial issues and the proliferation of weapons of
mass destruction. It was also pointed out that the region was faced with new challenges
such as environmental issues, drug trafficking and crime.
7.
Given such an overall picture, the participants stressed the importance of security
dialogue and cooperation at regional, sub-regional and bilateral levels. In reviewing the
efforts that the countries in region are conducting, the ISG noted that some delegations
submitted papers on their activities (as attached).
Agenda Item 2: Defense Policy Publications
8.
The ISG was informed by those participants who had already published defense policy
papers and/or defense white papers and/or relevant available information and welcomed
this development. The ISG noted that some of the participants who have not published
such papers had nevertheless briefed the group on their defense policies, and the ISG
encouraged those participants to publish relevant papers in due course on voluntary
basis.
Agenda Item 3: Enhancing High-Level Defense Contacts and Exchanges among Defense
Staff Colleges and Training
9.
The participants reported on their defense contacts and exchanges programmes

with other participants, and some participants submitted papers on their activities
(as attached). It was agreed that defense contacts and exchanges should be maintained
and further developed at various levels.
Agenda Item 4: The UN Register of Conventional Arms (UNRCA)
10. The ISG reviewed the current UN framework from a regional perspective, and the
participants had a very intensive discussion on a number of ideas to enhance transparency
in the Asia-Pacific region. The ISG encouraged those participants that had not yet joined
the Register to do so, and discussed the different views on including voluntary submission
to the UN of background information on holdings and procurement through national
production. The ISG also had an exchange of different views on the need to include the
UN Standardized Reporting on Military Expenditures.
36
11. Concerning the possibility of creating a supplementary regional framework for the arms
register, different views were expressed by the participants. The ISG agreed that this issue
should be further discussed.
Agenda Item 5: Additional Confidence Building Measures
12. The participants had an intensive discussion on the kinds of additional measures which
may be promoted in the ARF process. Many of them need further discussion.
Conclusion
13. The meeting decided to convey the following recommendations to the ASEAN Regional
Forum Senior Officials Meeting (ARF SOM) to be held in Yogyakarta, Indonesia:
13.1. Dialogue on Security Perceptions
13.1.1. Dialogue on security perception should be continued within the ARF
process, including at inter-sessional meetings.
13.1.2. Information sharing on dialogues and other activities of the ARF
participants should be continued in the process based upon papers
voluntarily submitted by participants. Such paper could also cover
defense contacts and exchange programmes they undertake.
13.2. Defense Policy Publications
13.2.1. As agreed by the Ministers, the ARF participants are further encouraged to
submit annually a defense policy statement to the ARF SOM on voluntary
basis. A regular publication of defense white papers or defense policy
papers or similar papers would also be welcomed. The ISG agreed that
an exchange of views on the information provided in such statements
and papers should be encouraged in future ARF dialogues.
13.3. Enhancing High-Level Defense Contacts and Exchanges among Defense Staff
Colleges and Training
13.3.1. The ARF participants confirmed that ARF SOM is open to defense
representative and encouraged their greater participation in intersessional activities.
13.3.2. The ARF participants should be encouraged to submit papers on their
defense contacts and other exchange programmes to the ARF SOM.
37
Such papers could cover security dialogues and other activities they
undertake.
13.3.3. The ARF participants should be encouraged to conduct exchanges
among national defense colleges, including information sharing and
personnel exchanges, and to convene a meeting of heads of national
defense colleges or equivalent institutions to this end.
13.4. The UN Register of Conventional Arms (UNRCA)
13.4.1. The ARF participants agreed to continue discussing the UN Register
within the ARF framework, with a view to enhancing security in the
region.
13.4.2. The ARF participants should be encouraged to circulate on voluntary
basis the same data to the ARF countries at the time of its submission to
the UN, while avoiding unnecessary administrative duplication.
13.4.3. The ARF participants should be encouraged to work together within the
UN to promote more global participation to the UN Register.
13.5. Additional Confidence Building Measures
The ARF should endorse the following ideas:
13.5.1. completing and maintaining a current list of ARF contact points;
13.5.2. exchanging information on the role of defense authorities in disaster
relief, and consider convening an inter-sessional meeting on this
matter;
13.5.3. exchanging information on voluntary basis on some of the on-going
observer participation in and on-going notification of military exercises
among ARF participants with a view to discussing the possibilities of
such measures in selected exercises; and
13.5.4. encouraging the countries to support actively internationally recognized
global arms control and disarmament legal agreements, specifically
NPT, CWC, BWC and CCW, and the successful conclusion of CTBT.
38
13.6. The ISG agreed to recommend that the ARF SOM endorse the idea that the ISG
will continue its activities for another year in order to review the implementation
of confidence building measures to be agreed upon at the ARF SOM in May 1996
and approved by the Third ARF Ministerial Meeting in July 1996, and to further
discuss measures to be promoted in the future, with particular emphasize on
proposals identified in this Summary Report. The Chinese delegation informed
the ISG that China is ready to co-chair the next ISG.
39
40
SUMMARY REPORT OF THE ARF INTER-SESSIONAL

MEETING ON SEARCH AND RESCUE COORDINATION AND COOPERATION
IN ASIA PACIFIC REGION
HONOLULU, HAWAII, 4 - 7 MARCH 1996
INTRODUCTION
1.
The ASEAN Regional Forum Inter-Sessional Meeting on Search and Rescue Coordination
and Cooperation (ARF ISM SAR) in the Asia Pacific was held on 4 - 7 March 1996 in
Honolulu, Hawaii. The meeting was jointly organized by the United States of America and
the Republic of Singapore as agreed to by the ARF Ministers at the Second ARF Meeting
on 1 August 1995 in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam. The ARF ISM SAR was
jointly chaired by Ambassador Winston Lord, the United States Assistant Secretary for
East Asia and Pacific Affairs, and Mr. Kishore Mahbubani, Permanent Secretary of the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Singapore.
2.
The ARF ISM SAR was aimed at promoting universality; enhancing multilateral SAR
coordination and cooperation in the Asia Pacific within the ARF context; building
mutual trust and confidence, and promoting transparency among the civilian and
military agencies of the ARF participants engaged in SAR; and enhancing coordination
and cooperation in the Asia Pacific under existing operating procedures.
3.
The agenda of the ARF SAR ISM is attached at Annex A. The programme of activities is
attached at Annex B. The list of participants who attended the meeting is at Annex C.
A compilation of presentations of national SAR arrangements by ARF participants was
provided to each delegation.
4.
The ARF ISM SAR was attended by 18 ARF participants. Representatives of the International
Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the International Maritime Organization (IMO)
participated as guest speakers. United States Admiral Joseph Prueher, Commander-inChief, U.S. Pacific Command, gave the keynote address to the meeting. For the first
time, in addition to officials from the Foreign and Defense Ministries, officials from
Aviation, Communications, Transportation, Maritime, and other civilian Ministries also
participated constructively in the meeting. This marked another important step forward
in realizing ARF as an avenue to strengthen regional cooperation and confidence
building.
41
5.
Five discussion topics, two workshops, and a practical search and rescue demonstration
were conducted. All delegations presented a brief overview of their respective countrys
national SAR Organization.
6.

Topic 1: International SAR Conventions Publications
7.
ICAO and IMO representatives briefed the meeting on the various SAR Conventions and
the technical requirements specified in the IMO and ICAO SAR Manuals, as well as
recent developments in these areas. Several countries also briefed the meeting on the
steps that they were taking to incorporate the various ICAO/IMO SAR requirements into
their SAR Organizations.
Topic 2: Regional SAR Training Overview
8.
Singapore presented the introductory remarks. The discussions on SAR training

emphasized the importance of training of personnel involved in SAR to enable them
to meet the increased SAR demands which have resulted from increases in air and sea
traffic in the Asia-Pacific region. The meeting noted that IMO and ICAO had developed
over the years substantial standardization provisions for SAR procedures and equipment.
This will lead to better cooperation as well as facilitate coordination among the ARF
participants to effect more efficient responses to SAR requests. There was also agreement
that active cooperation between training institutions and greater flow of information
was necessary, an example of which could be the establishment of a directory of training
courses available in the various training institutes.
9.
The Inter-Sessional Meeting took note of the fact that bilateral and multilateral training
was already being provided by a number of countries in the region. Several participants
suggested that these countries increase joint training in collaboration with experts from
other ARF participants for the region. The need to provide different types of training for
various levels of SAR personnel was also identified.
10. In addition, the meeting noted the importance of practical training and exercises to
hone the skills of SAR personnel to enable them to maintain a high state of readiness.
It suggested that after training, SAR personnel be attached to the Rescue Coordination
Centres (RCCs) of other ARF member countries for on-the-job training and experience.
The need for training of personnel other than SAR Mission Coordinators (SMCs) such as
pilots and medical personnel involved in SAR was also noted. Exercises could cover both
paper and field exercises and could explore the possibility of establishing an internet
website between RCCs to work towards possible standardization.
42
Topic 3: Military and Civilian SAR Coordination and Cooperation

11. Indonesia made the introductory remarks. Several participants noted the increasing
involvement of the military in humanitarian activities such as SAR. The meeting noted
that close cooperation at the national level between civilian and military agencies would
facilitate effective SAR operations. Participants shared the view that, although different
countries possess varying forms of formal civilian-military cooperation, greater
civilian-military cooperation at the national level was necessary to enhance regional
SAR efficiency.
Topic 4: SAR Communications and Potential for SAR Coordination and Cooperation
12. This topic was introduced by the United States. The meeting noted that with the recent
advances in communications technology, responses to distress calls could become more
efficient. It would therefore be useful to develop a well-integrated regional system of
cooperation on SAR matters. The standardization of SAR communications manuals,
procedures and training at the regional level would be a worthwhile objective. Suggestions
were made for subsequent actions by the IMO to discuss a number of issues including
the problem of electronically transmitted false alerts. The meeting also supported closer
cooperation in establishing a comprehensive SAR communications network among RCCs
in the region.
Topic 5: Benefits of Regional SAR Coordination and Cooperation
13. Australia made the introductory remarks and China gave a presentation on the topic.
The meeting agreed to publish a directory of regional SAR contact points. The United
States offered to compile the directory, with the goal of completing it before the Third
ARF Ministerial Meeting. In addition, countries without a SAR manual agreed that by
drawing on the expertise of other ARF participants, they could develop more quickly a
manual suitable for their own countries. ARF countries were encouraged to comply with
the provisions of the IMO and ICAO SAR Conventions. Exchanges of SAR manuals among
ARF countries would be beneficial.
Workshop
14. The United States led an informal workshop on the relative importance to the Asia-Pacific
region of various aspects of the SAR system. The purpose of this effort was to identify
and prioritize vital elements of a SAR system within the region, with a view toward
selecting potential areas of regional cooperation. There was a clear consensus that the
most important elements of a regional SAR system involved formal SAR organizations,
establishment of effective RCCs, and comprehensive training programmes on a national
and regional basis.
43
15. Singapore led the second session, which focused on the importance of SAR training. The
workshop identified the need to provide training to fully implement the Global Maritime
Distress and Safety System (GMDSS), improving cooperation between maritime and
aeronautical RCCs and further regional cooperation in SAR training.
SAR Demonstration
16. The U.S. Coast Guard provided a demonstration of search and rescue techniques using
U.S. Coast Guard aircraft and vessels. The U.S. Coast Guard Auxiliary presented a boating
safety display.
Conclusion
17. The meeting was successful and accomplished the objectives laid out. The discussions
were constructive and frank. It was agreed that a directory of regional SAR contact points
be published to facilitate the flow of information and to encourage closer cooperation
among ARF participants. With a view towards eventual development of a comprehensive
SAR communications network among RCCs in the region, the meeting identified the
following areas for further discussion and possible future cooperation:
44
a.
The increased sharing of training facilities and expertise in the region to

enhance the capabilities of SAR personnel;
b.
Further cooperation between training institutions and the facilitation of greater

flow of information, for example, with the establishment of a directory of
training courses;
c.
Expanded bilateral and multilateral training programmes among various ARF

countries in collaboration with experts from other ARF participating countries;
d.
Movement towards standardization of SAR manuals, training and procedures;
e.
Possible increased practical training and exercises such as:

i.
Attaching SAR personnel to the RCCs of other countries for on-the-job

training and experience;
ii.
Training of personnel other than SMCs such as pilots and medical

personnel involved in SAR;
iii.
Conducting paper and field exercises; and
iv.
Exploring the possibility of establishing an internet web site between

RCCs.
18. The Inter-Sessional Meeting, taking full note of the wide variety of ongoing and preexisting bilateral and multilateral search and rescue agreements, SAR exchanges,
and SAR exercises, strongly encourages ARF participants to continue developing these
cooperative SAR ties in the humanitarian interest of saving lives. The meeting also agreed
to recommend to the next ARF SOM that a meeting be held in Singapore following the
Third ARF Ministerial Meeting to further explore cooperation in the above mentioned
areas within the framework of IMO and ICAO. The meeting may be attended by SAR
experts and officials who are familiar with the ARF process.
19. The meeting was held in the traditional spirit of cordiality and solidarity. The meeting
expressed its appreciation to the United States and Singapore for the warm and generous
hospitality accorded to it and the excellent arrangements made for the meeting by the
Asia-Pacific Centre for Security Studies.
45
46
SUMMARY REPORT OF THE ARF INTER-SESSIONAL

MEETING ON PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS
KUALA LUMPUR, MALAYSIA, 1 - 3 APRIL 1996
INTRODUCTION
1.
The ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) Inter-Sessional Meeting (ISM) on Peacekeeping

Operations was held from 1 - 3 April 1996 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, pursuant to the
decision of the ARF Ministers at the Second ARF Meeting on 1 August 1995 in Bandar
Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam.
2.
The ISM was attended by all 19 ARF participants. Lt. Gen. Manfred Eisele, Assistant
Secretary General (Planning and Support), United Nations Department of Peacekeeping
Operations also attended the Meeting. The list of delegations is attached as Annex A.
3.
The meeting was Co-Chaired by Mr. Michael Kergin, Assistant Deputy Minister,
Political and International Security Affairs Branch, Department of Foreign Affairs
and International Trade, Canada and Ambassador N. Parameswaran, Undersecretary,
Multilateral Political Affairs Division, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia.
4.
The Secretary General of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, H.E. Tan Sri Ahmad Kamil
Jaafar, addressed the meeting at the Opening Session.
5.
The Agenda of the ARF ISM is attached as Annex B. Three papers were presented at the
meeting:
6.
5.1.
Current Status on United Nations Peacekeeping Operations (Malaysia) (Annex C

and Addenda I, II and III)
5.2.
Training for Peace Support Operations (Canada) (Annex D)
5.3.
Standby Arrangements (United Nations) (Annex E)
A summary of the discussions is enumerated below.

6.1.
Current Status on United Nations Peacekeeping Operations
47
6.1.1. Participants agreed that the discussion on the subject of peacekeeping

in the ARF context promotes greater understanding in the Asia Pacific
region.
6.1.2. The central role of the United Nations in peacekeeping operations was
stressed.
6.1.3. There was a need for the Department of Peacekeeping Operations
at United Nations Headquarters to be adequately staffed to permit
coordination and timely response in the deployment of peacekeeping
operations.
6.1.4. It was important that all member states pay their UN contributions for
peacekeeping operations in full, on time and without conditions.
6.1.5. Peacekeeping operations should have clear and achievable mandates
and definite time frames.
6.1.6. Consultations between members of the Security Council, Secretariat, and
Troop Contributing Countries were essential, particularly in situations
where Troop Contributing Countries needed to gain public support for
dangerous or politically sensitive operations.
6.1.7.
Peacekeeping operations have become more complex and now involve

not only armed forces but also police and other civilian personnel.
6.1.8. There was a need for the UN to consider future preventive actions.
6.1.9. Public information on peacekeeping operations was essential for
obtaining domestic support for a countrys involvement in a particular
peacekeeping operation.
6.1.10. ARF participants are encouraged to become Parties to the Convention on
the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel. It was noted that
to-date only 5 countries had ratified the Convention and that there was
a need for 22 ratifications before the Convention could come into force.
6.1.11. ARF participants should cooperate within the ARF context and in the
United Nations Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations since 7
of the 34 member states of the Committee are represented in the ARF.
48
6.1.12. The possible role that regional organizations could play, with the
endorsement of the UN and in accordance with Chapter VIll of the UN
Charter, in assisting peacekeeping operations was mentioned.
6.2.

6.2.1. Participants underlined the importance of adequate and proper training
as an essential prerequisite for efficient and effective UN peace support
operations.
6.2.2. Participants agreed that training of peacekeeping personnel is a national
responsibility although the UN plays a leadership role in establishing
training standards.
6.2.3. It was recognized that cooperation between ARF participants in
peacekeeping training activities would be beneficial. Such cooperation
could include sharing of training programmes and curricula;
coordinating the work of national peacekeeping centers, including
through meetings of directors of centers; offering available training
places in national centers for participants from other ARF countries;
establishing a roster of training experts and holding specialized meetings
on peacekeeping-related topics. In this respect, the importance of a
regional train the trainers workshop was highlighted. Participants
took note of New Zealands offer to conduct a course on demining.
6.2.4. It was important to adopt a multidisciplinary approach in peacekeeping
training given the fact that peacekeeping operations have now become
more complex. There was a need to include the civilian component
in peacekeeping training. Civilian and military participants need
to be aware of each others functions to maximize effectiveness and
cooperation in peacekeeping training and operations.
6.2.5. The importance of cultural awareness and language training was
emphasized.
6.2.6. It was suggested that a compilation of peacekeeping curricula/courses
into a database by UNDPKO would be useful to ARF participants.
6.2.7. The role of the United Nations in ensuring that common standards are
met by Troop Contributing Countries was underlined. In this respect,
United Nations Training Assistance Teams could play a useful role.
49
6.2.8. There was agreement regarding the importance of the work of the United
Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations. ARF participants were
encouraged to support its work through loan of military and civilian
personnel and through other bilateral arrangements.
6.2.9. Several other suggestions were advanced to foster greater understanding
of peacekeeping operations including on-site visits to a current
peacekeeping operation.
6.3.
Standby Arrangements
6.3.1. Participants emphasized the importance of working closely with UNDPKO
to reinforce the ability of the UN to respond effectively and rapidly to
crisis situations.
6.3.2. Participants were encouraged, where possible, to consider taking part
in the Standby Arrangements in order to facilitate the planning and
deployment of UN peacekeeping operations.
6.3.3. While participants expressed wide support for the concept of a Rapid
Deployment Headquarters based in UNDPKO, some emphasized the need
for further study on its possible implementation. The need for equitable
representation in the staffing of such a facility was also stressed.
6.3.4. Participants discussed the desirability of finalizing appropriate
arrangements with the United Nations in order to facilitate the
implementation of Standby Arrangements.
6.3.5. Participants discussed the desirability of creating additional UN logistical
depots to assist in UN peacekeeping operations.
6.3.6. Participants expressed concern over delays in financial reimbursements
by the UN to Troop Contributing Countries due to the UNs current
financial crisis. Such delays contribute to a lack of willingness on the
part of Troop Contributing Countries to participate in Peacekeeping
Operations.
Conclusion
7.
50
The meeting decided to convey the following recommendations to the ASEAN Regional
Forum Senior Officials Meeting to be held in Jakarta:
7.1.
Current Status on United Nations Peacekeeping 0perations

7.1.1.
That ARF participants work together more closely within the ARF context
and also in the United Nations Special Committee on Peacekeeping
Operations as part of an on-going dialogue to exchange views and
experiences on UN Peacekeeping Operations.
7.1.2. That ARF participants are encouraged to become Parties to the

Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel.
7.1.3. That ARF participants endeavour to pay their assessed contributions to
peacekeeping operations on time, in full and without conditions.
7.2.

7.2.1. That ARF participants promote greater sharing of peacekeeping
experience and expertise among ARF participants voluntarily through,
inter alia:
a.
holding training courses on specialized peacekeeping topics;
b.
sharing curricula and course information;
c.
developing a roster of peacekeeping trainers;
d.
offering available places in national training programmes to other

ARF participants;
e.
assisting where possible in financing of peacekeeping training;

and
f.
fostering cooperation among national peacekeeping training

centers.
7.2.2. That ARF participants use United Nations training manuals and materials
as the basis of their training programmes for national contributions to
UN peacekeeping operations.
7.2.3. That ARF participants are encouraged to support the peacekeeping
capacity of the UN through loan of military and civilian personnel and
through other bilateral arrangements.
51
7.3.
7.3.1. That ARF participants work closely, according to their capabilities, with
UNDPKO to reinforce the ability of the UN to respond effectively and
rapidly to crisis situations.
7.3.2. That ARF participants consider, where possible, taking part in the Standby
Arrangements in order to facilitate the planning and deployment of UN
peacekeeping operations.
52
THE FOURTH
SUBANG JAYA, MALAYSIA, 27 JULY 1997
54
CHAIRMANS STATEMENT
SUBANG JAYA, MALAYSIA, 27 JULY 1997
1.
The Fourth ASEAN Regional Forum was held in Subang Jaya, Malaysia on 27 July 1997.
The Meeting was chaired by the Honourable Dato Seri Abdullah Haji Ahmad Badawi,
Minister of Foreign Affairs of Malaysia.
2.
The Meeting was attended by all ARF participants. The Secretary General of ASEAN was
also present. The List of Delegates is attached as Annex A.
Overview of the ARF Process

3.
The Ministers noted that the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) has developed into an
important forum for multilateral security dialogue and co-operation in the region. The
process has progressed at a pace acceptable to all participants, enabling increasingly
frank discussion of issues of common concern while encouraging habits of co-operation
and instilling a pattern of constructive behaviour. It has played a positive role in
enhancing mutual understanding and trust, promoting greater transparency as well
as strengthening the commitment among participants to maintain peace and stability
in the region. Recognizing the diversity in the region, the Ministers reiterated the
importance of maintaining the evolutionary approach adopted by the ARF process, and
of taking decisions by consensus. The Ministers agreed that a strong foundation has
been laid in dealing with future challenges facing the ARF. The Ministers noted that the
informal discussions at the Retreat held in the course of the ARF SOM in Langkawi had
enabled an open and in-depth discussions on the future direction and pace of the ARF.
The Ministers also noted that the separate informal gathering at lunch during the ARF
SOM of defense and other officials had encouraged greater interaction and networking
among the officials concerned in the ARF.
Highlights of Issues Discussed

4.
The Ministers discussed a wide range of issues relevant to the question of peace and
security of the region. In this context, the Ministers highlighted the following:
4.1.
The overall security environment in the Asia Pacific region continues to improve.
Notwithstanding the existence of certain challenges, the area remains stable and
peaceful. Economic development has become the main focus of all countries.
55
The spread of prosperity has laid a solid foundation for political stability in
the region. Expanding regional economic interactions and increasing contacts
among the people have woven a strong safety net for countries in the Asia Pacific.
The emphasis on dialogue and co-operation is gaining momentum, and the
trend is contributing to peace and security. The emerging sense of community
and shared interests would stand the region in good stead in addressing the
regional challenges;
56
4.2.
The Ministers noted that a number of confidence building arrangements or

agreements made over the years have exerted positive influence on the regional
security situation. The Ministers encouraged ARF participants to continue
pursuing bilateral and sub regional measures suited to their needs, and
applicable to their specific conditions, to advance mutual trust and confidence
in a gradual and incremental manner;
4.3.
The Ministers commended the increasingly close co-operation and mutual

assistance by countries in Southeast Asia in promoting a prosperous and peaceful
community of nations, including ASEANs efforts at constructive engagement
with Myanmar. In this connection, they welcomed the positive role played by
the Association of Southeast Asian Nations in enhancing regional peace and
stability. The expansion of ASEAN membership contributes to these objectives;
4.4.
The Ministers underlined the importance of the development of positive

relations, particularly among the major countries in Asia Pacific - China, Japan,
the Russian Federation and the United States, in sustaining stability in the
region. The Ministers, in welcoming the active, full and equal participation and
co-operation of all participants for a successful ARF, recognized that ASEAN
continues to undertake the obligation to be the primary driving force;
4.5.
The Ministers welcomed the entry into force, on 27 March 1997, of the SEANWFZ
Treaty which represents an important effort of Southeast Asian states towards
strengthening the security in the region and towards the establishment of
nuclear-weapon-free zones globally. In this connection, the Ministers welcomed
the ongoing consultations between State Parties to the Treaty and the Nuclear
Weapon States to facilitate accession by the latter to the Protocol of the SEANWFZ
Treaty;
4.6.
The ministers welcomed the entry into force of the Chemical Weapons
Convention which provides for a verifiable global ban on chemical weapons. The
Ministers called on all states which have not ratified the Convention to do so.
The Ministers expressed the hope that progress would be made in the work on
the protocol dealing with compliance and verification of the Biological Weapons
Convention;
4.7.
The Ministers took note that negotiations on a comprehensive treaty banning

the use, production, transfer and stockpiling of anti personnel-mines will take
place in Oslo in September 1997 with the intention of signing such a Treaty in
Ottawa in December 1997. The Ministers also took note that the Conference on
Disarmament has appointed a Special Coordinator for the issue of anti personnel
landmines in an effort to find a solution to the problem. The Ministers agreed to
support efforts in demining and in the removal of unexploded ordnances as well
as the rehabilitation of the victims;
4.8.
The Ministers welcomed the overwhelming adoption of the CTBT which

constitutes an important step in prohibiting nuclear test explosions and therefore
to the enhancement of international peace and security;
4.9.
The Ministers emphasized that an approach to non-proliferation which is

universal, comprehensive and non-discriminatory is urgently needed if the
international community is to achieve the objective of comprehensive nuclear
non proliferation. The Ministers reiterated their determination to continue to
contribute to the prevention of the proliferation of nuclear weapons in all its
aspects, and urged the Nuclear Weapon States to pursue vigorously negotiations
on effective measures relating to nuclear disarmament with the ultimate
objective of eliminating nuclear weapons;
4.10. Taking into account the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the
General Assembly, the First Special Session of the UN General Assembly devoted
to disarmament under strict and effective international control, the Ministers
stressed the importance of UNGA resolution A/Res/51/54 of 1996 which, inter
alia, decided to convene its Fourth Special Session devoted to disarmament in
1999, subject to the emergence of a consensus on its objective and agendas;
4.11. On the South China Sea, the Ministers welcomed the efforts by countries concerned
to seek solutions by peaceful means in accordance with international law, the
UNCLOS, and the exercise of self restraint, in the interest of maintaining peace
and stability in the region. The Ministers also noted the positive contributions
made by the Workshop on Managing Potential Conflicts in South China Sea;
4.12. The Ministers expressed concern over the latest developments on the situation
in Cambodia. They took note of assurances given by H.E. Ung Huot, Minister of
Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Cambodia that Cambodia welcomed ASEANs
57
role in helping restore political stability in Cambodia. They supported ASEANs

initiative in this regard;
4.13. Bearing in mind the importance of peace and security in the Korean Peninsula,
the Ministers reaffirmed the importance of maintaining the 1953 Armistice
Agreement until a permanent peace regime is in place. The Ministers expressed
their concern, over the impact of the food shortage in the DPRK on the security
and the well being of the people. The Ministers welcomed the recent developments
on the proposed four party talks which could paved the way to a permanent
peace on the Peninsula. The Ministers also welcomed the progress made by the
Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) in implementing
the Agreed Framework of 1994 and reaffirmed continued support of the ARF to
KEDO;
4.14. The Ministers discussed the transboundary movement of nuclear waste in the
region. They emphasized that such transfer of nuclear waste should conform to
the existing international safety standards and norms and that the international
community should make all efforts to prohibit the export of nuclear waste to
those countries which do not have appropriate waste treatment and storage
facilities.
Reports of Track I & II Activities for the Current Inter-Sessional Year (July 1996 - July 1997)
Track I Activities
5.
The Ministers noted with appreciation the Reports of the Track I activities presented
by the respective Co-Chairmen of the activities, namely the Inter-sessional Meeting
on Disaster Relief held in Wellington on 19-20 February 1997; the Inter-sessional
Support Group on Confidence Building Measures held in Beijing on 6-8 March 1997;
the Inter-sessional Meetings on Search and Rescue Co-ordination and Co-operation
held in Singapore on 26-28 March 1997; the Report of the Co-Chairmen of the ISM on
Peacekeeping Operations including the Regional Workshop on Train the Trainers held in
Kuala Lumpur on 10-14 March 1997 and the Seminar on Demining held in Palmerston
North on 7-11 April 1997:
5.1.
Inter-sessional Meeting on Disaster Relief

The Ministers recognized the benefits of the First Meeting of the ISM on Disaster
Relief as a valuable confidence building measure for the ARF as well as its possible
contribution towards the wider objective of enhancing co-operation in the Asia
Pacific region. The Ministers agreed that continuation of the ISM on Disaster
Relief for another year would further contribute towards the development of the
58
ARF. The Ministers endorsed the list of recommendations of the First Meeting of
the ISM on Disaster Relief which appears as Annex B.
5.2.
The lnter-sessional Support Group on Confidence Building Measures

The Ministers noted the frank but cordial discussions at the ISG on CBMS, inter
alia on the regional security environment and security perceptions, regional
confidence building activities, defense policies and the comprehensive nature
of security. The Ministers stressed the importance of consultation and dialogue
in enhancing understanding and trust among the ARF participants and in
maintaining regional stability. In this context, the Ministers recognized that
the ISG on CBMs had marked a step forward in the discussions of the ARF.
The Ministers also welcomed the offer by China to compile papers on CBMs
submitted by ARF participants as well as the offer by the Philippines to host a
Meeting of the heads of national defense college or equivalent institutions on 69 October, 1997. The Ministers noted new elements proposed for the work of the
ISG particularly possible areas of maritime security. The Ministers endorsed the
list of recommendations which appears as Annex C.
5.3.
Inter-sessional Meeting on Search and Rescue Co-ordination and Cooperation

The Ministers endorsed the Report of the Second ISM on SAR and, in particular,
the List of Principles and Objectives for Search and Rescue Co-operation and
Co-ordination which appears as Annex D.
5.4.
Inter-sessional Meeting on Peacekeeping Operations

The Ministers endorsed the Report of the Co-Chairmen of the ISM on Peacekeeping
Operations which appears as Annex E. The Ministers also took note of the Report
of the Workshop on Train the Trainers and the Seminar on Demining which
were convened to implement the specific recommendations of the ISM on PKO
and endorsed the recommendations of the Workshop and Seminar which appear
as Annexes F & G with the understanding that these activities could proceed
without the formal extension of the ISM on PKO.
Track II Activities
6.
The Ministers took note of the written Reports prepared by the Chairmen of the Track
II Seminars, namely on Preventive Diplomacy convened in Paris in November 1996, cosponsored by lInstitut Francais des Relations Internationales and the Centre for Strategic
and International Studies (CSIS) of Indonesia and on Non-Proliferation convened in
59
Jakarta in December 1996, co-sponsored by CSIS of Indonesia, Stiftung Wissenschaft

und Politik of Germany and Australian National University which appear as Annexes H
& I respectively.
Programme of Work for the Next Inter-Sessional Year (July 1997 July 1998)
Track I Activities
7.
Pursuant to the recommendation of the ISM on Disaster Relief, the Ministers agreed
that this ISM continue to be co-chaired by New Zealand and Thailand for another year.
The Ministers welcomed the offer of Thailand to host the next ISM on Disaster Relief in
early 1998. Similarly, the Ministers agreed to extend the ISG on CBMs for another year
and welcomed the offer of Brunei Darussalam and Australia to co-chair the next ISG
on CBMs. On the ISM for SAR, the Ministers welcomed the offer of Singapore to conduct
an annual SAR Training Course for ARF participants, and to convene a SAR Conference
in December 1997 for SAR planners and officials. In the area of PKO, the Ministers
welcomed the offer by European Union to host a follow-up Workshop on Approaches to
Training for Peacekeeping Operations in Ireland in the first half of 1998.
8.
In agreeing to the extension of the mandate of the various inter-sessional activities, the
Ministers directed that each ISM/ISG undertake a comprehensive review of all proposals
which have been agreed upon but had not been implemented to date.
Track II Activities
9.
The Ministers welcomed the proposal for a Track II Seminar on Preventive Diplomacy to
be co-sponsored by the Institute of Defense and Strategic Studies of Singapore, Institute
of International Affairs of Singapore and the International Institute of Strategic Studies
of the United Kingdom to be held in Singapore, 9-11 September 1997.
Other Issues
10. Recalling the decision of the 3rd ARF that the 4th ARF consider the question of drug
trafficking and other related transnational issues such as economic crimes, including
money laundering, the Ministers agreed that such issues would be more appropriately
addressed, at this time, at the ASEAN Post Ministerial Conferences.
11. The Ministers noted the continuing interests shown by a number of countries to
participate in the ARF. In this regard, the Ministers agreed that the next ARF SOM begin
consideration of the applications on the basis of the guiding principles and criteria
agreed to at the 3rd ARF.
60
Future Directions of the ARF Process

12. The Ministers agreed that the evolutionary approach to the development of the ARF
process and the practice of taking decisions by consensus shall be maintained,
taking into consideration the interests of all ARF participants and, at the same time,
demonstrating the continued consolidation of the process through increased activities
in relevant areas.
13. The Ministers held a useful exchange of views on the future direction of the ARF process
and in this connection, on the relationship between confidence building and preventive
diplomacy. It recalled that the 2nd ARF had agreed that where subject matters at Stage
I and Stage II overlap, such matters can proceed in tandem with Stage I. The Ministers
agreed to request the ISG on CBMs to identify such matters and ways and means of
addressing them while maintaining the focus on CBMs.
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62
SUMMARY REPORT OF THE ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM

INTER-SESSIONAL MEETING ON DISASTER RELIEF
WELLINGTON, NEW ZEALAND, 19 - 20 FEBRUARY 1997
Introduction
As agreed by Ministers at the third ASEAN Regional Forum in Jakarta on 23 July 1996, an ARF
Inter-sessional Meeting on Disaster Relief was held 19 - 20 February 1997 in Wellington, New
Zealand. The meeting was organized by New Zealand and Thailand, and jointly chaired by Mr.
Neil Walter, Deputy Secretary of Foreign Affairs and Trade of New Zealand, and Dr. Sukhum
Rasmidatta, Deputy Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Thailand.
The meeting was attended by 19 ARF members. The United Nations Department of
Humanitarian Affairs and the International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent
Societies participated as guest speakers. The meeting welcomed in particular the delegates
from India and Myanmar, noting that this was the first ARF inter-sessional activity attended
by those countries. In addition to Foreign Ministry and Defense officials, many countries
were represented by other agencies involved in disaster relief work. Their participation was
welcomed as contributing to a substantive discussion and marking a further expansion of the
scope of the ARFs activities. A list of delegates is attached as Annex A.
The Agenda is attached as Annex B. A number of countries, as well as the UNDHA and IFRC
representatives, made presentation under particular agenda items, which helped to stimulate
a free-flowing discussion. The following is a summary of the key points made.
Item 1: National delivery of disaster relief (i.e. the domestic response to disaster)
All participants agreed on the importance of discussion of disaster relief as an aspect

of comprehensive security, and a valuable confidence building measure for the ARF.
Country presentations underlined the enormous capacity of disasters to damage local
economies and social stability and hence the security of states.
In addition, participants recognized that major disasters do not respect political

boundaries, but are a common problem for all states of the region. Partnership and
cooperation among states are essential in dealing with disasters.
63
Although the role of defense authorities in relation to disaster relief varied between ARF
members, it was agreed that their role was always significant, in view of the unique
resources, skills, discipline and assets available to national defense forces.
There was broad agreement on the benefits of a comprehensive approach to disaster

management, involving national plans of action, effective coordination and clear lines
of authority. The importance of a proactive approach in terms of enhanced preparedness
and prevention was also emphasized, in order to mitigate the incidence or impact of
disasters.
Item 2: International Delivery of Disaster Relief (i.e. international reprise to disaster in

another country)
64
Participants recognized the value of international cooperation in providing disaster

relief in cases when national authorities request assistance. Regional cooperation of this
nature could enhance mutual confidence and hence regional security and reinforce the
sense of good neighbourliness among ARF participants.
Nonetheless it was noted that international cooperation must be fully sensitive to the
needs and approaches of the recipient country. International efforts should supplement,
not supplant, national mechanisms. They should foster self-sufficiency, and enhance
local preparedness.
Information and communications were acknowledged as key elements in effective

relief.
Public awareness of the work of ARF members in this area was felt to be beneficial to the
ARFs wider objective of enhancing cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region.
It was noted that there is no single patterns of relations between countries relating to
disaster relief. Existing arrangements within the region, ranging from formal bilateral
agreements, to multilateral guidelines, and less formal understandings between states
were useful.
Responses needed to be flexible, appropriate to need, and well-targeted. There was often
a place for military teams in dealing with the aftermath of disasters, whether provided
by individual countries or through the UNDHA. Cash donations are often the most valued
form of immediate relief assistance. They make it possible for all to contribute according
to their means and thus demonstrate the benefits of cooperating among neighbours.
The delegates emphasized both from the donor and recipient points of view, the importance
of delivering assistance with the full involvement of the recipient government.
Item 3: Enhancing cooperation in delivering disaster relief among ARF members
There was a useful exchange of information on existing sub-regional cooperation

including in the South Pacific, in ASEAN, in North America and in the European
Union. The synergy between diverse national capabilities and regional cooperation was
emphasized.
The presentations underlined a common appreciation of the need for a comprehensive

approach to disaster management, including attention to all stages of prevention,
mitigation, relief and recovery. They also agreed on the value of building on the existing
momentum of sub-regional activity, and to explore scope for further strengthening
cooperation.
Participants agreed that activity in the ARF should complement efforts underway in
other fora related to disaster relief, including the UN International Decade for Natural
Disaster Reduction. The meeting noted that UNDHA plans to organize a regional meeting
of military and civil defense authorities involved in disaster relief in Indonesia later this
year.
It was recognized that further cooperative activities should be voluntary, and undertaken
in a step-by-step manner.
Conclusion
All participants agreed that the meeting had been useful in underlining the scope and
value of regional cooperation in disaster relief. Discussions were conducted in an excellent
atmosphere. The following points were agreed:
key points of contact in national disaster relief organizations to be exchanged.
exchange of information and informal networking on national approaches to disaster

relief is useful and should continue.
value of continuing discussion on this topic, including perhaps a further ISM to be

hosted by Thailand.
In addition a number of innovative and useful proposals were made, which warrant further
study:
cooperation in enhancing disaster preparedness in the region, in particular through the

sharing of expertise, research and training, for example:
65
66
a train the trainers workshop, and other courses in areas of national

expertise;
making wider use of the training resources of existing national and regional institutions
within the region, such as the Asian Disaster Preparedness Center in Bangkok;
establishment of expert groups and a directory of experts;
exchanges and cooperation on preventive, preparedness and response measures

on maritime disasters in the region;
exchanges and cooperation in meteorological services to provide early warning

of disasters;
enhancement of operational delivery of disaster relief in the region:
building upon existing regional cooperation and development of common

approaches to disaster management appropriate to the Asia-Pacific region;
exploring scope for standardization of procedures in such areas as

communications, possible delivery points, planning, medical support, airspace
clearances and customs facilitation, as well as integration of prevention,
mitigation and preparedness initiatives;
a regional data-base of national disaster relief capabilities/assets and

requirements building on existing arrangements;
facilitation of faster exchanges of information and responses when a disaster

occurs.
CO-CHAIRMENS SUMMARY REPORT OF THE MEETING OF

THE ARF INTER-SESSIONAL SUPPORT GROUP ON
CONFIDENCE BUILDING MEASURES
BEIJING, CHINA, 6 - 8 MARCH 1997
Introduction
1.
Pursuant to the agreement at the Third Ministerial Meeting of the ASEAN Regional
Forum (ARF) in Jakarta, Indonesia, 23 July 1996, the Inter-Sessional Support Group
(ISG) on Confidence Building Measures, co-chaired by China and the Philippines, held
a meeting in Beijing, China on 6-8 March, 1997. The Meeting was attended by all the
ARF participants, and most members had defense officials in their respective delegations.
During the Meeting the participants visited a Chinese military unit and watched military
drills.
2.
The ISG Beijing Meeting was conducted in the consistent ARF spirit of dialogue and
consensus, focusing on common ground. The participants had lively and productive
discussions in a frank and cordial atmosphere. They found the process very helpful for
enhancing understanding and trust among the participants.
3.
Given the improved security environment of the Asia-Pacific region, the participants
reiterated the importance of strengthening dialogue and cooperation with a view to
safeguarding lasting peace and stability in the region. The participants explored the
various confidence building measures and reached broad agreements. They saw ARF
dialogues as a useful process to consolidate the security and stability of the region and
agreed to continue the process on the basis of respecting the sovereignty and security
interests of all the members, and according to the principle of starting from easier ones,
voluntary participation and consensus building. The Meeting marked a step forward in
the CBM discussions of the ARF.
4.
The agenda of the Meeting is attached as Annex A, the program of activities as Annex B,
the list of delegates as Annex C, and the list of ARF contact points as Annex D.
Summary of the key points discussed

Agenda item 1: Exchange of views on regional security environment and security
perceptions
67
5.
The Meeting agreed that the overall security environment in the Asia-Pacific region
continues to improve. The region is witnessing a unique period of general peace.
Economic development has become a focus of all countries. The rapid economic growth
and wide-spread prosperity have laid a solid foundation for political stability in the region.
Expanding regional economic and trade interactions have woven a strong safety net for
countries in the Asia-Pacific. The emphasis on dialogue and cooperation is gaining
momentum, and the trend is contributing to maintaining security through peaceful
means, such as consultations and cooperation. It was noted that stable relations among
the major countries in the region could contribute to regional stability.
6.
Some delegates mentioned that there still exist challenges in the region, such as
unresolved territorial disputes and the situation in the Korean Peninsula. A number of
member countries expressed serious concern over certain nuclear safety issues especially
the transboundary movement of radioactive wastes which may affect the security and
environmental safety of the region concerned. The Meeting welcomed the efforts of the
countries concerned to ensure stability in the South China Sea and to continue the
efforts for peaceful solution to the disputes. Some other transnational issues that may
affect future security of the region were mentioned, such as environmental pollution,
depletion of resources, drug trafficking and illegal immigration.
7.
In view of the rich diversity of the region, it was the view of the participants that efforts
to maintain regional security should be based on the principles and purposes of the UN
Charter, and such principles relevant to the region as peaceful coexistence, amity and
cooperation among states, respect for national sovereignty, peaceful solution of disputes
among nations and the comprehensive view of security.
Agenda item 2: Exchange of information on regional CBM cooperation
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8.
The participants informed the Meeting of their respective defense contacts and CBM
activities. The Meeting agreed that such exchanges of information have been useful
to promote confidence and understanding among ARF members. They welcomed the
submission of the papers by several countries on their defense contacts.
9.
The Meeting noted that a number of confidence building arrangements or agreements

made over the years in the region have exerted positive influence on regional peace
and stability. In this context, the Meeting positively noted the signing of the Shanghai
Agreement between the Russian Federation, the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz
Republic, the Republic of Tajikistan and the Peoples Republic of China and the Agreement
on Confidence Building Measures in the Military Field along the Line of Actual Control
in the China-India Border Areas. The Meeting encouraged ARF participants to continue
pursuing bilateral and subregional measures suited to their needs and applicable to their
specific conditions to advance mutual trust and confidence in a gradual and incremental
manner. The participants agreed that ARF activities in confidence building represent an
important regional effort which should be enhanced and deepened to maintain regional
peace and stability.
Agenda item 3: Exchange of views on defense policies
10. The participants exchanged views on their respective defense policies. Many participants
also submitted defense policy statements, which contained, among others, their defense
doctrine, military thinking and military strategy. The Meeting continued to encourage
the regular publication of defense white papers or similar papers by ARF participants
on a voluntary basis. The Meeting agreed that continued exchanges on this subject
will contribute to growing transparency and this be conducive to regional peace and
stability.
11. The participants also expressed appreciation to the Co-Chairmen for the Compendium
of various papers submitted at the previous ISG CBM meetings. Papers submitted to the
Beijing Meeting will be compiled by the Co-Chairmen.
Agenda item 4: Exchange of views on defense conversion programs
12. The Meeting had a useful exchange of experience in and information on defense
conversion programs of several ARF members, which were seen as useful not only
for promoting regional and global disarmament but also for economic development.
The Meeting acknowledged the difficulties facing the countries undertaking defense
conversion process and encouraged the ARF members to continue sharing information
and seeking cooperation on this activity on a voluntary basis.
Agenda item 5: Exchange of information on some of the on-going observer participation in
and on-going notification of military exercises among ARF countries
13. The Meeting discussed the suggestion of implementing the notification and observation
measures starting from joint military exercises (i.e. exercises by two or more countries).
Other proposals were also put forward including having each ARF member consider
the voluntary application of these CBMs to at least one of the exercises in which it
participates. Although there was no consensus on these suggestions, the Meeting agreed
to keep this matter on the agenda.
Agenda item 6: The UN Register of Conventional Arms (UNRCA)
14. General support was expressed for the UNRCA as a useful endeavor for global and regional
confidence building. The Meeting called for a universal participation in the UNRCA and
further encouraged ARF members that had not done so to join the Register. Suggestions
69
were made for enhancing the operation of the Register, possible establishment of a
regional register and a regional workshop on UNRCA, to which different views were
expressed. The Meeting noted the voluntary circulation by some participants to ARF
members of their UNRCA data.
Agenda item 7: Support for arms control and disarmament efforts
15. The Meeting noted with satisfaction the considerable progress made in controlling the
spread and inhibiting the use of weapons of mass destruction. General support was
expressed for internationally recognized non-proliferation and disarmament conventions,
treaties and regimes, and general acknowledgment was made of the contribution of
these to regional security. Attention was called to the ARFs earlier commitment to sign
and ratify the major non-proliferation regimes (NPT, CTBT, BWC, CWC), and to support
efforts to establish nuclear weapon free zones.
16. The Meeting discussed the issue of anti-personnel landmines, and noted the participation
of several ARF members in multilateral and individual initiatives in this regard. The
Meeting agreed to support efforts in demining and rehabilitation of victims.
Agenda item 8: Non-military CBMs
17. The Meeting agreed that regional security should be viewed in a comprehensive manner.
The participants recognized that understanding and confidence in the region would be
enhanced if non-military as well as military issues are addressed by the ARF. For this
reason, while military CBMs are of primary importance, the Meeting acknowledged the
growing relevance of non-military CBMs. The Meeting noted a number of issues which
could be discussed under this item and agreed to explore possible cooperation on CBMs
in some of these areas. The Meeting stressed that activities in this area should have
relevance to regional security and the overall objectives of the ARF, and should not
detract from the traditional security issues and military CBMs of ARF nor should they
duplicate other efforts.
Agenda item 9: The implementation of the agreed CBMs
18. The Meeting agreed to continue updating the list of ARF contact points of member
countries.
19. The Meeting welcomed the offer of the Philippines to host a meeting of heads of national
defense colleges or equivalent institutions in September 1997 in the Philippines. The
Philippines expressed its intention to consult other ARF members on the possible agenda
of the meeting.
70
Agenda item 10: Other proposed CBMs

20. Several participants proposed the discussion of a number of maritime security issues.
The Meeting agreed to discuss some of these issues in the next inter-sessional period
with an agenda to be refined and agreed to by the ARF participants.
21. A number of participants notified the Meeting on certain military exercises to be
conducted by them this year.
Conclusion
22. The Meeting decided to convey the following recommendations to the ASEAN Regional
Forum Senior Officials Meeting (ARF SOM) to be held in May in Langkawi, Malaysia:
22.1. Exchange of views on regional security environment and security perceptions
22.1.1. In view of the rich diversity of the region, it was the view of the
participants that efforts to maintain regional security should be based
on the principles and purposes of the UN Charter, and such principles
relevant to the region as peaceful coexistence, amity and cooperation
among states, respect for national sovereignty, peaceful solution of
disputes among nations and the comprehensive views of security.
22.1.2. Dialogues on regional security environment and security perceptions
should be continued at the ARF ISG CBM meetings.
22.2. Exchange of information on regional CBM cooperation
The participants were encouraged to continue their bilateral and sub-regional
efforts in CBM cooperation suited to their needs and specific conditions on the
basis of a gradual and incremental manner.
22.3. Exchange of views on defense policies
ARF participants were encouraged to continue dialogues on defense policies and
to submit papers on defense policy statement and defense contacts on voluntary
basis.
22.4. Exchange of views on defense conversion program
The ARF members should continue to share information and seek cooperation
on defense conversion on a voluntary basis.
71
22.5. Exchange of information on some of the on-going observer participation in and

on-going notification of military exercise among ARF countries
The Meeting discussed the suggestion of implementing the notification and
observation measures starting from joint military exercises (i.e. exercises by two
or more countries). Other proposals were also put forward including having each
ARF member consider the voluntary application of these CBMs to at least one of
the exercises in which it participates. Although there was no consensus on these
suggestions, the Meeting agreed to keep this matter on the agenda.
22.6. The UN Register of Conventional Arms (UNRCA)
General support was expressed for the UNRCA as a useful endeavor for global and
regional confidence building. The Meeting called for a universal participation in
the UNRCA and further encouraged ARF members that had not done so to join
the Register. The Meeting noted the voluntary circulation by some participants
to ARF members of their UNRCA data.
22.7. Support for arms control and disarmament efforts
22.7.1. Attention was called to the earlier ARFs commitments to sign and ratify
the major non proliferation regimes (NPT, CTBT, CWC, BWC), and to
support efforts to establish nuclear weapon free zones.
22.7.2. The Meeting agreed to support efforts in demining and rehabilitation of
victims.
22.8. Non-military CBMs
Regional security should be viewed in a comprehensive manner, and nonmilitary as well as military security aspects should be addressed by the ARF,
without detracting from the traditional security issues and military CBMs of ARF
nor duplicating other efforts.
22.9. The implementation of the agreed CBMs
22.9.1. A meeting of heads of national defense colleges or equivalent institutions
will be convened in September 1997 in the Philippines with the agenda
to be developed after consultations with the other ARF members.
22.9.2. The list of ARF contact points should be updated periodically.
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22.10. Other proposed CBMs

Several participants proposed the discussion of a number of maritime security
issues. The Meeting agreed to discuss some of these issues in the next intersessional period with an agenda to be refined and agreed to by the ARF
participants.
23. A system of compiling papers submitted to the Meeting by the ISG CBM Co-Chairmen
should be established.
24. As ARF ISG CBM has been an important process in promoting trust and understanding,
the mandate for the ARF ISG CBM should be extended for another year.
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74
CO-CHAIRMENS SUMMARY REPORT OF THE SECOND

INTER-SESSIONAL MEETING ON SEARCH AND RESCUE
COORDINATION AND COOPERATION
SINGAPORE, 26 - 28 MARCH 1997
1.
The ASEAN Regional Forum Second Inter-Sessional Meeting on Search and Rescue Coordination and Co-operation (2nd ARF ISM SAR), jointly organized by the Republic
of Singapore and the United States of America, was held on 26 - 28 March 1997 in
Singapore. This was as recommended by the First ARF ISM SAR in Honolulu on 4 - 7
March 1996 and agreed to by the ARF Ministers at the Third ARF Ministerial Meeting in
Jakarta on 23 July 1996. The 2nd ARF ISM SAR was jointly chaired by Ambassador Chew
Tai Soo, Deputy Secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Singapore,
and Mr. Charles Kartman, Acting Assistant Secretary of State of the United States of
America.
2.
The primary objective of the 2nd ARF ISM SAR was to explore possibilities for enhancing
SAR co-operation and co-ordination among the ARF participants; to co-operate on a
regional basis to raise the overall level of SAR expertise among countries in the AsiaPacific; to help build mutual trust and confidence; and to promote greater co-operation
and co-ordination among the ARF participants civilian and military SAR agencies. In
this regard, the 2nd ARF ISM SAR looked into the following:
3.
i.
Further explore areas of SAR co-operation agreed to at the First ARF ISM SAR
with a view to operationalizing them;
ii.
Examine possibilities for enhancing regional co-operation on SAR including

regular workshops among Asia-Pacific SAR agencies, SAR training programmes
and courses, and SAR training centres;
iii.
Prepare a set of guiding principles and code of conduct on SAR co-operation

to manifest the ARF member countries commitment to work towards closer
co-operation on SAR matters so as to enhance regional effectiveness and
efficiency in the conduct of SAR missions; and
iv.
Facilitate interaction among existing SAR agencies, whether civilian or military,

among ARF participants, as a confidence building measure.
The agenda of the ARF ISM SAR is attached at Annex A. The programme of activities is
attached at Annex B. The list of participants who attended the Meeting is at Annex C.
75
4.
The ARF ISM SAR was attended by 19 ARF participants. Representatives from the
International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) and the International Maritime
Organisation (IMO) were present as Observers. Mr Kishore Mahbubani, Permanent
Secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Singapore, and the ViceAdmiral Roger T. Rufe, Commander, Pacific Area, United States Coast Guard, gave
keynote addresses. As with the First ARF ISM SAR, the Meeting was attended by senior
representatives and officials from the Foreign, Defense, Aviation, Communications,
Transportation, Maritime, and other Ministries and Agencies involved in ARF policies
and SAR matters. This helped continue the process started at the First ARF ISM SAR
of realizing the ARF as an avenue to strengthen regional co-operation and confidence
building.
5.
The discussions centered on two key themes, namely, SAR Co-operation and SAR
Training, through six sessions over two days. Delegates from thirteen countries, as well
as the representatives from ICAO and IMO, made presentations. A list of presentations is
at Annex D. Separate lunches were hosted for military and civilian delegates respectively
on the second day. A practical search and rescue demonstration involving the Republic
of Singapore, the United States of America and the Republic of Indonesia was also
conducted on the last day, to illustrate the benefit of close co-operation among regional
ARF participants.
6.
Topic 1: SAR Co-operation
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7.
The Meeting agreed unanimously on the value of greater SAR co-operation and coordination among ARF participants for the purpose of saving lives. Several ARF
participants identified areas of co-operation to work towards, such as greater contacts
amongst ARF SAR agencies through all available channels of communication, continued
sharing of information, including on regional SAR contact points, through all available
means like facsimile messages and the setting up of internet websites; holding of joint
SAR exercises on a voluntary basis; and co-operation in SAR training including the
provision of SAR training assistance to ARF participants.
8.
The Meeting also agreed on the importance of good media management of maritime
and aviation incidents, and the importance of timely and accurate information. Several
delegations shared information on their respective countries experiences in these areas.
The Meeting also noted the importance of having a media spokesman and training
RCC officials to handle the media. The Meeting recognized that there was scope for ARF
participants to exchange experiences on media management, to learn from each other.
9.
The Meeting noted the importance of bilateral and multilateral agreements and
arrangements as frameworks within which SAR agencies operate. Several ARF participants
briefed the Meeting on their respective bilateral SAR agreements and arrangements with
other countries, particularly those with other ARF participants. The Meeting also noted
the growing multilateral co-operation in SAR among ARF participants. The Meeting
agreed on the importance of expeditious facilitation of search and rescue into the
incident area for the sole purpose of saving lives.
10. The Meeting noted the usefulness of modern technological communications systems,
like the COSPAS-SARSAT satellite rescue system and Global Maritime Distress and
Safety System (GMDSS), in enhancing the effectiveness of SAR operations. The meeting
discussed ways of simplifying SAR procedures, to render speedy humanitarian assistance
during the mounting of SAR operations, with due consideration to and respect for
territorial sovereignty.
Topic 2 : SAR Training
11. The Meeting had a fruitful and productive discussion on the possibilities for SAR Training
Co-operation among ARF participants. Such training co-operation could take place at
either bilateral or tripartite level, taking into account the context, needs and level of
expertise of the participating countries; and could be multifaceted to include table-top
exercises, attachments and training of trainers. Many delegations acknowledged the
usefulness of the wealth of information provided at the Meeting, and recognized the
important function the ARF was performing in enhancing regional SAR training cooperation. The Meeting welcomed the idea of the designation of existing national SAR
training institutions as ARF SAR Training Centers (ARF SARTCs), which could form a
basis for the continued sharing of information and pooling of regional resources, and
contribute to tangible confidence building and the raising of overall SAR expertise in
the region. To form the basis of an in-depth consideration by ARF participants of the
proposal, a Concept Paper will be circulated by the proponents. Singapore, Australia and
China indicated their willingness in this respect. Various ARF participants circulated
papers on their national SAR organization, capabilities, RCCs, training centers and
courses.
Conclusion
12. The Meeting was very successful and productive, and accomplished the objectives laid out. The
discussions were frank, substantial and constructive. The Meeting recognized that greater SAR
co-operation and co-ordination contributed positively to increasing comfort levels and building
condence among ARF participants, and that such ARF inter-sessional Meetings were useful in
this regard. The Meeting also noted the importance of integrating national SAR agencies, and
strengthening bilateral and multilateral SAR arrangements and co-operation.
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13. The Meeting noted the positive steps made by various ARF participants to implement
recommendations by the 1st ARF ISM SAR in Honolulu in March 1996 to enhance
greater search and rescue co-ordination and co-operation among ARF participants.
These include continuing exchange of information among ARF SAR agencies through
all available means, updating the directory of regional SAR contact points resulting
from the 1st ARF ISM SAR, setting up of SAR internet websites, and offers of assistance
and co-operation in SAR training and exercises. The Meeting also agreed that a matrix
of existing bilateral SAR agreements and arrangements be produced, with the assistance
of IMO and ICAO, to enhance closer regional SAR coordination and co-operation.
14. The Meeting agreed to the proposal to compile a list of ARF SARTCs for submission
to the ARF Senior Officials to be recommended to the ARF Ministers for endorsement.
The Meeting welcomed Singapores offer to conduct an annual 9-week SAR Training
Course for ARF participants, and to convene a SAR Conference in December 1997 for
SAR planners and officials. The Meeting also welcomed Singapores offer of up to 15
Training Awards per year for developing ARF participants in the region for the 9-week
SAR Training Course, as well as Thailands offer to invite observers to their annual SAR
exercises, New Zealands offer of two places to ARF participants for their Air Directing
Officer course, and Australias offer to re-open its national SAR courses to participants
from 1998.
15. To guide further work on SAR co-operation and co-ordination under the ARF framework,
the Meeting agreed to recommend the following list of principles and objectives to the
ARF Senior Officials for consideration and adoption by the ARF:
Recognizing that Search and Rescue (SAR) operations are essentially
humanitarian mission.
Recognizing that all SAR agencies, ships and aircraft in the vicinity of a
maritime or aviation accident are obliged under IMO and ICAO conventions
to respond appropriately on receipt of a distress signal or when a ship or
aircraft requiring assistance is detected;
Recognizing the importance of providing immediate assistance to persons,
ships and aircraft in distress;
Recognizing that such assistance should be provided regardless of the
nationality of such ships and aircraft and their passengers and crew;
Understanding that the provision of effective and expeditious SAR services is
crucial to save lives and reduce suffering during maritime and aeronautical
accidents;
78
Understanding that the mounting of SAR operations solely for the purpose of
saving lives should be consistent with applicable national laws, rules and
other regulations and with relevant international laws and conventions
and other bilateral and multilateral agreements and arrangements and
should respect the national sovereignty and territorial integrity of all
countries;
Noting that co-operation and co-ordination among countries will
significantly enhance SAR operations and increase confidence building in
the region;
Desirous to improve the level of SAR expertise among ARF participants;
and
Desirous to enhance and promote regional co-operation and co-ordination
on SAR within the broader framework of ARF co-operation and confidence
building.
Affirm that all areas of co-operation and co-ordination in SAR to be
developed will be consistent with existing international laws and rules of
procedures of the IMO and the ICAO on SAR operations, and agreed to work
towards:
a.
Establishing effective co-ordination measures and communications

procedures on SAR matters, including the continuing exchange of
information on Search and Rescue Points of Contact, current SAR
resources available to ensure mutual knowledge of regional SAR
capabilities;
b.
Co-operating to allow the employment of all available and appropriate

means as are deemed practicable and necessary for SAR operations
to minimize suffering and anguish to the survivors, regardless of the
nationality or status of such a person or the circumstances in which
that person is found;
c.
Simplifying procedures to facilitate co-ordinated and expeditious

response of SAR units for the purpose of SAR operations;
d.
Standardizing SAR training manuals and procedures, consistent

with the procedures and recommendations laid down by the IMO
and the ICAO;
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e.
Increasing co-operation in SAR training and exercises to raise the

level of SAR expertise in the region; and
f.
Realizing the ultimate goal of a seamless, well-co-ordinated,

integrated, effective and expeditious global search and rescue
system by way of mutual regional and bilateral agreements and
arrangements consistent with IMO and ICAO conventions.
The Meeting also noted that nothing in the above list of principles and objectives shall
compromise or affect existing or future agreements and arrangements entered into by
ARF participants.
16. The Meeting was held in the traditional spirit of ARF cordiality and solidarity. The
Meeting also expressed appreciation to the Republic of Singapore and to the United
States of America for their able co-chairmenship, and thanked the Republic of Singapore
for the warm and generous hospitality accorded to the participants to the Meeting.
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REPORT OF THE CO-CHAIRMEN ON THE INTER-SESSIONAL

MEETING ON PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS
KUALA LUMPUR, MALAYSIA, 10 - 14 MARCH 1997
PALMERSTON NORTH, NEW ZEALAND, 7 - 11 APRIL 1997
1.
At the Third Meeting of the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF III) in Jakarta on 23 July
1996, Ministers extended the mandate of the Inter-sessional Meeting on Peacekeeping
Operations (the ISM on PKO) to coordinate the implementation of the specific
recommendations adopted by this ISM.
2.
Malaysia and Canada as Co-Chairmen of the ARF ISM on PKO are pleased to apprise
the ARF Senior Officials Meeting of the progress in the implementation of specific
recommendations adopted by the Third ARF Meeting in Jakarta.
Inter-sessional Activities on Peacekeeping Operations

3.
The following two key recommendations were implemented:

i.
Malaysia and Australia co-sponsored the Train the Trainers Workshop in

Kuala Lumpur from 10 - 14 March, 1997. The Summary Report of the Workshop
is attached as Annex I.
ii.
New Zealand hosted a Technical Demining Seminar for Peacekeepers in

Palmerston North, Auckland from 7 - 11 April, 1997. The Summary Report of the
Seminar is attached as Annex H.
Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel

4.
7 ARF member countries (Australia, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, Philippines, Russian
Federation, United States of America) and most of the EU are signatories to the Convention.
As of 9 May 1997, 11 countries, including 2 ARF member countries (Singapore and Japan),
had become Parties to the Convention. 22 ratifications are required for the Convention to
enter into force. Several ARF member countries have indicated that they are undertaking
the necessary national procedures to become Parties to the Convention.

5.
The 1996 ARF ISM on PKO in Kuala Lumpur had recommended greater voluntary sharing
of peacekeeping experiences and expertise among ARF participants. The first step in
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this process is to gather information about the training options available, and identity
contact points and mechanisms for the distribution of peacekeeping information.
6.
The UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations (UNDPKO) manages a database which

contains information on courses offered by member states. The database is currently
available electronically to many Permanent Missions to the UN; hard copies can also
be requested from the UNDPKO. The database is maintained and updated whenever new
information is obtained from Member States. A list of contacts is also maintained to
allow the UNDPKO to inform the appropriate agency or organization in a Member State
regarding peacekeeping issues and peacekeeping publications.
7.
Information about Peacekeeping Training Institutions in Asia Pacific is contained in the

survey conducted by ISIS-Malaysia, following the ARF Track Two seminar organized by
ISIS-Malaysia and Canada hosted by Brunei in March 1995. Submissions were received
from Australia, Canada, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore and United States.
8.
The International Association of Peacekeeping Training Centres (IAPTC) was created in

July 1995. The IAPTC is an open and voluntary association of various centres, institutions,
programmes and individuals which deals with peacekeeping and peacekeeping research,
education and training. The Lester B. Pearson Canadian International Peacekeeping
Training Centre is the secretariat for the IAPTC. The third annual meeting of the IAPTC,
held in Malta in April 1997, considered the theme of The Role of Regional and SubRegional Organizations in International Peacekeeping. Through its electronic network,
the IAPTC also maintains a current mailing list. ARF members are welcome to add their
contact points to this list. The IAPTC also regularly publishes a newsletter containing
contributions from its readers. Further information about the association, its members
and activities is available from the Pearson International Peacekeeping Training Centre,
and on the Internet at: www.cdnpeacekeeping.ns.ca/iaptc.htm
Personnel serving with United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations

9.
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The last meeting also encouraged ARF member countries to support the peacekeeping
capacity of the UN through loan of military and civilian personnel and through bilateral
arrangements. Currently, 9 ARF member countries, namely, Australia, Canada, Indonesia,
Republic of Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Russian Federation, Singapore and United
States of America have a total of 35 personnel serving with UNDPKO on Government
Loan. In addition, there are 3 personnel from Canada, Malaysia, and Russian Federation
on the Permanent Secretariat staff of the UNDPKO.
10. A progress report on the Standby Arrangements for Peacekeeping was issued by the
United Nations Secretary General on 24 December, 1996, as document S/1996/1067. The
report indicates that globally, 62 UN Member States had confirmed their willingness to
participate and 41 had provided information on specific capabilities for inclusion in the
database. At that time, 10 ARF member countries (Australia, Canada, India, Indonesia,
Malaysia, Myanmar, New Zealand, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation, United
States, and most of the countries belonging to the EU participated in the UN Standby
Arrangements system. In addition, Singapore, since January 1997, had also subscribed
to the UN Standby Arrangements.
Recommendation
11. In their recommendation about ARF PKO ISM activities, and in consultations with the
Co-Chairmen, ARF members have indicated that they are in favour of pursuing further
cooperation in the field of peacekeeping operations. In the view of the Co-Chairmen, the
momentum is sufficiently strong for this peacekeeping cooperation to continue among
interested ARF countries without the requirement for a formal extension of the ISM on
PKO.
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84
SUMMARY REPORT OF THE ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM

WORKSHOP ON TRAIN THE TRAINERS
ARF INTER-SESSIONAL MEETING ON PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS
KUALA LUMPUR, MALAYSIA, 11 - 14 MARCH 1997
Introduction
1.
An outcome of the ASEAN Regional Forum Inter-sessional (ARF ISM) on Peacekeeping

Operations conducted in Kuala Lumpur in April 1996 was to organize a peacekeeping
Train the Trainers Workshop. This was endorsed at the Third ARF Ministerial Meeting
held in Jakarta in 1996.
2.
The ARF ISM Train the Trainers Workshop was held in Kuala Lumpur from 11 to
14 March 1997. It was attended by 76 participants, representing 18 ARF Members and
representatives from the United Nations. The participants comprised representatives
from the Armed Forces, Police, Electoral Commissions, Foreign Affairs and Defense
Departments.
3.
The Workshop was Co-chaired by Ms. Siti Azizah Abod, Under Secretary, Policy Division,
Ministry of Defense, Malaysia and Commodore Geoff Smith, AM, RAN, Commandant of
the Australian Defense Force Warfare Centre.
4.
The participants approached the Workshop in a frank, open and cooperative manner
that contributed to reaching successful outcomes.
Scope, Conduct and Methodology of the Workshop

5.
The Workshop covered diverse subject areas as follows:

a.
Session 1. An Overview of UN Peace Operations presented by the UN Department

of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO);
b.
Session 2. An Overview of UN Training presented by the UN DPKO;
c.
Session 3. Panel Discussion on Civil and Military Roles in Peacekeeping

Operations is presented by Canada, the UN High Commission for Refugees, and
Malaysia;
85
86
d.
Session 4. Review of a Case Study on the Training Perspective for Peace Operations
in Somalia, presented by Australia;
e.
Session 5. Sharing of Peace Operations Training Experiences and National

Criteria for participation in UN peacekeeping operations (PKO) by delegates,
presented by Australia, Malaysia, New Zealand, the Peoples Republic of China,
the Republic of Korea, Russia and the United States of America;
f.
Session 6. The main focus of the Workshop was conducted during Session 6.
It involved both presentations and sub-groups discussions on the Approach to
Training Requirements for Peacekeeping Operations; and
g.
Session 7. An Overview of the Complexities of Supporting UN Peacekeeping

Operations and a presentation on the UN and ECOWAS Operations in Liberia by
Canada and Malaysia.
6.
The methodology used for the conduct of each session varied dependent upon the
Workshop aims. The overview and panel discussion sessions were designed as scene
setters to reflect the nature of complex multi-dimensional peacekeeping operations.
The case study provided the opportunity for interaction within three sub-groups which
prepared draft recommended approaches prior to the full Workshop focusing on the
discussions of training requirements for military observers, military contingents and
police monitors.
7.
The Workshop reaffirmed the importance of integrating all components involved in

UN peacekeeping operations. Military, police, civilian and other UN agencies must
focus on the successful completion of the overall mission. The central role of the UN in
peacekeeping and the need to understand the role of the UN peacekeeping operations
within the total UN framework was highlighted. Success of complex multi-dimensional
peacekeeping operations also requires an understanding of the mandate and other
associated arrangements in place such as Status of Forces Agreements and Memorandum
of Understanding, and the execution of duties in conformity with the provision of the
mandate and these documents.
8.
Success of peacekeeping operations is linked to achieving common acceptable standards

of training by troop contributing nations (TCN). It was the need for this orientation
towards training that led to Workshop reaching an understanding on an approach to
peacekeeping training as attached at Annexes A to C.
Recommendations
9.
The workshop submits the following recommendations to the Co-chairmen of the ARF
ISM on PKO for consideration:
a.
The ARF ISM on Peacekeeping Operations be extended for another year for a
follow up workshop on approaches to training for peacekeeping operations.
b.
Members should be consulted whether any subsequent workshops may want to

consider the further development of an approach for military contingent training
standards with a view of submission to the UNDPKO.
c.
The outcome of the training approach for military observer and police monitor
be offered to the UNDPKO in order to assist a review of the current UN training
guidance documents.
d.
The outcome of the training approach for military contingents be offered to the
UNDPKO for consideration in formulating UN training guidance for military
contingents.
e.
It was suggested that the UNDPKO might specify the desirability of including
experienced personnel when seeking support for short warning deployments of
military observers and CIVPOL monitors.
f.
It was suggested that the UNDPKO develop mission specific training guidance for
use by TCNs.
Annexes:
A. ARF ISM Workshop Approach to Training for UN Military Observer
B. ARF ISM Workshop Approach to Training for CIVPOL Monitors
C. ARF ISM Workshop Approach to Training Military Contingents
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88
SUMMARY REPORT OF THE ARF DEMINING SEMINAR

PALMERSTON NORTH, NEW ZEALAND, 7 - 11 APRIL 1997
Introduction
The ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) Demining Seminar was held from 7 - 11 April 1997 in
Linton Military Camp, Palmerston North, New Zealand, in accordance with the offer by New
Zealand at the ARF ISM on Peacekeeping in April 1996 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, to host
such a seminar.
2.
The Seminar was attended by most ARF members. There were presentations from a
representative from the Mine Clearance Policy Unit of the United Nations Department
of Humanitarian Affairs, and by representatives of the Cambodian Mine Action Centre,
the Lao Unexploded Ordinance Programme and the Mozambique Accelerated Demining
Programme.
3.
The meeting was chaired by Col Paul Southwell, Chief of Staff, Support Command, New
Zealand Army. The chief of the New Zealand Defense Force, Lt. Gen A.L. Birks and the
Deputy Secretary of the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Mr. Colin
Keating, addressed the opening session of the meeting.
4.
The Seminar considered the following issues: measures currently being undertaken
by the international community to address the world-wide landmine problem; New
Zealands landmine policies and perspective; the New Zealand Defense Force approach
to and involvement in international demining operations; the United Nations and
demining; the practicalities (political, organization, operational, training, personnel
and technical) of a demining operation, and the lessons learned and the way ahead.
Consideration of these issues was augmented by a field demonstration of demining
operations and techniques and case studies of the Cambodian, Lao and Mozambique
demining operations.
5.
A formal report was not produced for endorsement by the seminar participants. The
following summary prepared by the New Zealand Chair endeavours to capture the sense
of the seminar on a range of demining issues. A set of proposed recommendations is
included for consideration by the ARF SOM.
89
5.1.
The Worldwide Mine Problem and International Responses to Control

Landmines
5.1.1. Participants noted that forging an international consensus on this
complex issue would remain elusive.
5.2.
National Statement on Demining

5.2.1. A number of participants took the opportunity offered by the Chair to
make statements on their national demining policies. The Seminar
noted that such exchanges of information were useful in promoting
confidence and understanding among ARF members.
5.2.2. Participants agreed that there should be continued international efforts
to assist those countries with significant mine infestation.
5.3.
Practical Aspects of Demining Operations

5.3.1. The Seminar participants welcomed the opportunity to view, compare
operational techniques and gain first-hand experience of some of the
practical elements and techniques associated with field demining
operations.
5.4.
Case Studies: Mozambique, Laos, and Cambodia

5.4.1. The participants noted that the Cambodian, Lao and Mozambique
programmes were good examples of how local management and
international technical expertise could be combined to create an
effective demining programme.
5.4.2. The Directors of the Cambodian, Lao and Mozambique demining
programmes highlighted the value of their being given the opportunity
to meet and discuss demining issues with counterparts from similarly
mine infested countries.
5.5.
Lessons Learned and the Way Ahead

5.5.1. The important role of United Nations in international demining
operations was acknowledged.
90
5.5.2. There was agreement on the desirability of the UN creating a single

body under the direct control of the Secretary General to manage and
implement all aspects of UN demining operations.
5.5.3. There was general support for further exchanges of demining ideas and
techniques as provided for by the ARF Demining Seminar.
5.5.4. The participants agreed that the Seminar proceedings should be made
available to all countries who are afflicted by mine infestation.
Recommendations
6.
The following Recommendations are included for consideration by the ASEAN Regional
Forum Senior Officials Meeting in Langkawi:
6.1.
National Statement on Demining

6.1.1. That ARF participants be encouraged to continue to support international
efforts to assist those countries with significant mine infestation.
6.2.
Lessons Learned and the Way Ahead

6.2.1. That the ARF participants make a recommendation to the United Nations
that responsibility for all aspects of UN demining operations reside
within a single UN body under the direct control of the UN Secretary
General.
6.2.2. That the ARF participants consider, where possible, further exchanges
of demining ideas and techniques as provided for by the ARF demining
seminar.
6.2.3. That the ARF participants make the seminar proceedings available to all
countries afflicted by mine infestation.
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92
SEMINAR ON PREVENTIVE DIPLOMACY

PARIS, FRANCE, 7 - 8 NOVEMBER 1996
The Institute Francais des Relations Internationales and the Centre for Strategic and
International Studies jointly sponsored an ASEAN Regional Forum Seminar on preventive
diplomacy in Paris on 7 - 8 November 1996. The Seminar was attended by academics and
officials from ARF members in their private capacities.
Principles:
Consistent with the statement by Chairman of the third ASEAN Regional Forum, the meeting
developed proposals for preventive diplomacy based on principle set out in the UN Charter, the
Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia, the Five Principle of Peaceful Coexistence
and the 1992 Manila Declaration on the South China Sea.
Definition:
The meeting noted that a good starting point is the definition of preventive diplomacy by
UN Secretary-General Mr. Bhoutros Bhoutros Ghali in his 1992 Agenda for Peace, namely,
that preventive diplomacy is action to prevent existing disputes arising between parties, to
prevent existing disputes from escalating into conflicts and to limit the spread of the latter
when they occur. The meeting also noted that there were various other understandings of
the definition of preventive diplomacy.
Areas for consideration
The meeting agreed that ARF preventive diplomacy can help address subject areas of potential
crisis such as: territorial disputes, proliferation of conventional weapons and weapons of
mass destruction, non military transnational concerns such as drug trafficking, terrorism,
water and other resource problems, smuggling, environmental degradation, maritime safety,
piracy and unregulated population movements.
93
Proposals
The Paris meeting concluded that the ARF needs to explore its capacity for preventive
diplomacy, subject to the strict maintenance of consensus amongst all ARF members. It
considered several categories of preventive diplomacy measures and it identified three broadareas covering measures which should be conveyed to the ARF for consideration.
1.
The meeting agreed on the need for an annual security outlook, and the gathering of
relevant information and analyses. These activities are now appropriate for Track Two
consideration, in fora such as CSCAP. The meeting also discussed the prospect in the
future of creating a regional research and information center. Some participants also
expressed the desirability of ARF establishing an early warning system and to act as a
repository of information on preventive diplomacy, including monitoring outcomes of
specific cases.
2.
The meeting agreed that a core list of CBMs specifically oriented towards preventive
diplomacy be identified. It proposed that these CBMs be considered by the March
1997 Inter-sessional Support Group on CBMs to be jointly chaired by China and the
Philippines. The meeting discussed the range of preventive diplomacy measures that
could be available to the ARF, which could include CBMs, (as set out in Annex A of the
ARF Concept Paper attached to the Second ARF Chairmans Statement): fact-finding,
good offices, mediation, moral suasion, and third party mediation. It specifically
recommended, as an example, the simultaneous circulation amongst themselves of ARF
members contributions to the UN arms register.
3.
The meeting agreed to recommend an ARF role in preventive diplomacy through the
expansion of the good offices of the Chair, guided by the principle of consensus amongst
ARF members. The meeting discussed the reinforcement of network of bilateral preventive
diplomacy measures: establishing a register of experts on preventive diplomacy; ad
hoc procedures such as committees, working groups and the appointment of special
representatives; and norm-building. As a longer term measure, some participants
expressed the desirability for the ARF chair to consider proposals for an ARF riskreduction center. The meeting noted a number of measures to service the ARF Chair
in its possible implementation of preventive diplomacy: for example, the establishing of
an ARF unit which will operate on the basis of equal and full participation of all ARF
members.
Funding
The meeting noted the need for ARF to give serious consideration to appropriate funding
mechanisms to promote the ARF role in preventive diplomacy.
94
SEMINAR ON NON-PROLIFERATION
JAKARTA, INDONESIA, 6 - 7 DECEMBER 1996
The Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), Jakarta, the Peace Research Centre
(PRC), Canberra and the Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP), Munich, jointly organized
an ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) seminar on non-proliferation in Jakarta, on 6 - 7 December
1996. The seminar was attended by more than 50 academics and officials in their personal
capacities, including representation from every ARF member.
ARF 96 Chairmans Statement
The Chairmans Statement from the Third ARF, held 23 July 1996 in Jakarta, included a
reference to this as an ARF Track Two seminar.
Purpose
The ARF Track Two Seminar was convened to discuss 1) challenge of non-proliferation of
weapons of mass destruction in the Asia Pacific region; 2) the adequacy of the currently
available international and regional instruments for meeting the challenge; and 3) measures
that might be adopted to strengthen the barriers to proliferation and to encourage further
disarmament.
This Statement reflects the Chairs sense of the tenor and conclusions of the discussions.
Main Conclusions
In their deliberations, seminar participants were guided by the vision of a world eventually
free of all weapons of mass destruction. On balance, the structural changes in world affairs in
the past few years have been beneficial for non-proliferation and disarmament. The seminar
endorsed the integral linkage between nuclear non-proliferation and nuclear disarmament,
which is part of the NPT package. Biological and chemical weapons too need to be given
attention and importance commensurate with the gravity of the problem posed by their
proliferation potential. Participants acknowledged that considerable progress has been made
in controlling the spread and inhibiting the use of weapons of mass destruction, and that
cautious optimism is not misplaced. Some credit for the progress achieved must be given to
internationally recognized regimes which impose technical, normative, legal and political
95
barriers to proliferation. However, the agendas for non-proliferation and disarmament of

weapons of mass destruction and the means of their delivery remain incomplete.
The global non-proliferation norm is embedded in the NPT, to which almost every ARF country
adheres. Participants concluded that global regimes make demonstrable contributions to
regional security. There was consensus that the stability and prosperity of the Asia-Pacific
region have flowed at least in part from the widespread adherence by regional countries to
the non-proliferation norms and regimes. Coordination, consultation and cooperation have
become established norms in the region, as exemplified in the ARF processes. These also
contribute to regional security by forming additional pillars of the global non-proliferation
architecture.
Recommendations
Participants agreed that the Track Two Seminar should come up with practical and relevant
recommendations which can be taken up for consideration by the ARF Track One or Two
processes.
First Track
Participants urged ARF countries to sign/ratify the major global non-proliferation regimes
(Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, Biological Weapons
Convention, Chemical Weapons Convention) and vest them with the requisite political will,
and administrative and financial support, in order to reinforce and adapt them to the evolving
needs of the Asia Pacific. The Third ARF Chairmans Statement encouraged, as a suitable
confidence building measure for ARF member countries, active support for the above four
internationally recognized agreements. In this regard, ARF countries should provide support
for implementation of Decision Two: Principles and Objectives of the 1995 NPT Review and
Extension Conference, in particular the establishment of internationally recognized nuclear
weapons free zones, nuclear disarmament, and the immediate commencement and early
conclusion of negotiations on the Convention banning the production of fissile material
for nuclear explosive devices. In addition, participants urged the immediate ratification of
START II and the early commencement of negotiations on START III.
Participants reaffirmed the importance of the adherence by ARF countries to the existing
norms of peaceful applications of nuclear energy. Some participants suggested that the ARF
explore the possibility of the establishment of an appropriate forum to encourage enhanced
transparency in the Asia Pacific.
96
Second Track
Participants discussed the dangers of cross-regional spillover of proliferation. In that context,
and recalling the Third ARF Chairmans Statement which described regional dialogue on nonproliferation/disarmament issues as a confidence-building measure in itself, participants
urged the Chairs to consider convening an ARF Track Two seminar on the CTBT in India, in
order to facilitate an exchange of views. The ARF might also consider the convening of incountry seminars on non-proliferation led by eminent strategic experts.
The Seminar urged the ARF to establish a Study Group on the most appropriate formulation
and mechanism to assure non-nuclear weapons states against the threat or use of nuclear
weapons.
Next step
The Chairs agreed to forward this Statement to the ARF Senior Officials for consideration.
97
98
THE FIFTH
MANILA, THE PHILIPPINES, 27 JULY 1998
100
CHAIRMANS STATEMENT
MANILA, THE PHILIPPINES, 27 JULY 1998
1.
The Fifth ASEAN Regional Forum convened in Manila on 27 July 1998. The Meeting was
chaired by H.E. Domingo L. Siazon, Jr., Secretary of Foreign Affairs of the Philippines.
The Meeting was attended by all ARF participants, including the Secretary General of
ASEAN. The List of Delegates is attached as Annex A.
ARF Membership
2.
The Ministers considered the results of the consultations conducted by the Chairman
and the recommendations of the ARF Senior Officials Meeting in Manila on 20 - 22 May
1998 on the interest by a number of countries to participate in the ARF.
3.
Having been guided by the principles and criteria of commitment and geographic
relevance agreed to at the Third ARF on the admission of new participants, the Ministers
welcomed Mongolia as a new participant in the ARF. The Ministers also welcomed
Mongolias commitment to help achieve the ARFs key goals and to fully abide by and
respect the decisions and statements already made by the ARF.
4.
With the addition of Mongolia in the ARF, the Ministers agreed to allow the ARF to
consolidate as a group and to develop an efficient process of cooperation.

5.
The Ministers expressed satisfaction on the continued development of the ARF as an

important forum for dialogue on political and security concerns in the region. The
Ministers recognized the significant contribution of the ARF to the establishment of
a strong foundation of trust and confidence among its participants, which would be
essential in confronting the existing uncertainties in the Asia-Pacific region. The
Ministers noted that the ARF process had contributed to the achievement of greater
transparency and mutual understanding in the region, which had instilled among its
participants a high sense of collective commitment to regional peace and stability. The
Ministers agreed that the ARF should continue its steady progress to successfully carry
through its goals in the face of even greater challenges in the future. The Ministers
agreed that the full support of all ARF participants to the ARFs evolutionary, step-bystep development and its approach to decision-making by consensus had contributed
101
to the ARFs resiliency as a viable regional forum for political and security dialogue,
encouraged open and frank discussions among ARF participants, and fostered the habit
of cooperation and of resolutely working together to address common concerns. The
Ministers recognized that the ARF had been living up to its potential and to the important
role it had been envisioned to play in further strengthening the foundations for regional
peace and stability. The Ministers commended ASEAN for its important contribution to
the ARF process and expressed their support to ASEANs continuing role as the primary
driving force of the ARF.
6.
The Ministers noted the positive outcome of the informal gathering at lunch of senior
defense and military officials in Langkawi in 1997 and welcomed the continuation of
this practice at the ARF Ministerial Meeting. The Ministers recognized that defense and
military officials had a constructive contribution to the work and activities of the ARF
and encouraged greater interaction and networking among these officials in the ARF.
In this regard, the Ministers encouraged the active participation of defense and military
officials at appropriate levels in all relevant ARF activities.
7.
The Ministers noted that the ARF had maintained its approach to security concerns in
a comprehensive manner. They welcomed the fact that while the focus of the ARF was
on core military and defense-related issues, the ARF also addressed non-military issues,
which would have a significant impact on regional security.
8.
The Ministers expressed satisfaction on the progress in developing a range of regional,

sub-regional and bilateral exchanges on regional security perceptions. The Ministers
noted that these exchanges had also encouraged a rapid increase in the number of
bilateral regional security dialogues between ARF participants. The Ministers emphasized
the importance of exchanges on regional security perceptions in the overall objectives
of the ARF and agreed that these should continue at the Inter-sessional Support Group
on Confidence Building Measures, at the ARF SOM, and at the annual meeting of the
Ministers. At the sub-regional level, the Ministers welcomed the Agreements on Confidence
Building reached among China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan and
between China and India. The Ministers also welcomed the regular security dialogues
in various ASEAN meetings and among Northeast Asian countries at various Track II
forums. The Ministers also noted with appreciation the security dialogue that takes
place in CSCAP and other non-ARF Track II forums.
Review of the Regional Security Environment and Exchange of Views on Security

Perceptions
9.
102
The Ministers conducted an extensive discussion and exchange of views on security

perceptions and on a wide range of issues on the regional security environment.
10. The Ministers expressed the view that the region had continued to benefit from peace
and stability in spite of the current regional economic slowdown and the presence of
potential sources of conflict. The Ministers noted that increased interaction and dialogue
as well as enhanced cooperation among the countries in the region had contributed to
the present favorable security situation. The Ministers believed that the security outlook
in the region remained positive as this was underpinned by the relative economic growth
of the countries in the region, the increasing trade and investments links and high levels
of economic interdependency among them.
11. The Ministers discussed extensively the prevailing financial situation in the region.
They were encouraged by initial signs of progress toward financial stability in the
Asian region. The Ministers welcomed the various individual, bilateral, regional
and multilateral measures that were undertaken to restore financial stability. They
reaffirmed their support for the Manila Framework, which emphasizes a shared global
responsibility in restoring stability in the region. The Ministers noted the constructive
role of international financial institutions in restoring this stability and agreed on the
need to support efforts to strengthen the international monetary system. They expressed
optimism that, as the affected economies implement the necessary structural reforms,
confidence would increasingly return. The Ministers expressed full confidence that the
economies of East Asia would eventually regain their position as among the fastestgrowing economies in the world. Noting the interdependence among Asian economies,
they welcomed the assurances of Japan that it will revitalize its economy as well as the
assurances of China that the value of the yuan will be maintained.
12. While recognizing the need for structural reforms in restoring confidence, the Ministers
called for a balanced approach in addressing the socioeconomic impact of such reforms,
particularly its impact on the less privileged sectors of society. They noted that certain
aspects of the regional financial crisis could impact on the peace and security of the
region and agreed that the ARF would have an important role to play in addressing these
effects. The Ministers agreed that the current Asian economic difficulties should not
undermine the process of ARF and other regional security dialogues and cooperation.
13. The Ministers underlined the fact that the state of relations among the major powers
would always have a significant impact on the region as a whole. The Ministers
stressed that it would be important for these countries to stay the course of constructive
relationship among them. In this regard, the Ministers welcomed the efforts that had
been undertaken to develop constructive strategic relationships among the major powers
through exchange of visits and regular meetings between and among their respective
Heads of State/Government. The Ministers also welcomed other bilateral meetings
between the Heads of State/Government of ARF countries and the summit meetings hold
between the Heads of State/Government of ASEAN and the Heads of State/Government
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of China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea in Kuala Lumpur on 14 - 16 December 1997.
The Ministers noted that these meetings would have long-lasting positive impact on the
stability and economic development of the region.
14. The Ministers welcomed the resumption of official dialogue between South and North
Korea in Beijing and the launching of the Four-Party Talks Peace Process on the Korean
Peninsula in Geneva. The Ministers emphasized the vital importance of the inter-Korean
dialogue in promoting reconciliation and cooperation between the two Koreas. The
Ministers also reaffirmed the importance of observing the 1953 Armistice Agreement.
The Ministers reiterated their full and continued support for the talks and the KEDO
project to help establish a durable peace and stability on the Korean Peninsula and
promote global nuclear non-proliferation. In view of the current financial difficulties
that the KEDO is facing, the Ministers called for more international contribution to this
organization.
15. The Ministers welcomed the commitment of all the countries concerned to the peaceful
settlement of the dispute on the South China Sea, in accordance with the recognized
principles of international law, including the UNCLOS. The Ministers expressed
satisfaction on the continued exercise of self-restraint by all the Countries concerned
and noted the positive contributions made by the bilateral consultations between the
countries concerned, the dialogue in the ASEAN-China Senior Officials Consultations,
the regular exchange of views in the ARF, and the continuing work of the Informal
Workshop on Managing Potential Conflicts in the South China Sea.
16. The Ministers declared ARFs strong support for the efforts of ASEAN and the Friends of
Cambodia in helping restore political stability and the climate of peace in Cambodia.
They agreed that the holding of free, fair and credible elections was an important step
towards enhancing peace and stability in Cambodia. The Ministers welcomed the huge
voter turn-out in the 26 July 1998 elections and the initial reports that the voting process
was generally peaceful. They expressed the hope that the next stages of counting ballots
and the proclamation of the winners would also be peaceful and orderly. In this regard,
they acknowledged the work of international observers who monitored the electoral
process under United Nations coordination.
17. The Ministers noted with appreciation the conclusion of the Ottawa Convention on AntiPersonnel Mines to ban the use, stockpile, production, and transfer of anti-personnel
mines and for their destruction. The Ministers also welcomed the decision of the
Conference on Disarmament to re-appoint a Special Coordinator on landmines and
efforts to bring into force the Convention on Conventional Weapons (CCW) amended
mines protocol (Protocol II). They also agreed to support initiatives to enhance
international cooperation on demining, removal of unexploded ordnances, and victims
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assistance toward the goal of zero victims. The Ministers also welcomed offers by some
ARF countries to provide training assistance on mine clearance.
18. The Ministers supported efforts to establish nuclear weapons free zones and noted the
importance of the Treaty on Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapons Free Zone in enhancing
peace and security in the region. The Ministers welcomed the continuing consultations
between the States Parties to the SEANWFZ Treaty and the nuclear weapon states and
expressed the hope that the accession of the latter to the Protocol of the Treaty could be
facilitated.
19. The Ministers commended the good progress that has been made in the first year of the
implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention and called on all states which
have not ratified or acceded to the Convention to do so. The Ministers expressed hope
that progress would be made in the work on the protocol dealing with compliance and
verification of the Biological Weapons Convention. They also urged the Ad Hoc Group of
States Parties to the BWC to intensify and complete its work as soon as possible before the
commencement of the Fifth Review Conference. To this end, the Ministers also welcomed
efforts to give impetus and support to the Ad Hoc Group negotiations.
20. The Ministers welcomed the growing number of signatures and ratification of the CTBT,
especially the ratification of the UK and France. The Ministers called for the immediate
commencement of negotiations in the Conference on Disarmament on a treaty banning
the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons purposes. The Ministers also called
on the nuclear weapon states to make further efforts towards achieving the ultimate
objective of eliminating nuclear weapons.
21. The Ministers recalled that as early as 1995 the ARF put emphasis on the importance
of non-proliferation of nuclear weapons in promoting regional peace and security. They
also noted that the ARF subsequently welcomed the overwhelming adoption of the CTBT
as an important step in prohibiting nuclear test explosions and stressed its determination
to continue to contribute to the prevention of the proliferation of nuclear weapons in all
its aspects. In this connection, the Ministers recalled the United Nations Security Council
Resolution 1172 issued on 6 June 1998. The Ministers, therefore, expressed grave concern
over and strongly deplored the recent nuclear tests in South Asia, which exacerbated
tension in the region and raised the specter of a nuclear arms race. They called for the
total cessation of such testing and urged the countries concerned to sign the Treaty on
the Non- Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban
Treaty without delay, conditions, or reservations. They asked the countries concerned
to refrain from undertaking weaponization or deploying missiles to deliver nuclear
weapons, and to prevent any transfer of nuclear weapon-related materials, technology
and equipment to third countries. In the interest of peace and security in the region,
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the Ministers called on the countries concerned to resolve their dispute and security
concerns through peaceful dialogue.
22. The Ministers noted the signing of the Second Protocol to the Treaty of Amity and
Cooperation in Southeast Asia by the High Contracting Parties at the 31st ASEAN
Ministerial Meeting in Manila on 25 July 1998 and agreed to consider the call of the TAC
High Contracting Parties for non-Southeast Asian states, particularly the major powers,
to accede to the Treaty after the Second Protocol enters into force.
Reports of Track I and II Activities for the Current Inter-sessional Year (July 1997 - July
1998)
Track I Activities
23. The Ministers noted the Co-Chairmens Report of the Inter- sessional Meeting on
Disaster Relief in Bangkok on 18 - 20 February 1998, which appears as Annex B, the
Co-Chairmens Summary Report of the Meetings of the Inter-sessional Support Group
on Confidence Building Measures in Bandar Seri Begawan on 4 - 6 November 1997 and
in Sydney on 4 - 6 March 1998, which appears as Annex C, and the Chairmans Report
of the First ARF Meeting of Heads of Defense Colleges and Institutions in Manila on 7 - 8
October 1997, which appears as Annex D.
Inter-sessional Meeting on Disaster Relief
24. The Ministers welcomed the contribution of the Second ARF Inter-sessional Meeting
on Disaster Relief towards the continued development of the ARF and in enhancing
cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region. They agreed that cooperation on disaster
management contributes significantly to the ARFs goal of regional confidence building.
The Ministers also recognized the potential of furthering regional cooperation on disaster
management through the continuation of the work of the ISM. The Ministers endorsed
the list of recommendations contained in the Co-Chairmens Report. The Ministers
also agreed that the ARF Disaster Relief Experts Group should report its findings to the
Third ISM. The Ministers expressed appreciation to Thailand and New Zealand for the
successful co-chairing of the meeting.
Inter-sessional Support Group on Confidence Building Measures
25. The Ministers noted with satisfaction the progress of the work of the ISG on CBMs.
The Ministers noted that the ISG had served as an effective forum for frank, open
and substantive dialogue on the regional security environment, for the exchange
of information on security-related developments in individual countries, and for the
development of practical and doable activities to enhance confidence among ARF
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participants. The Ministers endorsed the Recommendations contained in the CoChairmens Summary Report. The Ministers agreed there was still considerable scope to
further develop and deepen cooperation on confidence building measures among ARF
members and in this context felt that the work of the ISG on CBMs should continue for
the foreseeable future.
26. Pursuant to the request of Ministers at ARF 4 that inter-sessional meetings should review
the implementation of agreed CBMs, the Ministers welcomed the set of matrices and
tables, including the summary table, which had been produced by the ISG on CBMs
showing the degree of implementation of agreed ARF CBMs (Annex E). The Ministers
expressed satisfaction with the high degree of implementation and agreed that these
matrices and tables should be updated on an annual basis.
27. The Ministers endorsed two lists of new CBMs contained in Annex F and agreed that
these should be considered by the ISG on CBMs for implementation in the near future
(Basket 1) and over the medium term (Basket 2). The Ministers welcomed the offers by
several countries to hold expert level first track meetings under the auspices of the ISG
on CBMs.
28. Noting that the distinction between CBMs and preventive diplomacy was blurred, and in
light of the decision of ARF 2 that the consideration of these two issues could proceed in
tandem, the Ministers agreed that the ISG should further consider the following tabled
proposals: an enhanced role for the ARF Chairman, particularly the idea of a good
offices role, the development of a register of experts or eminent persons among ARF
participants; Annual Security Outlook; and voluntary background briefing on regional
security issues. The Ministers agreed that the ISG should hold two meetings in the
next inter-sessional year with one meeting addressing the overlap between CBMs and
preventive diplomacy, including the four proposals tabled.
29. The Ministers noted that maritime safety, law and order at sea and protection and
preservation of the marine environment were important issues appropriately considered
by the ARF under the rubric of comprehensive security. The Ministers agreed that
ARF countries should lend their full support to existing regional and multilateral
arrangements and instruments in these areas. The Ministers considered that these three
areas should be further discussed in the ISG on CBMs, with the advice of specialist
officials, to develop a clearer sense of the areas where the ARF could add value to existing
activities.
First ARF Meeting of Heads of Defense Colleges and Institutions
30. The Ministers affirmed the importance of cooperation on security education and
research in enhancing confidence building in the region. The Ministers expressed
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satisfaction that the First ARF Meeting of Heads of Defense Colleges and Institutions in
Manila had helped in this effort. The Ministers believed that the networks established
by this meeting would serve as a strong foundation for further ARF cooperation in this
important area. The Ministers agreed that this meeting contributed to the growing
awareness and recognition of the vital role of defense officials in the ARF process. The
Ministers expressed appreciation to the Philippines for the successful hosting of the First
ARF Meeting of Heads of Defense Colleges and Institutions.
Track II Activities
31. The Ministers noted the Co-Chairmens Report of the Third ASEAN Regional Forum
Track Two Conference on Preventive Diplomacy, which appears as Annex G, held on
9 - 11 September 1997 in Singapore and jointly organized by Singapores Institute of
Defense and Strategic Studies (IDSS) and United Kingdoms International Institute for
Strategic Studies. They also noted the results of the seminar on The Future of ARF in
Singapore on 27 - 28 April 1998, which was organized by IDSS. The Ministers deemed
it useful that the ISG on CBMs consider the recommendations of these meetings in the
next inter-sessional period. Program of Work for the Next Inter-sessional Year (July 1998
- July 1999).
Track I Activities
32. The Ministers agreed that the Inter-sessional Meeting on Disaster Relief should continue
for another year and welcomed the offer of Vietnam and the Russian Federation to cochair the next ISM in the first half of 1999 in Moscow. The Ministers noted that the ARF
Disaster Relief Experts Group would convene prior to the Third ISM.
33. The Ministers agreed to extend the mandate of the Inter-sessional Support Group on
Confidence Building Measures for another year and welcomed the offer of Thailand and
the United States to co-chair the next ISG on CBMs. The Ministers noted that the ISG had
decided to hold two meetings within the next inter-sessional year, one in November 1998
and the other in March 1999, with one meeting addressing the overlap between CBMs
and preventive diplomacy, including the four proposals tabled, and the other on the
remaining issues on the ISGs agenda including the list of new CBMs and the maritime
issues of maritime safety, law and order at sea, and the protection and preservation of
the marine environment. The Ministers also noted that the following first track activities
under the auspices of the ISG on CBMs would take place in the next inter-sessional
year;
108
A meeting of specialist officials on maritime issues to be held in conjunction

with the November meeting of the ISG;
Second Meeting of Heads of Defense Colleges and Institutions on 8-10 September

1998 in Seoul;
Training on Regional Security for Foreign Affairs and Defense Officials in Spring
of 1999 in the United States;
Military Medicine Symposium on Tropical Medicine and Epidemic, Control in

Tropical Regions on 25 - 27 November 1998 in China; and
Seminar on Production of Defense Policy Documents in Canberra on 31 August

- 3 September 1998 to be organized by Australia and Malaysia.
34. The Ministers also welcomed the offers to host follow-up activities on peacekeeping
namely:
Workshop on Approaches to Training for Peacekeeping co- chaired by Ireland,

on behalf of the European Union, and Thailand in Dublin on 19 - 23 October
1998; and
Peacekeeping Training Course co-chaired by Canada, Japan and Malaysia in

Tokyo on 22 - 26 March 1999.
Track II Activities
35. The Ministers agreed to the holding of the following Track II activities in the next ARF
inter-sessional year:
Conference Towards Comprehensive Security and Cooperation in Asia-Pacific on

27 - 30 September 1998 in Vladivostok; and
Workshop on Common Principles of Disaster Management in the Asian Disaster

Prevention Center in Bangkok to be organized by the ADPC and the United States
in time for recommendations to be considered by the ARF Disaster Relief Experts
Group.
Future Direction of the ARF Process

36. The Ministers agreed that the evolutionary approach to the development of the ARF
process would be maintained. The Ministers stressed the importance of proceeding
in the development of the ARF, from confidence building to preventive diplomacy to
elaboration of approaches to conflict, in an incremental and step-by-step manner. The
109
Ministers affirmed the approach to decision-making by consensus while taking into

consideration the interests and comfort level of all ARF participants.
37. The Ministers agreed to request the ISG on CBMs to continue its work in exploring matters
in the overlap between CBMs and preventive diplomacy, including the four proposals
tabled, and to submit recommendations on ways and means of addressing them with
the view to consolidating the gains of the ARF and firmly establishing its foundations to
prepare for the challenges of the future.
38. The Ministers noted the growing involvement and participation of defense and military
officials in the work and activities of the ARF and expressed the view that this trend
should be strongly supported.
110
CO-CHAIRMENS REPORT OF THE SECOND ARF

BANGKOK, THAILAND, 18 - 20 FEBRUARY 1998
1.
As agreed by Ministers at the Fourth ASEAN Regional Forum in Malaysia, on 27 July 1997,
the Second ARF Inter-sessional Meeting on Disaster Relief was held on 18 - 20 February
1998 in Bangkok, Thailand. The Meeting was organized by Thailand and New Zealand,
and Co-chaired by Dr. Sukhum Rasmidatta, Deputy Permanent Secretary of the Ministry
of Foreign Affairs of Thailand, and Mr. Win Cochrane, Director of the South/Southeast
Asia Division of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of New Zealand.
2.
The Meeting was attended by 20 ARF members. The United Nations Development
Progamme(UNDP), the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian
Affairs (UNOCHA), the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
(IFRC), the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), the World Health
Organization (WHO), the ASEAN Secretariat and the Asian Disaster Preparedness Center
(ADPC) participated as resource persons and guest speakers. The Meeting welcomed
in particular delegates from the Lao Peoples Democratic Republic and Cambodia,
which participated for the first time. As with the 1st ISM-DR, various countries were
represented by their Ministries of Foreign Affairs and Defense as well as additional
agencies involved in disaster management, which allowed for a valuable interchange of
experience in the subject area. A list of participants is attached as Annex A, and contact
points as Annex B.
3.
The Meeting adopted the agenda which is attached as Annex C. The programme of the
Meeting is attached as Annex D.
4.
The Meeting was opened by H.E. M.R. Sukhumbhand Paribatra, Acting Minister of
Foreign Affairs of Thailand. In his Keynote Address, the Acting Minister of Foreign
Affairs commended the activities of the ARF Inter-sessional Meeting on Disaster Relief,
noting that they contributed towards confidence-building, and constituted a concrete
manifestation of the ARF countries will to cooperate on matters of common interest
affecting the comprehensive security of states. He expressed the hope that ARF activities
in this field could complement those of ASEAN and other existing bodies and avoid
duplication so as to provide an impetus for a more structured framework for formulating
regional responses to disasters. He was confident that the activities of the ISM-DR would
serve to strengthen the institutional vitality of the ARF process as well as assist in the
111
fulfillment of the objectives of the United Nations International Decade for Natural
Disaster Reduction 1990 - 2000 (IDNDR).
5.
The Meeting was held in plenary. During the course of the Meeting, a field trip was made
to the Royal Thai Armys Engineer Department, Ratchaburi Province. The delegates were
briefed on the activities of the Royal Thai Army in delivering disaster relief and shown a
demonstration of disaster relief techniques.
Item 1. Review of the 1st ISM-DR and General Exchange of Views

6.
New Zealand briefed the Meeting on the results of the 1st ISM-DR, and in particular
the recommendations of the Wellington Meeting. The Meeting agreed that the
recommendations of the Wellington Meeting provided the basis for discussion and steps
should be taken to implement its recommendations.
Item 2. Further Exchange of Views on National, Sub-regional and Regional Delivery of

Disaster Relief
7.
A number of countries gave presentations on their national experiences and the national
delivery mechanisms for dealing with disasters. Participants agreed that such exchange
of information was in itself a useful confidence-building measure. In particular, many
participants pointed to the role of defense establishments in national efforts and the
importance of civil-military coordination. In discussing sub-regional and regional
delivery of disaster relief, the Meeting highlighted the role and experience of existing
regional organizations such as ASEAN, in particular the activities of the ASEAN Expert
Group on Disaster Management (AEGDM). The Meeting was briefed on the concept of
using Military and Civil Defense Assets (MCDA) in disaster relief in the Asia-Pacific
region and on proposals to enhance cooperation on disaster preparedness within the
framework of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC).
Item 3. Cooperation in Enhancing Regional Disaster Preparedness

8.
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Noting the recommendations of the 1st ISM-DR on the usefulness of building upon
existing national and regional institutions within the ARF area, such as the ADPC and
various national bodies in different countries, the Meeting had an extensive exchange
of views on how best to achieve optimum synergy. While stressing the importance of
avoiding duplication, participants underlined the importance of sharing expertise and
organizing joint activities. However, participants also recognized the need to further
enhance local preparedness to better support wider efforts.
9.
Participants emphasized the need for enhancement of early warning capabilities on

emergencies such as earthquakes, floods and severe storms. Canada, the European
Union, Japan and the United States provided briefings on their efforts to enhance disaster
preparedness and ability to provide assistance in the regional context. The IFRC, UNDP
and UNOCHA gave comprehensive presentations on their capabilities and resources at
their disposal to assist Asia-Pacific countries in disaster management. The ADPC gave
a briefing on its capacity to play a focal role as technical support unit to the ARF in the
areas of training, information exchange and dissemination strategic planning, disaster
management programme and protocol development.
Item 4. Enhancement of Operational Delivery of Disaster Relief in the Region

10. There was a further exchange of information on existing sub-regional cooperation in
delivering disaster relief. The usefulness of developing common approaches to disaster
management was considered. In this regard, the Meeting underlined the importance of
better coordination to facilitate the exchange of information in a neutral fashion and
help reduce delays in providing a regional response to emergency situations. The Meeting
agreed that specific areas of national expertise and national centers of excellence should
be identified so as to further promote the sharing of expertise among the participants.
11. A case study presentation was made on the subject of regional responses to the haze
problem in Southeast Asia in late 1997 as a recent example of a regional disaster affecting
many ARF countries. The Meeting agreed that given the seriousness of its impact on
local environments and ecologies, early coordination of information and responses
would be valuable on similar situations occurring in the future. An exchange of views
was held on the most appropriate mechanisms for coordinating such activities. The
Meeting welcomed the contributions of various countries and organizations in helping
to resolve this problem, including ASEANs Regional Haze Reduction Action Plan, ADPCs
sponsorship of the El Nino Conference on 2 - 6 February 1998, and the United States
Southeast Asian Environment Initiative.
Item 5. Future Directions of ARF Disaster Relief Activities
12. The Meeting confirmed its belief that cooperation on all aspects of disaster management
contributes significantly to the ARFs goal of regional confidence building.
13. The Meeting considered that the ARF at Ministerial and Senior Officials levels should
continue to give overall direction for further action in this field, including a decision to
hold a future ISM-DR, for which an offer was received from the Russian Federation to
co-host a third session in Moscow.
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14. The Meeting arrived at a broad consensus on the following:

14.1. In furthering the recommendations from the Wellington Meeting, endorsed by
the Fourth ARF Ministerial Meeting in Malaysia, particular attention should be
given to:
14.1.1. Training and technical cooperation to further develop national disaster
management capabilities;
14.1.2. The development of early warning systems with consideration being
given to improving access to existing early warning information; and
14.1.3. The development of a regional disaster relief capabilities database.
14.2. Offers to support these and other activities were made by the EU, Japan, the
Russian Federation, the United States, IFRC, UNDP, UNOCHA and ADPC.
14.3. The Meeting considered these offers to be valuable, and that they deserved a
more detailed evaluation by government officials and experts.
14.4. The Meeting stressed the importance of bilateral, sub-regional and multilateral
cooperation on disaster management.
14.5. The exchange of information and informal networking could continue, although
the need for better coordination and a greater awareness of existing information
resources was recognized.
14.6. To consider these proposals, there was general support for the formation of an
ARF Disaster Relief Experts Group. The work of this Group would include the
evaluation of the offers and the modalities of any subsequent recommendations
made, and the reporting of its findings in time for consideration by the ARF SOM
in 1999.
15. The Meeting welcomed the offer by the ADPC to hold a Workshop on Disaster Management
later in 1998. The United States offered to provide funding for such a workshop, which
could involve participation of civilian and military disaster managers. The workshop
might include topics such as appropriate roles and responsibilities of responders, as well
as principles, concepts and terminology of disaster management. The Meeting further
considered that the organization of other relevant training courses could be proposed by
interested countries.
114
16. The Meeting was of the view that future joint and combined military exercises, whether
bilateral or multilateral, undertaken by ARF participants should, as appropriate,
incorporate disaster relief activities. Cooperation among the military, and between
civilian and military disaster responders, was also regarded as desirable in such areas
as information exchanges to explore the possibility of formulating common operational
procedures, as well as exchanges of training, seminars and study tours.
17. The Meeting noted that cooperation and exchanges to enhance early warning capabilities
and improving preparedness for such emergencies as droughts, earthquakes, floods and
severe storms were valuable. In this regard, the involvement of international organizations
such as the World Meteorological Organization in developing such regional capabilities
and information sharing was considered important.
18. The Meeting considered that informal networking among the participants should
be further promoted pending final decision being taken on the modalities for future
cooperation.
Acknowledgements
19. The Meeting thanked Thailand and New Zealand for co-chairing the ISM-DR over the
past two years and ensuring that the activities of ISM-DR made a concrete and lasting
contribution to furthering cooperation and enhancing confidence among the ARF
countries.
115
116
CO-CHAIRMENS SUMMARY REPORT OF THE MEETINGS OF

BANDAR SERI BEGAWAN, BRUNEI DARUSSALAM, 4 - 6 NOVEMBER 1997
SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA, 4 - 6 MARCH 1998
Introduction
1.
Pursuant to the agreement at the Fourth Ministerial Meeting of the ASEAN Regional
Forum (ARF) in Subang Jaya, Malaysia, on 27 July 1997, the Inter-sessional Support
Group on Confidence Building Measures (ISG on CBMs), Co-Chaired by Brunei
Darussalam and Australia, held two meetings in Bandar Seri Begawan and Sydney on
4 - 6 November 1997 and 4 - 6 March 1998 respectively. The meetings were attended
by all ARF participants and most participants had defense officials in their respective
delegations.
2.
Both meetings were conducted in a frank and cordial manner and participants had
useful and constructive discussions on matters relating to confidence building. These
discussions contributed to moving the ARF process forward. Two important new topics
were discussed - CBMs/preventive diplomacy and maritime issues.
3.
The agendas of the meetings are attached as Annex A, the programs of activities as
Annex B and the lists of delegates as Annex C.
4.
The following is a summary of discussions of and recommendations from the two

meetings.
Summary of Discussions
Review of Activities of the ISG on CBMs, including Implementation of Agreed CBMs
a) Review of the Progress of the ISG on CBMs, Its Future Directions and Ways of Developing
Its Activities
5.
The participants expressed satisfaction with the progress of the ISG on CBMs. It was
felt that in the relatively short period of time since its establishment, the ISG had made
an important contribution to the building of confidence and trust in the region. The
ISG provided a forum for frank, open and substantive dialogue on the regional security
117
environment, for the exchange of information on security-related developments in

individual countries, and for the development of practical confidence building measures.
The habits of dialogue and cooperation which were being developed in the ISG and the
ARF as a whole would help to promote lasting peace and stability in the region.
6.
In discussing its future activities the ISG stressed the importance of confidence building
to the ARF. Participants felt that there was still more work to be done on the ARF CBMs
agenda and looked forward to the development of new CBMs. The ISG emphasised the
need to continue focusing on core military defense-related CBMs, while noting that in
accordance with the ARFs comprehensive security approach, some non-military CBMs
might usefully be addressed. Several participants stressed the desirability of continuing
the practice of holding two meetings of the ISG each Inter-sessional year.
7.
The ISG recognized the great potential and important role of the ARF in further
strengthening the foundations of regional peace and stability. In this context, they saw
the work of the ISG on CBMs continuing for the foreseeable future. The ISG agreed
therefore to recommend to the ARF SOM that the mandate for the ISG on CBMs be
extended for the next inter-sessional year
b) Implementation of Agreed CBMs

8.
118
Pursuant to the direction of Ministers at ARF 4, participants underlined the importance

of keeping track of agreed CBMs. The ISG agreed that it had a good report to make in
this regard. For example:
8.1
The ISG had fully completed two agreed CBMs - the establishment of an intersessional meeting on disaster relief and the first ARF Meeting of Heads of
National Defense Colleges.
8.2
Good progress had been made in developing a range of regional, sub-regional

and bilateral exchanges on regional security perceptions. At the regional level,
these exchanges took place at the ISG, at the SOM and at the ARF Ministerial
itself. Dialogue was also taking place at the sub-regional level (for example,
in the Northeast Asia Cooperation Dialogue and at ASEAN Meetings) and there
had also been a rapid expansion in the number of bilateral regional security
dialogues between ARF members.
8.3
The number of high-level bilateral defense contacts had been expanding

rapidly.
8.4
Defense training and defense exchanges were also frequent.
9.
8.5
ARF member participation in UNCAR was very high and members were beginning
to circulate their returns to each other.
8.6
Participation in global disarmament and non-proliferation regimes was

encouraging.
8.7
Several ARF members had voluntarily submitted annual defense policy statements
and there had also been very good progress in the voluntary development of
Defense White Papers.
The ISG agreed that there would be value in attempting to present information implementation
of agreed CBMs in a concise and accessible form. Participants completed a set of matrices and
tables including a summary matrix to chart the implementation of agreed CBMs which appears
as Annex D. The ISG felt that these would provide a useful means of presenting the degree of
implementation of agreed CBMs to the ARF SOM and to Ministers, as requested by Ministers at
ARF 4. It was agreed that these matrices and tables should be updated on an annual basis.
10. The inclusion in the matrices and tables of reference to signature and ratification of
the Ottawa Treaty was discussed. It was noted that at the time the CBM on encouraging
adherence to the global arms control and disarmament regimes was agreed, the Ottawa
Treaty was not yet in existence but that by the time of the Sydney meeting of the ISG
this Treaty had already attracted considerable support including from ARF members.
An information paper indicating the degree of ARF participation in the Ottawa Treaty
was circulated (Annex E). The inclusion of the Ottawa Treaty in the matrices and tables
would be considered by the ARF SOM.
High Level Defense Contacts and Exchanges Among Defense Staff Colleges and Military
Training Institutions
11. Many participants reported on or submitted papers outlining their high-level defense
contacts and exchanges. The ISG was encouraged by the high number of such contacts
and exchanges. Participants agreed that such exchanges were useful in promoting
mutual understanding and confidence, strengthening friendship and eliminating
suspicions. It was suggested that a standardized approach to submitting information on
defense contacts and exchanges would be useful.
Report on the Meeting of Heads of National Defense Colleges by the Philippines
12. The delegation of the Philippines briefed the Meeting on the outcome of the first ARF
Meeting of Heads of Defense Colleges and Institutions held from 7 - 8 October 1997 in
Manila. The Chairmans Report of the Meeting was submitted to the Co-Chairs of the
ISG and circulated at the Meeting.
119
13. Participants agreed that cooperation on security education and research was important
in enhancing confidence building in the region and provided an opportunity for the
Heads of Colleges or similar institutions to establish networks and build people-to-people
contacts.
14. The ISG recommended that the ARF SOM endorse the areas of cooperation identified
by the Meeting of Heads of Defense Colleges and Institutions, which were: faculty and
student exchanges, training seminars and academic conferences on mutually agreed
topics, country visits, faculty development programs, exchange of publications and
greater interaction among heads and senior members of the institutions to be involved.
15. The ISG welcomed the offer by the Republic of Korea to host the next Meeting of Heads
of Defense Colleges and Institutions in September 1998 and recommended that this
decision be endorsed by the ARF SOM.
Update of ARF Contact Points
16. Pursuant to the recommendations of the ISG on CBMs at its Meeting from 6 - 8 March 1997
in Beijing, the Co-Chairs circulated an updated list of ARF contact points, including ARF
defense contact points. The participants noted that the list was very useful in facilitating
contacts among members.
System of Compiling ISG on CBMs Documents
17. The ISG was informed that the Co-Chairs would compile and number documents
submitted to the ISG on CBMs. The lists of documents tabled at the two meetings is
contained in Annex F.
(c) Information Exchanges on Other Regional CBMs Cooperation
18. The ISG participants were briefed by the delegation from the Peoples Republic of China
(PRC) on its border agreements with a number of countries. These were: Agreements
on Confidence Building in the Military Field Along Border Areas signed in 1996, and
Agreement on Mutual Reduction of Military Forces in the Border Areas signed in 1997
between the PRC and the Russian Federation, the Republic of Kazakstan, the Republic
of Kyrgyzstan and the Republic of Tajikistan; and Agreement on Confidence Building
Measures in the Military Field Along the Line of Actual Control in the China-India
Border Areas signed in November 1996 between the PRC and the Republic of India. The
ISG agreed that such agreements and the principles embodied therein would promote
confidence building among countries concerned and contribute to the peace and
stability in the Asia Pacific region.
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Review of the Regional Security Environment and Exchange of Views on Security Perception
19. There was extensive exchange of views under this topic. The ISG was of the view that the
region was currently enjoying an unprecedented period of peace and stability and that
the security outlook remained positive. It noted that increased dialogue and improved
communications between countries had contributed to the situation. Participants
noted that economic growth, increasing trade and investment links and high levels of
economic interdependency were underpinning the current period of peace and stability.
In this context, it was felt that the current economic slowdown in parts of the region
would be temporary and that the economies of East Asia would continue to be among the
fastest growing in the world.
20. Many participants underlined the importance for the region of stable and constructive
relations among the major powers. The ISG welcomed the very significant steps achieved
in developing a constructive strategic partnership between the US and the PRC during the
October/November 1997 visit to the US by President Jiang Zemin. The ISG also welcomed
recent meetings between Prime Minister Hashimoto and President Yeltsin, President
Jiang Zemin and President Yeltsin, and Prime Minister Hashimoto and President Jiang
Zemin and Premier Li Peng, Prime Minister H D Deve Gowda and President Yeltsin and
President Clinton and Prime Minister I K Gujral.
21. The ISG also noted the ASEAN Informal Summit to commemorate the 30th anniversary
of the Association as well as the Summits between ASEAN and the PRC, Japan and the
Republic of Korea in Malaysia from 14 - 16 December 1997.
22. The ISG welcomed the successful and peaceful transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong
from the United Kingdom to the PRC.
23. The ISG was briefed on the recently completed review of the Japan-US Defense Cooperation
Guidelines and noted earlier comprehensive briefings contributed to transparency.
24. Participants noted that while the security outlook for the region was generally positive,
nevertheless they also recognized some potential problems. The ISG welcomed the
briefing by the Republic of Korea and the US on developments on the Korean Peninsula
and underlined the importance of the Four Party Talks process and KEDO in working
towards peace and stability on the Korean Peninsula.
25. On the South China Sea, the ISG welcomed the efforts by countries concerned to seek
solutions by peaceful means in accordance with international law and the continued
exercise of self-restraint in the interest of maintaining peace and stability in the region.
The ISG also noted the positive contributions made by bilateral consultations between
countries concerned and dialogue in the ASEAN-China Senior Officials Consultations
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and in the ARF as well as the work of the Informal Workshops on Managing Potential
Conflicts in the South China Sea.
26. The ISG strongly supported ASEANs efforts in helping to restore political stability in
Cambodia and, in this context, noted the importance of holding successful free, fair and
credible elections this year.
27. Canada briefed the ISG on developments in the Ottawa process on Anti-Personnel
Landmines.
Observer Participation in and On-going Notification of Military Exercises
28. In the implementation of agreed CBM from ARF 3, the ISG had a useful exchange of
information on ARF members respective practices with regard to observership and
notification. It was noted that a number of ARF members invited observers to and
provide notification of selected military exercises, including unilateral, bilateral and
multilateral exercises, on a voluntary and case-by-case basis. Participants noted that
such individual practices could contribute towards enhancing mutual confidence.
Defense Participation in the ISG/ARF
29. Many participants noted the importance of active defense participation in ARF processes.
Defense involvement in the ARF complemented existing bilateral and regional defense
agencies and helped to build trust and confidence. Defense participants also had an
important contribution to make to ARF exchanges on regional security issues, the
development of practical confidence building measures, and the promotion of cooperation
at the technical level.
30. Many participants pointed out that defense officials should be fully integrated into
the ARF process at all levels, although they left open the possibility of defense-only
meetings on specific issues. The ISG noted that there was already a high level of defense
participation in the ISG on CBMs.
31. The agreement that Ministers could be accompanied to the ARF by a second official had
also facilitated defense participation in the Ministerial Meeting. A number of participants
noted, however, that currently at the ARF SOM there was only a limited role for defense
officials.
32. The ISG agreed therefore that it would be useful for an additional official to participate
at future ARF SOM Leaders Retreats in order to accommodate defense representation.
Participants agreed to make this recommendation to SOM. The ISG also agreed that it
should be up to each Leader to decide the composition of their delegation. Participants
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noted that the involvement of defense officials in the ARF should take place in an
incremental manner and at a pace comfortable to all members.
New Confidence Building Measures
33. The ISG had an extensive discussion on good, well thought out ideas for new CBMs,
of both an ongoing process and project nature, tabled by many participants. The ISG
discussed which of these were suitable for consideration by the ARF in the near and
medium term. The ISG recommended two baskets of proposed new CBMs which appear as
Annex G to be forwarded to the ARF SOM and to Ministers for their consideration noting
the desirability of adopting a flexible approach to take account of future developments.
The first basket consisted of new CBMs which the ISG should consider in the near term
while the second basket consisted of the new CBMs which it was felt were likely to need
more time and on which agreement was more likely in the medium term.
34. In view of the offers made by the Peoples Republic of China and Australia, the ISG
agreed to recommend the immediate implementation of two of the projects in Basket 1.
The ISG welcomed the offer by China to host a Military Medicine Symposium on Tropical
Medicine and Epidemic Control in Tropical Regions in November 1998 and by Australia
to host and Co-chair a seminar in the next Inter-sessional year on the production of
defense policy documents. The US offer to collect and collate the list of publications of
CBMs was accepted and this list will be disseminated at the ARF SOM.
35. It was felt that some of the proposals raised were more appropriately considered under
existing activities and agenda items. It was agreed that the ISM on Disaster Relief and the
ARF SOM should take forward a proposal to enhance cooperation among ARF members
in disaster relief; UN Conventional Arms Register data should be handled under the
existing ISG Agenda item on the Register; and that Marine Environmental Protection
should be discussed under the separate Agenda Item on Maritime issues. Other proposals
were discussed but no agreement was reached on taking these forward.
ARF Principles
36. The ISG also took note that there was a suggestion to consider the development of a set of
guiding principles on promotion of condence building and cooperation for the maintenance
of lasting peace and development in the Asia Pacic region in general and for the activities
of the ARF in particular. The ISG was of the view that this matter might be included in the
discussion at the track two meeting to be held in September 1998 in Vladivostok.
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CBMs/Preventive Diplomacy and the ARF

37. In accordance with the mandate of ARF 4, the ISG discussed areas of overlap between
CBMs and preventive diplomacy and ways and means of addressing these while
maintaining the focus on CBMs. It was felt that the ISG had maintained the focus on
CBMs and that discussions on new CBMs ensured that this focus would be maintained
for the foreseeable future.
38. There was general agreement that many issues could be identified as failing within the
area of overlap. Some were already being dealt with as CBMs and others could also be
proposed as preventive diplomacy measures. Noting that the distinction between CBMs
and Preventive diplomacy was blurred, and in light of the decision of ARF 2 that the
consideration of these two issues can proceed in tandem, there was general support for
further consideration of the following tabled proposals;
i.
An enhanced role for the ARF Chairman, particularly the idea of a good offices
role.
ii.
The development of a register of Experts or Eminent Persons among ARF

participants.
iii.
Annual Security Outlook.
iv.
Voluntary background briefing on regional security issues.
39. In this regard, the ISG agreed to recommend to the ARF SOM and Ministers that two
meetings of the ISG on CBMs be held in the next Inter-sessional year with one meeting
addressing the overlap between CBMs and preventive diplomacy, including the four
proposals tabled. Some participants also suggested the possibility of consideration of
common approaches and understandings on preventive diplomacy. The ISG also stressed
the importance of proceeding in an incremental and step-by-step manner and of taking
decisions by consensus while taking into consideration the interests and comfort level of
all ARF participants.
Exchange of Views on Defense Policies
40. Participants explained their defense policies and also exchanged views on the content
of their respective defense policies. The ISG welcomed the increasing number of ARF
participants who had submitted defense policy papers. The ISG continued to encourage
the voluntary annual submission of defense policy papers and suggested that those
countries able to do so should submit these to the ISG on CBMs. The ISG noted the
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increased number of ARF participants preparing defense white papers or their equivalents
for the first time. The ISG continued to see considerable value regular publication of
defense white papers or similar papers by ARF participants on a voluntary basis. The ISG
agreed that continued exchanges on this subject would further contribute to increased
transparency and mutual understanding and thereby the promotion of peace and
stability in the region.
Defense Conversion
41. The ISG had a briefing and sharing of information by some ARF members on defense
conversion which was seen as useful not only in promoting disarmament but also for
economic development. Some participants encouraged ARF members to continue sharing
information and seeking cooperation in this area on a voluntary basis.
Arms Modernization in the Region
42. The ISG exchanged views on trends in arms modernization in the Asia Pacific region
and stressed the importance of transparency in force structures and strategic policies.
Participants also had a brief exchange of views on the potential impact of the current
financial downturn on defense programs and on regional security more generally.
Arms Control and Non-proliferation
43. The ISG noted that progress had been made in controlling the spread and inhibiting the
use of weapons of mass destruction. There was considerable support for internationally
recognized non-proliferation and disarmament conventions, treaties and regimes
and it was acknowledged that adherence to these contributed to regional peace and
security. The ISG discussed the desirability of the resumption of an active work program
in the Conference on Disarmament, mentioning a range of issues. Attention was once
again called to the ARFs earlier commitment to encouraging ARF countries to sign
and ratify global non-proliferation regimes specifically the NPT, CWC, BWC, CCW and
CTBT. Certain Missile Technology Control Regime members encouraged other ARF
participants to support the non-proliferation aims of the Regime. Several participants
drew attention to the threat posed by small arms proliferation and the illicit trafficking
in these weapons.
44. The ISG noted the signature by 123 states including 11 ARF participants of the Ottawa
Treaty banning the use, production, transfer and stockpiling of antipersonnel landmines
(APL) in December 1997. Some participants underlined the desirability of work being
undertaken in the Conference on Disarmament on APL, particularly transfers. Conscious
of the human suffering caused by APL participants endorsed the urgent need to continue
to support efforts in demining, including training, and in the removal of unexploded
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ordinance as well as the rehabilitation of victims. The ISG understood the ROKs position
that security considerations prevented it from signing the Ottawa Treaty at this stage.
United Nations Register of Conventional Arms
45. The ISG reaffirmed the value of the United Nations Register on Conventional Arms as an
important transparency and confidence building measure. The very high level of ARF
country participation in the Register was pleasing but it was important for the region to
maintain its good record. The ISG continued to encourage ARF participants to circulate
to each other their UNCAR annual returns. A number of participants raised the possibility
of the ARF adding further substance to its discussion under this Agenda Item.
Training on Regional Security
46. The ISG had a useful exchange of views on training on regional security and facilities
available to ARF members. The ISG reaffirmed the value of training in contributing
to the development of human resources and towards strengthening networking and
fostering of people-to-people contacts amongst officials involved in decision making
on regional security. Training on regional security was also seen as useful in further
promoting confidence building among participants.
47. The ISG strongly supported the offer by the US to organize an integrated training
program on regional security for foreign affairs and defense officials to be held in
Washington in September 1998. The ISG felt that such programs should be a permanent
CBM activity which could be conducted regularly and that flexibility would be required
in determining the format, duration and concept of such courses. Other participants also
indicated their willingness to consider hosting such programs in future years. The ISG
noted that some participants might require assistance to enable them to participate.
48. The ISG welcomed the offer by Canada, Japan and Malaysia to organize a peacekeeping
training seminar for the ARF to take place in Japan in the next Inter-sessional year. A
number of participants provided information on other training courses and facilities
available in their countries to which other ARF participants could be invited. The ISG
also welcomed the offer and suggestions by some participants in organizing similar or
other training programs relevant to regional security.
Maritime Issues
49. The Co-Chairs invited an Australian expert on maritime issues, Dr Ross Babbage, to
make some introductory remarks about changes in the maritime environment including
trends in regional shipping and the growth of regional ports. The ISG felt that this had
been useful in setting the scene for the subsequent discussion of specific issues.
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(a) Maritime Safety

50. Participants noted that shipping was one of the engines of growth in the Asia-Pacific. The
regions waterways were carrying more ships and a greater volume of hazardous cargo.
These trends were likely to continue and congestion in key chokepoints such as the
Malacca Straits was a concern to many regional countries. Maritime safety was therefore
an important issue appropriately considered under the rubric of comprehensive security.
The ISG reviewed the existing regional framework for promoting maritime safety and
underlined the importance of ARF members ratifying and fully implementing the 1982
UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and the key International Maritime
Organization (IMO) Conventions on maritime safety as well as the new International
Safety Management Code (ISM). Participants noted that technical assistance for those
countries which found it difficult to implement their IMO commitments was available.
Training of seafarers to reduce human error as a factor in maritime disasters was
important.
51. The ISG also noted the important work of the Tokyo MOU on Port State Control in
the Asia Pacific region and encouraged ARF members who were not either members
or observers of the MOU to support its activities. The ISG was briefed on advances in
traffic management and pollution control in the Malacca and Singapore Straits. The
ISG expressed its support for other existing regional cooperation in the area of maritime
safety, including in APEC and the Indonesian Informal Workshop Series on Managing
Potential Conflict in the South China Sea. Participants underlined the importance of not
duplicating activities occurring in more specialized forums.
(b) Law and Order at Sea
52. The ISG noted that the security of regional sea lanes of communication was a matter of
critical importance to ARF participants. Many of these sea lanes, however, were vulnerable
because of their congested nature and their proximity to land. In this context, piracy
and sea robbery were issues of particular concern to many ARF participants. The costs
to shipping (both direct and indirect), the human toll in terms of injury and loss of life,
and the potential threat to the environment from attacks on ships were considerable.
Participants observed that onshore policing combined with maritime police action in
territorial waters were the most effective weapons against piracy and sea robbery and
urged ARF participants to be vigilant in their efforts to combat this problem. However,
the ISG also encouraged those ARF members who have not done so already to ratify the
Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation
1988 (the Rome Convention). The ISG also noted the success of cooperation between
Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore and through ASEAN in significantly reducing the
incidence of piracy and sea robbery in the Malacca and Singapore Straits.
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53. Some participants were interested in exploring over time possible voluntary bilateral and
sub-regional cooperation between ARF participants to combat piracy and sea robbery.
Suggestions included: exchanges of information; regional meetings on piracy and sea
robbery; publicizing areas covered by maritime law enforcement.
54. The ISG noted that surveillance was an important tool in the fight against piracy and
other activities such as smuggling, illegal fishing and illegal pollution. Participants
were encouraged to consider the voluntary exchange of surveillance information on a
bilateral basis and to explore possibilities for cooperative and coordinated surveillance
arrangements. In the context of the problem of illegal fishing, participants encouraged
ratifying and implementing the relevant international conventions.
(c) Protection and Preservation of the Marine Environment
55. Participants observed that the regions security interests could not be seen exclusively
in terms of potential military threats or conflicts and that non-military issues such as
environmental damage had the potential to create tensions between states. Given the
nature of the region, damage to the marine environment from pollution, overfishing,
urbanisation and the degradation of marine coastal environments was a particularly
important part of the environment-security equation. It was therefore appropriate in the
International Year of the Ocean that the ARF supported regional efforts to protect and
preserve the marine environment.
56. The ISG encouraged ARF participants to ratify and implement UNCLOS and the relevant
IMO Conventions in the area of pollution from ships. Participants also stressed the
importance of implementing the commitments contained in Chapter 17 of Agenda 21
(protection of oceans) and paragraph 36 of the resolutions of the General Assembly at its
Special Session on Agenda 21 (which agreed on the program for further implementation
of Agenda 21). The ISG also supported other regional cooperative efforts in this area,
including the East Asian Seas Action Plan, APECs Marine Resources Conservation
Working Group, the South East Asian Program in Ocean Law, Policy and Management
(SEAPOL), the International Coral Reef Initiative, the Global Program of Action for the
Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities and technical activities
under the informal Indonesian Workshop Series on Managing Potential Conflict in the
South China Sea.
57. The ISG noted cooperation among regional countries in the area of oil spill response
and preparedness. There was a suggestion that the ISG consider ARF cooperation in
this area, particularly in enhancing response capability. Other proposals for further
consideration by the ARF of marine environmental issues were tabled. Participants
stressed the importance of avoiding duplication of activity occurring in more specialized
forums.
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(d) Maritime Cooperation

58. There was considerable interest in further work by the ARF on maritime cooperation
issues. A number of suggestions for possible ARF activities were put forward, including
for cooperation between navies. Participants agreed, however, that in order to ensure
that the ARF did not duplicate work best done elsewhere, and to develop a clearer sense
of the areas where the ARF could add value to existing regional cooperation, it would be
appropriate for a meeting of specialist officials to be convened under the ISG on CBMs to
consider the issues (maritime safety, law and order at sea, protection and preservation
of the marine environment) and the proposals put forward by delegations in Sydney.
The ISG agreed it would be helpful if this meeting, which should include the IMO, could
overlap with the meeting in the next inter-sessional period of the ISG on CBMs, with
these maritime issues on its agenda, in order to allow ISG participants to consider its
recommendations.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The ISG decided to convey the following recommendations to the ASEAN Regional Forum
Senior Officials Meeting (ARF SOM) to be held in the Philippines on 20 - 22 May 1998 for the
consideration of Ministers at ARF 5.
1.
Review of the Activities of the ISG on CBMs, including implementation of agreed CBMs
1.1.
The ISG on CBMs has made an important contribution to the building of

confidence and trust in the region. While good progress has been made in
implementing a number of agreed CBMs there is still considerable scope to
further develop and deepen cooperation on confidence building measures
among ARF members. In this context, the ISG on CBMs should continue its work
for the foreseeable future. The mandate for the ISG on CBMs therefore should be
extended for the next inter-sessional year.
1.2.
Pursuant to the request of Ministers at ARF 4 to review implementation of agreed

CBMs, the set of matrices and tables showing the degree of implementation,
contained in Annex D, should be presented to Ministers. These matrices should
be updated on an annual basis and refined as necessary.
1.3.
A second Meeting of Heads of National Defense Colleges should be held in

September 1998 in the Republic of Korea.
1.4.
The list of ARF contact points should be updated regularly.
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1.5.
2.

Perceptions
2.1.
3.
5.
Participation in future Leaders Retreats at ARF SOMs should be expanded to

SOM Leader plus one in order to accommodate defense representation. The
participation by a second official and the composition of each delegation would
be at the discretion of SOM Leaders.
New CBMs
4.1.
Two lists of new CBMs have been developed and agreed to and these should be
considered by the ISG on CBMs for implementation in the near future (Basket
1) and over the medium term (Basket 2). These are contained in Annex G. The
offers by China to host a Military Medicine Symposium on Tropical Medicine
and Epidemic Control in Tropical Regions in November 1998 and by Australia to
host and Co-Chair a seminar on production of defense policy documents in the
next inter-sessional year are welcome. Individual participants should send their
lists of CBM publications to the US for it to compile and distribute.
4.2.
The ISM on Disaster Relief and the ARF SOM should take forward a proposal to
enhance cooperation among ARF members in disaster relief; UN Conventional
Arms Register Data should be handled under the existing ISG Agenda item on
the Register; and Marine Environmental Protection should be discussed under
the separate Agenda Item on Maritime Issues.
CBMs/Preventive Diplomacy and the ARF

5.1.
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The exchange of views on the regional security environment is a valuable and

important confidence building measure and should continue in the ISG on
CBMs, ARF SOM and the ARF Ministerial.
Defense Participation in the ARF

3.1.
4.
The system of numbering and compiling papers submitted to the ISG on CBMs
should be continued.
Noting that the distinction between CBMs and preventive diplomacy was blurred,
and in light of the decision of ARF 2 that the consideration of these two issues
can proceed in tandem, the ISG should further consider the following tabled
proposals:
5.2.
6.
The development of a register of Experts or Eminent Persons among ARF

participants.
iii.
Annual Security Outlook.
iv.
Voluntary background briefing on regional security issues.
The ISG should hold two meetings of the ISG on CBMs in the next inter-sessional
year with one meeting addressing the overlap between CBMs and preventive
diplomacy, including the four proposals tabled. Some participants also suggested
the possibility of consideration of common approaches and understandings on
preventive diplomacy.
In view of their contribution to increasing transparency and mutual

understanding, the dialogue on defense policies, the submission annually to
the ISG of papers on defense policy statements and the publication of defense
white papers or their equivalent on a voluntary basis should continue. Continued
exchanges of views within the ISG on defense policies and programs will further
contribute to increased transparency and mutual understanding.
ARF Participants should continue to share information and seek cooperation on

defense conversion on a voluntary basis.

8.1.
9.
ii.
Defense Conversion
7.1.
8.
An enhanced role for the ARF Chairman, particularly the idea of a good
offices role.

6.1.
7.
i.
Noting the importance of transparency, thematic discussions of arms

modernization within the ISG should continue.
Arms Control and Non-Proliferation

9.1.
Attention was once again called to the ARFs earlier commitment to encouraging
ARF countries to sign and ratify the global non-proliferation regimes specifically
the NPT, CWC, BWC, CCW and CTBT. The urgent need to support efforts in
demining, including training, in the removal of unexploded ordinance and the
rehabilitation of victims was endorsed.
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10. United Nations Register on Conventional Arms

10.1. Taking note of the high level of ARF participation in the UN Conventional
Arms Register, those ARF participants not yet submitting annual returns are
encouraged to do so. All ARF participants are encouraged to circulate their
returns to all ARF members. Aspects of the UN Conventional Arms Register
should continue to be addressed in the ISG on CBMs.
11. Training on Regional Security
11.1. A regular integrated training program for foreign affairs and defense officials
on regional security should be a permanent CBM activity. The offer by the US to
conduct the first such program in Washington in September 1998 is welcomed.
The offer by Canada, Japan and Malaysia to organize a peacekeeping training
seminar in Japan in the next Inter-sessional year is also welcomed.
12. Maritime Issues
12.1. The maritime environment in the Asia Pacific region is undergoing a period
of rapid change and the management of maritime issues will become more
complex and challenging. In this context, maritime safety, law and order at
sea and protection and preservation of the marine environment are important
issues appropriately considered by the ARF under the rubric of comprehensive
security.
12.2. ARF countries should lend their full support to existing regional and multilateral
arrangements and instruments in these areas, including in particular by:
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ratifying and implementing the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of

the Sea and the relevant International Maritime Organization (IMO)
Conventions and regulations in the area of maritime safety and marine
pollution;
supporting the work of the Tokyo MOU on Port State Control in the Asia
Pacific region;
supporting training to reduce human error as a factor in maritime

disasters;
ratifying the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against

the Safety of Maritime Navigation 1988 (the Rome Convention);
implementing the commitments contained in Chapter 17 of Agenda

21 (Protection of Oceans) and paragraph 36 of the resolutions of the
General Assembly at its Special Session on Agenda 21;
exploring possibilities for cooperative and coordinated surveillance

arrangements; and
ratifying and implementing the UN Implementing Agreement on the

Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish
Stocks.
12.3. The maritime issues of maritime safety, law and order at sea, and protection and
preservation of the marine environment should be further considered in the ISG
on CBMs. In this connection, a meeting of specialist officials should be convened
under the ISG on CBMs to develop a clearer sense of the areas where the ARF can
add value to existing activities. This meeting should include the IMO and should
overlap with and report to the meeting, in the next inter-sessional year, of the
ISG on CBMs which includes the maritime issues noted above on its agenda.
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134
DISTILLATION OF AGREED CBMS FROM THE FIRST

UP TO THE FOURTH ARF
Substantive CBMs
Implemented
1.
Develop exchanges on security perceptions on a sub-regional and regional basis (ARF 2

para 8(i)); continue dialogue on security perceptions within the ARF process including
inter-sessional meetings (ARF 3 para 10.A(i)a.) and at ISG on CBMs (ARF 4 Annex C
para 1.1.2)
2.
Increase exchanges amongst national defense colleges and to this end convene meetings
of the heads of National Defense Colleges (ARF 3 para 10 A. (iii) c)
3.
Convene an inter-sessional meeting on the role of defense authorities in disaster relief

(ARF 3 para 10 A.(v) b)
4.
Exchange information on a voluntary basis on ongoing observer participation in and

notification of military exercises (ARF 3 para 10 A. (v) c)
Partially Implemented
5.
Develop exchanges on security perceptions on a bilateral basis (ARF 2 para 8(i)) Matrix 1
6.
Increase high level defense contacts and military exchanges/training (ARF 2 para 8 iii;
ARF 4 Annex C 1.3) Matrices 2 and 3
7.
Submit to the ARF or ARF SOM on a voluntary basis an annual defense policy statement
(ARF 2 para 8 (ii); ARF 3 para 10 A. (ii) a; ARF 4 Annex C 1.3) Table 1
8.
Publish Defense White Papers or similar papers on a voluntary basis (ARF 3 para 10A.(ii)
a) Table 1
9.
Full participation in UN Conventional Arms Register by ARF participants (ARF 1 para 7 (d);
ARF 2 para 8 (iv); ARF 3 para 10 A. (iv); ARF 4 Annex C 1.6) Table 1
135
10. Circulate submissions to UNCAR to other ARF participants at a time of UN submission

on a voluntary basis (ARF 3 para 10 A. (iv)b) Table 1
11. Sign and ratify global non-proliferation and disarmament regimes including NPT,
CTBT,CWC, BWC, and CCW (ARF 3 para 10 A. (v) d; ARF 4 Annex C 1.7) Table 2
12. Exchange views on the contents of annual defense policy or defense white papers (ARF 3
para 10 A.(ii) b; ARF 4 Annex C 1.3) on Sydney agenda
13. Exchange views on defense conversion programs on a voluntary basis (ARF 4 Annex C
1.4) on Sydney agenda
Organizational CBMs
Implemented
14. Complete and update a list of ARF contact points (ARF 3 para 10 A.(v) a; ARF 4 Annex C
1.9.2)
15. Circulate compilation of papers submitted to ISG on CBMs (ARF 4 Annex C 2)
Partially Implemented
16. Submit papers on defense contacts and other defense exchange programs to the ARF
SOM (ARF 3 para 10 A (iii) b; ARF 4 Annex C 1.3) and on other dialogues (ARF 3 para
10.A. (i)b.)
17. Increase defense participation in ARF inter-sessional activities(ARF 3 para 10 A. (iii)a)
136
LIST OF NEW ARF CBMS
The list is divided into two baskets. The first basket consists of new CBMs recommended for
consideration in the near future (i.e. over next two inter-sessional years). The second basket
consists of new CBMs which was felt were likely to need more time and on which agreement
was more likely over the medium term.
First Basket
Encouraging ARF members to exchange visits of their naval vessels on a voluntary

basis
Multilateral exchanges and cooperation in military logistic and academic research in

fields such as military medicine and military law
Compilation of lists of publications and contact points on CBMs
Multilateral communications network
ARF Foreign Affairs and Defense officials training/seminar
Seminar on the production of defense white papers or other defense policy documents
Encouraging visits to military establishments
Media support for the activities of the ARF
Defense language schools conference
Second Basket
ARF liaison with other regional fora
A second ARF SOM
Counter-narcotics project
137
Preventing and combating illicit trafficking in conventional small arms
Shootfest among riflemen
138
THE FIRST ARF MEETING OF HEADS OF

DEFENSE COLLEGES AND INSTITUTIONS
MANILA, THE PHILIPPINES, 7 - 8 OCTOBER 1997
1.
The ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) Meeting of Heads of Defense Colleges and Institutions
was held in Manila on 7 - 8 October 1997. It was organized and chaired by the National
Defense College of the Philippines (NDCP). The ARF Inter-sessional Support Group on
Confidence Building Measures during the meeting in Beijing in March 1997 and the
4th ARF meeting in Subang Jaya in July also of this year welcomed the invitation of the
NDCP to host the meeting in conjunction with their 34th Anniversary Celebration. The
programme of activities which already includes the agenda for the meeting are attached
as Annex A. The meeting was chaired by NDCP President Brigadier General Eduardo T.
Cabanlig. Attached as Annex B is the Chairmans opening statement.
2.
Defense Secretary Fortunato U. Abat delivered the keynote address at the opening of
the conference. In his address, Secretary Abat welcomed the participants and stressed
the important role of defense colleges, universities and similar institutions in shaping
the security perceptions of policy makers and in developing habits of cooperation in
the region. He considered the conference a constructive effort in strengthening the ARF
process and in broadening the range of confidence building measures being undertaken
by the ARF.
3.
Participants from 18 of the 21 ARF member countries and dialogue partners attended the
conference.
4.
The meeting affirmed the importance of cooperation on security education and research
in enhancing confidence building in the region and recognized the meeting as an
opportunity for the heads of defense colleges or similar institutions to network and build
people-to-people contact. The participants agreed that the conference contributed to
the growing awareness and recognition of the vital role of defense officials in the ARF
process.
5.
The participants gave a brief description of the institutional profiles and orientation of
their respective defense learning institutions and shared their experiences on security
education and research, particularly in the area of regional security. A number of
participants cited such areas as structuring of curricula, development of bibliography,
student and faculty exchanges and training programs, and agreements with counterpart
139
institutions as examples of existing joint activities that the participants can work on and
expand further. The exchange elicited general support for the need to strengthen the
regional dimension of security education and research.
6.
The participants agreed to enhance regional cooperation on security education and

welcomed specific proposals on this initiative. Among the activities identified in which
cooperation could be considered were faculty and student exchanges, training seminars
and academic conferences on mutually-agreed topics, country visits, faculty development
programs, exchange of publications and greater interaction among heads and senior
members of the institutions involved. It was also agreed upon to maximize the use of
Internet and E-Mail as a means of facilitating communications. Meetings of this nature
may be held periodically with the host country providing secretariat services to assure
conference success.
7.
The participants exchanged views on regional security arrangements and the emerging
Asia-Pacific security environment. Australia presented a paper on Some Aspects of the
Developing Regional Security Architecture. Japan presented a paper on Japans Defense
Policy. The Philippines presented a paper on The Emerging Asia-Pacific Security
Environment and Regional Security Arrangements, A Philippine Perspective. The
United States presented a paper on Post-Cold War Security Arrangements in The AsiaPacific Region: A U.S. Perspective. South Korea presented a paper Security Situation
on the Korean Peninsula. The meeting agreed that security education programs need
to continuously relate existing regional security arrangements with the emerging AsiaPacific security environment from the academic perspective.
8.
The meeting agreed to forward the Chairmans Report and the proposals to the Cochairs of the Inter-sessional Support Group on Confidence Building Measures (Brunei
and Australia) as well as to the ARF Senior Officials Meeting for their consideration.
9.
The participants agreed to continue cooperation on security education and research

among defense colleges. They considered that further meetings of heads of defense
colleges and similar institutions would be valuable and that a follow-up meeting in
the near future is most welcome. Several participants suggested that South Korea may
host the next meeting, a suggestion that the South Korean delegation accepted. With
the acceptance of South Korea to host the next meeting, the Chairman announced that
all suggestions pertaining to the conduct and formatting of future meetings of heads of
defense colleges and the selection and wording of agenda items would be collated and
transmitted to South Korea as inputs to their preparations. Attached as Annex C is the
Chairmans Closing Statement.
140
10. The meeting was held in a warm and cordial manner. The participants expressed their
appreciation to the NDCP for the generous hospitality accorded to them. The participants
also expressed their commendation of the host for the manner with which the meeting
was conducted.
141
142
CONFERENCE ON PREVENTIVE DIPLOMACY

SINGAPORE, 9 - 11 SEPTEMBER 1997
1.
The 3rd ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) Track Two Conference on Preventive Diplomacy
was jointly organized by the Institute of Defense and Strategic Studies (IDSS) Republic
of Singapore and the International Institute of Strategic Studies (IISS) in the United
Kingdom, using the network of the Council for Security Co-operation in the Asia-Pacific.
This conference was co-sponsored by the Republic of Singapore and the United Kingdom/
European Union (EU). The proposal for this conference was endorsed by the ARF Senior
Officials Meeting in Langkawi (Malaysia) from 18 - 20 May 1997, and was welcomed by
the ARF Ministers at their 4th meeting in Subang Jaya (Malaysia) on 27 July 1997. The
Conference was jointly chaired by Ambassador S.R. Nathan of IDSS and Dr.Gerald Segal
of IISS. The agenda and programme for the meetings are attached at Annex A.
2.
At the 2nd ARF meeting, the Ministers agreed that where the subject matters at Stage One
(Confidence-Building) and Stage Two (Preventive Diplomacy) of the ARF overlapped,
such matters could proceed in tandem. At the recently concluded 4th ARF meeting, this
view was reiterated and the Inter-sessional Group of CBMs was tasked to identify ways of
addressing these matters. In this regard, the primary objective of this Conference was to
discuss concrete measures which could be adopted by the ARF to advance to Stage Two.
3.
The meeting noted the work already done in the ARF Track Two process on Preventive
Diplomacy, and in particular the ideas put forward at the Preventive Diplomacy Seminars
in Seoul and developed in the subsequent seminar in Paris, as well as in the series of
CSCAP Meeting. Representatives from all ARF participants were present. The list of those
who attended the meeting is attached at Annex B.

Session 1 - Overview
The Conference reviewed the recommendations and conclusions of preceding CSCAP and
Track Two Conferences on Preventive Diplomacy, and re-affirmed its usefulness. It was
accepted that the different circumstances and actual conditions in the Asia-Pacific would
often call for different approaches from those employed in other parts of the world. With
that it in mind, some felt that CBMs, as one element of Preventive Diplomacy, had the best
prospects of success in the immediate future and efforts should be focused on them.
143
Session 2 - The European Union Experience in Preventive Diplomacy

The meeting addressed the experience of the EU in Preventive Diplomacy, which provided
examples spanning CBMs and Preventive Diplomacy. It was suggested that key factors
influencing the efficacy of the EUs Preventive Diplomacy were the particular circumstances
of conflict, the will of the actors to engage in Preventive Diplomacy beyond third party
mediation, and the degree of incentive for parties concerned. Much of the discussion focused
on the varying applicability of the EU experience to circumstances in the Asia-Pacific.
Session 3 - Preventive Diplomacy in Southeast Asia
The meeting exchanged views on the prospects for further efforts in Confidence Building and
Preventive Diplomacy in Southeast Asia and focused in particular on the South China Sea
and Cambodia. The meeting noted the ongoing preventive diplomacy efforts in the region
and acknowledged the contribution of Indonesia organized workshop on the South China
Sea. The meeting affirmed the importance of bilateral negotiations and took note of the
useful role which third parties might play in facilitating diplomacy.
Session 4 - The Chinese Perspective on Preventive Diplomacy
In response to the presentation of the Chinese perspective, the meeting noted the importance
of CBMs in the entire process of Preventive Diplomacy in the Asia-Pacific and agreed that
bilateral and multilateral CBMs should be explored and exploited more fully by the states in
the region. The meeting focused on the importance of consensus in the practice of Preventive
Diplomacy. However, some participants expressed that in certain circumstances, third parties
good offices could be valuable in helping to resolve disputes.
Session 5 - Preventive Diplomacy and Map Exercises
The meeting was briefed on the nature of Map Exercises. They were defined as simulation
exercises designed to enhance multilateral understanding and co-operation in crises. As
such, they were deemed to be good examples of cooperative measures to foster comprehensive
security.
Session 6 - Preventive Diplomacy: Freedom of Navigation
The meeting discussed the term Freedom of Navigation and Navigational Rights, and the
possibility of an ARF declaration on the latter as a CBM. Given the diversity of views, it was
recommended that the issues raised be discussed in the CSCAP Working Group on Maritime
Security.
144
Session 7 - Preventive Diplomacy - Towards Track One

The meeting considered options which would enable the ARF to enhance its Preventive
Diplomacy role. To that end, it considered; the role of the ARF chair; the possibility of
intensifying the consultative process at the level of officials; drawing on UN experience;
provision of training; and early warning capabilities. But different views were expressed at
this meeting in this regard.
Dinner Commentary - The Role of the UN Secretary General
The meeting welcomed the presentation on the good offices role of the UN Secretary General
by Mr. Francesc Vendrell of the UN and re-affirmed the UNs important role in maintaining
international peace and stability.
Conclusion
The Co-chairs agreed to forward the following proposals to the current Co-chairs of the
Inter-Sessional Group on CBMs (Brunei and Australia) as well as to their ARF SOM for their
consideration.
a.
The codification of principles regulating international behavior in the region.
b.
An enhanced role for the ARF chair or other third parties in providing good offices in
certain circumstances.
c.
Explore the relevance of Sino-Indian and Sino-Russian experience in CBMs for Preventive
Diplomacy in the Asia-Pacific region.
d.
Multilateral co-operation as a form of Prevention Diplomacy on trans-national issues

such as drug trafficking; shipment, storage and disposal of nuclear waste; major
movements of population etc, where directly linked to security.
e.
An annual Security Outlook to be discussed in Track One, but produced at a Track Two
level.
The Co-chairs agreed to forward the following proposals to the current Co-chairs of CSCAP
(Malaysia and Japan) with the suggestion that CSCAP explore further:
a.
The utility and feasibility of Map (Simulation) Exercises.
b.
The issues raised in the paper on Freedom of Navigation.
145
The meeting endorsed the view that close co-operation be enhanced between CSCAP and
ARF.
The Meeting was held in a warm and constructive spirit. The participants expressed their
appreciation to Ambassador Nathan and Dr Segal for their able co-chairmenship. They also
thanked the Republic of Singapore and the United Kingdom/EU for sponsoring the Conference
and for the generous hospitality accorded to them.
146
THE SIXTH
SINGAPORE, 26 JULY 1999
148
CHAIRMANS STATEMENT
SINGAPORE, 26 JULY 1999
1.
The Sixth Meeting of the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) was held in Singapore on
26 July 1999. The Meeting was chaired by H.E. Professor S. Jayakumar, Minister for
Foreign Affairs of Singapore. The Meeting was attended by all ARF participants. The
Secretary General of ASEAN was also present.
2.
The Ministers welcomed Mongolia joining the 6th ARF as a new participant.
3.
The Ministers welcomed the admission of the Kingdom of Cambodia as a member

of ASEAN, thereby realizing the vision of ASEAN-10. They expressed confidence that
ASEAN-10 will contribute to peace and stability in Southeast Asia.

4.
The Ministers expressed satisfaction that the ARF has continued to serve as the key
forum for political and security dialogue and co-operation in the region. They noted
that since its inception in 1994, the ARF Ministers and senior officials have become
more comfortable with each other through frequent interactions at the various ARF
fora. Such enhanced comfort levels have enabled ARF participants to exchange views
frankly on issues of common concern, thereby encouraging greater transparency and
mutual understanding. The Ministers agreed to build on these strong foundations to
move the process forward so that the ARF would continue to remain relevant and able
to respond to the challenges posed by the changing political and security environment
of the region. The Ministers noted the useful exchange of views at the lunch gathering
of senior defense officials, and welcomed the continuation of this practice at future
ARF Ministerial Meetings. The Ministers further noted the constructive contributions
that defense and military officials have made to the ARF process and encouraged their
continued participation in all relevant ARF activities.
5.
The Ministers emphasized that the ARF process will continue to develop at a pace that
is comfortable to all participants and reaffirmed their commitment to make decisions
by consensus. They noted that this has contributed to steady progress being made. The
Ministers emphasized the importance of confidence building to the success of the ARF
and encouraged the further development of confidence building measures (CBMs). They
149
endorsed the recommendations of the ARF Senior Officials Meeting and the ARF Intersessional Support Group on Confidence Building Measures (ISG on CBMs) to discuss the
concept and principles of Preventive Diplomacy and noted the common understandings
reached on the four tabled proposals relating to the overlap between CBMs and Preventive
Diplomacy. The Ministers noted that this was a positive step forward. The Ministers
expressed their continued support for the leading role of ASEAN in the ARF process and
noted with appreciation that ASEAN would be preparing the draft paper on the concept
and principles of Preventive Diplomacy for discussion among ARF members.
6.
The Ministers had substantive discussions on major regional and international issues
that had an impact on the regional security environment. The exchange of views was
candid and focused and helped to create better mutual understanding of the security
perceptions and concerns among ARF participants.
7.
The Ministers, inter alia, discussed the security implications of the regional economic
and financial crisis. They noted that it had a significant economic, political and security
impact on the region and agreed that the ARF should continue to pay attention to the
security implications of the crisis. The Ministers also noted that co-operative regional
arrangements had played an important role in containing the effects of the crisis. The
Ministers recognized that the strength of the regional economy would affect regional
and national resilience. In this connection, they noted that the situation had stabilized
as compared to last year and that the region was now beginning to recover. Nevertheless,
continued restructuring and policy reform would be necessary to sustain the recovery.
8.
The Ministers agreed that stable relations among the major powers was an integral
element underpinning regional stability. In this regard, the Ministers welcomed the
regular exchanges of visits, including at the leadership level, which have contributed
to stable relations among the major powers. The Ministers stressed the importance of
the major powers continuing to promote dialogue and co-operation among themselves
through all available modalities, including the ARF.
9.
The Ministers recognized that the state of relations among the major powers in the AsiaPacific was affected by events in other regions. In this regard, the Ministers discussed
developments in Kosovo/FRY. They were concerned with its wider implications. They
expressed their deep regret over the loss of thousands of innocent lives. The Ministers
reaffirmed their support for the UN Charter and respect for the basic principles of
international law. In this connection, they welcomed the comprehensive political
settlement of the Kosovo crisis as endorsed by the United Nations Security Council
Resolution S/RES/1244(1999) of 10 June 1999, and urged all parties involved to work
closely with the UN in implementing the settlement, which will bring to an end war
150
crimes and crimes against humanity and permit the people of Kosovo to enjoy basic
human rights within Kosovo/FRY. The Ministers also expressed their deep regret over
the tragic incident involving the Chinese Embassy in Yugoslavia in early May, which
had caused the loss of innocent lives and many casualties. The Ministers extended their
sympathy and condolences to the Chinese people and relatives of the victims and to all
the innocent victims of the Kosovo conflict.
10. The Ministers recognized the Treaty of Amity and Co-operation in Southeast Asia (TAC)
as a key regional instrument for strengthening security in the region. They noted that
non-Southeast Asian countries, in particular the major powers, were now in the process
of considering acceding to the TAC after the Second Protocol amending the TAC enters
into force. This would contribute positively to the evolution of a region-wide code of
conduct. The Ministers expressed support for the continuing consultations between the
State Parties of the SEANWFZ (Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapon Free Zone) Treaty and
the Nuclear Weapon States regarding the latters accession to the Protocol of the Treaty.
The Ministers noted that nuclear-weapon-free zones would contribute to the goal of
comprehensive nuclear disarmament. In this regard, the Ministers also welcomed the
United Nations General Assemblys resolution 53/77D of 4 December 1998 on Mongolias
International Security and Nuclear-Weapon-Free Status.
11. The Ministers welcomed the commitment of all the countries concerned to the peaceful
settlement of disputes in the South China Sea in accordance with the recognized
principles of international law and the UNCLOS. They stressed the importance of freedom
of navigation in this area. The Ministers noted that some ARF countries were concerned
that there could be increased tensions. They welcomed the continued exercise of selfrestraint by all sides and the positive contributions made by the bilateral consultations
between the countries concerned. They further welcomed the dialogue in the ASEANChina Senior Officials Consultations, the regular exchange of views in the ARF, and
the continuing work of the Informal Workshop on Managing Potential Conflicts in the
South China Sea, which have enhanced confidence building. They noted that ASEAN was
working on a regional Code of Conduct in the South China Sea.
12. The Ministers noted that developments in the Korean Peninsula remain of concern and
agreed that parties involved should not adopt policies which could undermine peace and
stability. They emphasized the importance of observing the 1953 Armistice Agreement.
The Ministers expressed concern over the August 1998 payload launch and other missilerelated activities which could heighten tensions and have serious consequences for
stability in the Korean Peninsula and the region. The Ministers supported all efforts
to improve relations between the DPRK and the ROK and in this connection, noted the
ROKs policy aimed at establishing a regime of peaceful co-existence with the DPRK.
They welcomed the recent positive developments at the Four-Party Talks and the
151
US-DPRK negotiations on the suspected underground facility. They also reiterated

support for the Four-Party Talks and reaffirmed the importance of maintaining the
1994 Agreed Framework and implementing the Korean Peninsula Energy Development
Organization (KEDO) projects.
13. The Ministers emphasized the importance of systematic and progressive efforts taken by
nuclear weapon states on nuclear disarmament and called on them to make further efforts
towards achieving the ultimate objective of eliminating nuclear weapons. The Ministers
noted that there were strong calls for all states to sign and ratify the Comprehensive Test
Ban Treaty (CTBT) and to accede to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) as soon
as possible. As an essential measure of nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament, the
Ministers further urged the Conference on Disarmament to immediately begin and
swiftly conclude negotiations on a treaty banning the production of fissile material for
nuclear weapons purposes as a matter of priority. The Ministers called on all states to
exercise restraint in the development, testing and export of ballistic missiles and other
delivery means of weapons of mass destruction. The Ministers also called for a speedy
and successful conclusion to the negotiations on a verification protocol for the Biological
Weapons Convention (BWC). The Ministers noted support for encouraging states that
had tested nuclear weapons last year to exercise restraint, including by adhering to the
comprehensive test ban treaty, and to revive the Lahore process.
14. The Ministers noted with appreciation the entry into force of the Ottawa Convention
on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel
Mines and their Destruction, and the convening of the First Meeting of the State
Parties to the Convention held in Maputo on 3 - 7 May 1999. They also noted the early
entry into force of the amended mines protocol (Protocol 11) of the Convention on
Conventional Weapons (CCW), and efforts being made in other bodies, including the
Conference on Disarmament, to complement the Ottawa Convention by engaging key
non-signatories. The Ministers noted with appreciation several unilateral moratoria on
the transfer and commercial export of several categories of mines. The Ministers agreed
to support initiatives to enhance international co-operation on demining, the removal
of unexploded ordnance and rehabilitation of victims, and commended efforts by some
ARF countries to provide training and assistance on mine clearance. In this regard, they
noted the efforts by the Cambodian Mine Action Centre (CMAC) and the Thailand Mine
Action Centre (TMAC).
15. The Ministers discussed transboundary problems that could have a significant impact
on regional security. They recognized that the illegal accumulation of small arms
and light weapons posed a threat to peace and security in many regions and urged
the international community to focus its attention to this problem. In view of the
international conference to be convened by the UN no later than 2001, the Ministers
152
called on member states to increase their efforts so as to enable the UN to play its leading
role in dealing with the problem. The Ministers noted with concern the problem of piracy
in the region and recognized that there is a need for cooperative approaches to deal with
this problem. They also noted the problem of illegal migration.
Track I and II Activities for the Current and Next Inter-sessional Years
16. The Ministers noted with satisfaction the successful implementation of numerous
Track I and II activities for the current inter-sessional year (July 1998 - July 1999). The
Ministers noted the following major Track I activities:
a.
Co-Chairmens Summary Report of the two meetings of the Inter-sessional

Support Group on Confidence Building Measures in Honolulu on 4 - 6 November
1998 and Bangkok on 3 - 5 March 1999.
b.
Co-Chairmens Report of the Inter-sessional Meeting on Disaster Relief in

Moscow on 11 - 13 April 1999.
c.
ARF Experts Group Meeting on Disaster Relief on 29 January 1999 in Bangkok.
17. The Ministers commended the work of the ISG on CBMs and the ISM on Disaster Relief
in furthering the ARF process. They endorsed the recommendations as contained in the
above-mentioned reports and agreed that the ISM on Disaster Relief and the ISG on CBMs
should continue their work for another year. In this regard, the Ministers welcomed the
offers by Vietnam and Russia to co-chair the ISM on Disaster Relief and by Singapore
and Japan to co-chair the ISG on CBMs for the next intersessional year. The Ministers
also welcomed the production of the Annual Security Outlook (ASO) by individual
participants on a voluntary basis at the Track I level for compilation without any editing
by the ARF Chairman and noted that maritime co-operation would be included in the
agenda of future ISG on CBMs.
18. The Ministers also noted that the following Track I activities took place under the
auspices of the ISG on CBMs:
a.
Seminar on the Production of Defense Policy Documents in Canberra on

31 August - 2 September 1998.
b.
Second ARF Meeting of Heads of Defense Colleges and Institutions, in Seoul on

8 - 10 September 1998.
c.
Symposium on Tropical Hygiene and Prevention and Treatment of Tropical

Infectious Diseases, in Beijing on 25 - 27 November 1998.
153
d.
ARF Professional Development Programme in Washington D.C. on

18 - 23 April 1999.
19. The Ministers further noted that the following Track I activities took place under the
auspices of the ISM on Peacekeeping Operations:
a.
Workshop of Approaches to Training for Peacekeeping, in Dublin on 19 - 23

October 1998.
b.
Training Course on Modern Peacekeeping Operations in Tokyo on

22 - 26 March 1999.
20. The Ministers also took note of the following Track II activities:
a.
ARF Workshop on Disaster Management in Bangkok on 25 - 28 January 1998.
b.
CSCAP Seminar on Preventive Diplomacy in Bangkok on 28 February 2 March 1999.
c.
Conference on Towards Comprehensive Security and Cooperation in the Asia

Pacific in Vladivostok on 25 - 27 April 1999.
The Ministers endorsed the programme of work for the next inter-sessional year
(July 1999 - July 2000).

21. The Ministers confirmed that the ARF is a framework for political and security dialogue
and cooperation in the region and that its discussions and activities should be focused
on issues which would have significant impact on regional security. The Ministers
agreed that ASEAN would remain the driving force of the ARF process and that the ARF
would maintain its evolutionary approach as the process progresses from confidence
building to preventive diplomacy and, as an eventual goal, the elaboration of approaches
to conflict resolution. The ARF process will continue to move at a pace comfortable to all
ARF participants on the basis of consensus. The Ministers recognized the importance of
CBMs in enhancing confidence and trust among ARF members and agreed that the ARF
should further develop and deepen co-operation on CBMs among-ARF members. They
recognized that various efforts at confidence building would have an important role in
facilitating the ARF process.
154
22. The Ministers also requested the ISG on CBMs to further explore the overlap between
CBMs and Preventive Diplomacy for the next inter-sessional year, focusing inter alia, on
the development of the concept and principles of preventive diplomacy. In this regard, the
Ministers welcomed the offer by ASEAN to prepare a paper on the concept and principles
of Preventive Diplomacy for consideration by the ARF SOM at its next meeting.
155
156

HONOLULU, USA, 4 - 6 NOVEMBER 1998
BANGKOK, THAILAND, 3 - 5 MARCH 1999
Introduction
1.
Pursuant to the agreement reached at the Fifth Ministerial Meeting of the ASEAN Regional
Forum (ARF) held in Manila, Philippines, on 27 July 1998, the Inter-sessional Support
Group on Confidence Building Measures (ISG on CBMs), co-chaired by Thailand and
the United States, held two inter-sessional meetings during the 1998-1999 inter-sessional
year, in Honolulu 4 - 6 November 1998 and in Bangkok 3 - 5 March 1999. Representatives
from all twenty-two ARF participants attended one or both meetings. Consistent with the
goal of increasing defense participation in ARF activities, most of the delegations at both
meetings included defense officials.
2.
The active participation of Mongolia at these meetings, the first since Mongolias
admission to the ARF, was warmly welcomed.
3.
The Overview and Summary of Discussion from these meetings follow below. The list of
Recommendations from the ISG to the Senior Officials and Ministers is found at the end
of this report.
4.
The agendas of the ISG meetings are attached at Annex A, the programs of activities at
Annex B, and the lists of delegations at Annex C.
5.
At the direction of the Ministers, the Inter-sessional Support Group considered where
the ARF can add value to and supplement existing bilateral and multilateral maritime
cooperation arrangements and instruments in the region, specifically in the areas of
maritime safety, law and order at sea, and protection and preservation on the marine
environment. Concurrent with the Honolulu ISG Meeting, a separate one-day Maritime
Specialist Officials (MSOM) was held on 5 November 1998. The agenda of the MSOM is at
Annex D, the list of delegations at Annex E, and the MSOM Co-Chairs Report is at Annex
F. The Bangkok ISG considered the proposals made by the MSOM based on a matrix
which included both recommendations from the MSOM and other ideas; the matrix is
at Annex G. Those maritime CBMs recommended for consideration at the ARF Senior
Officials Meeting are included in the list of Recommendations at the end of this report.
157
Overview of the 1998 - 1999 ISG on CBMs Meetings

6.
Pursuant to the instruction of the Ministers, the participants reviewed progress in the
implementation of agreed confidence building measures and considered two lists of new
confidence-building measures for implementation in the near future (Basket 1) and
over the medium term (Basket 2). The ISG welcomed the completion of work in progress
of six Basket 1 CBMs, heard an interim report on the study group formed to examine
ways to operationalize the proposed multilateral communications network (ARFNET),
urged members to find ways to increase media support for the activities of the ARF, and
welcomed the offers of Mongolia to hold the third meeting of Heads of Defense Colleges
and Institutions, the dates to be set after consultations, and of Australia to hold both a
Workshop on the Law of Armed Conflict in December 1999 and a conference of defense
language schools in Melbourne in March 2000. Several participants proposed new CBMs;
a number of other new CBMs were added based on the recommendations of the MSOM.
A revised List of Proposed CBMs is at Annex H.
7.
The ISG had extensive discussion on the regional security situation, focusing in
particular on the implications of the current financial and economic crisis for peace
and stability of the region. The participants had frank, open and substantive discussions
on the regional security environment and security-related internal and transborder
developments that impact on the region as a whole, and on the contribution of certain
regional and global non-proliferation, arms control and disarmament regimes to
regional security. The delegations exchanged views and information on their respective
defense policies, including defense conversion, and reviewed their political military and
defense dialogues, high-level defense contacts, joint training and personnel exchanges
with fellow ARF participants.
8.
Consistent with the Ministers instruction that the ISG on CBMs continue its work in
exploring matters of the overlap between confidence building measures and preventive
diplomacy, the participants held a full discussion on the subject and on the four tabled
proposal in the overlap area.
9.
The ISG on CBMs acknowledged the work of both the Council for Security Cooperation
in the Asia Pacific (CSCAP) and the Northeast Asia Cooperation Dialogue (NEACD) and
commended both Track II organizations for their contributions. The ISG encouraged
both to continue their examination of issues of importance to the region.
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Summary of Discussion from the 1998 - 1999 ISG on CBMs Meetings

Consideration of CBMs
10. The Co-Chairman reviewed progress in implementing agreed CBMs and called on
members to update their lists of ARF Points of Contact and their CBM Matrices. The
delegation of the Republic of Korea reported on the outcome of the second ARF Meeting
of Heads of Defense Colleges and Institutions (8 - 10 September 1998 in Seoul); Thailand
and the EU reported on the Workshop on Approaches to Training for Peacekeeping
(19 - 23 October 1998 in Dublin); and China reported on the Symposium on Tropical
Hygiene and Prevention and Treatment of Tropical Infectious Diseases (25 - 27 November
1998 in Beijing). Japan called the attention of the participants to the Peacekeeping
Seminar it will co-host with Canada and Malaysia in Tokyo in March 1999. Russia
announced that its Conference Toward Comprehensive Security and Cooperation in AsiaPacific will be held 25 - 28 April 1999 in Vladivostok.
CBMs List
11. As instructed by the Ministers, the participants considered two lists of proposed confidencebuilding measures for implementation in the near future (Basket 1) and over the medium
term (Basket 2). The Co-Chairmen noted that several proposals in Basket 1 had already
been, or were in the process of being implemented. The ISG, therefore, recommended
that these could be removed from the List the Seminar on the Production of Defense
Policy Documents (31 August - 3 September 1998 in Canberra), the Symposium on
Tropical Hygiene and Prevention and Treatment of Tropical Infectious Diseases (TIDs)
(25 - 27 November 1998 in Beijing), and the ARF Professional Development Program
(to be co-hosted by the United States and Brunei 18 - 23 April 1999 in Washington, D.C.).
With regard to three other CBMs, the ISG further recommended that:
ARF members should be encouraged to exchange visits of their naval vessels as

useful means of enhancing transparency and confidence;
ARF members should also be encouraged to exchange visits to military

establishments, including as part of the program of meetings of the ISG on
CBMs; and
ARF members compile and circulate to other ARF members national lists of
publications/experts on confidence building measures.
The ISG recommended that the matrices be expanded to include information of country
implementation of these three CBMs.
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12. China reported on the Symposium on Tropical Hygiene and Prevention and Treatment
of Tropical Infectious Diseases (TIDs) hosted in Beijing 25 - 27 November 1998. The
delegates from 19 ARF members concluded that the Symposium both raised the level
of studies in military medicine and enhanced mutual and understanding among ARF
participants. Delegates were to consult with their own governments about hosting a
second such symposium in the future.
Basket 1 CBMs
13. With regard to the four remaining proposals in Basket 1, China noted that it had no specific
proposals or elaborations on its proposal for multilateral exchanges and cooperation in
military logistics and academic research in the field of military law. Singapore presented
a paper with suggestions on how to multilateral cooperation in military medicine within
the ARF. Upon ISG recommendation, a study group was formed to consider how an
ARFNET system could be operationalized on an incremental basis. The United States
presented an interim report on the ARFNET study group after two months of operation.
The ISG recommended that the ARFNET be continued at the study group level until the
Ministerial meeting in July 2000. The United States agreed to cover the costs of the study
group through the Ministerial meeting in July 1999, after which funding issues will
have to be reexamined. The ISG also agreed that the final location(s) of the ARFNET
would be decided later. Brunei elaborated on its proposal to encourage media coverage of
ARF meetings and activities. Australia elaborated on to hold a defense language schools
conference by offering to invite the executive staff ARF defense language schools or
representatives of ARF members interested in possibly setting up such an institution to a
conference in Melbourne in March 2000.
Basket 2 CBMs
14. With regard to Basket 2, the five current proposals in this Basket will remain on the
List in Basket 2 for further consideration in the medium term: ARF Liaison with Other
Regional Fora, a second ARF SOM and a Counter-narcotics/Port Interdiction seminar
(all proposed by the United States), preventing and combating illicit trafficking in
conventional small arms (proposed by the EU) and a Shootfest among ARF riflemen
(proposed by the Philippines).
Ongoing and New CBMs
15. Mongolia offered to host the Third Meeting of Heads of Defense Colleges and
institutions, during the next inter-sessional year, the dates to be set after consultations.
Brunei presented a proposal for enhanced interaction between the ARF and Track II
organizations. The issue was discussed further during the consideration of the overlap
between CBMs and preventive diplomacy. Australia proposed hosting a seminar in early
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December 1999 on the Law of Armed Conflict for middle-to-senior-level military officers
as well as defense and foreign affairs officials; the proposal was added to Basket 2, and
Australia agreed to provide further details before the ARF SOM in May 1999, which would
allow the proposal to be moved to Basket 1. China noted its intention to host a seminar
for foreign affairs and defense officials parallel to that being co-hosted by the United
States and Brunei; China undertook to provide more information before the ARF SOM in
May 1999.
16. China presented five new CBMs proposals. Consideration of the proposal regarding the
use of force against civilian ships or fishermen was deferred, and China was requested
to further elaborate and refine this proposal. Chinas proposals regarding defense
conversion, military environmental protection exchanges, mutual legal assistance
coordination, and cooperation against international terrorism and crime were added
to Basket 2. Upon finding a co-sponsor for the defense conversion proposal, this could
be moved to Basket 1. The United States proposed to operationalize Chinas proposal
for cooperation against international crime and terrorism by adding the topic of
transnational crime the workplan and agendas of the next inter-sessional years ISG
on CBMs and to convene, in conjunction with the second meeting of the 1999 - 2000
ISG on CBMs, a meeting of specialists to examine existing multilateral and bilateral
arrangements and whether the could add value to these arrangements. The ISG deferred
a decision on this proposal. Canada presented a proposed matrix of activities relating to
antipersonnel land mines and the Ottawa Convention. After discussion, the ISG accepted
the matrix as an information paper separate from the ARFs Agreed CBMs Matrices.
Maritime Cooperation
17. The ISG was briefed by Co-Chair of the Maritime Specialists Officials Meeting (MSOM),
Rear Admiral Sutat Khayim, RTN of the Kingdom of Thailand, and Captain Mark E.
Rosen, USN, of the United States of America, on the outcome of the meeting which
was convened to consider and suggest ways and means for the ARF to add value to
existing activities in the areas of maritime safety, law and order at sea, and protection
and preservation of the maritime environment.
18. A matrix of Proposed Maritime CBMs was prepared which included both recommendations
of the MSOM as well as other ideas. The ISG recommended that seven of these be added to
Basket 1; these include proposals for: Oil Spill Response (#4); Shipboard Generated Wastes
Management (#5); Prevention of Illegal Fishing (#6); Bilateral Cooperation Matrices
(#11); Ocean Policies Information Exchange (#12); Training on Law Enforcement
(#17); and Marine Debris (#19). Four others were added to Basket 2, including proposals
on: Links to Maritime Safety/Marine Environment Web Sites (#8); Marine Cooperation
Information (#9); an UNCLOS Conference (#10); and a Regional Maritime Information
Center (#15).
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Maritime Information
19. The ISG recommended that the ARF should view itself as an umbrella forum, through
which ARF countries can be kept informed of the many existing activities of various
organizations and fora in these areas. ARF interest in and recognition of the work of
these organizations and fora, such as the Asia-Pacific Maritime Safety Agencies Forum
(and a myriad of others), provides impetus and consistency for their activities, and keeps
ARF members informed. The ISG agreed that various domestic world wide web sites
should be used to their best advantage, and that information should be posted and links
developed among them to produce the maximum possible dissemination of information
concerning maritime issues of concern to the ARF.
20. From the Maritime Matrix the ISG recommended that the ARF specifically monitor three
areas: the Tokyo MOU (#2), WPNS and RPC Anti-Piracy Efforts (#7); and Ratification
of Various Maritime Conventions (#13). China proposed the creation of a Maritime
Information and Data Center to be located within its National Marine Data and
Information Service. The ISG added the proposal to Basket 2 and asked China to provide
more information about the proposal.
Future MSOM Activities
21. The ISG on CBMs took note of the proposal for the MSOM to meet on a regular basis.
However, some participants felt that this matter involved the question of mandate, and,
therefore, should be referred to the ARF SOM . The ISG agreed that, while ARF should
focus on the agreed recommendations, it should also look at maritime cooperation in
the CBM context. In this connection the ISG recommended that maritime cooperation,
especially in the CBM context, be included on future ISG agendas.
Exchange of Views on Regional Security
Developments Within ASEAN
22. Vietnam briefed the ISG on the 6th ASEAN Summit held in Hanoi 15 - 16 December
1998 and ASEANs meetings with China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea. Among the
important documents adopted or signed at the Summit were the Hanoi Declaration of
1998, the Hanoi Plan of Action, and the Statement on Bold Measures. The success of
the Summit demonstrated ASEANs determination to further consolidate its unity and
strengthen its cooperation to achieve early economic recovery, sustainable and equitable
development, and to enhance regional peace and security. The three dialogue partners
reaffirmed their commitment to support ASEAN.
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23. Thailand highlighted ASEANs commitment to strengthening its engagement with those
outside the region and the priority it attached to making ASEAN more people-oriented.
Thailand also noted the collective effort within ASEAN and on the bilateral level to
enhance border cooperation, thus contributing to overall peace and security in the
region.
Asian Financial Crisis
24. It was generally agreed that so far the regional security situation remains stable and
that the economic and financial crisis has not yet produced any direct impact on the
regions strategic environment, in part due to the improvements in the relations among
the major powers. However, the delegates expressed concern that the continuing crisis
could potentially have profound security implications including its social impact on
the people, particularly the marginalized sector. Given the fact that economic growth
has promoted peace and stability of the region and that the current crisis has spread to
all emerging economies worldwide, it was necessary for the international community,
particularly the major economies, to undertake a coordinated global response, in
addition to the on-going efforts of the individual affected countries. It was also felt
that given the potential for uncertainties arising out of the crisis and in keeping with
the concept of comprehensive security, it was all the more necessary to strengthen the
process of regional security dialogues and cooperation under the ARF, and the role ARF
participants in complementing the efforts of the financial officials of the respective
countries in addressing the current economic situations.
South Asia
25. In light of the grave concern expressed at the 5th ARF on 27 July 1998 in Manila over
the nuclear tests in South Asia, the ISG discussed recent developments since the testing.
Participants noted the complexities of the situation and some expressed their continuing
concern. At the same time they welcomed the positive developments in the relations
between India and Pakistan since the tests, in particular the Lahore Declaration signed
by the Prime Ministers of India and Pakistan on 21 February 1999, the three meetings
between the two Prime Ministers in the last 10 months, and an MOU signed by the
Foreign Secretaries of the two countries which pledged to develop CBMs in the nuclear
and conventional fields and to abide by their moratorium on further testing. Participants
expressed the hope that implementation of these agreements and the declaration by the
parties to move towards signing the CTBT by the end of 1999 would contribute to the
process of global nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament.
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Korean Peninsula
26. The ISG discussed the situation on the Korean Peninsula, and several participants
expressed grave concerns over the August 1998 missile launch by North Korea. The ISG
welcomed the efforts by South Korea to continue its policy of engagement with North
Korea and its Sunshine Policy, and welcomed the signs of positive developments in the
relations between North and South Korea. These include progress at the ongoing FourParty Talks in Geneva, the success of the Mt. Keurngang tourist project, the holding of
General Officer-level Dialogue, and the governmental talks between the two sides in
Beijing. The ISG stressed this necessity of continuing efforts to achieve progress within
the Agreed Framework, especially KEDO, and through the process of the inter-Korean
and Four-Party Talks. Given the importance of the Agreed Framework to regional peace
and stability, several participants hoped that North Korea will clarify the nature of its
suspect underground activity near Youngbyon.
South China Sea
27. The ISG welcomed the commitment of all the countries concerned to the peaceful
settlement of the dispute on the South China Sea, in accordance with recognized
principles of international law, including the UNCLOS. The ISG further noted the
bilateral consultations between the countries concerned, the dialogue in the ASEAN
China Senior Officials Consultations and in the ARF as well as the continuing work of
the Informal Workshop on Managing Potential Conflicts in the South China Sea. Some
members of the ISG expressed strong concerns about certain recent developments. The
ISG took note of different views expressed and expressed the hope that a meeting of
experts on confidence building measures between China and the Philippines and the
ASEAN-China SOM will result in mutual understanding and constructive dialogue.
Transborder Challenges
28. Several participants noted that the financial/economic crisis would have potential
global implications, and a global response is therefore needed. The ISG also noted that
it is important that the financial crisis not divert attention from continuing transborder
challenges. A climate of economic and social instability can, if not controlled, provide
fertile ground for the flourishing of these types of challenges. Thailand reviewed bilateral
and regional efforts to counter drug trafficking and illegal cross-border migration
issues and noted it would host an International Symposium on Migration in Bangkok on
21 - 23 April 1999. The United States reviewed the negative impact of official
corruption.
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Cambodia
29. On Cambodia, the ISG welcomed the successful holding of the elections in July 1998
and the subsequent establishment of the new government. The ISG also took note of
the decision taken at the 6th ASEAN Summit in Hanoi on 15 December 1998 to admit
Cambodia as the 10th member of ASEAN and that a special admission ceremony be held
in Hanoi at an appropriate time.
30. The Australian delegation reported on the outcome and recommendations of the
Seminar on Production of Defense Policy Documents co-chaired by Malaysia and
Australia (Canberra, 31 August - 4 September 1998). The seminar, one or a number
of new confidence building measures recommended for implementation in the 1998
- 1999 inter-sessional year, was attended by 40 delegates from 21 ARF countries. This
presentation was followed by briefings by many ARF member countries on their respective
defense policy statements and White Papers. The frank and candid presentations
were particularly useful in that some participants either updated previous submissions
or provided a preview of policy statements to be released in the near future. The ISG
welcomed the increasing quantity and frequency of briefings on this subject, noted the
contribution of such briefings to confidence building and transparency, and urged the
continuation of such briefings on a voluntary basis in future meetings of the ARF ISG on
CBMs, as well as at the ARF SOM and the annual meeting of Ministers.
Defense Conversion
31. Some participants briefed the ISG on their defense conversion experiences. Defense
conversion was encouraged because of its useful contributions to the local economy as
well as in promoting disarmament and the development of dual-use technologies. Some
participants encouraged the continued sharing of defense conversion experiences and
information among ARF members at future ISG meetings as an important confidence
building measure.
Global/Regional Non-Proliferation Arms Control and Disarmament
32. The Co-Chairmen reviewed participation by members in global nonproliferation, arms
control and disarmament regimes, conventions, and treaties and encouraged members
to accede to the NPT, CWC, BWC, CCW, and CTBT. It was acknowledged that adherence
to these instruments contributed to regional peace and security. The ISG also recognized
the important contributions made at the Asia Pacific Arms Control. Nonproliferation
and Disarmament Seminar co-sponsored by Thailand and the U.S. Arms Control and
Disarmament Agency in Bangkok 25 - 27 February 1999.
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Conventional Arms Register

33. The ISG reaffirmed the value of the United Nations Register on Conventional Arms as
an important transparency and confidence building measure, noted the very high level
of ARF participation, and encouraged the continued practice of circulating annual
submissions to each other.
Small Arms Trafficking
34. Several participants drew attention to the global threat posed by small arms proliferation
and the illicit trafficking of these weapons, and urged member countries to adopt strict
national controls on exports of these arms, seek agreement on the export of MANPADS,
and adopt legislation to impose appropriate civil or criminal penalties for violations of UN
embargoes. Countries were also encouraged to strengthen and harmonize multilateral
controls, support on the continuing work of the group of governmental experts, enhance
international cooperation in law enforcement, and support negotiation of a global
instrument on illicit manufacturing of and trafficking in firearms by the year 2000. The
EU briefed the ISG on its new Joint Action on small arms and light weapons, designed to
end the destabilizing accumulation and spread of such arms, reduce the accumulation
of these weapons, and help solve the problems caused by such accumulations.
UNGA Resolution on Mongolia
35. Mongolia informed the ISG about the United Nations General Assemblys adoption
in December 1998 of a resolution on Mongolias International Security and NuclearWeapon-Free Status. The ISG welcomed the information about this important resolution
and would encourage the Senior 0fficials and Ministers to review Mongolias request for
ARF endorsement.
Anti-Personnel Landmines (APLs)
36. The ISG noted the signature by 133 states, including nearly half of ARF participants,
of the Ottawa Convention on the Prohibition of Anti-Personnel Mines to Ban the Use,
Stockpile, Production, and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and For Their Destruction.
The Convention has now come into force. The ISG acknowledged the position of several
ARF members that security considerations prevent them from signing the Ottawa
Convention at this stage. The group also discussed a ban on export and transfer of APLs
under the Conference on Disarmament and called on countries to ratify the Amended
Mines Protocol to the CCW. Participants endorsed the need to continue to support efforts
in demining, including training, and in the removal of unexploded ordinance as well
as the rehabilitation of victims. Officials from Thailand Mine Action Center (TMAC)
briefed the ISG on TMACs organization and proposed plan of action to fulfill Thailands
166
obligation to the Ottawa Convention; the ISG welcomed TMACs formation and anticipated
future contribution to demining efforts.
Interaction Between Track I and Track II
37. The ISG reviewed the Guidelines for Regional Maritime Cooperation prepared by the
Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific (CSCAP) and the Statement of
Principles of Cooperation adopted by the Northeast Asia Cooperation Dialogue (NEACD).
The ISG acknowledged the work of these Track II organizations and commended both
CSCAP and NEACD for their contributions. The ISG encouraged both to continue their
examination of issues of importance to the region.
Review of Track II Activities and Existing Agreements and Arrangements With Implications
for the Development of CBMs/Preventive Diplomacy in the Region
38. Acknowledging process, the usefulness of Track II contributions to the ARF process, the
ISG discussed ways of drawing upon these contributions to advance ARF consideration
of the approaches towards the overlap between CBMs and preventive diplomacy.
Singapore presented an overview of the recommendations from the Conference on
Preventive Diplomacy (9 - 11 September 1997) and the Seminar on the Future of the ARF
(27 - 28 April 1998), both of which were held in Singapore. It was noted that certain
of the recommendations have already provided useful inputs to facilitate the ARFs
discussions on title overlap. Thailand briefed the ISG on the CSCAP Workshop on
Preventive Diplomacy (28 February - 2 March 1999) in Bangkok, which produced a
broad definition and general principles of preventive diplomacy as well as suggested
ways in which the ARF could promote preventive diplomacy in the region.
39. The ISG also exchanged views on existing CBMs/preventive diplomacy arrangements
among various ARF members and took note of the presentations on the 1976 Treaty
of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia (TAC), the 1991 Basic Agreement on
Reconciliation, Nonaggression and Exchange and Cooperation and the 1992 Joint
Declaration on Denuclearization of the Korea Peninsula between North and South
Korea, the 1994 Agreed Framework between the US and North Korea, the 1996 Agreement
between the Government the Republic of India and the Government of the Peoples
Republic of China, on Confidence Building Measures in the Military Field Along the Line
of Actual Control in the India-China Border Areas, the 1997 Aitutaki Declaration and
the 1997 Agreement on Mutual Reduction of Military on Regional Security Cooperation
Forces in the Border Areas between China, Russia, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan.
40. Participants agreed that there were important lessons to be drawn from the experiences
cited. Certain of these arrangements have built on existing frameworks for cooperation
or dialogue between the parties involved, and in addition to relying on mutual trust
167
and confidence as the primary basis, the importance or reciprocity and a step-by-step
approach should be considered. The fact that these arrangements should also be tailored
towards meeting the prevailing specific conditions and situations was also noted.
Participants took note that these arrangements demonstrated that confidence building
and preventive diplomacy are complementary and can be implemented at the same time.
It was recognized that multilateral and bilateral arrangements for confidence building/
preventive diplomacy are mutually reinforcing and should be equally promoted to
eliminate sources of tension and promote security and stability of the region.
Overlap between CBMs and Preventive Diplomacy
41. Pursuant to the mandate given by the Ministers at the 5th ARF to the ISG on CBMs
to continue its work in exploring matters in the overlap between CBMs and preventive
diplomacy. The ISG participants had an extensive exchange of views on and consideration
of the four tabled proposals, namely, an enhanced role for the ARF Chairman, particularly
the idea of a good offices role; the development of a register of experts or Eminent
Persons among ARF participants; Annual Security Outlook; and voluntary background
briefing on regional security issues. In this regard, they agreed to recommended to the
ARF SOM and Ministers as follows:
A)
Enhanced Role for the ARF Chairman

i)
Good offices role: There was general support among participants for
the idea of the good offices role for the ARF Chairman, particularly
in helping to promote trust and confidence among ARF participants.
With a view to further consideration of this role, participants concurred
that a set of principles, procedures and modalities be developed for
the incremental implementation of the good offices role of the ARF
Chairman. These could include the understanding that such a role
would be given to the ARF Chairman on a case-by-case basis, when
there is request, and based on a set of specific principles which include
respect for sovereignty and non-interference in the internal affairs of
other states. It must also have consent of the parties concerned and be
undertaken after prior consultations and mandate from the ARF. Some
participants also underlined the importance of support mechanism to
assist the ARF Chairman in dispensing his tasks.
In this connection, the ISG agreed that the ISG on CBMs in the next
inter-sessional year consider further the development of a set of
principles and procedures for the good offices role of the ARF Chairman
in conjunction with the development of the concept and principles for
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ii)
Liaising Role With External Parties: The participants agreed to enhance

the role of the ARF Chairman and the ARF SOM Chairman, as appropriate,
in liaising with external parties, including other regional organizations.
They further agreed that such a role would be conducted on an informal
and case-by-case basis as well as in accordance with the mandate from
prior consultations with all ARF participants. At this stage, the participants
viewed that such a role would be limited to liaising for the purpose of
exchanging information and sharing experiences, and not representing the
ARF in any way in other fora.
iii)
Role in Enhancing Interaction Between Track I and Track II: The

participants shared the view that the ARF Chairman, at ministerial
and senior officials level, could play a useful role in bringing
recommendations from Track II fora into Track I and enabling the ARF
to benefit from Track II contributions. In this regard, there was general
support for case-by-case informal dialogue between the ARF Chairman
and representatives of Track II fora. Such a dialogue would be based
on prior consultations with ARF participants and would not constitute
endorsement by the ARF of Track II works. Participants also noted the
need for informality of such interaction with a view to ensuring that
such link would not compromise the integrity and independence of
Track II process.
In addition to having the ARF Chairman as the bridge between Track
I and Track II, participants also agreed on the usefulness of greater
consideration of the results of Track II activities and of voluntary
participation by government officials of the ARF participating countries,
in their personal capacity, in Track II activities.
iv)
Coordinating Role In Between ARF Meetings: Participants noted

that the ARF Chairman as well as ISG/ISM Co-Chairs had already
been conducting coordination and consultations with other ARF
participants regarding substance and arrangements for ARF meetings.
They concurred that such a role could be further enhanced by giving the
ARF Chairman such abilities as to call for special sessions and to issue
Chairmans Statements as situations warrant, and there was a broad
agreement that this role be done on the basis of prior consultations with
and consent of all participants. In this regard, the participants agreed
to explore further the idea of enhancing the coordinating role of the
ARF Chairman in conjunction with the development of the concept and
principles for preventive diplomacy.
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B)
Development of a Register of Experts/Eminent Persons

The participants agreed in principle on the proposal to develop a register of
experts/eminent persons to serve as a pool of resources in CBMs and preventive
diplomacy whose services would be made available to participants in providing
non-binding professional advice and recommendations as well as to undertake
in-depth studies. In addition, the ARF Chair at ministerial and SOM levels and
ISG/ISM Co-Chairs, upon concurrence from all participants, might also request
the experts/eminent persons to serve as resource persons at their respective
meetings. Furthermore, some participants felt that the experts/eminent persons
could play a useful advisory role in developing preventive diplomacy, and
that this should be explored further when the ARF agrees on the concept and
principles of preventive diplomacy. However, it was noted that there were issues
regarding modalities and financial implications which had to be addressed and,
therefore, the ISG on CBMs in the next inter-sessional year should look into these
issues with a view to implementing proposal.
C)
Annual Security Outlook (ASO)

Participants shared the view that an annual security outlook (ASO) would be a
useful basis for discussions in the ARF SOM and ARF Ministerial Meetings. In
this regard, during the discussions, there emerged three alternative options for
implementation of this proposal, namely:
D)
i)
Production of the ASO by individual participants on a voluntary basis

at the Track I level for compilation without any editing by the ARF
Chairman;
ii)

Chairman who would undertake to produce an overview of regional
security outlook based on individual contributions;
iii)
Continuation with the ASO by Track II institutions.
Voluntary Background Briefing on Regional Security Issues

There was a general agreement that background briefing on regional security
issues had already been an on-going exercise among ARF participants.
Participants agreed that ARF participants be encouraged to intensify this
practice and to implement it on a voluntary basis, at appropriate occasions, both
during ARF meetings and in between ARF meetings such as in respective capitals
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of the ARF participants. Views were also expressed that in making requests for
voluntary background briefing, participants be mindful of the principles of
non-interference in the internal affairs of other states and respect for sovereign
decision.
42. The ISG endorsed Singapores offer to produce and circulate, on behalf of the ASEAN
member countries, a paper on the concept and principles of preventive diplomacy for
consideration by the ARF SOM in the year 2000. They also agreed at the Statement on
Principles of Preventive Diplomacy produced by CSCAP would be useful basis for such a
paper.
Future Activities of the ISG on CBMs
43. Participants agreed that the main focus of the work programme for the ISG on CBMs in
the 1999 - 2000 inter-sessional year be the development of the concept and principles
for preventive diplomacy. In conjunction with this, they further agreed that the next
ISG continue to explore the principles and procedures for an enhanced role for the ARF
Chairman in good offices and coordination in between ARF meetings, and consider the
modalities for implementation of the register of experts/eminent persons.
44. Participants welcomed the offer by Singapore and Japan to co-chair the ISG on CBMs in
the next inter-sessional year.
Recommendations
The ISG decided to convey the following recommendations to the ASEAN Regional Forum
Senior Officials Meeting (ARF SOM) to be held in Singapore on 20 - 22 May 1999 for the
consideration of Ministers at 6th ARF.
1.
Review of the Activities of the ISG on CBMs, including Implementation of Agreed CBMs
1.1
The ISG on CBMs continues to make important contributions to the building

of confidence and trust in the region. Good progress has been made on
implementing more agreed CBMs during this inter-sessional year; however,
there remains considerable scope to further develop and deepen cooperation on
confidence building measures among ARF members. In this context, the ISG
on CBMs should continue its work for the foreseeable future. The mandate for
the ISG on CBMs therefore should be extended for the next inter-sessional year.
Considering the broad range of issues being discussed by the ISG on CBMs, the
Ministers should encourage the Co-Chairs for the next inter-sessional year to
continue the tradition begun by Japan and Indonesia of holding two meetings.
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2.
1.2
Pursuant to the request of Ministers at the 5th ARF to review implementation of

agreed CBMs, the set of matrices and tables showing the degree of implementation
contained in Annex I, should be presented to the Ministers. These matrices
and tables should continue to be updated on an annual basis and refined as
necessary.
1.3
The list of ARF contact points, at Annex J, should be updated and distributed
regularly.
1.4
The system of numbering, compiling, and distributing papers submitted to the

ISG on CBMs should be continued.

Perceptions
2.1
3.
Defense Participation in the ARF

3.1
4.
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The exchange of views on the regional security environment continues to be a

valuable and important confidence building measure and should continue in
the ISG on CBMs, ARF SOM, and the ARF Ministerial Meetings.
Participation in Leaders Retreats at ARF SOM should continue to include SOM

Leader plus one in order to accommodate participation by defense officials. The
participation by a second official and the composition of each delegation would
remain at the discretion of the individual SOM Leaders.
Existing and New CBMs

4.1
The ISG on CBMs has expanded the existing two-part list of CBMs which are
being considered for implementation in the near future (Basket 1) and over the
medium term (Basket 2). The list is Annex H.
4.2
The ISG on CBMs appreciated the work of the experts-level Maritime Specialist
Officials Meeting (MSOM) held in conjunction with the Honolulu meeting of
the ISG on CBMs. The MSOM produced a significant number of CBMs on the
issues of maritime safety, law and order at sea and protection and preservation
of the marine environment. Regarding the proposal for the MSOM to meet on a
regular basis, it was agreed that this matter involved the question of mandate,
and, therefore, should be referred to the ARF SOM. The ISG also recommends
that the ISG on CBMs look at maritime cooperation in the CBM context and that
maritime cooperation be included on future ISG agendas.
5.
4.3
The ISG on CBMs looks forward to the Peacekeeping Seminar which Japan,
Canada, and Malaysia will co-host in Tokyo in March 1999; to the ARF
Professional Development Program to be co-hosted by the United States and
Brunei in Washington, D.C. 18 - 23 April 1999 and in Brunei during the next
inter-sessional year, to the Conference Toward Comprehensive Security and
Cooperation in Asia-Pacific which Russia will host in Vladivostok 25 - 28 April
1999; and to the Defense Language Schools Conference which Australia will host
in Melbourne in March 2000.
4.4
The ISG on CBMs welcomed proposals by Mongolia to host a third Meeting of

Heads of National Defense Colleges and Institutions during the coming, intersessional year, the date to be determined through consultations, and by Australia
to host a Seminar on the Law of Armed Conflict in December 1999.
4.5
The ISG on CBMs appreciated the efforts of the United States in organizing a
study group to consider how an ARFNET system could be operationalized
on an incremental basis and recommends that the ARFNET be continued at
the study group level until the Ministerial meeting in July 2000. The final
location(s) of the ARFNET would be decided later. The United States agreed to
cover the costs of the study group through the Ministerial meeting in July 1999,
after which funding issues will have to be reexamined.
The CBMs/Preventive Diplomacy Overlap and the ARF

5.1
Enhanced Role for the ARF Chairman

The ARF Chairman should be given the roles in liaising with external parties and
enhancing interaction between Track I and Track II, with a view to exchanging
information and sharing experience, on an informal and case-by-case basis and
with prior consultations with and consent of all ARF participants.
With regard to the good offices and coordinating roles between ARF meetings,
including the abilities of the ARF Chairman to call for special sessions and issue
Chairmans Statements as situations warrant in consultation with and with the
consent of ARF participants, the ISG on CBMs in the 1999 - 2000 inter-sessional
year should consider the development of a set of principles and procedures for
these roles in conjunction with the development of concepts and principles for
5.2
Development of a Register of Experts or Eminent Persons among ARF

Participants
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The ISG agreed in principle on the compilation of the register of experts/eminent

persons to provide non-binding professional advice and recommendations as
well as to undertake in-depth studies as to be decided by the ARF when needed.
However, this proposal was subject to further development of modalities for
implementation, which would be further considered by the ISG on CBMs in the
next inter-sessional year.
5.3
Annual Security Outlook (ASO)

The ISG on CBMs discussed three alternative options for the Annual Security
Outlook (ASO) and submitted them for consideration by the ARF SOM, namely:
5.4
i)

Chairman;
ii)

Chairman who would undertake to produce an overview of regional
security outlook based on individual contributions:
iii)
Continuation of the ASO by Track II institutions.
Voluntary Background Briefing on Regional security issues

In order to augment existing practice among ARF participants in providing one
another with briefings on issues affecting regional security, ARF participants
should be encouraged to intensify this practice on a voluntary basis and at
appropriate occasions, both during ARF meetings and in between meetings, such
as in respective capitals of the ARF participants.
5.5
6.

6.1
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The ISG endorsed Singapores offer to produce and circulate, on behalf of the
ASEAN member countries, a paper on the concept and principles of preventive
diplomacy for consideration by the SOM in the year 2000.
In view of their contribution to increasing transparency and mutual

understanding, the dialogue on defense policies, the submission annually to
the ISG on CBMs of papers on defense policy statements and the publication of
defense white papers or their equivalent on a voluntary basis should continue.
Continued exchanges of views within the ISG on defense policies and programs
will further contribute to increased transparency and mutual understanding.
7.
Defense Conversion
7.1
8.

8.1
9.
ARF members should continue to share information and seek cooperation on

defense conversion on a voluntary basis.
Noting the importance of transparency, thematic discussions of arms

modernization within the ISG on CBMs should continue.
Arms Control and Nonproliferation

9.1
Attention was once again called to the ARFs earlier commitment to encouraging
ARF countries to sign and ratify the global nonproliferation regimes, specifically
the NPT, CWC, BWC, CCW, and CTBT. The urgent need to support efforts in
demining, including training, in the removal of unexploded ordinance, and in
the rehabilitation of victims was endorsed.
9.2
The ISG on CBMs welcomed the United Nations General Assemblys adoption
in December 1998 of a resolution on Mongolias International Security and
Nuclear-Weapon-Free Status and encourages the Senior Officials and Ministers
to review Mongolias request for ARF endorsement of this important resolution.
10. United Nations Register on Conventional Arms

10.1
Taking note of the high level of ARF member participation in the UN Conventional
Arms Register, those ARF countries not submitting annual reports are encouraged
to do so. All ARF members are encouraged to circulate their submissions to the
other members. Aspects of the UN Conventional Arms Register should continue
to be addressed in the ISG on CBMs.
11. Training on Regional Security

11.1
A regular integrated training program for foreign affairs and defense officials
on regional security should remain a permanent CBM activity. The offer by the
United States and Brunei to co-host Professional Development Programs in
Washington, D.C. in April 1999 and in Brunei during the next inter-sessional
year is welcomed as is the intention expressed by China to also host type of
175
program in the future. The offer by Japan, Canada, and Malaysia to hold a
peacekeeping training seminar in Japan in March 1999 is also welcomed.
12. Future Work Plan for the ISG
12.1
In light of the on-going consideration of the overlap between CBMs and

preventive diplomacy, it was agreed that the ISG should hold two meetings of
the ISG on CBMs in the next inter-sessional year focusing, among others, on the
development of concept and principles of preventive diplomacy.
13. Co-Chairmanship of the ISG on CBMs in the 1999 - 2000 inter-sessional year
13.1
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The ISG agreed to the offer by Singapore and Japan to co-chair the ISG on CBMs
in the next inter-sessional year.
CO-CHAIRMENS SUMMARY REPORT OF

MOSCOW, RUSSIA, 11 - 14 APRIL 1999
In accordance with the Chairmans Statement of the Fifth ASEAN Regional Forum (Manila,
July 27, 1998) and in pursuance of the recommendations of the Second Inter-sessional
Meeting on Disaster Relief (ISM-DR) (Bangkok, February 18 - 20, 1998), the Third ARF InterSessional Meeting on Disaster Relief was held on April 11 - 14, 1999 in Moscow. The meeting
was organized by the Russian Federation and Vietnam and co-chaired by Col. Gen. Nikolai I.
Loktionov, Deputy Minister for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Elimination of Consequences
of Natural Disasters of the Russian Federation, and Lt. Gen. Nguyen Huy Hieu, Permanent
Deputy Chairman of the Vietnam National Committee for Search and Rescue.
2.
The Meeting was attended by delegations from 21 ARF participants. Representatives

of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC), the
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), the ASEAN Secretariat, the Asian
Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC), the Asian Disaster Reduction Center (ADRC) and
the Inter-State Council on Natural and Man-Made Disasters participated as resource
persons and guest speakers. Most delegations included representatives of their respective
Ministries of Foreign Affairs and Defense as well as other agencies involved in disaster
management. It was recognized by participants that bringing together defense and nondefense officials is serving the overall objectives of confidence building of the ARF. It
was also noted that for the first time in ARF history the ISM-DR was co-chaired by
representatives of disaster management agencies. The list of participants is attached as
Annex A. The list of ARF contact points was updated and is attached as Annex B.
3.
The Meeting adopted the Agenda which is attached as Annex C. The Programme of the
Meeting is attached as Annex D.
4.
The Meeting was opened by H.E. Mr. Grigori B. Karasin, Deputy Foreign Minister of the
Russian Federation. In his address Mr. Karasin commended the activities of the ARF ISM
on Disaster Relief. He pointed out that these activities must be viewed as an important
and integral part of the model for improving security at national as well as regional
levels and must facilitate the confidence building process among ARF participants. It
was also noted that the ARF has made valuable efforts in seeking areas of potential
cooperation in disaster response and relief. General consensus has been reached among
participants on the necessity to enhance cooperation. It is now time to build upon the
177
achieved progress and focus on the implementation of the agreed recommendations to

flesh out the modalities for taking coordinated practical measures and actions at a pace
comfortable to all participants.
5.
The Meeting was held from April 11 to 14, 1999. Two days were spent in plenary and
one was taken up by a field trip to the Russian Federation Ministry of Emergency and
Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters (EMERCOM) Center in Noginsk,
Moscow Region. The delegates were briefed on the activities of ENERCOM in delivering
disaster relief and shown a demonstration of disaster relief techniques.
6.
The objectives of the Meeting were agreed by participants as follows:
to review the options for practical actions in enhancing regional coordination

recommended by the ARF Expert Group, and to decide on recommendations to
submit to ARF Senior Officials Meeting (SOM);
to continue consideration of modalities for utilization of the existing regional and

international resources and mechanisms and developing common approaches
in disaster response and relief;
to further study practical activities of ARF participants in the field of disaster

response and relief;
to define the future direction of possible cooperation and mutual assistance

among ARF participants on a voluntary basis;
to contribute further to mutual understanding and confidence building among

ARF participants.
Item 1. Review of the Previous Meetings

7.
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Thailand and the ADPC briefed the Meeting on the outcome of the ARF Disaster Relief
Expert Group Meeting held in Bangkok on January 29, 1999 and on the recommendations
of the Track Two Workshop on Disaster Management held in Bangkok on January 25 28, 1999. The Meeting agreed that these recommendations provided a useful conceptual
framework for considering the ARFs role in disaster relief. It was recognized that the
recommendations of the Track Two Workshop paved the way for the concrete output of
the Track One Expert Group Meeting. The ISM expressed its appreciation to the ADPC for
organizing the Workshop and to the United States for providing financial support.
8.
The Meeting noted in particular the Specific Options endorsed by the Expert Group
Meeting. It arrived at a broad consensus that these options should be further considered
and implemented at a pace comfortable to all participants.
Item 2. Review of Possible Activities for Enhancing Regional Coordination

1.
Promoting Awareness
9.
The Meeting emphasized the importance of creating public awareness through

producing relevant materials and sharing experiences in information and disaster
planning. During the discussion, attention was drawn to information support in disaster
management. Participants were of the view that well-planned and executed information
support during and after a disaster can greatly reduce or even prevent sustained damage.
The four basic steps to establish information support are: evaluate the requirements,
assemble the necessary resources, produce and disseminate mitigation information, and
conduct training.
10. The Meeting was briefed by the ADPC on a curriculum for public awareness campaign
development and subsequent conduct of regional and/or national courses. It reported
interest from some donors and asked for a mandate to explore this suggestion further.
Some delegations expressed the view that this proposal should not duplicate the
programme proposed by the Philippines on enhancing capacities of early warning
systems.
11. The Meeting also noted the important role which can be played by the media in promoting
awareness and making disaster management more open and transparent to the public.
2. Enhancing Capabilities
12. It was stressed that regional cooperation issues should be closely inter-connected
with improvements in the regional security environment. It is also vital to maintain
transparency and openness and to work out certain criteria for cooperation.
13. The Meeting welcomed the proposal by Thailand to co-chair together with Australia
an ARF Track One Train the Trainers Seminar with the theme Towards Common
Approaches to Disaster Relief Training, focusing on preparedness and response training
as well as on the recognized need to formulate common approaches. The Meeting
expressed hope that the Seminar could pave the way for ARF countries to come forward
with future concrete proposals to train the trainers. The ADPC indicated its willingness
to assist with this Seminar. It is envisaged that the Seminar will take place in Thailand
on January 25 - 28, 2000.
179
14. Special attention of the Meeting was drawn by the US delegation to the Y2K issue in the
context of disaster management problems with an emphasis on existing preparedness
programmes. Some participants expressed the view that joint efforts, including exchanges
of information specialists and software, are essential to cope with this problem.
15. The Meeting was briefed by the ADPC and the ADRC on their on-going and upcoming
activities.
3.
Facilitating Cooperation
16. The Meeting welcomed the offer by the Philippines to convene an ARF Conference on
Enhancing Capacities of Early Warning Systems. The proposed Conference was considered
by the delegates to be an important step for improving individual national capacities
in early warning systems and enhancing cooperation among ARF participants. It is
envisaged that this Conference will run for three days in September 1999. The delegation
from the EU offered its assistance in preparing and conducting the above Conference.
The ADPC also offered to collaborate with the Philippines on this activity and to assist
with an inventory of early warning systems and experts.
17. In respect to the Philippines proposal, the US reaffirmed its earlier offer to fund the
compilation of an inventory of existing early warning systems and leading experts that
could be used by the Philippines to help structure and conduct the proposed Conference.
The inventory will be undertaken by the ADPC and will be made available to the
Philippines by late August 1999.
18. The Meeting welcomed the offer by the US to organize and fund a workshop on developing
a common format for reporting on post-disaster damage and needs. The Meeting was
of the view that the format must first be acceptable to the ASEAN countries and meet
individual needs for information on sub-national and national levels. The workshop
is tentatively scheduled for August - September 1999 and will be limited to disaster
management personnel from ASEAN countries, with the results of the workshop to be
shared with the broader group of ARF participants at a later date.
19. As a follow-up to the Meeting of the ARF Expert Group on Disaster Relief in Bangkok on
January 29, 1999, the ADPC presented Matrices of Cooperation in Disaster Management,
which listed cooperation among ARF participants, both bilateral and multilateral, as well
as with other regional and international organizations. The Matrices cover almost 80
recorded cases of past ad hoc cooperation and existing formal arrangements in disaster
management among ARF participants.
20. The Meeting viewed positively the range of cooperation listed in the Matrices and
commended the work done by the ADPC. The Meeting encouraged the ARF participants
180
which had not been able to submit their questionnaires in a timely fashion to do so. It
was accepted by general consensus that an updated version of the Matrices be prepared
in time for the ARF Ministerial Meeting in July 1999 in Singapore.
Item 3. Conceptual Framework for ARF Activities in Disaster Management and Response
21. The Meeting reaffirmed its commitment to work on the development of national and
international disaster-related capabilities, to capitalize on existing arrangements and
resources, and to enhance coordination between the ARF and disaster-related regional
and international institutions.
22. Most of the delegates acknowledged the supportive role of the military in disaster relief.
It was noted that national and multilateral military capabilities should be engaged in
disaster relief operations according to the concrete circumstances and the regulations
in each country, in a transparent manner, but only upon the request of the country
suffering damage.
23. Some delegates were of the view that since a focus of the ARF is on confidence building
measures among the military, issues of disaster relief cooperation should contribute
to enhancing contacts among ARF participants, including military-to-military, and
complement rather than duplicate other agencies activities and avoid projects that put
heavy financial or organizational burdens on ARF participants.
24. The Meeting discussed suggestions to explore ways to enhance bilateral and multilateral
cooperation in disaster relief involving the military on a voluntary basis.
25. Delegates took note of the suggestion by the ASEAN Secretariat representative to consider
the ASEAN Model of Collaboration in the implementation of the Regional Haze Action
Plan as a basis for broader cooperation covering the whole region and particularly
among ARF participants.
26. In view of the importance of information sharing in disaster management the Meeting
appreciated the activities of the ADPC and the ADRC and welcomed their offers to use the
facilities of these institutions to exchange information.
27. The Meeting appreciated an offer by the European Commission to continue providing
funds and assistance through its Humanitarian Office (ECHO) in the form of training and
institutional strengthening for disaster preparedness as well as for the implementation of
pilot projects for disaster prevention.
181
Item 4. Further Exchanges of Experiences among ARF Participants in Disaster Management,

Preparedness and Relief
28. A number of countries gave comprehensive presentations on their national experiences
and national delivery mechanisms for dealing with natural and man-made disasters.
Delegates reiterated the need to continue bilateral and multilateral cooperation in sharing
information and accumulated experiences in Disaster Management, Preparedness and
Relief among ARF participants. Special emphasis was placed on utilization of advanced
technologies to forecast and prevent natural disasters.
29. The Meeting took note of offers made by some of the delegates to host joint disaster
relief training courses and seminars. The Meeting also noted the idea to conduct special
study tours of expert-level delegations from ARF participants to national disaster relief
facilities and SAR exercises. At the same time, delegates recognized the need to further
enhance local disaster preparedness to better support wider regional and international
efforts.
30. It was also agreed that a special section will be incorporated in the Matrices of
Cooperation in Disaster Management among the ARF participants prepared by the ADPC
under Current Capacities and Needs in Disaster Relief Training.
Item 5. Future Direction of ARF Activities in Disaster Preparedness and Response
31. Delegates exchanged views on the future direction of the ARFs cooperation and of
the work of the ISM-DR. The Meeting confirmed its belief that ISM-DR contributes
significantly to the ARFs goal of regional confidence building and facilitates determining
a framework for development of disaster relief cooperation. Some participants underlined
the importance of identifying priorities for further cooperation, emphasizing those that
bring practical results.
32. Some delegations stressed that the future direction of ISM activities should be addressed
carefully. They were of the view that a certain period of time is needed to implement
current projects and tabled proposals. The ARF could usefully profit from having these
activities run their courses during the coming period. They would also provide the basis
for substantial discussion at the next meeting.
33. The Meeting agreed to recommend to the ARF SOM to continue the activities of the
Inter-Sessional Meeting on Disaster Relief for one more year and welcomed the offer
of Vietnam and the Russian Federation to continue co-chairmanship of the ISM-DR.
Vietnam offered to host the next ISM-DR in Hanoi.
182
Acknowledgments
34. The Meeting thanked Russia and Vietnam for co-chairing the ISM-DR, ensuring that its
activities made a contribution to furthering effective regional cooperation in disaster
relief and response and enhancing confidence among ARF participants.
183
184
THE SEVENTH
190
CHAIRMANS STATEMENT
1.
The Seventh Meeting of the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) was held in Bangkok on 27
July 2000. The Meeting was chaired by Dr. Surin Pitsuwan, Minister of Foreign Affairs of
the Kingdom of Thailand.
2.
The Meeting was attended by the Foreign Ministers of all ARF participating countries
or their representatives. The Secretary-General of ASEAN was also present. The List of
Delegates appears as Annex A.
3.
The Ministers welcomed the participation for the first time of the Democratic Peoples
Republic of Korea (DPRK) at the Seventh ARF Ministerial Meeting in Bangkok. With
regard to the issue of membership, the Ministers reaffirmed the decision taken at the
Fifth ARF and agreed that with the current 23 participants, the focus should now be on
consolidating the process of dialogue and cooperation among the present participants of
the ARF.

4.
The Ministers noted with satisfaction the significant progress which the ARF had made
in terms of enhancing political and security dialogue and cooperation within the AsiaPacific region. In the context of the circumstances prevailing in the region, they noted
that the ARF participants were able not only to engage in a free flowing and productive
exchange of views with a greater comfort level, but also to address, in a constructive
manner, key political and security issues with bearing on regional peace and stability,
including new issues that have emerged as a result of globalization. The Ministers
emphasized the importance of confidence-building measures (CBMs) to the overall ARF
process and agreed that such efforts be intensified. They also welcomed the progress
in the implementation of the proposals in the overlap between CBMs and Preventive
Diplomacy (PD) as well as the continued efforts to develop concept and principles of PD
as to be applicable to the ARF context. In this regard, the Ministers agreed that these
developments had enhanced the continuity and relevancy of the ARF process.
5.
The Ministers reaffirmed that as it moved forward, the ARF should continue to develop at
a pace comfortable to all participants, decision be made by consensus, and confidence-
191
building remain key to the process. The Ministers expressed support to ASEAN in
exercising its leading role in the ARF. At the same time, they also concurred that it was
incumbent upon each ARF participant to contribute to advancing the ARF process.
6.
In recalling the decision of the Sixth ARF in July 1999 on the overlap between CBMs and
PD, the Ministers, noted the progress in the implementation of the enhanced role for
the ARF Chairman in liaising with external parties and promoting interaction between
Track I and Track II. The Ministers noted that as Chair of the ARF, Thailand had initiated
informal contact with the United Nations, the Organization of American States (OAS)
and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). They agreed to
consider how these links could be further followed up by exchanging of information
and sharing of experiences. At the same time, recognizing the contribution of non-ARF
Track II activities, particularly the Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific
(CSCAP), the Ministers noted that the ARF Chair, carrying out the enhanced role, could
serve as a useful channel for the ARF to draw on the resources of these Track II fora.
In this regard, the Ministers welcomed the informal contact that had been established
between the ARF and CSCAP through the ARF Chair. In addition, as a practical step in
further enhancing the role of the ARF Chair, the Ministers agreed that the ARF Chair
could serve as a conduit for information sharing in between ARF meetings, thus enabling
the ARF participants to exchange information relevant to the ARF in a timely manner
and on a voluntary basis.
7.
The Ministers welcomed the establishment of the ARF Register of Experts/Eminent

Persons to be available for use by ARF members on the voluntary basis. In proceeding on
this matter, they agreed that pending further discussions and agreement on the terms
of reference for the Register, the ARF participants proceed with collating nominations of
experts/eminent persons for the Register on a voluntary basis with the ARF Chair serving
as a focal point.
8.
The Ministers welcomed the first volume of the ARF Annual Security Outlook (ASO),
produced by individual participants on a voluntary basis at the Track I level and
compiled without editing by the ARF Chair. They shared the view that the ASO could
help promote confidence, understanding and transparency as well as facilitating the
exchange of views among ARF participants. While noting the voluntary nature of the
ASO, it was hoped that the production of ASO, should be an annual exercise and that the
ARF participants try to further enhance the value of ASO, to the ARF process.
9.
The Ministers noted the importance of the participation of defense and military officials
in the ARF process. They therefore welcomed the contribution of greater and active
interaction among defense and military officials towards the promotion of mutual
understanding and transparency and encouraged continued participation of defense and
military officials in all relevant ARF activities.
192

10. The Ministers reviewed the political and security situation in the Asia-Pacific region
since the Sixth ARF in July 1999 and had a substantive exchange of views on security
perceptions and major political and security issues that impact on regional security
environment. The discussions were conducted in an open and friendly atmosphere,
thereby contributing further towards better understanding and confidence among ARF
participants.
11. The Ministers shared the views that the overall security environment of the Asia-Pacific
region was marked by a number of positive developments, including continued recovery
from the economic and financial crisis and greater interaction and exchanges between
and among countries in the region. They further noted that while the security outlook
for the Asia-Pacific region remained positive, there were uncertainties and challenges
which would increasingly require the attention of the ARF, particularly those posed
by globalization. In this regard, the Ministers felt that it was timely that Thailand
initiated the discussions on security implications of globalization, which was pertinent
to the efforts within the context of the ARF. It was noted that in addressing regional
security issues, the ARF should give due consideration to economic, social and human
components of security, and the need to promote regional cooperation.
12. The Ministers discussed both the positive effects and the repercussions brought about
by globalization, including greater economic interdependence among nations and
multiplication of security issues. It was felt that in responding to globalization, it was
necessary for nations to strengthen their individual and collective capacities to meet the
various challenges affecting their common security. They further agreed on the need
for the countries in the region to continue efforts, through dialogue and cooperation, at
national and international levels in addressing economic, social and political impacts
of globalization so as to ensure sustained economic and social development. It was also
essential to strengthen cooperation within such regional frameworks as the ARF in order
to enhance international peace and security.
13. The Ministers emphasized that the constructive roles of and stable relations between the
major powers remained significant to regional peace and stability. They welcomed the
recent improvement in these relations, including regular dialogue and exchange of visits
at the heads of state/government level. In this regard, they expressed the hope that such
a trend would continue.
14. The Ministers also welcomed the summit meetings held during the Informal Meeting of
the Heads of State/Government of ASEAN in Manila on 28 November 1999, particularly
the Meeting between the Heads of State/Government of ASEAN Member States, the
Peoples Republic of China (PRC), Japan and the Republic of Korea (ROK), as well as the
193
informal breakfast meeting of the leaders of the three Northeast Asian countries. The
Ministers also welcomed the adoption of the Joint Statement on East Asia Cooperation
by the ASEAN+3 Summit in Manila on 28 November 1999 as a contribution towards
regional cooperation as well as peace, stability and prosperity of the region in the long
term.
15. The Ministers recognized the purposes and principles contained in the Treaty of Amity
and Cooperation in Southeast Asia (TAC) as a basis for the promotion of cooperation,
amity, and friendship within Southeast Asia. The Ministers also noted the progress, made
on strengthening the TAC as an instrument of peace in Southeast Asia and the process
of consideration by non-Southeast Asian countries to accede to the TAC. They also noted
the entry into force of the Second Protocol amending the TAC.
16. The Ministers welcomed the progress regarding the implementation of the Treaty on
the Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone (SEANWFZ), which contributed towards
non-proliferation of nuclear weapons. They welcomed in particular the operation of
the Commission for SEANWFZ and the Executive Committee for SEANWFZ, and the
dialogue between the State Parties to the Treaty and the International Atomic Energy
Agency (IAEA), as provided for in the Treaty. The Ministers also expressed support for
the continued consultations between the State Parties of the SEANWFZ Treaty and the
Nuclear Weapon States regarding the latters accession to the Protocol to the Treaty.
17. The Ministers agreed that a united democratic and economically prosperous Indonesia
was fundamental to the maintenance of regional security. In this context, they
emphasized their support for Indonesias territorial integrity.
18. The Ministers reviewed developments in East Timor while they welcomed the positive
trends which had taken place there as well as cooperation between Indonesia and the
United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET). They deplored
the death of a UN peacekeeper in East Timor. The Ministers stressed the need for the
international community to help East Timor promote peace, stability and prosperity
during the latters transition to full independence, which would contribute to the
overall stability of the region. The Ministers also underscored the need for continued
international attention to and support for the reconstruction, rehabilitation and nation
building of East Timor as well as cooperation with the UNTAET.
19. With regard to the situation in the South China Sea, the Ministers encouraged the
exercise of self-restraint by all countries concerned and the promotion of confidence
building measures in this area, and welcomed their commitment to resolving disputes
by peaceful means in accordance with the recognized principles of international law,
including the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), as well as to
ensuring the freedom of navigation in this area. The Ministers welcomed dialogue and
194
consultations, particularly dialogue in the ASEAN-China Senior Officials Consultations,

the exchange of views in the ARF, as well as in the Informal Workshop on Managing
Potential Conflicts in the South China Sea. The Ministers welcomed in particular the
on-going efforts between ASEAN and China to develop and adopt the Regional Code of
Conduct in the South China Sea.
20. The Ministers welcomed the appointment of Mr. Razali Ismail as Special Envoy of the
UN Secretary-General for Myanmar. In this regard, they welcomed his visit to Myanmar
on 29 June - 3 July 2000, during which Mr. Razali met with the leaders of the Myanmar
Government and parties concerned. They welcomed the results of the visit, particularly
the constructive dialogue initiated and hoped that this would facilitate positive
developments.
21. The Ministers noted with satisfaction the positive developments on the Korean
Peninsula, including the increased dialogue and exchanges between the Democratic
Peoples Republic of Korea (DPRK) and several ARF countries. The Ministers welcomed
in particular the historic Summit between the leaders of the DPRK and the ROK held in
Pyongyang on 13 - 15 June 2000 and expressed their support for the June 15 North-South
Joint Declaration, the first agreement signed by the two leaders since the division of
Korea in 1945. In this regard, the Ministers were of the view that the Summit represented
a turning point in inter-Korean relations, and that the on-going momentum of dialogue
and interaction would be carried forward with a view to achieving lasting peace and
eventual reunification on the Korean Peninsula. The Ministers also expressed the hope for
further efforts by all parties concerned within the frameworks of inter-Korean dialogue,
the US-DPRK and Japan-DPRK talks, the Four-Party Talks and broader international
efforts, as well as for further positive developments regarding the temporary moratorium
by the DPRK on missile test launches and for the full implementation of the 1994
Agreed Framework, including the work of the Korean Peninsula Energy Development
Organization (KEDO).
22. The Ministers exchanged views on situation in South Asia and some expressed their
continuing concern. The Ministers expressed the hope that efforts be made to bring
about positive developments in the region.
23. The Ministers took note of developments in the South Pacific in view of their implications
for the overall security with the ARF geographical footprint. They welcomed the efforts of
the new Solomon Islands Government to bring together the parties for discussions aimed
at establishing a cease-fire. The Ministers noted a cease-fire was a first step towards
the restoration of law and order. The Ministers also welcomed the recent release of the
hostages in Fiji, but noted the interest of ARF countries in an early return to democratic
government.
195
24. The Ministers discussed matters related to proliferation of weapons of mass destruction
and their means of delivery, as well as the implications of ballistic missile defense
systems. They noted expressions of support for the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
(NPT). In this regard, they noted the outcome of the NPT Review Conference, convened
in New York on 24 April - 19 May 2000. The Ministers also took note of the call for
all states to sign and ratify the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) and to accede
to the NPT and the call made in the NPT Review Conference Final Document on the
Conference on Disarmament to agree on a programme of work which includes the
immediate commencement of negotiations on the Fissile Material Cut-Off Treaty. The
Ministers further emphasized the importance of systematic and progressive efforts by
Nuclear Weapon States on nuclear disarmament and called on them to work towards
the objective of total elimination of nuclear weapons. The Meeting noted further the
recent adoption by the Mongolian Parliament of a Law on its Nuclear Weapon-Free
Status as an important unilateral measure undertaken by Mongolia in pursuance of the
UN General Assembly resolution A/53/77D on Mongolias international security and
nuclear weapon-free status.
25. The Ministers reiterated their support for the work of the Ad Hoc Group of States Parties to
the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) on the negotiations on a verification protocol
for the BWC and their call for a speedy conclusion of the said negotiations.
26. The Ministers discussed issues pertaining to transnational crime, especially issues
of piracy, illegal migration, including trafficking in human persons, particularly
women and children, and illicit trafficking in small arms. They recognized that these
transnational issues could not only pose challenges to regional peace and stability, but
also impair individual countries efforts in promoting national economic development
and improving peoples livelihood. Hence, cooperative approaches were necessary to
deal with these problems. They also noted the seriousness of the implications of drug
production and trafficking as well as the need to address other issues such as money
laundering, corruption and computer crime. The Ministers underlined the importance
of greater bilateral, regional and international cooperative efforts in this regard. The
Ministers also expressed support for the on-going negotiations on the Convention
Against Transnational Organized Crime and its Protocols as well as the convening of the
International Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its
Aspects in 2001. They nonetheless noted that the extent of the impact of transnational
crime problems differ across regions. In this context, the Ministers agreed that the ARF
continue to address transnational crime issues, which affect security of the Asia-Pacific
region, and explore how the ARF could increase regional awareness and complement the
work undertaken in other existing fora.
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Reports of Track I and II Activities for the Current Inter-sessional Year (July 1999 July 2000)
Track I
27. The Ministers noted with satisfaction the successful implementation of Track I and II
activities during the current inter-sessional year (July 1999 - July 2000). They noted in
particular the reports of the following major Track I activities:
a)
Co-Chairmens Summary Report of the Inter-sessional Support Group on

Confidence-Building Measures (ISG on CBMs), co-chaired by Singapore and
Japan, held in Tokyo on 13 - 14 November 1999 and in Singapore on 5 - 6 April
2000 (Annex B).
b)
Co-Chairmens Report of the Fourth Inter-sessional Meeting on Disaster Relief

(ISM on DR), co-chaired by Vietnam and Russia, held in Hanoi on 4 - 6 May
2000 (Annex C).
28. The Ministers commended the work of the ISG on CBMs and the ISM on DR in contributing
to the advancement of the ARF process. They endorsed the recommendation contained
in the above-mentioned reports.
a.
Third ARF Meeting of Heads of Defense Universities, Colleges and Institutions in

Ulan Bator on 22 - 24 September 1999;
b.
ARF Professional Training Programme on Chinas Security Policy in Beijing on

10 - 19 October 1999;
c.
ARF Seminar on the Law of Armed Conflict in Newcastle on 13 - 17 December

1999;
d.
ARF Defense Language School Seminar in Melbourne on 28 - 31 March 2000;
e.
ARF Expert Group Meeting on Transnational Crime in Singapore on 4 April

2000;
197
f.
ARF Professional Development Programme in Bandar Seri Begawan on 23 - 28

April 2000;
g.
Conclusion of the ARFNET study group.
30. The Ministers noted that the ARF Train the Trainers Seminar Towards Common
Approaches to Training in Disaster Relief was held in Bangkok on 25 - 28 January 2000
under the auspices of the ISM on DR.
Track II
31. The Ministers took note of the ARF Track II Expert Meeting on Pacific Concord in
Moscow on 21 - 22 February 2000 and the work-in-progress on the draft Pacific Concord.
In this regard, they welcomed the joint work at the Track II level between Russia and the
ASEAN-Institutes of Strategic and International Studies (ISIS). Hope was expressed that
further efforts would be made with a view to advancing the idea of a Pacific Concord
within the ARF framework.
Programme of Work for the Next Inter-sessional Year (July 2000 - July 2001)
32. The Ministers agreed that the ISG on CBMs continue their work and welcomed the offer
by Malaysia and the ROK to co-chair the ISG on CBMs in the next inter-sessional year.
They also agreed that the Meeting of ARF Expert Group on Transnational Crime be
convened in conjunction with the first meeting of the ISG on CBMs to further explore the
ARFs role and contribution in addressing transnational crime.
33. The Ministers endorsed the programme of work for the next inter-sessional year as
contained in Annex D.
34. The Ministers reaffirmed their commitment to promoting the ARF as an effective and
relevant forum for political and security dialogue and cooperation in the Asia-Pacific
region. They also reaffirmed their intention to the evolutionary approach towards the
development of the ARF process from confidence-building to preventive diplomacy (PD)
to elaboration of approaches to conflict, and agreed that the ARF continue to move at
a pace comfortable to all ARF participants and on the basis of consensus, with ASEAN
playing its role as driving force in the process.
35. The Ministers underscored the significance of confidence-building as a foundation and
the primary focus of the ARF process. They agreed that while moving towards PD, the
ARF continues to strengthen its confidence-building process so as to ensure effective
198
implementation of CBMs which would meaningfully augment the comfort level, trust,
confidence and understanding as well as cooperation among the ARF participants. The
Ministers also noted that the ARF has made progress in the discussions on the concept
and principles of PD within its context based on the paper prepared by Singapore, as in
Annex E, which they agreed could be a basis for the ARFs evolving consensus on this
subject. They expressed the hope that all ARF participants would continue to cooperate
in intensifying the consultations regarding the concept and principles of PD, which
would in turn advance the ARF process.
36. The Ministers requested the ISG on CBMs to continue its work in exploring the overlap
between CBMs and PD and strengthening the four CBM/PD overlap proposals already
agreed upon, namely an enhanced role of the ARF Chair, the ARF Register of Experts/
Eminent Persons, the Annual Security Outlook, and voluntary background briefing on
regional security issues. They also requested the ISG on CBMs to intensify its efforts
in developing further the concept and principles of PD by the ARF, and to submit
recommendations to ARF SOM and ARF Ministers at their next meetings.
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200
CO-CHAIRMENS SUMMARY REPORT OF THE MEETINGS OF THE ARF

INTER-SESSIONAL SUPPORT GROUP ON
TOKYO, JAPAN, 13 - 14 NOVEMBER 1999
SINGAPORE, 5 - 6 APRIL 2000
Introduction
Pursuant to the agreement reached at the 6th Ministerial Meeting of the ASEAN Regional
Forum (ARF) held in Singapore, on July 26, 1999, the Inter-sessional Support Group on
Confidence Building Measures (ISG on CBMs), co-chaired by Japan and the Republic of
Singapore, held two inter-sessional meetings during the 1999/2000 inter-sessional year, the
first in Tokyo on 13 - 14 November 1999, and the second in Singapore on 5 - 6 April 2000.
2.
Representatives from all ARF members attended both meetings. Consistent with the goal
of increasing defense participation in ARF inter-sessional meetings and activities, most
of the delegations included defense officials. The annotated agendas of the Tokyo and
Singapore ISG meetings are attached at Annexes A and B respectively, the programmes
of activities at Annex C and D, and the lists of delegations at Annex E and F.
1st ISG Meeting, 13 - 14 November 1999, Tokyo, Japan

Exchange of Views on Regional Political and Security Situation
3.
The participants engaged in extensive general discussion on the development after the
6th Ministerial Meeting of the regional political and security situation. The participants
had frank, open and substantive discussions on the regional security environment and
security-related developments that impact on the region as a whole, and on the regional
and global non-proliferation, arms control and disarmament efforts as they related to
these regional situations.
4.
The participants generally agreed that so far the regional security situation remains
stable although eventful, partly because co-operative arrangements had contained the
effects of the economic and financial crisis. In light of the potential for uncertainties
arising out of the crisis, they also agreed that it was all the more necessary to strengthen
the process of regional security dialogue and cooperation under the ARF, in accordance
with generally accepted international norms and principles including the UN Charter. At
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the same time, the participants agreed that stable relations among the major powers in
the region was essential for regional stability.
5.
The participants welcomed the continuation of the engagement policy of the Republic of
Korea and talks between the United States and the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea
(DPRK). They commented positively on Japans decision to resume chartered flights to
and from the DPRK in response to the announcement by the DPRK on September 24, 1999,
that it would suspend missile launch while the talks with the United States are underway.
Some participants expressed support for Dr. William J. Perrys Comprehensive and
Integrated Approach towards the DPRK. The participants also reiterated support for the
Four Party Talks and reaffirmed importance of maintaining the 1994 Agreed Framework
and implementing the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO)
projects. At the same time, however, the participants noted that there still remain various
concerns and uncertainties and emphasized that all the parties concerned should make
further efforts for the improvement of the situation.
6.
The participants noted the positive developments in the economic recovery of countries
in Southeast Asia and the efforts to strengthen the process of ASEANs integration,
particularly the promotion of the development of the Mekong sub region, which would
contribute to the peace and stability of Southeast Asia.
7.
The participants noted that some members mentioned in their statements the latest
developments in East Timor and welcomed the positive developments that have taken
place.
8.
The participants held the view that the situation in South China Sea is stable but some
mentioned concerns over some recent developments. The participants welcomed the
commitment of all the countries concerned to the peaceful settlement of disputes on
the South China Sea in accordance with the recognized principles of international law
and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). They stressed
the importance of freedom of navigation in this area. They welcomed the continued
exercise of self-restraint by all sides and the positive contributions made by the bilateral
consultations between the parties concerned. They welcomed the dialogue in the ASEANChina Senior Officials Consultations. In this connection, the participants believed the
adoption of a regional Code of Conduct in the South China Sea between ASEAN and
China would contribute to regional peace and stability. They noted the continuing work
of the Informal Workshop on Managing Potential Conflicts in the South China Sea.
Some expressed that further efforts are necessary.
9.
The participants discussed the latest developments in South Asia. They agreed that the
situation needs to be watched with careful attention.
202
10. The Participants reviewed the current situation of global and regional disarmament,
arms control and non-proliferation. They particularly emphasized the importance of
further efforts taken by nuclear weapon states on nuclear disarmament. They noted that
there were strong calls for all states to sign and ratify the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
(CTBT) and to accede to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) as soon as possible.
In this regard, they welcomed the remark by the U.S. that it would support the CTBT
and continue efforts towards the ratification of the CTBT, despite the recent rejection of
ratification of the CTBT by the U.S. Senate. They also supported other international efforts
for disarmament, arms control and non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction
and their delivery means. They noted the progress made in the implementation of the
Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapon Free Zone (SEANWFZ) and the on-going
consultations with the five Nuclear Weapon States on the possibility of their accession
to the Protocol of the Treaty. Views were exchanged on Theater Missile Defense (TMD),
particularly in relation to its implications to Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty.
11. Recalling that the 6th ARF Ministerial Meeting emphasized the importance of
confidence building to the success of the ARF and encouraged the further development
of CBMs, the participants reviewed progress in the implementation of agreed CBMs and
considered two lists of new confidence-building measures for implementation in the
near future (Basket 1) and over the medium term (Basket 2). The participants welcomed
the report by Mongolia on the 3rd Meeting of Heads of Defense Universities, Colleges
and Institutions on September 22 - 24 and by China on ARF Professional Program on
Chinas Security Policy on October 10 - 19, and the briefing by Australia on its ongoing
preparation for the Seminar on the Law of Armed Conflict on December 13 - 16 and
for the Defense Language School Seminar, in March, 2000.
12. The participants noted Chinas proposal to move the following two CBMs from Basket 2 to
Basket 1. On Seminar on Defense Conversion, they agreed to move to Basket 1, and on
Regional Maritime Information Center, they requested China to provide more detailed
information. They noted Bruneis proposal to host ARF Professional Development
Programme for Foreign Affairs and Defense Officials with the U.S. They welcomed the
EUs proposal for holding an ARF Seminar on Approaches to Confidence Building
and requested more detailed information on it. At the same time, the participants noted
the need to consolidate CBMs in the ARF process in view of limited resources of ARF
members. In this regard, they welcomed the Co-Chairs proposals to prepare a reference
material to clarify the status of implemented CBMs by the time of the 2nd ISG meeting
in Singapore. The participants noted Chinas proposal to host the 4th Meeting of Heads
of Defense Universities, Colleges and Institutions.
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Trans-national Crimes of Concern to the Region

13. As mandated by the 6th ARF SOM, the participants engaged in an extensive discussion
on Trans-national Crime. Several views were expressed on the mandate, scope and
modalities of the Experts Group Meeting on Trans-national Crime. It was decided that
the Co-Chairs would continue to consult ARF members, with a view to holding an Experts
Group Meeting before the next ISG meeting. The participants further decided that if no
consensus on the scope and modalities could be reached, a meeting would be held back
to back with the 2nd ISG meeting in Singapore to further discuss the issue, including the
scope and modalities.
Future Direction of the ARF
(i) Overlap between CBMs and Preventive Diplomacy
14. Consistent with the request of the 6th Ministerial Meeting that the ISG on CBMs
should further explore the overlap between CBMs and Preventive Diplomacy (PD), the
participants discussed enhanced roles for the ARF Chairman and the register of expert/
eminent persons. The participants exchanged preliminary views on these subjects in
preparation for the fuller discussion at the 2nd ISG meeting in Singapore.
15. As a good example of an enhanced role for the ARF Chairman in liaising with external
parties, the participants welcomed Thailands report on the informal meetings Foreign
Minister Surin Pitsuwan of Thailand, the current ARF Chairman, had with the SecretaryGeneral of the Organization of American States (OAS) and the Secretary-General of the
United Nations. They agreed that such a role for the ARF Chairman in liaising with
external parties should be further encouraged as far as it was carried out informally
with prior consultation with all ARF members and their consent. At the same time, the
participants noted that there where many complexities if the ARF is to reach consensus
on principles and procedures for enhanced roles for the ARF Chairman in good offices
and coordination in between ARF meetings and agreed to further discuss these issues at
the 2nd ISG meeting in Singapore.
16. The participants exchanged preliminary views based on Japans paper on the development
of an ARF Register of Experts on Eminent Persons. They noted that there were many
points to be considered concerning the modalities for implementation of the ARF Register
and welcomed Japans proposal to prepare a paper showing possible options regarding
these points based on ARF members opinions by the time of the 2nd ISG meeting in
Singapore. In this connection, they also welcomed the proposal by Canada and New
Zealand to take an initiative in reviewing experiences of other registers of experts/
eminent persons by the time of the 2nd ISG meeting.
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17. The participants recalled the 6th ARF Ministerial Meeting welcomed the production
of the Annual Security Outlook (ASO) by individual participants on a voluntary basis
at the Track I level for compilation without any editing by the ARF Chairman. The
participants noted Thailands readiness to undertake the task of compiling the first ASO
as the current ARF Chair and its request to submit individual ASOs to the ARF Chairman
by March 31, 2000 on voluntary basis.
(ii) Preventive Diplomacy
18. Consistent with the request of the 6th ARF Ministerial Meeting that the ISG on CBMs
should further explore the overlap between CBMs and PD, focusing, inter alia, on the
development of the concept and principles of PD, the participants exchanged preliminary
views on the concept and principles of preventive diplomacy in preparation for the
fuller discussion at the 2nd ISG meeting in Singapore. The participants welcomed the
draft paper prepared by Singapore on behalf of ASEAN (at Annex G) and, based on the
paper, engaged in frank and substantive discussion. They agreed to submit their written
comments to Singapore by February 1, 2000. They welcomed the reference materials
prepared by Japan on the history of discussion on PD.
(iii) Other Issues
19. Pursuant to the agreement of the 6th ARF SOM that maritime co-operation be included
in the agenda of future ISG on CBMs, the participants discussed this subject and agreed
to hold a working lunch by maritime experts on the occasion of the 2nd ISG meeting in
Singapore.
20. The participants noted Vietnams suggestion of reviewing past experiences of application
of PD.
21. The participants agreed that the interaction among the defense officials within ARF
meetings was a useful confidence building measure in itself and should be encouraged.
In this regard, the meeting noted that the informal lunch gathering among defense
officials had promoted better understanding among the officials, and that defense
officials would continue to exchange views on issues of common interest during future
defense lunch gatherings.
Arrangements for the Second Meeting of the ISG on CBMs
22. The participants took note of Singapores proposal that the 2nd ISG meeting for intersessional year 1999-2000 be held in Singapore on April 5 - 6, 2000. Tentatively, it will
be preceded by a dinner on April 4, Tuesday, and followed by a visit to a defense facility
on April 7, Friday. Should it be necessary to convene an Expert Group Meeting on TransASEAN REGIONAL FORUM
205
national Crimes back-to-back with the 2nd ISG meeting, the Expert Group Meeting will
be held on April 4, Tuesday. The participants agreed that all ARF ISG delegations would
inform the Co-Chair by December 15, 1999, whether the above dates are acceptable.
The participants all expressed their willingness to cooperate in the preparation for the
2nd ISG meeting, engage in substantive and active discussion at the meeting to further
strengthen confidence building among ARF members and deepen the discussion so as
to develop the ARF as a more relevant framework for political and security dialogue and
cooperation in the Asia Pacific region.
2nd ISG Meeting, 5 - 6 April 2000, Singapore
Review of Outcome of 1st ISG meeting and interim activities
23. Japan, as Co-Chair of the 1st ISG meeting in Tokyo, reviewed the outcome of the 1st
meeting and interim activities, and the meeting agreed with the review.
24. The meeting agreed that the situation in the region was relatively stable, but some
challenges remained. The meeting noted that globalization could have implications for
the region, and that this issue could be discussed by the ARF. The meeting also noted
that there were positive developments in several areas.
25. The meeting welcomed positively the development of bilateral exchanges between the
DPRK and several ARF members. The meeting noted that the ROKs engagement policy
and other efforts by ARF members had helped to ease tensions in the Korean Peninsula,
and welcomed the continued efforts to actively engage DPRK, including those on interKorean dialogue and normalization talks. Several participants called on DPRK to
positively respond to these efforts.
26. The meeting reviewed developments in East Timor. It welcomed the positive developments
that have taken place in East Timor. It noted that there was cause for continuing concern
and recognized the importance of continued international efforts to help East Timors
reconstruction and to resolve the refuge problem.
27. The meeting noted that the situation in the South China Sea has been relatively peaceful
and stable. The meeting welcomed the commitment of the countries directly concerned
to the peaceful settlement of disputes on the South China Sea in accordance with the
recognized principles of international law and the United Nations Convention on the
Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). The meeting welcomed the progress made in consultations
held in Hua Hin, Thailand on 15 March 2000 between ASEAN and China on the regional
Code of Conduct in the South China Sea, and believed that its adoption would contribute
206
to long term regional peace and stability. The question was raised whether more could
be done.
28. Two delegations had an exchange of views on the situation in Myanmar.
29. The meeting recognized that the Joint Statement on East Asia Cooperation, signed at the
3rd ASEAN Informal Summit in Manila last November, was a positive contribution to
regional cooperation.
30. The meeting discussed developments in nonproliferation, and noted the importance of
the NPT Review Conference from 24 April to 19 May 2000. The meeting also noted the
efforts to achieve progress on the SEANWFZ Treaty and its Protocol.
Transnational Crimes of Concern to the Region
31. An Experts Group Meeting on Transnational Crime (EGM), co-chaired by Singapore
and Japan, was held back-to-back with the ISG meeting. The Singapore Co-Chair briefed
the ISG meeting on the outcome and recommendations of the EGM, attached at Annex
H. The meeting endorsed the recommendations, and agreed to refer the matter of
additional transnational crime issues to the ARF SOM.
32. The meeting took note of the reports by Australia on the Seminar on the Law of Armed
Conflict on December 1999 and for the Defense Language School Seminar, in March
2000. The updated table of implemented CBMs is at Annex I.
33. As a follow-up to the 1st ISG, the meeting was informed of the following:
Chinas proposal to host the Seminar on Defense Conversion in September

- October 2000.
Chinas proposal to host the 4th Meeting of Heads of Defense Universities,

Colleges and Institutions in September 2000.
The EUs proposal to hold an ARF Seminar on Approaches to Confidence

Building in the latter half of 2000.
Brunei asked ARF members who had not done so to nominate officials to attend
the ARF Professional Development Programme to be held in Brunei on 23 - 28
April 2000.
207
34. The meeting agreed to the following:
Chinas proposal to move the CBM on Regional Maritime Information Center

from basket two to basket one. It was agreed that contribution of data to the Center
would start from the collection of marine weather information on a voluntary
basis. As the Centers operations develop in this area, and ARF members develop
familiarity with its method and utility, data collection can possibly be expanded
to other areas.
Singapores proposal to co-host with the US, a course on Combined Humanitarian

Assistance Response Training on 21 - 25 August 2000. This was put in basket
one on an ad referendum basis pending confirmation from China.
ROKs proposal to sponsor, with Canada, a Joint ARF Seminar on Civil-Military

Relations in Peace Support Operations in the first half of 2001, would be put in
basket two.
ROKs proposal for a Joint Workshop on Asia-Pacific Security in August 2002

would be put in basket two.
Indias proposal for a Workshop on Anti-Piracy in late October 2000 could be

put in basket one, pending further information.
Thailands proposal to hold a follow-up session to the Seminar on the Law of

Armed Conflict would be put in basket two, pending further information.
Canadas proposal to co-host with Japan a seminar on Conventional Weapons

would be put in basket two, pending further information.
35. The meeting also updated the list of CBMs in baskets one and two, and deleted the
CBMs which have already been implemented or will not take place. The updated list is
at Annex J.
36. The meeting emphasized the importance of giving advance notice to all other ARF
participants of proposed CBM activities. The meeting also agreed on the need to
coordinate the schedule of proposed seminars and other related CBMs activities.
37. The meeting was informed of the US proposal to host a workshop for midlevel ARF
civilian and defense officials on preventive diplomacy, and noted that the US had agreed
to provide further information on it.
208
38. As a follow-up to the Bangkok ISG, Canada requested members to update the matrix
on ARF members positions on APLs at Annex K for completion by the ARF SOM in May
2000.
Preventive Diolomacy
39. The meeting had a substantive discussion based on the latest, draft paper on Concepts
and Principles of Preventive Diplomacy (The PD paper is attached at Annex L. Written
comments submitted on the draft PD paper that was circulated at the Tokyo ISG are
at Annex M, while written comments on the latest draft PD paper are at Annex N).
The meeting noted that this draft paper was work in progress that helped develop a
greater understanding of varying concerns on the concept of PD. The meeting agreed
to recommend to the ARF SOM that discussion on PD would continue in the next intersessional year and as a basis for further discussion, Singapore would revise the PD paper,
taking into account the views expressed at this meeting and further written comments
to be submitted to Singapore by 31 July 2000.
(i) Enhanced Role of the Chair
40. The meeting had a substantive exchange of views on the Enhanced Role of the Chair
based on the Co-Chairs paper (at Annex O). The discussion added clarity to the issue
and helped members understand better the parameters of the ARF Chairs role. The
meeting recognized that CBMs continued to be a key element in the ARFs priorities.
The meeting agreed to Thailands suggestion that the ARF Chair could serve as a useful
conduit for information-sharing in between ARF meetings, and that members could
utilize this on a voluntary basis. The meeting also agreed to recommend to the ARF SOM
that discussion on the enhanced role of the ARF Chair continue, and that Japan would
revise the paper, taking into account the views expressed at this meeting and further
written comments to be submitted to Japan by 31 July 2000.
(ii) ARF Register of experts/eminent persons
41. The meeting discussed the paper on the ARF Register of experts/eminent persons
(at Annex P). The meeting agreed that ARF members can only nominate their own
nationals as experts/eminent persons, that no country can veto the nominees of another
ARF member, and that the Register would be available to ARF members to be used on
209
a voluntary basis. On the basis of these agreements, the ISG agreed to recommend to
the SOM that the ARF proceed to collate the Register on the understanding that further
discussions and agreement on the terms of reference was needed.
Other Issues
(i) Defense Officials lunch
42. Singapore, as co-chair of the Defense Officials lunch with Japan, briefed the meeting
on the discussions. The meeting agreed that the interaction among the defense officials
within ARF meetings was a useful confidence building measure in itself and should
be encouraged. In this regard, the meeting noted that the informal lunch gathering
among defense officials had promoted better understanding among the officials, and
that defense officials would continue to exchange views on issues of common interest
during future defense lunch gatherings.
(ii) Maritime Specialist Officials lunch (MSOL)
43. The US, as co-chair of the Maritime Specialist Officials lunch with Thailand, briefed the
meeting on the discussions. The MSOL Co-Chairmens summary report is at Annex Q.
44. Vietnam briefed the meeting on the preparations for the 4th lnter-sessional Meeting on
Disaster Relief to be held in Hanoi from 4 - 6 May 2000.
Co-Chairmanship of ISG on CBMs in the 2000/2001 intersessional year
45. The meeting agreed to the offer by Malaysia and ROK to co-chair the ISG on CBMs in the
next inter-sessional year. ROK informed the meeting that the next ISG could tentatively
be held in early November, and preceded by the EGM on Transnational Crime. Malaysia
indicated that the 2nd ISG could be held in April 2001.
46. The meeting also noted that India and New Zealand had indicated their interest to be the
non-ASEAN Co-Chair of the ISG on CBMs in the inter-sessional year 2001-2002.
210
CO-CHAIRMENS SUMMARY REPORT OF THE FOURTH ARF

HA NOI, VIET NAM, 4 - 6 MAY 2000
1.
In accordance with the Chairmans Statement of the Sixth ASEAN Regional Forum
(Singapore, July 27, 1999) and in pursuance of the recommendations of the Third
Inter-Sessional Meeting on Disaster Relief (Moscow, 11 - 14 April, 1999), the Fourth
ARF Inter-Sessional Meeting on Disaster Relief (ISM-DR) was held in Ha Noi from 4 - 6
May, 2000.The Meeting was co-chaired by Lt. Gen. Nguyen Huy Hieu, Deputy Minister
of National Defense, concurrently Permanent Vice-Chairman of the Viet Nam National
Committee for Search and Rescue and Lt. Gen. Stanislav N. Suanov, Deputy Minister for
Civil Defense, Emergencies and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters of the
Russian Federation.
2.
The Meeting was attended by delegations from 20 ARF participants. Representatives

of the Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC), the Asian Disaster Reduction
Center (ADRC), the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
(IFRC), participated as resource persons and guest speakers. Most delegations included
representatives from respective Ministries of Foreign Affairs and Defense as well as other
agencies involved in disaster management. The list of participants is attached as Annex
A. The updated list of ARF contact points on disaster relief is attached as Annex B.
3.
The Meeting adopted the Agenda, attached as Annex C. The Programme of Activities of
the Meeting is attached as Annex D.
4.
The Meeting was opened by H.E. Nguyen Cong Tan, Deputy Prime Minister and
concurrently Chairman of the Viet Nam National Committee for Search and Rescue. In
his address, Mr. Nguyen Cong Tan pointed out that while national efforts play a decisive
role in disaster preparedness and disaster relief, international and regional cooperation
is also very important. In this regard, he commended the activities of the ARF ISM on
Disaster Relief. These activities have not only helped enhance mutual understanding and
trust among the ARF participants but also produced many recommendations for effective
cooperation, some of which have been implemented to improve disaster management
capability both at national and regional level. It is now time to build upon the achieved
progress and focus on the implementation of the agreed recommendations.
211
5.
The major objectives of the Meeting were to continue the exploration of practical ways
and means to further broaden and promote effective cooperation; to define a future
framework for co-operation in disaster preparedness and disaster relief among the ARF
participants, and above all, to further enhance mutual trust and confidence among the
ARF participants.
Item 1. Review of the Previous Meetings

6.
Russia briefed the Meeting of the 3rd ISM-DR, held in Moscow, Russia from 11 - 14
April 1999, as well as the implementation of its recommendations. The Meeting agreed
that the 3rd ISM-DR helped to define major areas of possible cooperation in disaster
preparedness and relief and that its recommendations were very useful and practical.
7.
The Meeting was briefed by Thailand on the results of the ARF Train the Trainers Seminar
Towards Common Approaches to Disaster Relief Training, co-chaired by Thailand and
Australia in Bangkok from 25 - 28 January 2000. The Meeting was of the view that the
recommendations of the Seminar be discussed further with a view to bringing them into
implementation by the ARF participants as they deem appropriate.
Item 2. Exchange of Experience on Disaster Preparedness and Disaster Relief

8.
The Meeting emphasized the importance of inter-agency coordination, especially

between the military and civilian agencies in disaster relief. Participants shared the
view that in order to ensure smooth and timely coordination between different agencies,
its is important, inter alia, to have a steering body comprising of representatives from
the concerned agencies and headed by a high ranking figure, and to have clear-cut
regulations for inter-agency coordination.
9.
The role of the military in disaster relief within the national boundaries, especially in
large-scaled and acute disasters was highlighted by many participants. This attributes
to the high mobility, the discipline and the ready-to-use equipment and large manpower
of the armed forces. Some delegates were of the view that since a focus of the ARF
is on confidence building measures, disaster relief co-operation should contribute to
enhancing contacts among ARF participants, including military-to-military.
10. A number of participants made presentations on their national structure and experiences
for dealing with natural and man-made disasters. Delegates reiterated the need to
continue co-operation in sharing accumulated experiences in disaster management
among the ARF participants.
212
Item 3. Exchange on Feasible Means for Future Co-operation, among ARF Participants in
Disaster Preparedness and Disaster Relief
11. The Meeting agreed that co-operation in information exchange and experience
sharing is of great importance to the ARF participants in disaster management. In this
connection, the participants exchanged views on how to access updated data on disasters
of each country. It was recognized that putting disaster-related data onto the Website of
individual countries so that others can visit, is a simple and low-cost but very efficient
way. The Meeting appreciated the activities of the ADPC and the ADRC and welcomed
their offers to make available facilities of these institutions for the ARF participants in
information sharing.
12. The Meeting saw great benefits in utilizing data obtained from satellites in order
to forecast and monitor disasters. The Meeting welcomed Russias willingness in
providing the technology of forecasting and monitoring disasters to the interested ARF
participants.
13. Cooperation in Early Warning was considered by the Meeting as a critical component
of disaster preparedness and mitigation. To facilitate cooperation in this area the
compilation of a list of the Early Warning capabilities of individual countries and
information sharing should be carried out soon. The Meeting welcomed the Philippines
confirmation to host a Conference on Enhancing Capacities of Early Warning Systems in
September this year and appreciated ADPCs efforts in developing an inventory of Early
Warning Systems of the ARF participants.
14. The Meeting was of the view that mutual assistance among ARF participants in disaster
relief is of great importance. Participants were encouraged to provide assistance in terms
of information, expertise, material, and equipment. The U.S. shared with the Meeting
some common forms of requests for assistance from recipient countries in different types
of disasters such as fire, flood, typhoon, etc.
15. The Meeting agreed that networking among agencies directly involved in disaster
management should be further enhanced. For this purpose, the List of Contact Points for
disaster management among the ARF participants was updated and circulated.
16. The Meeting saw a big demand and great potential among the ARF participants for disaster
relief training. There was intensive information exchange among the participants on
disaster management training institutions and courses, which could be made available
for ARF participants. The Meeting agreed that such information exchanges are very
useful and should be carried out more frequently and in more details.
213
17. The Meeting shared the view that the existing training establishments in the region could
be utilized to meet the need for training in ARF participating countries on bilateral, subregional and regional basis. Many participants stressed the need to organize workshops
and training courses on specific skills for disaster management.
18. The Meeting was briefed by Thailand on the latters Concept Paper concerning Training
for Disaster Managers in the ARF participating countries and took note with appreciation
the proposal by Thailand to organize the said training programmes, which would
address the identified needs of disaster managers in the region and capitalize upon past
experiences of disaster management in the ARF participating countries. The Meeting
also requested Thailand to submit additional information on the project such as date
and funding, to the ARF participants in time for the consideration by the ARF SOM in
Bangkok on 17-18 May 2000.
19. The Meeting was briefed by Singapore on its plan to conduct, together with the US the
Training Course on Combined Humanitarian Assistance Response in August 2000 in
Singapore within the framework of ISG on CBMs subject to approval by the ARF SOM.
20. The Meeting was briefed by New Zealand and Thailand on their proposal on the
Development of a Glossary of Terms on Principles, Concepts and Understandings of
Disaster Management, in line with the 3rd ISM-DR, with a view to publishing it for
the use of ARF participants. The Meeting welcomed, in principle, the objectives of
the project which would help to establish a framework that will assist not only those
nations whose primary interest is in response and relief after disasters, but also those
who are concerned with more strategic management issues encompassing the analysis
and control of natural disasters. Details of the project are set out in the Concept Paper
attached as Annex E.
21. The Meeting agreed that promoting awareness is of importance in disaster preparedness
and mitigation, especially for developing countries, where the public awareness of disasters
is still low and the governments capabilities are limited due to financial constraints. In
order to improve the public awareness, apart from efforts by individual country, support
and assistance from other ARF countries and international organizations would be
helpful.
22. The Meeting recognized the complimentary role of regional and international
organizations responsible for disaster management. The Meeting was briefed by
representatives from the ADPC, ADRC and IFRC as resource persons, on how they can
contribute to the ARF activities in the field of disaster preparedness and relief.
214
Item 4. Future Direction of ARF ISM-DR

23. The participants exchanged views on the future direction of cooperation within the
ARF framework in disaster relief. The Meeting arrived at a broad consensus on future
directions for cooperation, focusing on:
Exchange of experience and information sharing, in particular update data on

disasters and early warning information;
Enhancing individual and regional capacities for disaster preparedness and

disaster relief through mutual assistance and networking;
Training with emphasis on providing specific skills in disaster management;

and
Promoting greater awareness of the government agencies and the public in

disaster preparedness and disaster relief.
24. The Meeting reiterated that ISM-DR contributes signicantly to the overall goals of enhancing
condence and mutual trust through practical cooperation in disaster relief among the ARF
participants. Some delegates highlighted the need to keep a balance in pursuing objectives
of ARF cooperation in disaster relief, namely between condence-building and operational
requirements. The Meeting was of the view that the implementations of various activities
should be undertaken at a pace comfortable to all.
25. The Meeting agreed to recommend to the ARF SOM that the Inter-Sessional Meeting on
Disaster Relief should continue its activities. It was also agreed that a certain period of
time is needed to implement current projects and tabled proposals. The timing of the
next ISM-DR will be decided by the ARF participants later. In the meantime, Expert
Group Meeting focusing on specific activities of disaster management may be convened
upon the agreement of all the ARF participants. The Meeting encouraged participants to
assume co-chairmanship for the next ISM-DR.
Acknowledgments
26. The Meeting thanked Viet Nam and Russia for co-chairing the ISM-DR for two consecutive
years, ensuring that its activities made a significant contribution to the promotion of
confidence and understanding among the ARF participants. The Meeting also expressed
appreciation to the Co-Chairs for the hospitality accorded to all the delegations and
excellent arrangements made for the success of the Meeting.
215
216
CSCAPS LIST OF PROPOSALS ON ENHANCING INTERACTION BETWEEN

TRACK I AND TRACK II
1.
CSCAP working groups to submit the outcome of their deliberations on key issues
affecting regional security to the ARF Chair;
2.
Generating policy studies and recommendations on security issues relevant to areas of

primary concern to the ARF, as well as those which CSCAP believes the ARF should take
into serious deliberation;
3.
Developing policy memoranda on these issues for transmittal to the ARF Chair;
4.
Exploring ways by which these policy inputs may be more effectively fed into the ARF
processes;
5.
Exploring possible measures including:
Periodic briefings of designated ARF senior officials by CSCAP officers and

attendance of ARF senior officials at CSCAP meetings;
Periodic briefings of CSCAP officers by ARF senior officials;
Attendance of CSCAP Working Group Co-Chairs at relevant ARF inter-sessional

meetings;
Coordination of some CSCAP Working Groups and ARF ISG meetings;
Tasking of CSCAP Working Groups by the ARF to research particular cooperative

measures, such as preventive diplomacy and measures to combat transnational
crime.
217
218
THE EIGHTH
HA NOI, VIET NAM, 25 JULY 2001
220
CHAIRMANS STATEMENT
HA NOI, VIET NAM, 25 JULY 2001
1.
The Eighth Meeting of the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) was held in Ha Noi, Capital of
the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, on 25 July 2001. The Meeting was chaired by H.E. Mr.
Nguyen Dy Nien, Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam.
2.
The Meeting was attended by the Foreign Ministers of all ARF participating countries
or their representatives. The Secretary-General of ASEAN was also present The list of
Delegates appears as ANNEX A.

3.
The Ministers recognized that during the last inter-sessional year, the ARF process
continued to make progress and play an important role in maintaining peace and
stability in the region, particularly in enhancing and promoting dialogue and cooperation on political and security issues in the Asia-Pacific region. Over the past year,
exchanges of views on regional and international issues have become even more candid
and inclusive, in view of the full participation of all countries in the ARFs geographical
footprint. In this context, the Ministers noted with satisfaction that the ARF was the key
forum for participating countries to address actively and constructively key political and
security issues, including newly emerged issues as a result of globalization that have a
bearing on regional peace and stability.
4.
The Ministers acknowledge the contributions of the ARF to the regional peace and
stability and emphasized that confidence-building is of essential importance to and
remains the foundation and main thrust of the whole ARF process. They agreed that this
process be further strengthened and more confidence building measures be encouraged.
The Ministers appreciated the progress in strengthening the four measures in the
overlap between CBM and Preventive Diplomacy (PD) which would contribute to the
enhancement of the effectiveness of the ARF process.
5.
The Ministers reaffirmed that the ARF will continue to develop at a pace comfortable
to all ARF participants and emphasized the importance of ARF making decision by
consensus and on the basis of non-interference into one anothers internal affairs.
The Ministers noted with satisfaction that the Association of Southeast Asian Nations
221
(ASEAN) continued to play its leading role in the ARF and expressed their support for
this continued role in the ARF process. At the same time, the Ministers noted that each
ARF participant had contributed more actively to advancing the ARF process.
6.
In recalling the decision of the Sixth ARF in July 1999 on the overlap between CBMs
and PD and that of the Seventh ARF in July 2000 on the enhanced role of the ARF
Chair, the Ministers expressed their appreciation to Viet Nam who, as the ARF Chair,
had continued and expanded informal contacts with other international and regional
organizations, particularly with the United Nations, the Organisation of American States
(OAS) and the Non-Aligned Movement. They agreed that such contacts were fruitful in
promoting exchange of information and sharing of experience between ARF and these
organizations and that these links should be further expanded in the future.
7.
The Ministers acknowledged with satisfaction that the ARF Chair had been successful
in serving as a conduit for information sharing in between ARF meetings, particularly
between participants who had no bilateral diplomatic contacts, thus enabling the ARF
participants to exchange information relevant to the ARF in a timely manner and on a
voluntary basis. In this regard, the Ministers agreed to adopt the Paper on the Enhanced
Role of ARF Chair which appears in ANNEX B and also expressed their appreciation for
the excellent work done by Japan in preparing and finalizing this Paper.
8.
The Ministers welcomed further progress on the ARF Register of Experts/Eminent

Persons to be available for use by ARF participants on the voluntary basis. The Ministers
agreed to adopt the Paper on the Terms of Reference for ARF Experts/Eminent Persons
which appears in ANNEX C In this regard, they commended the excellent work done
by the ISG on CBMs, particularly by the Co-Chairs of ISG-CBMs, i.e. Malaysia and the
Republic of Korea, in finalizing the Terms of Reference for the ARF Experts/Eminent
Persons The Ministers also encouraged the ARF participants to nominate their experts/
eminent persons for the Register on a voluntary basis with the ARF Chair serving as a
focal point.
9.
The Ministers expressed their appreciation to Singapore for its valuable contribution in
preparing the Paper on the Concept and Principles of PD and to all ARF participants for
their inputs to the Paper. The Ministers expressed their satisfaction with the progress
in the discussion on the PD Paper in the ARF and commended the work in this regard
by ISG-CBMs. The Ministers agreed to adopt the PD Paper as a snapshot of the state on
current discussion on PD in the ARF and that the ISG would continue to discuss PD in
the next inter-sessional year and focus on those issues where there remain divergence
of views. The paper on the Concept and Principles of PD appears in ANNEX D. Noting
with satisfaction the remarkable progress in the discussion and eventual adoption of the
above-mentioned papers, the Ministers recognized that these developments represent a
significant step forward in the ARF process in the last inter-sessional year.
222
10. The Ministers commended ARF participants for their contributions to the Annual Security
Outlook (ASO) on a voluntary basis and welcomed the second volume of the ARF ASO
compiled without editing by the ARF Chair. Noting that the ASO could contribute to the
promotion of mutual trust and understanding as well as facilitating the exchange of
views among ARF participants, the Ministers agreed that the current and future ASOs
would not be treated as confidential. The Ministers encouraged ARF participants to
submit ASO in the coming year.
11. Noting the importance of the participants of defense and military officials in the ARF
process, the Ministers welcomed the contribution of greater and active interaction
among defense and military officials towards the promotion of mutual understanding.
In this regard, the Ministers agreed to endorse the recommendation by the ARF SOM that
Defense Officials Luncheon be included as a regular feature of the ISG.
12. The Ministers had in-depth and extensive discussions on the political and security
situation in the Asia-Pacific since the Seventh ARF in July 2000, particularly on the
major developments that affect the regional security environment. Conducted in the ARF
traditional open and candid atmosphere, the exchange of views among the Ministers was
very substantive and focused, thus helping create better understanding of the security
perceptions and concerns among ARF participants.
13. The Ministers shared the views that on the whole, the situation in the Asia-Pacific region
remained relatively stable. The Ministers noted that despite certain challenges and
uncertainties, and differences in political and strategic perceptions, the region continues
to enjoy peace and stability. The Ministers acknowledged the importance of peaceful and
stable relations between major powers as key to regional peace and security, and believed
that the major powers would continue their efforts to improve and develop their relations
so as to contribute to the maintenance of peace and stability in the region.
14. The Ministers exchanged views on the accelerated globalization and were of the view
that under the multi-faceted impacts of globalization as well as those of technologies,
economic security is fast becoming a major concern of all nations, both developing and
developed alike. They particularly noted with concern the widening gap between developed
and developing countries. In this regards, the Ministers echoed the determination by
the worlds Heads of State and Government expressed in the United Nation Millennium
Declaration to create an environment at the national and global levels alike which
is conductive to development and to the elimination of poverty.
15. The Ministers noted with satisfaction the recent positive development of overall situation
on the Korean Peninsula, including increased dialogue and co-operation between the
223
Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea (DPRK) and the Republic of Korea (ROK) following
the North-South Summit on June 15, 2000 in Pyongyang. They further encouraged both
the DPRK and the ROK to build on the success of the Summit to continue the peace
process and emphasized the importance of holding the second Inter-Korean Summit
with a view to establishing lasting peace on the Korean Peninsula. The Ministers also
took note of the DPRKs position concerning the DPRK-US Agreed Framework of 1994.
They welcomed continued efforts by the international community to contribute to the
above endeavours, including the recent visit by H.E. Mr. Goran Persson, the Presidentin-Office of the European Council and Prime Minister of Sweden, to both the DPRK and
the ROK. The Ministers were of the view that outstanding security and humanitarian
issues would be addressed through increased dialogues. The Ministers appreciated the
active participation by the DPRK in ARF activities in the last year and considered this a
contribution towards strengthening the ARF process and advancing the cause of regional
peace and security.
16. The Ministers noted that the situation in Southeast Asia on the whole has been peaceful
and stable. The Ministers exchanged views on the recent developments in the South
China Sea and welcomed the progress in the consultations between ASEAN and China
to develop a Code of Conduct in the South China Sea. The Ministers encouraged the
continued exercise of self-restaint by all countries concerned and the promotion of
confidence-building measures in this area, and welcomed the commitment of countries
concerned to resolve disputes by peaceful means in accordance with the recognized
principles of international law, including the United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS), as well as to ensure the freedom of navigation in the area.
17. The Ministers noted that the 4th ASEAN Informal Summit (AIS) held in Singapore
in November 2000 was one of the most significant events that had taken place in the
region since the ARF 7. At the Summit, the ASEAN leaders agreed on the need to address
ASEANs cohesion as that would be an important factor for stability in the region. They
also agreed to push forward proposals that would enable closer integration and help
reduce development gap within ASEAN. Another key outcome of the Summit was the
decision by the ASEAN and the leaders of China, Japan and the Republic of Korea to
start moving towards closer East Asia co-operation. The Ministers shared the views by
the ASEAN+3 leaders that a gradual approach towards closer East Asian Co-operation
would contribute to the peace, stability and prosperity of the region. In this regard, the
Ministers welcomed the creation of the East Asia Study Group (EASG) in March 2001 to
promote East Asia co-operation.
18. The Ministers recognized the purposes and the principles contained in the Treaty of
Amity and Co-operation in Southeast Asia (TAC) as a basis for the promotion of cooperation, amity and friendship within Southeast Asia and between ASEAN and ASEANs
224
Dialogue Partners and other ARF participants. The Ministers welcomed the adoption of
the Rules of Procedure of the High Council of TAC by the ASEAN member countries at the
34th AMM in July 2001 in Ha Noi. They noted the consideration by non-Southeast Asian
countries to accede to the TAC.
19. The Ministers welcomed the progress regarding the implementation of the Treaty on the
Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone (SEANWFZ) as a contribution to global efforts
to curb the proliferation of nuclear weapons. The Ministers noted with satisfaction the
continued progress made in the consultation between the State Parties to the SEANWFZ
Treaty and the Nuclear Weapon States regarding the latters accession to the Protocol to
the Treaty. In this regard, the Ministers welcomed the progress made at the recent Direct
Dialogue between the State Parties and the Nuclear Weapon States held in Ha Noi May
2001. The Ministers welcomed the P5 Joint Statement concerning security assurances for
Mongolia and support the Nuclear-Weapon Free Status of Mongolia.
20. The Ministers welcomed the election of President Megawati Soekarnoputri in Indonesia
which had been conducted in a democratic, constitutional and peaceful manner. The
Ministers expressed the hope that this orderly and peaceful transition would lead to
political stability and accelerated economic recovery in Indonesia. They reiterated
support for the territorial integrity and political unity of Indonesia. The Ministers
believed that the stability and prosperity of Indonesia would contribute positively to the
peace, stability and prosperity of the region.
21. The Ministers noted the co-operation between East Timor and the United Nations
Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) and reiterated the need for the
support of international community including ASEAN to play an active role in the
nation building efforts of East Timor up to and beyond the territorys independence.
They supported the efforts to resolve the problem of East Timorese refugees in East Nusa
Tenggara province in a comprehensive manner in order to ensure peace and harmony of
all Timorese. They welcomed the plan to hold election for the Constituent Assembly on
30 August 2001.
22. The Ministers welcomed the encouraging developments in Myanmar, the process of
national reconciliation in particular. The Ministers expressed appreciation for the
efforts in this regard by the Government of the Union of Myanmar, as well as those of
ASEAN, the UN Special Rapporteur for Human Rights in Myanmar, the Special Envoy of
the United Nations Secretary General.
23. The Ministers noted the situation in Fiji and Solomon Islands, welcomed positive
developments towards a resolution of the Bouganville conflict and expressed the hope
for positive outcome of the Fijian elections to be held in August 2001 and the efforts of
the International Peace Monitoring Team in Solomon Islands.
225
24. The Ministers discussed issues relating to proliferation of weapons of mass destruction
and their means of delivery as well the implications of missile defense systems. They
noted expressions of support for the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) as the
cornerstone of the global non-proliferation regime. The Ministers also took note the
call for all states to sign and ratify the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) and to
accede to the NPT. The Ministers urged all states to maintain existing moratoria on
nuclear testing. They also took note of the call made in the NPT Review Conference Final
Document on the Conference on Disarmament to agree on a programme of work which
includes the immediate commencement of negotiations on the Fissile Material Cut-Off
Treaty. The Ministers further emphasized the importance of systematic and progressive
efforts by Nuclear Weapon States on nuclear disarmament and called on all states to
work towards the objective of total elimination of nuclear weapons.
25. The Ministers expressed their hope that the Protocol strengthening the Biological and
Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC) would be finalized before the 5th BTWC Review
Conference and urged all countries to speedily conclude their negotiations on the said
Protocol.
26. The Ministers recognized that the transnational crimes could not only have potentially
serious impacts on regional peace and stability, but also pose a threat to the national
economic development and social well-being of all states. In this regard, they noted
the serious implications of drug production and trafficking and underscored the need
to address this critical issue and other transnational crimes such as piracy, illegal
migration, illicit trafficking of small arms, money laundering, terrorism, and cyber
crime. The Ministers underlined the importance of greater bilateral, regional and
international co-operative efforts in this regard.
27. The Ministers welcomed the Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime and its
Protocols and encouraged ARF participating countries to sign and ratify them soon. The
Ministers expressed their supports for results of the UN Conference on the Illicit Trade
in Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) in all its aspects which was held in New
York from 9 to 20 July 2001 and believed ARF participants would promote the regional
co-operation pursuant to the UN Programme of Action on SALW. In this context, the
Ministers noted the Australian proposal for an ARF Declaration on small arms.
Report of Track I and II Activities for the Current Inter-sessional Year (July 2000 - July
2001)
Track I
28. The Ministers noted with satisfaction the successful implementation of Track I and
II activities during 2000 - 2001 inter-sessional year. They noted in particular the
226
Co-Chairmens Summary Report of the Meetings of the ARF Inter-sessional Support

Group on Confidence-Building Measures (ISG on CBMs), co-chaired by the Republic
of Korea and Malaysia, held in Seoul, the Republic of Korea 1 - 3 November 2000 and
in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 18 - 20 April 2001 (ANNEX E). The Ministers commended
the work of the ISG on CBMs in contributing the advancement of the ARF process and
endorsed the recommendation contained in the above mentioned report.
29.1. Combined Humanitarian Assistance Response Training (CHART) in Singapore
in August 2000;
29.2. Fourth Meeting of Heads of Defense College, Universities and Institutions in
China in September 2000;
29.3. Seminar on Defense Conversion Co-operation in Beijing in September 2000 as
well as the establishment of the ARF Regional Maritime Information Center
(ARF-RMIC);
29.4. Seminar on Approaches to Confidence Building in Helsinki in October 2000;
29.5. Workshop on Anti-Piracy in Mumbai in October 2000;
29.6. ARF CBMs Seminar on Conventional Weapons in Phnom Penh in February
2001;
29.7. Seminar on Civil Military Co-operation in Peacekeeping Operations in Seoul in
May 2001; and
29.8
Workshop on Environmentally Sound Management of Shipboard Generated

Waste in Washington in June 2001.
30. The Ministers endorsed the following proposals on the implementation of CBM activities
as Basket I CBMs in the next inter-sessional year:
30.1. Japans proposal to host the 5th ARF Meeting of the Heads of Defense Colleges/
Institutions in late August to early September 2001;
30.2. Thailands proposal to host the 2nd Seminar on the Law of Armed Conflict: The
Relevance of the Law of Armed Conflict to Peacekeeping in Bangkok on 7 - 10
August 2001;
227
30.3. US and Bruneis proposal to host a workshop for Mid-level ARF Civilian and
Defense Officials on Preventive Diplomacy in September 2001;
30.4. Vietnams proposal to host a Seminar on Economic Security for Asia Pacific in
the First Decades of 21st Century on 26 - 28 February 2002;
30.5. Russias proposal to host the 6th ARF Meeting of the Heads of Defense Colleges/
Institution in 2002; and
30.6. Canadas proposal for an ARF Peacekeeping Seminar to be co-sponsored with
India and Malaysia in March 2002.
Track II
31. The Ministers took note of the CSCAP Maritime Co-operation Working Group Meetings
in the Philippines, China and Malaysia in 2000 - 2001 inter-sessional year and the
CSCAPs draft Memorandum on a Common Understanding of the Law of the Sea in the
Asia-Pacific; the 8th Meeting of CSCAP Working Group on Transnational Crime and the
9th Meeting of CSCAP Working Group on Comprehensive and Co-operative Security. The
Ministers also noted that informal contacts between ARF Chair and Track II fora could
provide important inputs for discussions at Track I level.
32. The Ministers welcomed efforts made by ASEAN and Russia relating to Pacific Concord
and encouraged them to continue their consultations.
Programme of Work for the Next Inter-sessional Year (July 2001 - July 2002)
33. The Ministers agreed that the ISG on CBMs continue their work and welcomed the offers
by Viet Nam and the Republic of India to co-chair the ISG on CBMs in the next intersessional year.
34. While noting that the Expert Groups Meetings on transnational crime (EGMs) in the
inter-sessional year 2000 - 2001 had generally been useful in helping the ARF to address
transnational crimes, the Ministers endorsed the recommendation of the ARF SOM and
ISG on CBMs that those transnational crimes could be discussed in alternative formats
such as ad hoc workshops, seminars or symposia.
35. The Ministers reaffirmed their commitment to further develop the ARF as an effective
forum for dialogue and co-operation on political and security issues in the Asia-Pacific
region. While reiterating that the ARF continue to follow an evolutionary approach in
228
its development from Promotion of Confidence-Building Measures to Development of

Preventive Diplomacy (PD) to elaboration of approaches to conflict, the Ministers agreed
that the ARF continues to move at a pace comfortable to all ARF participants and on
the basis of consensus. They expressed their continued support for ASEANs role as the
driving force in the ARF process.
36. The Ministers emphasized the importance of confidence-building as the foundation and
the primary focus of the whole ARF process. The Ministers also agreed that while moving
towards PD, the ARF should continue to strengthen its confidence-building process so
as to substantially enhance mutual trust, confidence and understanding as well as
co-operation among the ARF participants. They concurred that these efforts would lay
a firm ground for peace and stability in the Asia-Pacific as a well as for the next stages
of the ARF. The Ministers noted with satisfaction the progress made in the discussion on
the concept and principles of PD within the ARFs context based on the Paper on ARF
Concept and Principles of Preventive Diplomacy. In this regard, the Ministers requested
the ISG on CBMs to intensify its efforts in discussing PD, focusing on those areas where
there remained divergence of views and submit recommendation to ARF SOM and ARF
Ministers at their next meetings.
37. The Ministers noted with satisfaction the progress in exploring the overlap between
CBMs and PD and strengthening of the four CBM/PD overlap proposals already agreed
upon, namely the adoption of the paper on an enhanced role of the ARF Chair and the
paper on the ARF Register of Experts/Eminent Persons, the Annual Security Outlook,
and voluntary background briefing on regional security issues. The Ministers agreed
that the ARF continues its work on these measures as well as on further exploring the
overlap between CBMs and PD.
229
230
CO-CHAIRMENS SUMMARY REPORT OF THE MEETING OF

SEOUL, REPUBLIC OF KOREA, 1 - 3 NOVEMBER 2000
Introduction
1.
Pursuant to the decision of the 7th Ministerial Meeting of the ASEAN Regional Forum
(ARF) held in Bangkok on 27 July 2000, the Inter-sessional Support Group on Confidence
Building Measures (ISG on CBMs), co-chaired by the Republic of Korea and Malaysia,
held two inter-sessional meetings during the 2000/2001 inter-sessional year, the first in
Seoul on 1 - 3 November 2000, and the second in Kuala Lumpur on 18 - 20 April 2001.
2.
The first Meeting of the ISG on CBMs in Seoul was attended by representatives of all
ARF member countries with the exception of the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea
(DPRK). At the second ISG on CBMs in Kuala Lumpur, representatives from all ARF
member countries attended. The DPRK participated for the first time since its admission
as a member of the ARF in Bangkok in July 2000. The DPRKs participation was warmly
welcomed. In line with the decision of the 7th ARF to encourage continued participation
of defense and military officials in all relevant activities, many of the delegations
included defense officials. The Programmes of Activities of the Seoul and Kuala Lumpur
ISG meetings are attached at Annexes A and B, the Annotated Agendas as Annexes C and
D and the lists of delegations as Annexes E and F respectively.
1st ISG Meeting, 1-3 November 2000, Seoul, Republic of Korea

3.
There was an extensive exchange of views among the participants on political and security
developments in the region since the 7th ARF Ministerial Meeting. The discussion, which
was held in an open and free flowing manner, covered a wide range of issues that have
an impact on the region as a whole.
4.
There was general agreement among the participants that the regional security situation
remains relatively stable as cooperative relations among ARF countries, including the
major powers, have improved. The Meeting noted the rapid recovery of economies in
the region. The participants, however, acknowledged the existence of challenges in the
231
region and agreed that it was necessary to continue to strengthen the process of regional
security dialogue and cooperation under the ARF.
5.
The participants welcomed the historic inter-Korean summit in June 2000 and follow-up
steps taken to implement the South-North Joint Declaration which covers humanitarian
issues, including family reunions, economic cooperation and military talks. They
further encouraged both North and South Korea to build on the success of the summit
to continue the peace process, with a view to establishing lasting peace on the Korean
Peninsula. They welcomed the ongoing normalization talks between the DPRK and Japan,
Canada, New Zealand, the UK, Germany, Spain and the Netherlands, as a contribution to
reducing tension in Northeast Asia. They also welcomed the recent visit to Pyongyang by
the US Secretary of State, involving serious and constructive talks on a range of issues.
The participants considered the admission of the DPRK into the ARF in July 2000 to be
a significant step towards strengthening the ARF process and advancing the cause of
regional peace and security. Notwithstanding positive developments in the region, some
participants expressed concerns regarding the situation on the Korean Peninsula and
hoped for further positive developments.
6.
The participants noted the successful holding of the third Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM 3)
in Seoul on 20 - 21 October 2000 and welcomed the adoption of the Seoul Declaration
for Peace on the Korean Peninsula, which expresses support for the process of
rapprochement and cooperation under way between North and South Korea. They noted
that this Declaration underlines the importance of strengthening efforts to improve
relations between ASEM partners and the DPRK. The participants also welcomed the
ASEAN+3 Summit to be held in Singapore in late November 2000 as a further step
towards strengthening regional cooperation.
7.
The Meeting emphasized their support for the sovereignty, territorial integrity and national
unity of Indonesia. The participants welcomed the progress toward the restoration of
stability in East Timor and acknowledged the achievements made by United Nations
Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) in cooperation with Indonesia
and other countries. They underscored the need for the international community to
extend support for the reconstruction, rehabilitation and nation-building of East Timor
and for cooperation with UNTAET. They also recognized the importance of the urgent
resolution of the problem of East Timorese refugees in West Timor in a comprehensive
manner in order to ensure peace and harmony of all Timorese. They emphasized the
need for further action to resolve the refugee problem, including dealing with the militia
activity.
8.
The participants noted that the situation in the South China Sea has been marked by
positive developments and welcomed the ongoing progress made in the consultations on
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developing a Regional Code of Conduct in the South China Sea between ASEAN and China
held in Dalian in August 2000 and Hanoi in October 2000. They were also encouraged
by the commitment of the countries concerned to resolving disputes by peaceful means
in accordance with the principles of international law, including the UN Convention on
the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).
9.
The participants took note of developments in Fiji and the Solomon Islands. Some
participants expressed their interest in seeing the early return to democratic government
in these two countries. The participants also welcomed the recent visits to Myanmar by
Mr. Razali Ismail, the Special Envoy of the UN Secretary-General.
10. Some participants exchanged views on the strategic implications of the development
of the Theater Missile Defense (TMD), and also on matters related to the proliferation
of weapons of mass destruction and means of delivery .The Meeting welcomed the USDPRK missile talks held in Kuala Lumpur from 1 - 3 November 2000. Some participants
expressed their support for the outcome of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)
Review Conference and the early entry into force of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
(CTBT). They also shared the view that the universality of the Chemical Weapons
Convention (BWC) Verification Protocol should be concluded as early as possible. The
participants welcomed the P-5 Joint Statement concerning security assurances for
Mongolia and supported the nuclear weapon-free status of Mongolia. They noted Chinas
decision to sign the Protocol to the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapon Free
Zone (SEANWFZ) when it is open for signing. The Meeting also noted ASEANs desire for
the other Nuclear Weapon States to sign the Protocol as soon as possible.
Transnational Crime of Concern to the Region
11. The EGM on Transnational Crime, co-chaired by Malaysia and the ROK, was held
back-to-back with the ISG Meeting on CBMs. The Co-Chairs of the EGM briefed the ISG
meeting on the Summary Report of the EGM on Transnational Crime, attached at Annex
G. The participants agreed to continue discussions on the three transnational crimes of
piracy, illegal migration and illicit trafficking of small arms at the next EGM to be held
back-to-back with the 2nd ISG meeting in Kuala Lumpur in April 2001. The Meeting also
recalled that the Ministers, at the 7th ARF in Bangkok, had noted the need to address
other transnational crime. With a view to ensuring tangible and concrete results from
the EGM, the participants will consult their experts and send comments to the Malaysian
Co-Chair. The Co-Chairs will then provide a discussion paper based on the summary
report of the first EGM, which is to serve as a basis for discussions at the 2nd EGM.
233
12. The participants took note of the implementation of the agreed CBMs and the following
reports by:
Singapore on Combined Humanitarian Assistance Response Training (CHART)

held in Singapore in August 2000;
China on the 4th Meeting of Heads of Defense Colleges, Universities and

Institutions and on the Seminar on Defense Conversation Cooperation held
in Beijing in September 2000 as well as the establishment of the ARF Regional
Maritime Information Center (ARF-RMIC);
The EU on the Seminar on Approaches to Confidence Building held in Helsinki

in October 2000; and
India on the Workshop on Anti-Piracy held in Mumbai in October 2000.
13. The Meeting revised the list of proposed CBM activities, removing those implemented
and moving some from Basket 2 to Basket 1. The revised list is at Annex H.
14. The Meeting agreed to present the following CBMs, which have been proposed for
inclusion in Basket 1, for the consideration of the ARF SOM to be held in Viet Nam in
May 2001 :
Thailands proposal to continue the Seminar on the Law of the Armed Conflict:
In Relation to Peace Support Operations in the latter part of 2001;
Japans proposal to host the 5th ARF Meeting of Heads of Defense Colleges/
Viet Nams proposal for a Seminar on Economic Security for Asia-Pacific in the
First Decades of 21st Century in late 2001 or early 2002; and
the US proposal to host a Workshop for Mid-level ARF Civilian and Defense
Officials on Preventive Diplomacy.
Preventive Diplomacy
15. The participants expressed their appreciation to Singapore for its valuable contribution
in submitting the Paper on the Concept and Principles of PD (Annex I). The participants
were requested to submit written comments on the PD paper to Singapore by 15 January
234
2001. Singapore would then proceed to review these comments and provide some
suggestions on areas for future discussion at the next ISG meeting in Kuala Lumpur in
April 2001.
(i) Enhanced Role of the ARF Chair
16. The participants exchanged constructive views on principles, procedures and mechanisms
for the Enhanced Role of the ARF Chair based on the paper (Annex J) revised by Japan.
They expressed their appreciation to Japan for its valuable work in preparing this paper.
The Meeting requested that countries submit written comments to Japan by 15 January
2001. Japan would then revised the draft paper and recirculate it together with some
suggestions on areas for future discussion at the next ISG in Kuala Lumpur in April
2001.
(ii) ARF Register of Experts/Eminent Persons (EEPS)
17. The participants discussed the Terms of Reference (TOR) for the Experts/Eminent
Persons (EEPs) drafted by the Co-Chairs of the ISG on CBMs, the ROK and Malaysia
(Annex K). The participants noted that the draft TOR for the EEPs was a useful paper
presenting a good basis for the discussion of the issue. The participants were requested
to submit written comments on the TOR for the EEPs to the Co-Chairs by 15 January
2001. The Co-Chairs would revise the draft Terms of Reference (TOR) and recirculate
this paper for further discussion at the next ISG in Kuala Lumpur in April 2001.
(iii) Annual Security Outlook
18. The participants noted that the first volume of the ARF Annual Security Outlook could
contribute to the promotion of confidence and also agreed to further enhance the value
of the ASO by encouraging all members to participate in the production of the ASO. The
Meeting agreed to recommend to the 8th ARF SOM in Viet Nam that the next ASO would
not be treated as confidential.
(iv) Voluntary Background Briefings on Regional Security Issues
19. Following Canadas proposal that a new item Voluntary Background Briefings on
Regional Security Issues be added to the agenda, five countries presented voluntary
briefings.
235
Other Issues
20. Russia provided a briefing on the current status of the development of the Pacific
Concord.
21. Defense officials briefed the ISG on the outcome of their discussions at the Defense
Officials Lunch held on 2 November 2000 (Annex L). The Meeting encouraged the
continued holding of the Defense Officials Lunch as a useful confidence building
measure.
22. The participants had discussions on the need for a Maritime Specialist Officials Meeting.
It was agreed that further discussions and information were necessary and that a decision
to recommend to the SOM on this will be made at the next ISG in Kuala Lumpur.
23. India expressed its interest in co-chairing the ISG on CBMs in the 2001 - 2002
inter-sessional year with an ASEAN Co-Chair.
Arrangements for the Second Meeting of the ISG on CBMs
24. The participants took note of Malaysias proposal that the 2nd ISG on CBMs for the
inter-sessional year 2000 - 2001 be held in Kuala Lumpur on 18 - 20 April 2001. The ISG
will be preceded by an EGM on Transnational Crime which will be held on 16 - 17 April
2001. The Meeting also took note that the programme of the ISG in Kuala Lumpur would
include a visit to a defense facility on 20 April 2001.
2nd ISG Meeting, 18 - 20 April 2001, Kuala Lumpur
Review of Outcome of the 1st ISG Meeting in Seoul and interim activities
25. The Republic of Korea, as the Co-Chair of the 1st ISG Meeting in Seoul, reviewed the
outcome of the 1st ISG Meeting and interim activities, and the Meeting agreed with the
review.
26. The participants had an extensive exchange of views on the political and security
developments in the region since the last ISG meeting in Seoul. The frank and substantive
discussions were held in a friendly and cordial atmosphere thereby contributing to the
confidence among the participants.
27. The Meeting agreed that on the whole, the situation in the region had been relatively
stable. The Meeting also noted that despite certain challenges and uncertainties, and
236
differences in political and strategic perceptions, the region continues to enjoy peace and
stability. The Meeting also acknowledged the importance of peaceful and stable relations
between the major powers as the key to regional and global peace and security.
28. The participants welcomed the historic inter-Korean summit in June 2000 and follow-up
steps taken to implement the North-South/South-North Joint Declaration. They further
encouraged both the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea (DPRK) and the Republic of
Korea (ROK) to build on the success of the summit to continue the peace process, with a
view to establishing lasting peace on the Korean Peninsula. The participants considered
the admission of the DPRK into the ARF in July 2000 and the attendance of the DPRK
at this ISG meeting to be a significant step towards strengthening the ARF process and
advancing the cause of regional peace and security.
29. The Meeting noted that the situation in Southeast Asia on the whole had been peaceful
and stable. The Meeting exchanged views on the developments in the South China Sea
and welcomed the progress in the consultations between ASEAN and China to develop a
Code of Conduct in the South China Sea. The Meeting was encouraged that all parties
directly concerned continued to exercise self-restraint and are committed to peaceful
settlement of disputes in the South China Sea.
30. The participants noted that the 4th ASEAN Informal Summit (AIS) held in November
2000 was one of the most significant events that had taken place since the Seoul
ISG. At the AIS, ASEAN leaders had recognized the need toward enhancing ASEANs
cohesiveness and had pushed forward proposals that would enable closer integration and
help to reduce the developmental gap within ASEAN. Another key outcome was the clear
sense amongst the ASEAN leaders and the leaders of China, Japan and the Republic of
Korea (ASEAN+3) to start moving towards closer East Asian cooperation. The ASEAN+3
leaders believed that a gradual approach towards closer East Asian cooperation would
enhance the peace, stability and prosperity of the region.
31. The Meeting had an exchange of views on the developments in East Timor. The Meeting
agreed that a strong international presence continue to be required in East Timor and
reiterated the need for the support of the international community including ASEAN to
play an active role in the nation building efforts of East Timor. They supported the efforts
to resolve the problem of East Timorese refugees in East Nusa Tenggara province in a
comprehensive manner in order to ensure peace and harmony of all Timorese.
32. The Meeting had an exchange of views on Myanmar and took note of the encouraging
developments in the country. The Meeting also appreciated the efforts of the Government
of Myanmar, ASEAN and the UN Special Rapporteur for Human Rights in Myanmar and
the Special Envoy of the United Nations Secretary General towards the developments in
237
Myanmar. Some participants also expressed continued concern about the situation in
Fiji and Solomon Islands. They hoped for positive results out of the Fijian elections to be
held in August 2001.
33. Indonesia offered to share information of its efforts in managing its internal matters.
The Meeting reiterated its support for the sovereignty, territorial integrity and national
unity of Indonesia.
34. Some participants had an exchange of views on the strategic implications of the
development of the Theater Missile Defense (TMD), and also on matters related to the
proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and means of delivery. The Meeting also
noted the efforts to achieve progress especially on securing the accession of the Nuclear
Weapon States (NWS) to the Protocol to the Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapon Free Zone
(SEANWFZ) Treaty.
35. The Meeting agreed that in addition to exchanging views on regional and security
issues, it would be useful to discuss issues such as transnational crime and globalisation
whose impact transcended borders and whose impact on regional security in the AsiaPacific might be indirect and less immediately apparent. The suggestion was made that
future Co-Chairs could consider taking up these issues as themes for discussion as well
as the possibility of having experts brief the meeting on such issues or themes. The
Meeting requested that Singapore could prepare a concept paper to elaborate on this ISG
suggestion for the ARF SOM in May 2001.
36. The EGM on Transnational Crime co-chaired by Malaysia and the ROK, was held backto-back with the ISG Meeting on CBMs. The Co-Chairs of the EGM briefed the ISG
meeting on the Co-Chairmens Summary Report of the EGM on Transnational Crime,
attached as Annex M. The EGM continued discussions on the three transnational crime
namely, piracy, illegal migration and illicit trafficking of small arms. The Meeting
endorsed the concrete and practical measures recommended by the EGM to enhance
regional cooperation to combat piracy. Further, the Meeting noted the deliberations of
the EGM experts on Australias draft declaration on Small Arms and Light Weapons. The
Meeting also endorsed the EGMs recommendation to the ISG that the ARF members
would forward their comments on the draft text to Australia for further consideration by
the ARF SOM.
37. The Meeting exchanged views on the EGM and agreed that it had generally been
useful. The Meeting also deliberated on the future of the EGM. Various modalities were
considered. The Meeting agreed to recommend to the ARF SOM to consider winding
238
down the EGM in the present format in respect to the three transnational crime
namely, piracy, illegal migration and illicit trafficking of small arms. These and other
transnational crimes including terrorism, drug trafficking and cyber crime could be
discussed in the future in similar or alternative formats of EGM, ad-hoc workshops,
seminars or symposia. The Meeting agreed that consideration of new transnational
issues for discussion should be on the basis of certain criteria, which could include:
relevance to the ARF process, non-duplication of the work in other fora and to produce
concrete results and recommendations.
38. The Meeting adopted the Co-Chairmens Summary Report on the ARF Experts Group
Meeting on Transnational Crime held in Seoul, Republic of Korea 30 - 31 October 2000
and in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 16 - 17 April 2001 and would recommend it for the
consideration of the ARF SOM.
39. The Meeting took note of the implementation of the agreed CBMs and report by Cambodia
on Seminar on Transparency and Responsibility in Transfers of Conventional Weapons
co-hosted with Canada and Japan on 21 - 22 February 2001 in Phnom Penh.
40. The Meeting took note of the reports of the following CBMs for consideration of the ARF
SOM to be held in Viet Nam in May 2001:
Japans proposal to host the 5th ARF Meeting of the Heads of Defense Colleges/
Thailands proposal to host the 2nd Seminar on the Law of Armed Conflict: The
relevance of the LoAC to Peacekeeping 7 - 10 August 2001;
US and Bruneis proposal to host a workshop for Mid-level ARF Civilian and
Defense Officials on Preventive Diplomacy in September 2001;
Viet Nams proposal for a Seminar on Economic Security for Asia-Pacific in the
First Decades of the 21st Century on 26 - 28 February in 2002; and
Russias proposal to host the 6th ARF Meeting of the Heads of Defense Colleges/
Institutions in 2002.
41. The Meeting also took note of the following CBMs proposed for inclusion in Basket 2:
Canadas proposal for an ARF Peacekeeping Seminar to be co-sponsored with

India and Malaysia; and
239
Indias proposal to host the 7th ARF Meeting of the Heads of Defense Colleges/
Institutions in 2003.
42. The Meeting agreed that it was important to keep records of completed CBM activities
and agreed that New Zealand would prepare a concept paper on maintaining a record of
CBM activities.
43. The Meeting took note of the report on the ARF Maritime Information Network (ARFRMIC), based on the National Marine Data and Information Service of China for the
purpose of serving the members of the ARF with maritime data and information.
44. The Meeting expressed its appreciation to Singapore for submitting the paper on the
Concepts and Principles of Preventive Diplomacy (PD) (Annex N). The Meeting agreed
to adopt the PD paper as a snapshot of the state of current discussion on PD in the ARF.
The Meeting also decided that the ISG would continue to discuss PD and focus on those
issues where there remained divergence of views.
45. The Meeting expressed its appreciation to Japan for the revised paper on the Enhanced
Role of the ARF Chair (Annex O). The Meeting agreed that ARF members would reflect
further on the proposed changes and that Japan would circulate through the ARF Chair,
a new revised paper for consideration of the ARF SOM.
(ii) Terms of Reference for the ARF Register of Experts/Eminent Persons
46. The Meeting expressed its appreciation to the Co-Chairs for the revised paper on the
Terms of Reference for the ARF Register of Experts/Eminent Persons. The Meeting
adopted the revised paper as appears in Annex P.
47. The Meeting agreed to recommend to the 8th ARF SOM in Viet Nam that the next ASO
would not be treated as confidential.
(iv) Voluntary background briefing on Regional Security Issues
240
48. The Meeting took note of the briefings presented by Australia, Canada, EU, India, Japan,
Thailand and the US.
49. The Meeting took note of DPRKs comments that it accepted the paper on Preventive
Diplomacy and the paper on the Terms of Reference for the ARF Register of Experts/
Eminent Persons ad referendum and that it would forward its comments to the
Co-Chairmen separately.
Other Issues
50. The Meeting noted that ASEAN and Russia would continue their consultations on the
draft Pacific Concord.
51. The Meeting took note of the briefing by the Co-Chair of the Defence Officials Luncheon
(DOL) on the outcome of their discussions held on 19 April 2001 (Annex Q). The Meeting
also took note that the extended luncheon had been useful in allowing the defense
officials more time for discussions and that the Malaysian concept paper had served
as a useful basis for discussion. The Meeting agreed to recommend to the ARF SOM to
include the Defense Officials Luncheon as a regular feature of the ISG.
52. The Meeting agreed that the Defense Officials Luncheon at the New Delhi ISG would
discuss maritime strategy and that the US would present a concept paper at the ISG on a
follow-up workshop.
Co-Chairmanship of the ISG on CBMs for the intersessional 2001/2002
53. The Meeting agreed with the offer by India and Viet Nam to co-chair the Inter-sessional
Support Group on Confidence Building Measures (ISG on CBMs) for the Inter-sessional
Year 2001/2002.
241
242
CO-CHAIRMENS SUMMARY REPORT OF THE ARF EXPERTS

GROUP MEETING ON TRANSNATIONAL CRIME
SEOUL, REPUBLIC OF KOREA, 30 - 31 OCTOBER 2000
Introduction
1.
Pursuant to the decision of 7th ARF SOM and 7th ARF Ministerial Meeting, held in
Bangkok in May and July 2000 respectively, the Experts Group Meeting (EGM) on
Transnational Crime, co-chaired by Republic of Korea and Malaysia, was held in Seoul
on 30 - 31 October 2000, back-to-back with the ISG on CBMs in Seoul, 1 - 3 November
2000. Following the decision of the Seoul ISG on CBMs, the second EGM was held in Kuala
Lumpur on 16 - 17 April 2001 back-to-back with the ISG on CBMs in Kuala Lumpur,
18 - 20 April 2001.
ARF EXPERTS GROUP MEETING (EGM) ON TRANSNATIONAL CRIME, 30 - 31 OCTOBER

2000, SEOUL, REPUBLIC OF KOREA
Introduction
2.
Pursuant to the agreement reached at the 7th ARF SOM and ARF Ministerial Meeting,
held in Bangkok in May and July 2000 respectively, the Experts Group Meeting (EGM)
on Transnational Crime, co-chaired by Malaysia and the Republic of Korea, was held in
Seoul on 30 - 31 October 2000, prior to the first ISG Meeting on CBMs in the 2000/2001
intersessional year.
3.
The EGM commenced with a plenary meeting to provide direction to the experts to
ensure that their discussions would be relevant within the ARF context, followed by three
separate sessions designed to explore the ARFs role and contribution in addressing the
issues of piracy, illegal migration and illicit trafficking of small arms.
Plenary
4.
The Meeting recognized that the EGM can contribute to building confidence in the
ARF, and noted that the submission of Country Reports by a number of ARF countries
facilitated the discussions on issues of transnational crime. In addition, CBMs such as
seminars and workshops on transnational crime can be useful in raising awareness of
this problem and proposing concrete actions. The Meeting noted that the EGM can play a
243
valuable role in increasing regional awareness and complementing the work undertaken
in other existing fora.
5.
The Meeting recognized that issues of transnational crime need to be addressed through
coordination and cooperation among ARF countries and some experts expressed the
view that the EGM should continue to be convened. However, some experts also expressed
reservations on the possibility of future EGM, especially in terms of mandate and the
issues to be addressed by such EGM.
6.
Subject to the mandate of the ISG on CBMs and ARF SOM to convene future EGM, some
experts pointed out that future EGM should also discuss the nature of transnational crime
and the linkages between them. Some experts also expressed the view that future EGM
should include on their agenda such issues of transnational crime as drug trafficking,
computer crime, money laundering and terrorism.
Piracy
7.
The Meeting recognized that piracy is an increasingly serious transnational crime with
regional security implications and that cooperation among ARF countries is required to
address this problem. In this context, the experts regarded it important to focus on the
regional security aspects of the issue and its relevance to the ARF.
8.
The Meeting took note of the briefings by Japan and India on the outcomes of the
Regional Conference on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships held
in Tokyo on 27 - 28 April 2000 and the Workshop on Anti-Piracy held in Mumbai on
18 - 20 October 2000.
9.
In recognizing the efforts at the bilateral, regional and international levels, the Meeting
agreed to take cognizance of existing mechanisms and urged the ARF countries to take
the necessary and appropriate actions to implement the recommendations developed by
the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and other international initiatives for
preventing and suppressing piracy and armed robbery against ships.
10. The Meeting acknowledged that the ARF is an important forum to promote political and
public awareness and enhance commitment and cooperation among ARF countries in
addressing the issue of piracy. The Meeting noted the usefulness of possible cooperative
measures under the ARF as suggested by some experts and encouraged ARF countries
to consider them for discussion in the future. In view of the fact that there are various
international definitions of piracy, the EGM could consider, among other things, the most
appropriate definition and categorization in their subsequent discussions on piracy.
244
11. In recognizing the contributions of the IMO and International Maritime Bureau (IMB),
including the Piracy Reporting Center (PRC) in Kuala Lumpur, the Meeting encouraged
ARF countries to work closely with these organizations to promote the exchange of
information and compilation of accurate statistics.
Illegal Migration
12. The Meeting recognized that illegal migration is becoming an increasing concern to
countries in the Asia-Pacific region with its serious economic and social implications and
potential to become a threat to regional security. The experts stressed the importance of
closer cooperation and coordination among ARF countries.
13. The Meeting discussed the multifaceted characteristics of illegal migration, including
people smuggling, and took note of how it was becoming more organized and diverse
in scope. It also pointed out that illegal migration is closely inter-connected with other
transnational crime.
14. The experts exchanged views on the current trends and characteristics of illegal
migration in the Asia-Pacific region, identified some common difficulties and presented
suggestions for example, information sharing, coordination among law enforcement
agencies, harmonization of legal mechanisms and raising public awareness to counter
illegal migration. The experts also agreed that bilateral and multilateral cooperation
and coordination, along with a firm sense of national commitment, are of paramount
importance.
15. The Meeting expressed general support for two of the protocols supplementing the United
Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, namely the Protocol to
Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children
and the Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Air and Sea, and recognized
the role of the ARF in encouraging countries to support the above Convention and two
protocols. A number of experts also noted the key role of the inter-governmental AsiaPacific Consultations on Refugees, Displaced Persons and Migrants (APC) in providing a
forum to develop and implement coherent and sustainable strategies to deal with illegal
migration.
16. In light of the diversity in the region, a number of reasons may be attributed to the rise in
illegal migration and thus, activities to address this challenge should be relevant to each
countrys unique background and needs. In addition, some experts pointed out that the
issue of illegal migration should be comprehensively dealt with by countries of origin,
transit and destination, if it is to be effectively addressed. Concerns were also expressed
that measures to curb illegal migration should not restrict the orderly movement of
people.
245
Small Arms
17. The Meeting recognized that illicit trafficking in small arms poses a danger to the
well-being of citizens, economic and social development, and regional security. In their
deliberations, the experts took account of both global and regional initiatives developed
to combat the excessive and destabilizing accumulation of and trafficking in small
arms. It was agreed that any initiative must take into account the specific regional
characteristics of the problem.
18. A number of measures were suggested to deal with illicit trafficking, such as information
exchanges on best practices and national legislation and improved cooperation among
law enforcement agencies. Most experts expressed support for the early completion of the
negotiations in Vienna on the Firearms Protocol. Some experts suggested that the ARF
could play a role in the implementation of the protocol at the regional level.
19. Many experts expressed the view that states have the right to procure small arms and
light weapons in order to fulfill their legitimate defense and security needs. In order
to prevent the illicit trade in small arms, experts suggested that states should ensure
that all transfer are conducted responsibly. In addition, a number of experts raised the
possibility that the ARF countries exchange information concerning the illicit transfer
of small arms.
20. The 2001, UN Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons In All
Its Aspects was viewed in the Meeting as the main forum for international action to deal
with this problem. In this context, the ARF countries were encouraged to play an active
role in the 2001 process. The Meeting also took note of the Canada/Japan/Cambodia
Co-sponsored Seminar on Conventional Arms Transfers scheduled for February 2001,
which will include discussions on small arms.
21. Australia circulated a working paper on Possible ASEAN Regional Forum Actions on
Small Arms. In particular, it suggested that the ARF consider developing a statement or
declaration as a contribution to the 2001 UN Conference. Some experts supported this
proposal while there was the view that it would require further study.
ARF EXPERTS GROUP MEETING (EGM) ON TRANSNATIONAL CRIME, 16 - 17 APRIL 2001,
KUALA LUMPUR, MALAYSIA
Plenary
22. Representatives from all ARF member countries except Mongolia attended the second
EGM on Transnational Crime, 16 - 17 April 2001 in Kuala Lumpur. The meeting adopted
the Provisional Agenda and Programme of Activities. The list of delegation, Provisional
246
Agenda, Annotated Agenda and Programme of Activities appear as Annexes A, B and C

respectively.
23. The EGM started with a plenary session to provide direction to the experts, followed by
three separate sessions on piracy, illegal migration and illicit trafficking of small arms
based on the Co-Chairs discussion paper on the EGM which appears as Annex D.
24. The Meeting had an exchange of views on the EGM as a whole including its future.
It was generally agreed that the EGM had been useful in facilitating discussions on
transnational crime among the ARF participants. Given the serious implications of
transnational crime to security and peace in the region, the Meeting recognized the
need to continue discussions and cooperation among the ARF participants to effectively
address this issue.
25. Some experts were of the view that there was insufficient time at the EGM to discuss the
issues of transnational crime in depth. Others expressed their views that the EGM should
discuss a broader array of transnational crime such as drug trafficking, cyber crime,
money laundering and terrorism. Some other experts felt that concrete measures should
be identified in the three existing areas namely piracy, illegal migration and illicit
trafficking of small arms before broadening the scope to include other transnational
crime. Some experts suggested that, subject to the mandate of the ARF SOM, additional
discussions on transnational crime could be held in alternative formats such as ad hoc
workshops or seminars. The outcome of the seminars and workshops would be reported
to the Inter-sessional Support Group on Confidence Building Measures (ISG on CBMs).
Piracy
26. The Meeting had an extensive exchange of views on definition and categorization of
piracy in order to develop appropriate measures and responses in combating piracy
within ARF framework. Some ARF members recognized that regardless of wherever
the crime occurred, the act of piracy could be broadly categorized into two categories
(ship hijacking and armed robbery at sea) that have a regional security dimension.
The Meeting recognized the importance of regional cooperation in combating piracy in
these two categories. Petty theft on board ships in ports, harbours and internal waters
should be dealt with effectively by the appropriate local authorities.
27. The Meeting explored greater cooperation among the ARF participants including
appropriate measures to be taken by the relevant authorities in dealing with
problems of piracy. The Meeting took note of the existence of various national and
international instruments to combat the crime and stressed on the importance of their
implementation.
247
28. The Meeting expressed general support for concrete and practical measures to be taken
in enhancing regional cooperation to combat piracy, specifically:
The need to establish operational contact points among appropriate ARF

enforcement agencies;
Sharing and circulation of information/experiences on the best practices to

combat piracy among ARF countries;
Maintaining close cooperation including making consistent piracy reporting to

the IMO/IMB; and
The need to provide better training and exposure for coast guard or equivalent
authorities.
29. Some experts were of the view that participating countries which have not yet ratified
the 1988 Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime
Navigation (Rome Convention) should do so as soon as possible.
30. The Meeting also had an exchange of views on the future directions on piracy matters.
The experts generally felt that the discussion so far had been useful and agreed that it
could be continued in the future.
Illegal Migration
31. The Meeting reviewed the outcome of the discussion on illegal migration at the Seoul
EGM on Transnational Crime. The Meeting continued to exchange views and experiences
in combating illegal migration.
32. The Meeting was informed that some participating countries have signed the United
Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and its two supplementing
protocols namely the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons,
Especially Women and Children and the Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants
by Land, Air and Sea. There was general support to encourage other participating
countries to take necessary actions to sign and ratify the UN Convention and its two
protocols. Some experts expressed views that it should not infringe states sovereign
rights to implement their laws and regulations pertaining to this issue.
33. The Meeting was of the view that illegal migration still constituted an issue of common
concern for the ARF. They stressed the importance of close cooperation and coordination
among participating countries in addressing the issue in view of its serious economic,
social and security implications to the Asia-Pacific region.
248
34. The Meeting was of the view that the issue of illegal migration has been extensively
discussed at the Seoul and Kuala Lumpur EGMs. Further, they noted that the issue has
also been discussed in parallel in other fora at regional and international levels such
as the inter-governmental Asia-Pacific Consultations on Refugees, Displaced Persons
and Migrants (APC). Some experts also expressed the view that, if necessary the issue
of illegal migration could be addressed through seminars or workshops which among
others could serve to identify gaps in capabilities of ARF countries in addressing this
issue.
Illicit Trafficking of Small Arms
35. The Meeting took note of the report on the outcome of the ARF CBMs Seminar on
Conventional Weapons Transfers held in Phnom Penh, Cambodia on 21 - 22 February
2001 (Annex E). The experts generally agreed that various recommendations of the
seminar could be adopted by member countries in addressing this issue in the context of
regional co-operation. The Meeting also took note of the efforts undertaken by member
countries at their national level towards combating illicit trafficking of small arms.
36. The Meeting generally agreed that there should be a concerted effort towards combating
illicit trafficking of small arms. In this regard, the Meeting was of the view that the
United Nations should take the lead in addressing this issue in particular the 2001 UN
Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All its Aspects. Some
experts were of the view that regional approaches could be reflected in the UN process.
The Meeting also took note of the various initiatives undertaken to curb the illicit
trafficking of small arms including the Protocol Against the Illicit Manufacturing of and
Trafficking in Firearms, their Parts and Components and Ammunition supplementing
the United Nations Conventions against Transnational Organized Crime.
37. Some experts were of the view that participating countries could explore possibilities for
cooperation in areas such as personnel training, sharing of information and cooperation
among enforcement agencies.
38. The Meeting had an extensive exchange of views on Australias draft Declaration on
Small Arms and Light Weapons (Annex F). Some experts were of the view that the draft
declaration was an expression of political will of the ARF countries to cooperate in
addressing the problem of illicit trafficking of small arms. They proposed that the ISG
recommend that the ARF SOM adopt the draft declaration as a regional contribution to
the 2001 UN Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All
Its Aspects. Some experts, however, noted that the text of the draft declaration had not
been thoroughly explored by the ARF members and yet others proposed that the main
elements of the draft declaration be reflected in the EGM Co-Chairs Summary Report
instead.
249
39. The Meeting agreed to recommend to the ISG that the ARF members would forward
their comments and views on the text of the draft declaration to Australia for further
consideration by the ARF SOM.
Country Report
40. Following participating countries submitted their country reports at the Seoul EGM:
40.1
Australia
Country Report on Piracy and Illegal Migration
40.2 Brunei Darussalam Country Report on Illegal Migration

40.3
Cambodia
40.4
Canada
Country Report on Illegal Migration

Country Report on Small Arms and Light weapons
250
40.5
Japan
Country Report on Piracy, Illegal Migration and

Small Arms
40.6
Laos
Country Report on Illegal Migration
40.7
Malaysia

Small Arms
40.8 Myanmar
Country Report on Piracy
40.9

Small Arms
New Zealand
40.10 Philippines
Country Report on Piracy
40.11 Republic of Korea

Small Arms
40.12 Singapore
40.13 Thailand
Country Report on Small Arms
40.14 United States

Small Arms
41. The following participating countries submitted their country reports at the Kuala
Lumpur EGM:
41.1
Cambodia
Country Brief on Small Arms and Light Weapons

for the Experts Group Meeting (EGM) (Annex G)
41.2
China
Country Report National Report on Cracking

Down on International Piracy Crimes (Annex H)
Country Report National Report on Combating Illegal
Immigration and Human Smuggling (Annex I)
Country Report on Cracking Down on Small Arms
Smuggling (Annex J)
41.3
Republic of Korea
Country Report on Illegal Migration and Small Arms

(updated) (Annex K)
41.4
Malaysia
Country Report on Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea

(Annex L)
41.5
Myanmar
Country Report on Illegal Migration (Annex M)

Country Report on Illicit Trafficking of Small Arms
(Annex N)
41.6
New Zealand
Country Report (Annex O)
41.7
Singapore
Country Report on Small Arms and light Weapons

(Annex P)
251
252
ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM CONCEPT AND PRINCIPLES OF

PREVENTIVE DIPLOMACY
ADOPTED AT THE 8TH ARF, HA NOI, 25 JULY 2001
Introduction
1.
The ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) was established by ASEAN in 1994 to maintain
peace and stability in the region and to promote regional development and prosperity.
It was recognized that rapid development in the regional and global environment
had impacted on the security and strategic concerns of countries in the region. It was
also acknowledged that the region was remarkably diverse, and that there remained
challenges to regional peace and prosperity.
2.
The ARF sought to meet these challenges by putting into place a three-stage process
Stage 1 on promotion of Confidence Building Measures, Stage 2 on development
of Preventive Diplomacy and Stage 3 on Elaboration of Approaches to Conflicts. It
was generally recognized that the ARF would have to establish itself, over time, as a
meaningful forum to enhance the peace and prosperity of the region. To do so, the
ARF process would have to adopt a gradual evolutionary approach, decision-making
by consensus and move at a pace comfortable to all its members in order to achieve its
Long-term objectives. Discussions should be aimed at enhancing mutual understanding
and trust among the Asia-Pacific countries, furthering their dialogue and cooperation,
and promoting peace, stability and prosperity in the region.
3.
Much progress has been made over the past six years, a relative short time in the life
of regional organizations. Constant interaction among Ministers and senior officials
of the ARF members, and confidence building measures that have been initiated, have
helped to build up comfort levels. This has allowed for discussions among ARF members
to be candid and frank, thereby encouraging greater transparency, mutual trust and
understanding of each others concerns and positions. It was stressed that the confidence
building would continue to be the main thrust of the whole ARF process, since it is
impossible to move the ARF forward without a high degree of mutual understanding and
trust among ARF participants.
4.
Hence, at the 4th ARF, the Ministers instructed the ARF lnter-sessional Support Group
on Confidence Building Measures (ISG on CBMs) to identify areas in the overlap
between CBMs and Preventive Diplomacy, and ways and means of addressing them
253
while maintaining the focus on CBMs. In addressing the issue of overlap, a common
understanding on a working concept of Preventive Diplomacy (PD) and the principles
governing its practice is necessary to provide a common basis on which to explore this
overlap and to enhance confidence in the process. Pursuant to this, the Ministers at the
6th ARF in Singapore instructed the ISG on CBMs to further explore the overlap between
CBMs and PD, focusing inter alia on the development of the concepts and principles of
PD.
Definition Concept and Principles of PD by the ARF
5.
Agreement on the definition and, more importantly, a common understanding of the

concept of PD and the principles governing the practice of PD, would be useful for further
progress on the development of PD within the ARF. The definition of PD by the ARF sets
out very broad objectives, and the concept would serve as a guide as to the approach to
take, while the principles would serve as a guide as to fundamental parameters for the
practice of PD in the ARF.
6.
The definition, concept and principles of PD as agreed by ARF members are not legal
obligations. They are shared perspectives that would apply only to the ARF and should
be understood as representing the current status of an evolving consensus in the ARF
as discussions continue. These discussions should be aimed at enhancing mutual
understanding and trust among ARF members, take into account the actual conditions
of the region and be consistent with basic principles of international law and established
ARF processes.
Definition of PD
7.
254
The definition of PD has proven to be controversial. However, there appears to be general

consensus that PD is consensual diplomatic and political action taken by sovereign
states with the consent of all directly involved parties:
To help prevent disputes and conflicts from arising between States that could
potentially pose a threat to regional peace and stability;
To help prevent such disputes and conflicts from escalating into armed
confrontation; and
To help minimise the impact of such disputes and conflicts on the region.
Concept of PD
8.
Much academic work has been done within this broad definition of PD, and various
concepts have been suggested. We can view PD along a time-line in keeping with the
objectives: to prevent disputes/conflicts between states from emerging, to prevent such
disputes/conflicts from escalating into armed confrontation, and to prevent such
disputes and conflicts from spreading. Some measures could be taken even before a
crisis has actually arisen.
9.
PD measures could include the following:

a.
Condence Building Efforts i.e. efforts to build mutual trust and condence between
states. The successful application of PD has to be built upon continuous efforts to
maintain and enhance trust and condence. Without a high degree of trust among
ARF participants, it is unlikely that PD in the later stages of any conict can be carried
out. While the ARF has succeeded in fostering dialogue among ARF members over
the past few years, it is now time to look into strengthening the habit of cooperation.
Cooperation among ARF members can preempt disputes as well as prevent disputes
from developing into conicts by enhancing trust and understanding.
b.
Norms buildings i.e. nurturing of accepted codes or norms of behaviour guiding

the relationships among states in the Asia-Pacific region. To the extent that the
codes enhance predictability and strengthen cooperative behaviour in ensuring
regional peace, norms building enhances trust between and among states in the
region. The ARF could consider measures in this area, such as developing a code
of conduct governing relations among ARF members which is consistent with
existing codes such as the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia
(TAC) and the UN Charter.
c.
Enhancing Channels of Communication: Open, easy and direct communications

or channels among ARF participants which serve to promote transparency with a
view to avoid misperception or misunderstanding. Such channels would advance
information-sharing, provide early warning and facilitate dialogue.
d.
Role of the ARF Chair: The ARF Chair could play a role as determined by ARF
members.
10. At the onset of a crisis, further measures could be considered as appropriate. The ARF
should continue to consider possible further measures with a view to reaching consensus
on them.
255
Principles of PD
11. Principles to guide the practice of PD are necessary to increase understanding of the
scope and mechanisms of the scope and mechanisms of PD and to provide consistency
and reasonable expectations of the process. In formulating and applying these principles,
it would be useful to draw on the approach that has contributed to ASEANs success
and resilience. This includes the non-use of force in inter-state relations, the peaceful
settlement of disputes, non-interference in the internal affairs of members, pragmatism,
flexibility and consensus, consultation and accommodation.
12. The following are 8 key principles of PD, drawn mainly from discussions in CSCAP:
256
It is about diplomacy. It relies on diplomatic and peaceful methods such as

diplomacy, negotiation, enquiry, mediation, and conciliation.
It is non-coercive. Military action or the use of force are not part of PD.
It should be timely. Action is to be preventive, rather than curative. PD methods

are most effectively employed at an early stage of a dispute or crisis.
It requires trust and confidence. PD can only be exercised successfully where

there is a strong foundation of trust and confidence among the parties involved
and when it is conducted on the basis of neutrality, justice and impartiality.
It operates on the basis of consultation and consensus. Any PD effort can only be
carried out through consensus after careful and extensive consultations among
ARF members, with due consideration for the need for timeliness.
It is voluntary. PD practices are to be employed only at the request of all the

parties directly involved in the dispute and with their clear consent.
It applies to conflicts between and among States.
It is conducted in accordance with universally recognized basic principles of

international law and inter-state relations embodied, inter alia, in the UN
Charter, the Five Principles of Peaceful Co-existence and the TAC. These include
respect for sovereign equality, territorial integrity and non-interference in the
internal affairs of State.
Conclusion
13. The ARFs process should progress at a pace comfortable to all members on the basis of
consensus. A step-by-step approach is needed to ensure consensual progress in order to
secure the maintenance and continuing enhancement of commitment of all participants
in the ARF process. We should seek to proceed with the possible while keeping an eye
on what can be done in the longer term. For the ARF to further develop, it is important
to achieve a common understanding and consensus on the concept, definition and
principles of PD.
257
258
ENHANCED ROLE OF THE ARF CHAIR

(SHARED PERSPECTIVES AMONG THE ARF MEMBERS)
Objective
The 6th Senior Officials Meeting (SOM) of the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) in May 1999
agreed that the next ISG (1999 - 2000) would continue to explore the principles and procedures
for an enhanced role for the ARF Chairman in good offices and co-ordination in between
ARF meetings. The 6th Ministerial Meeting in July 1999 noted the common understandings
reached on the four tabled proposals relating to the overlap between CBMs and PD. These
common understandings include the above agreement at the SOM.
Consistent with this request, the ARF ISG on CBMs of the 1999 - 2000 inter-sessional year at
its meeting in Tokyo in November 1999 discussed these roles and agreed that such a role for
the ARF Chairman in liaising with external parties should be further encouraged as far as it
was carried out informally with prior consultation with all ARF members and their consent.
The ARF ISG meeting in Singapore in April 2000 had a substantive exchange of views on this
issue. The meeting agreed that the ARF Chair could serve as a useful conduit for informationsharing in between ARF meetings, and that members could utilise this on a voluntary basis.
The 7th Ministerial Meeting in July 2000 requested the ISG to continue its work in exploring
the overlaps between CBMs and PD and strengthening the four CBM/PD overlap proposals
already agreed upon, which include an enhanced role of the ARF Chair.
The aim of this paper is to help clarify and facilitate the ongoing discussions at the ISG on
the Enhanced Role of the ARF Chair. The paper is mainly focused on the role of the ARF
Chair in the CBM stage, and outlines principles and procedures that could serve as a basis for
further discussions. These principles and procedures are shared perspectives that would apply
only to the ARF and should be understood as representing the current status of an evolving
consensus in the ARF as discussions continue.
1.
Principles
In accordance with universally recognized basic principles of international law and
inter-state relations embodied, inter alia, in the UN Charter, the Five Principles of
Peaceful Co-existence and the TAC, including respect for sovereign equality, territorial
integrity and non-interference in the internal affairs of a state, the Enhanced roles of
259
the ARF Chair in good offices and co-ordination in between ARF meetings are aimed
at enhancing mutual understanding and promoting the continuity and efficiency of the
ARF process.
2.
Roles and Procedures
(1) Definition of the ARF Chair

ARF Chair means the Minister for Foreign Affairs or its equivalent of the ARF Chair
Country in the inter-sessional year. The ARF Chair could appoint a representative
(such as the SOM Leader) to assist the Chair.
(2) Roles
The ARF Chair could perform a role in good offices and/or a role in co-ordination in
between ARF meetings which includes:
260
a)
Promoting confidence building among ARF members by facilitating information

exchange and dialogue between and among ARF members, such as by holding
conferences and workshops.
b)
Fostering cooperation between ARF members by facilitating discussion on

potential areas of cooperation.
c)
Facilitating discussion on norms building in the ARF to enhance mutual trust

and understanding.
d)
Encouraging exchange of information and highlighting issues that can impact

on regional security for consideration by the ARF by serving as a conduit for
information sharing in between ARF meetings.
e)
Serving as a focal point for consultations among ARF members on the basis of
consensus of all the ARF members. Upon prior consent of directly involved states
and the consensus of all the ARF members, the ARF Chair may convene an ad
hoc meeting of all ARF members at an appropriate level.
f)
Liaising with external parties, such as heads of international organizations, and

Track II organizations on an informal basis and with prior consultation with all
ARF members and their consent.
(3) Mechanism to Support the ARF Chair

The ARF should discuss an appropriate mechanism to support the ARF Chair so that the
Chair can carry out the roles in good offices and co-ordination in between ARF meetings
smoothly and effectively. The following modalities of mechanism could be taken into
consideration:
a)
The ARF Chair will be supported by the resources of its country as is the current
practice.
b)
The ARF Chair could draw on the expertise and resources of other ARF member
(s). In this context, a particular attention should be paid to the need to ensure
effective continuity during a transition period of chairmanship.
c)
The ARF Chair could call upon the Experts and Eminent Persons (EEP) to
provide their views on issues of relevance to their expertise in accordance with
the Terms of Reference of EEP to be established with the consensus of all ARF
members.
d)
The ARF Chair could draw on the expertise and resources of external parties and
Track II organisations as far as this was undertaken informally with consent of
ARF members.
(4) Reporting
The ARF Chair should report to all ARF members on its activities in a timely manner.
261
262
CO-CHAIRS PAPER ON THE TERMS OF REFERENCE

FOR THE ARF EXPERTS/EMINENT PERSONS (EEPS)
The 7th ARF Senior Officials Meeting in May 2000 agreed that the ARF proceed with
collating nominations of experts/eminent persons (EEPs) for the Register on a voluntary
basis for submission. However, discussions on the terms of reference for the use of
the Register would continue in the next inter-sessional year. The 7th ARF Ministerial
Meeting in July 2000 also agreed that pending further discussions and agreement
on the terms of reference for the Register, the ARF participants proceed with collating
nominations of experts/eminent persons (EEPs) for the Register on a voluntary basis
with the ARF Chair serving as a focal point.
Consistent with this request, the ARF ISG on CBMs of the 2000/2001 inter-sessional year
should continue discussions on the terms of reference for the use of the Register while the
ARF participants forward the list of their EEPs for the Register on a voluntary basis. The
purpose of this paper is to generate further exchange of views among ARF participants on the
development of an appropriate draft Terms of Reference for the EEPs.
1.
2.
Nomination on Experts/Eminent Persons

a)
Each ARF participant can nominate, on a voluntary basis, up to five experts/

eminent persons (EEPs), after having obtained their consent.
b)
Each ARF participant may only nominate its own nationals to the Register.
(In the case of the EU, it may nominate EEPs holding the nationality of any EU
country).
c)
An ARF participant cannot veto the nominees of another ARF participant.
Contents of the Register

a)
The Register should contain the following information on each EEP: name,
nationality, contact details (address, phone/fax numbers, e-mail address, etc.),
curriculum vitae, areas of expertise, as well as any additional information
deemed relevant.
263
3.
4.
5.
6.
Management of the Register

a)
The ARF Chair will manage the Register throughout each inter-sessional year.
Copies of the Register should be made available during meetings of the ARF SOM
and upon the request of any ARF participant.
b)
ARF participants should keep the ARF Chair informed of any changes in the
information regarding their respective nominees including the addition
and/or withdrawal of an EEP. The ARF Chair will then update the Register
accordingly.
Scope and Procedure for Activities of the EEPs

a)
The EEPs may provide non-binding and professional views or recommendations

to the ARF participants, when they are requested to undertake in-depth studies
and researches or serve as resource persons in ARF meetings on issues of
relevance to their expertise.
b)
The ARF Chair or any ARF participant may propose to activate the EEPs for
the above-mentioned tasks. Such proposals will be collected by the ARF Chair
and circulated to all ARF participants. In the absence of any objection from
concerned ARF participants the proposals will be put into effect.
c)
The activities and findings/results of the EEPs should be reported to the ARF
Chair which would share it with all ARF participants. In this regard, the EEPs
should be informed in advance on the way their findings/results will be used by
the ARF chair or ARF participants.
Financial Rules
a)
The ARF participants that engage the services of the EEPs will bear the costs
involved.
b)
In the event that the EEPs are commissioned for a task by the initiative of the ARF
Chair, the Chair may mobilize voluntary contributions from ARF participants.
The modality of funding should be indicated in the proposals.
Future Review of the Terms of Reference
a) These Terms of Reference for the use of the Register of EEPs will be reviewed for possible
amendments and revisions when and if the need arises in the future. Any amendments
and revisions shall be made on the basis of consensus of all ARF members.
264
THE NINTH
BANDAR SERI BEGAWAN, BRUNEI DARUSSALAM, 31 JULY 2002
266
CHAIRMANS STATEMENT
1.
The Ninth Meeting of the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) was held in Bandar Seri
Begawan on 31 July 2002. The Meeting was chaired by His Royal Highness Prince
Mohamed Bolkiah, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Brunei Darussalam.
2.
The Meeting was attended by the Foreign Ministers of ARF participating countries or their
representatives. The Secretary-General of ASEAN was also present. The list of delegates
appears as ANNEX A.
3.
A meeting among defence and military officials attending the 9th ARF was also held on
30 July 2002.
Overview of the ARF process

4.
The Ministers expressed satisfaction that the ARF, as the main cooperative security
forum in the Asia Pacific Region, continues to make significant progress in addressing
regional security concerns, implementing confidence building measures and initiating
exploratory work on preventive diplomacy (PD). They were of the view that the ARF
process has further strengthened dialogue and understanding amongst its participants
which represents an important contribution to regional peace and stability, especially,
in light of the evolving security situation.
5.
The Ministers reiterated that the ARF should continue to progress at a pace comfortable to
all and maintained the importance of decision-making by consensus and on the basis of
non-interference into one anothers internal affairs. The Ministers expressed continued
support for ASEANs role as the primary driving force of the ARF and further encouraged
the contribution of all ARF participants in moving the ARF process forward.
6.
The Ministers emphasized the importance of the active participation of defence and
military officials as well as the engagement of other security officials in strengthening
the ARF process. The Ministers welcomed the initiative to create more opportunities for
these officials to interact as they are essential to the confidence building process in the
ARF and have proven to be constructive and useful in the exchange of views on issues of
common interest. They were also informed by the ARF Chairman on the outcome of the
defence/military officials meeting on 30 July 2002.
267
7.
In recalling the decision of the 8th ARF in July 2001, on the adoption of the paper on
the Enhanced Role of the ARF Chair, the Ministers welcomed Brunei Darussalams
good offices and co-ordination role in between ARF meetings, particularly, in issuing
a statement on behalf of ARF participants on the tragic events of 11 September 2001
in the United States and facilitating the immediate convening of two workshops on
Financial Measures against Terrorism and Prevention of Terrorism this year.
They also expressed appreciation to Brunei Darussalam for its wide consultations and
outreach with participants on ARF matters as well as with Track II institutions and other
international organisations.
8.
The Ministers appreciated the first compilation of the ARF Register of Experts/Eminent
Persons (EEPs) by the ARF Chair circulated to ARF participants. They further encouraged
the submission of nominations of experts/eminent persons on a voluntary basis to the
ARF Chair.
9.
The Ministers recalled the adoption of the Paper on Concept and Principles of Preventive
Diplomacy as a snapshot of the state of current discussion on PD at the 8th ARF in
July 2001 and regarded it as a major achievement in the evolution of the ARF. They
noted deliberations on PD by officials and looked forward to further progress in future
discussions. In broadening understanding on PD, the Ministers were of the view that
inputs from Track I and Track II activities could be useful for future discussions on the
subject.
10. The Ministers acknowledged the circulation of the third volume of the ARF Annual
Security Outlook (ASO) compiled without editing by the ARF Chair. They welcomed its
non-classified release and expressed the view that the submission of the ASO represented
an important contribution in promoting transparency and confidence among ARF
participants. They encouraged the continued submission of inputs for the next volume
of the ASO for circulation at the next inter-sessional year.
Highlight of Issues Discussed
11. The Ministers reviewed the overall security environment of the Asia Pacific and were
encouraged by significant developments especially positive signs of recovery and growth
in the global economy. They were also encouraged by greater interaction and exchanges
among countries in the region especially between the major powers. They were of the
view that whilst the security situation remained stable, the region continued to face
uncertainties and challenges such as the sustainability of the economic recovery process
and the threats of terrorism. The Ministers reiterated the importance of addressing
security issues in a comprehensive manner.
268
12. In assessing regional and international security developments, the Ministers believed
that the terrorist acts of 11 September 2001 in the United States had a tremendous impact
on the overall security environment. The Ministers recalled the Statement of October
2001 issued by the ARF Chair on behalf of ARF participants and emphasized the need
for the ARF to find ways and means to cooperate further in the fight against terrorism.
In this regard, they recognized the importance of adding value to the collective and
concerted global campaign against terrorism. The Ministers reaffirmed the principles
outlined in the relevant UNSC Resolutions related to the Prevention and Suppression of
Terrorist Acts and expressed satisfaction that all participants had submitted their reports
in compliance with UNSC Resolution 1373. They encouraged early accession to or
ratification of relevant international Conventions and Protocols relating to terrorism.
13. The Ministers noted the holding of the Workshop on Financial Measures Against
Terrorism, 24 - 26 March 2002 in Honolulu, co-chaired by Malaysia and the United
States, and the Workshop on Prevention of Terrorism, 17 - 19 April 2002 in Bangkok,
co-chaired by Thailand and Australia. They expressed appreciation to these countries
and, in this regard, welcomed the ARF Statement on Measures Against Terrorist
Financing issued by the Chairman on behalf of all participants and agreed to review
its implementation. The Statement appears as ANNEX B. They also endorsed the
recommendations put forward by the Bangkok Workshop.
14. The Ministers welcomed, in particular, the establishment of an Inter-sessional Meeting
on Counter-Terrorism and Transnational Crime (ISM on CT-TC) and noted a Concept
Paper submitted by the United States and Malaysia would serve as a good basis for the
work of the new ISM. They were of the view that enhanced cooperation against terrorism
would further strengthen the ARF. The Ministers expressed appreciation to the United
States and Malaysia as Co-Chairmen of the ISM on CT-TC in the next inter-sessional
year. The Concept Paper appears as ANNEX C. They also noted the efforts by participants
to promote cooperation to combat terrorism within the framework of the ARF, including
the submission of Concept Papers on ARF Dossier on Counter-Terrorism Measures by
Japan and on Cyber Terrorism by the Republic of Korea.
15. The Ministers pledged their commitment to strengthen bilateral, regional and international
cooperation in combating terrorism comprehensively to make the region a safer place for
all. They commended regional and international efforts against terrorism, in particular:
the Declaration by APEC Economic Leaders of October 2001 in Shanghai; the 7th ASEAN
Summit Declaration of November 2001 on Joint Action to Counter Terrorism in Bandar
Seri Begawan; the Declaration by the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation; the ASEAN+3
Leaders commitment to work together against terrorism at the 5th ASEAN + 3 Summit
2001 and the Almaty Act and the Declaration on Eliminating Terrorism and Promoting
269
Dialogue among Civilization issued at the 1st Summit Meeting of the Conference on
Interaction and Confidence Building Measures in Asia (CICA).
16. The Ministers welcomed the adoption of the Work Programme on Terrorism by the
Special ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on Terrorism in Kuala Lumpur and the signing of
the Agreement on Information Exchange and the Establishment of Communication
Procedures among Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines on 7 May 2002. They further
welcomed Cambodias accession to the Agreement on 30 July 2002. They noted the recent
meeting of the 22nd ASEANAPOL on 28 - 30 May 2002 in Phnom Penh, to devise ways of
working together in their fight against terrorism.
17. The Ministers noted that further collaboration was needed to support capacity building,
in particular to enhance participants capability to counter terrorism especially in areas
such as legal assistance, financial measures, and practical law enforcement cooperation.
Ministers were of the view that the management of the consequences of a terrorist attack
was a possible area for future ARF activity/work and recommended that this be given
further consideration at the next ARF Inter-sessional Meeting.
18. The Ministers emphasized that stable and constructive relations between major powers
were key to regional and global peace and security. They welcomed increased cooperation,
dialogue and exchanges of visits at the highest level among Leaders in the region.
19. The Ministers expressed concern over the recent naval clash in the Yellow Sea/West Sea
which had heightened tensions in the Korean Peninsula. They noted, however, the latest
moves towards the easing of tensions and the resumption of dialogue. They stressed the
need to ensure the prevention of the recurrence of such an incident in the future and
underlined the importance of promoting Confidence Building Measures. The Ministers
expressed the hope that genuine progress would be made for the mutual confidence
building between North and South Korea and the enhancement of North and South
reconciliation and cooperation. In that regard, they highlighted the importance of the
smooth implementation of the 15 June North-South Joint Declaration and the follow-up
measures agreed upon during the visit to Pyongyang by the Presidential Envoy of the
ROK last April. They also emphasized the importance of the holding of a second InterKorean Summit. The Ministers reiterated the importance of the full implementation
of the 1994 Agreed Framework including the Korean Peninsula Energy Development
Organisation (KEDO) project. The Ministers hoped that prospects for dialogue between
the DPRK and the United States would improve. They also welcomed the Red Cross Talks
between the DPRK and Japan and encouraged further dialogue.
20. The Ministers exchanged views on the situation in the South China Sea and noted that
the adoption of a code of conduct in the South China Sea would further promote peace
and stability in the region. In this regard, they noted the agreement of ASEAN member
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countries in respect of ASEANs new approach as reflected in the Joint Communiqu of

the 35th ASEAN Ministerial Meeting. They welcomed ASEANs resolve to work closely
with China on this matter. The Ministers welcomed the parties continued commitment
to exercise self-restraint and to the peaceful settlement of disputes in the South China
Sea in conformity with recognized principles of international law including the United
Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).
21. The Ministers welcomed the outcome of the 7th ASEAN Summit, 5th ASEAN+3 and
ASEAN+1 Summits on 5 - 6 November 2001 in Bandar Seri Begawan. They commended
efforts at economic reform, integration and cooperation in the region. These included
ASEANs commitment to further accelerate its economic integration, embarking on far
reaching economic cooperation, bridging the development gap in ASEAN, measures
pursued via APEC and bilateral free trade agreements, consistent with the goals of the
Doha Development Agenda. The Ministers also welcomed the commitment amongst
Heads of State/Government of ASEAN, the Peoples Republic of China, Japan and the
Republic of Korea in building a closer East Asian partnership to further contribute to
regional peace, stability and prosperity. The Ministers further welcomed the upcoming
1st ASEAN + India Summit to be held in Phnom Penh in November 2002.
22. The Ministers reiterated support for the territorial integrity and national unity of
Indonesia and expressed the view that durable stability, economic prosperity and
democratization would contribute to peace, stability and development in the region.
23. The Ministers recognized the importance of purposes and principles contained in the
Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia (TAC) as a basis for the promotion
of cooperation, amity and friendship in Southeast Asia and between ASEAN and ARF
participants.
24. The Ministers noted the on-going consultations between ASEAN and the Nuclear Weapon
States regarding the latters signing to the Protocol of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia
Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone (SEANWFZ). The Ministers reiterated their support to the
P5 Joint Statement concerning security assurances for Mongolia and to its nuclear-free
status.
25. The Ministers welcomed the independence of East Timor (Lorosae) on 20 May 2002 and
reiterated their support for the building of an independent state. In this regard, they
emphasized the need for continued assistance from the international community in the
reconstruction and development of the Democratic Republic of East Timor (DRET) in
all areas. They expressed support for the activities of the United Nations Mission in East
Timor (UNMISET). Ministers also appreciated the Government of Indonesias support of
DRETs independence and the development of strong bilateral relations.
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26. The Ministers welcomed the recent developments in Myanmar that signified the
important achievements in Myanmars national reconciliation process, unity and
economic progress. The Ministers expressed the hope that the Government of Myanmar
would take steps in further consolidating such progress.
27. The Ministers exchanged views on the situation in South Asia and recognized the close
link between peace, security and stability in the region and in the rest of the world
and noted recent efforts in easing tension between India and Pakistan. The Ministers
further called for an immediate end to all terrorist activities in the region as an essential
step to de-escalate the situation. While welcoming its commitment to counter terrorism,
Ministers earnestly looked to Pakistan to take urgent further steps to implement it. This
would constitute an important step towards resumption of dialogue, strengthening of
cooperation and resolution of differences through peaceful means to promote regional
and international security and stability.
28. Ministers welcomed the signing of the Bougainville Peace Agreement on 31 August 2001
and the subsequent positive steps towards securing peace on Bougainville, including the
passage of the necessary legislation through the Papua New Guinea Parliament in March
2002. Ministers welcomed the restoration of democracy in Fiji through the elections held
in August-September 2001 and noted the continuing security challenges facing other
Pacific island governments, including Solomon Islands.
29. The Ministers welcomed the convening of the Loya Jirga and the subsequent formation of
the Transitional Government of Afghanistan and its efforts towards creating lasting peace
in Afghanistan, thus contributing to peace and stability in that region. The Ministers
expressed satisfaction on the outcome of the Pledging Conference on the Reconstruction
Assistance of Afghanistan in Tokyo this year and called on the international community
for the prompt implementation of its support on the reconstruction of Afghanistan.
30. The Ministers noted that preventing the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction
and their means of delivery directly engages the regions fundamental security interests.
Ministers further noted that the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 underlined
the importance of participants renewing and fulfilling their individual and collective
commitments to multilateral cooperation in the field of arms control, disarmament
and non-proliferation. In the area of conventional arms control, Ministers noted the
importance of efforts by ARF participants to implement the UN Program of Action to
Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All
its Aspects such as the regional seminar jointly sponsored by the Philippines and Canada
in Manila on 9 - 10 July 2002.
31. The Ministers noted with satisfaction that preparations were underway for the 2005
Review Conference of the States Parties to the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) with the
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first session of the Preparatory Committee for the 2005 Review Conference held in New
York from 8 - 19 April 2002. The Ministers reaffirmed that the Nuclear Non-Proliferation
Treaty (NPT) remained the cornerstone of the nuclear non-proliferation regime and
the essential foundation for the pursuit of nuclear disarmament. They regarded that
preserving and strengthening the NPT would be vital to peace and security. They noted
the calls at the Preparatory Committee for States to accede to the NPT, the comprehensive
safeguards of the International Atomic Energy Agency, and to the Additional Protocol to
NPT Safeguards Agreement.
32. The Ministers acknowledged that states at the CTBT Conference on 11 - 13 November
2001 in New York had renewed the commitment to work towards universal ratification of
the Treaty and its early entry into force. The Ministers reaffirmed the importance for all
states to maintain the existing moratorium on nuclear testing and reiterated the call for
all states to work towards the objective of total elimination of nuclear weapons.
33. The Ministers expressed the hope that the re-convened session of the 5th BTWC Review
Conference to be held in November 2002 would make progress in efforts to strengthen
the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC), especially by agreeing to hold
annual meetings of State Parties. They also underlined the importance of ensuring that
the First Review Conference of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) in April/May
2003 is a success. They recognized the importance of promoting universality of the CWC
and BWC.
Reports of Track I and II Activities for the Current Inter-sessional Year (July 2001 - July
2002)
Track I
34. The Ministers noted with satisfaction the successful implementation of Track I and II
activities during the current inter-sessional year (July 2001 - July 2002). They noted,
in particular, the Co-Chairmens Summary Report of the Meetings of the ARF Intersessional Support Group on Confidence Building Measures (ISG on CBMs), co-chaired
by India and Viet Nam, held in New Delhi, India 19 - 21 December and in Ha Noi, Viet
Nam 21 - 23 April 2002 which appears as ANNEX D. The Ministers commended the work
of the ISG on CBMs in advancing the ARF process. They endorsed the recommendations
contained in the above-mentioned report.
35. The Ministers also noted the following activities which took place under the auspices of
the ISG on CBMs:
35.1
The Second Law of the Armed Conflict Seminar in Bangkok on 7 - 10 August

2001.
273
35.2
Workshop for Mid-Level ARF Civilian and Defence Officials on Preventive

Diplomacy in Brunei on 10 - 14 September 2001.
35.3
Fifth ARF Meeting of Heads of Defence Colleges/Institutions in Tokyo on 28 - 31

August 2001.
35.4
ARF Peacekeeping Seminar: Best Practices and Lessons Learned in New Delhi on
20 - 21 March 2002.
35.5
ARF Workshop on Financial Measures Against Terrorism in Honolulu on 24 - 26

March 2002.
35.6
ARF Workshop on Prevention of Terrorism in Bangkok on 17 - 19 April 2002.
36. The Ministers also endorsed the Concept Papers on A Recording Mechanism of ARF
CBMs and Defence Dialogue within the ASEAN Regional Forum prepared by New
Zealand and Singapore respectively.
Track II
37. The Ministers took note of the paper submitted by CSCAP entitled ARF in the 21st
Century and the outcome of the Workshop on Preventive Diplomacy organized by
CSCAP and the Institute of International Relations Viet Nam. They welcomed efforts to
enhance linkages between Track I and Track II in particular ASEAN-ISIS, CSCAP and
other institutions. They expressed the view that inputs from Track II could be further
discussed by Track I.
38. The Ministers encouraged ASEAN and Russia to continue their work on the draft Pacific
Concord.
Programme of Work for the Next Inter-Sessional Year (July 2002 - July 2003)
39. The Ministers agreed that the ISG on CBMs continue their work and welcomed the
offer by Laos and New Zealand to co-chair the ISG on CBMs in the next inter-sessional
year. Ministers also noted that the next ISG on CBMs would be held in Wellington, New
Zealand on 20 - 22 November 2002. The second meeting of the ISG on CBMs will be held
in Vientiane, Lao PDR on 26 - 28 March 2003.
40. The Ministers endorsed the programme of work for the next inter-sessional year (July
2002 - July 2003) as contained in ANNEX E.
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41. The Ministers reaffirmed their commitment in further strengthening the ARF as an
effective forum for political and security dialogue and cooperation in the evolving
security situation in the Asia Pacific region.
42. The Ministers emphasized the importance of the evolutionary approach of the ARF
process from confidence building to preventive diplomacy and elaboration of approaches
to conflicts. They underscored the ARF process of decision-making by consensus, moving
at a pace comfortable to all ARF participants and ASEANs role as the primary driving
force of the ARF process.
43. The Ministers endorsed the recommendations contained in Brunei Darussalams Paper
on Stock-taking of the ARF Process and encouraged their effective implementation. The
recommendations appear as ANNEX F. They shared the view that enhanced cooperation
against terrorism would help further strengthen confidence building in the ARF.
44. The Ministers welcomed the enhanced role of the chair in particular assigning the
ASEAN Secretariat to assist the ARF Chairman in coordinating the work of the ARF and
in this connection, recalled the roles recommended by the ISG on CBMs. They noted
that some of these roles have been carried out and encouraged further implementation.
Ministers noted other recommendations contained in the initial Brunei Darussalam
paper circulated on 5 May 2002 and a number of participants were of the view that
these could be considered in the future. These included an Inter-sessional Group on
Weapons of Mass Destruction, an Inter-sessional Group on Preventive Diplomacy and
establishment of an early-warning system.
45. While, the ARF process should further consolidate and broaden its work in confidence
building measures to promote trust, understanding and cooperation among ARF
participants, the Ministers also recognized the importance of making further progress
on PD. The Ministers underlined the ARFs work in tackling terrorism represented a
milestone in the ARFs development of a preventive role.
46. On the expansion of the ARF, Ministers noted the intention of DRET to join ARF. The
Ministers also noted that Pakistan had renewed its application to join the ARF. They
welcomed the suggestion that the expansion of the ARF be kept under review.
47. The Ministers expressed satisfaction with the progress in exploring the overlap between
CBMs/PD. In strengthening the four CBM/PD overlap measures, namely the enhanced
role of the ARF Chair, the ARF Registers of Experts/Eminent Persons, the Annual Security
Outlook and voluntary background briefing on regional security issues, they agreed that
the ARF further intensifies its work in implementing them as well as further exploring
the overlap between CBMs and PD.
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276
ARF STATEMENT ON MEASURES AGAINST

TERRORIST FINANCING
H.R.H. Prince Mohamed Bolkiah, the Chairman of the ASEAN Regional Forum, on behalf of
the participating states and organization, issues the following statement:
In the interest of global peace and security, the participants in the ASEAN Regional Forum
(ARF) are determined to stop the financing of terrorism. In October 2001 the Chairman issued
a statement on behalf of the participants that stated that we will address ways and means
to cooperate together in the fight against terrorism. The fight against terrorist financing is
a shared responsibility of the international community. We have therefore today endorsed
a statement of our intention to work individually and in concert to prevent terrorists and
their associates from accessing or using our financial systems and to stop abuse of informal
banking networks.
These recommendations arise from the work done by senior officials of ARF participating
states, notably the ARF Workshop on Financial Measures Against Terrorism hosted by Malaysia
and the United States in Honolulu from March 24 - 26, 2002.
We agree that ARF participants will implement quickly and decisively measures that the
United Nations has identified as mandatory to combating terrorist financing. We will block
terrorists access to our financial system. We will work with other relevant international bodies,
including the International Financial Institutions (IFIs), the Financial Action Task Force on
Money Laundering (FATF), FATF-style bodies, and the Financial Stability Forum (FSF) to
prevent abuses to the financial system and threats to its integrity through the promotion
of international standards relevant to terrorist financing, money laundering and financial
sector regulation and supervision. We welcome the conclusions of the FATF extraordinary
plenary on terrorist financing and its eight special recommendations on terrorist financing.
Above all, we will enhance our ability to share information domestically and internationally
as a vital component in the fight against terrorism. We call on all ARF participants to make
every effort to provide assistance to those countries who require assistance in accordance with
this statement. In pursuing our goals, we have agreed to the following concrete steps:
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Freezing Terrorist Assets
Each ARF participant will implement the relevant UN Security Council Resolutions,
particularly UNSCR 1373, to stop the financing of terrorism.
In accordance with UNSCR 1373, each ARF participant will, within its jurisdiction,
freeze without delay the assets of terrorists and their associates and close their access to
the international financial system.
Each ARF participant will, consistent with its laws, make public the lists of terrorists
whose assets are subject to freezing, and the amount of assets frozen, if any.
Implementation of International Standards
Each ARF participant will aim to approve, accept, ratify or accede to and implement the
UN Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism as soon as possible.
Each ARF participant will aim to approve, accept, ratify or accede to and implement to
the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime.
We will work co-operatively and in collaboration with the International Monetary

Fund (IMF) and World Bank, FATF and FATF-style bodies, FSF, Basle Committee of
Banking Supervisors (BCBS), and other relevant international and regional bodies to
promote the adoption, implementation, and assessment of international standards or
recommendations to combat the abuses of the financial system, including in respect of
terrorist financing, financial regulation, and money laundering.
International Cooperation: Exchange of Information and Outreach
We will enhance our cooperation on the international exchange of information,

including regarding actions taken under UN resolutions. ARF participants will promptly
implement such measures as are necessary to facilitate this exchange.
Each ARF participant should establish promptly, or maintain, a Financial Intelligence

Unit or its equivalent and will take steps to enhance information sharing among them,
including through promoting increased participation in groups of such units.
An important element of this effort is the work of the regional FATF-style anti-money
laundering bodies. Accordingly, the ARF participants call on these regional bodies to
meet promptly and to expand their mandates to include terrorist financing.
278
Technical Assistance
We are committed to providing, where possible, technical assistance to countries that

need help in developing and implementing necessary laws, regulations and policies to
combat terrorist financing and money laundering.
We welcome the efforts of the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the Asian
Development Bank, and other multilateral and regional organizations to provide
technical assistance, including by expanding existing programs and training centers.
Compliance and Reporting
To promote implementation and compliance with international standards, and to share

information regarding our respective laws, regulations, and best practices to address terrorist
nancing, we will support the activities of the UN Counter-Terrorism Committee. We will
also actively support surveillance and voluntary self-assessment through the IFIs, FATF and
relevant international bodies.
ARF participants should respond to the FATFs invitation to participate in a selfassessment of the eight special recommendations on terrorist financing.
We encourage the FSF to continue its work respecting the actions of financial sector
regulators in the fight against terrorism.
We will ensure that our financial institutions and citizens comply with measures to
combat the financing of terrorism and other financial crimes, and will assist them to
do so, including through informing financial institutions of their obligations and new
developments.
We welcome the active contribution of the regional FATF-style bodies to the FATFs
worldwide self-assessment program.
We will review progress on our efforts to combat the financing of terrorism at our next
Ministerial meeting.
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280

NEW DELHI, INDIA, 19 - 21 DECEMBER 2001
HA NOI, VIET NAM, 22 - 24 APRIL 2002
Introduction
1.
(ARF) held in Ha Noi on 25 July 2002, the Inter-sessional Support Group on Confidence
Building Measures (ISG on CBMs), co-chaired by the Republic of India and the Socialist
Republic of Viet Nam, held two meetings during the 2001/2002 intersessional year, the
first in New Delhi on 19 - 21 December 2001 and the second in Ha Noi on 22 - 24 April,
2002.
2.
Representatives from all ARF participating countries, except Papua New Guinea,
attended both the meetings. Consistent with the ARF goal of increasing the participation
of defence and military officials in all relevant meetings and activities, most delegations
included defence officials. The Agendas of the New Delhi and Ha Noi ISG Meetings are
attached at ANNEXES A and B, the Programmes of Activities as ANNEXES C and D and
the List of Participants as ANNEXES E and F respectively.
First ISG Meeting, 19 - 21 December 2001, New Delhi, India

Exchange of Views on Regional and International Security Situation
3.
There was an extensive exchange of views among participants on the political and
security developments in the region and beyond since the 8th ARF Ministerial Meeting.
The discussions were held in an open and free-flowing manner and covered a range of
issues impacting on the region as a whole.
4.
In the discussion about the review of the regional and international political and security
situation, the issue of terrorist strikes against the United States and the subsequent global
coalition against terrorism remained in principal focus. The Meeting expressed its
condolences to the people and the Government of the United States on the tragic terrorist
attacks of 11 September 2001 and the thousands of lives lost. The Meeting also expressed
its condolences to the people and the Government of India on the terrorist attack on the
Indian Parliament on 13 December 2001. Participants agreed that the terrorist strikes
281
and developments since 11 September 2001 had led to a transformation of the global
security perspective and compounded the effects of the global economic downturn on
the regional economic situation. Participants expressed their determination and resolve
to continue the collective and concerted global campaign against terrorism and the
implementation of all relevant UN Security Council Resolutions.
5.
The Meeting reiterated support for the Statement of October 2001 on the threat of
international terrorism issued by Brunei as the ARF Chair on behalf of ARF participants.
Support was also expressed for the Declaration on Joint Action to Counter Terrorism
issued by ASEAN Leaders at their 7th Annual Summit and the Declaration by APEC
Economic Leaders. The Meeting also took note of the Declaration by the Shanghai
Cooperation Organization. There was general agreement that ARF participants view all
acts of terrorism as an attack against humanity and completely unjustifiable regardless
of any motivations, committed wherever, whenever and by whomsoever, and a profound
threat to international peace and stability. ARF participants are committed to prevent
and combat all forms of terrorist acts and will also cooperate at the regional level
towards joint practical counter-terrorism measures.
6.
Participants were unanimous in their support for reconstruction and reconciliation in

Afghanistan and the provision of humanitarian assistance there. Some participants
expressed the view that eradication of the network of the AI Qaeda and the taliban was
an essential step in the global efforts to stamp out terrorism completely. Participants
also emphasized that the ongoing campaign against terrorism was not a fight against
any country or against Islam.
7.
Participants emphasized that there should be greater exchange of information and

intelligence and further cooperation among law enforcement agencies as a necessary
tool to effectively combat terrorism. Capacity building in some ARF participating
countries was also required with the cooperation of participating countries with greater
expertise and resources in the field of counter-terrorism. There was general agreement
that accession by participating countries to all UN Conventions against terrorism would
assist in fighting terrorism and would also constitute a CBM.
8.
Proposals were before the Meeting for a series of ARF Workshops on Counter Terrorism.
The proposals to hold an ARF workshop on Counter-Terrorism focusing on the financing
of terrorist activities in the spring of 2002 in the US, and to hold an ARF workshop on
the Prevention of Terrorism in April 2002 in Thailand were endorsed by participants for
consideration by the ARF Chair with a view to their immediate implementation through
consultations among participating countries.
9.
Participants reaffirmed their support for efforts made by the Democratic Peoples
Republic of Korea (DPRK) and the Republic of Korea (ROK) to reduce tensions and
282
establish lasting peace of the Korean Peninsula since the historic inter-Korean summit
in June last year. They encouraged the DPRK and the ROK to implement further followup measures to enhance inter-Korean reconciliation and cooperation in the spirit of
the 15 June 2000 North-South Joint Declaration. Participants expressed hope for the
further promotion of the peace process on the Korean Peninsula and emphasized the
importance of holding the second inter-Korean summit.
10. The Meeting emphasized support for the sovereignty, territorial integrity, and national
unity of Indonesia. Participants expressed satisfaction on the restoration of stability in
East Timor and acknowledged the achievements made by the United Nations Transitional
Administration in East Timor in cooperation with Indonesia and other countries.
Participants noted the need for continued international support for East Timor in the
lead-up to and after independence.
11. Participants noted the positive developments in the situation in the South China Sea and
welcomed the progress made on developing a Regional Code of Conduct in the South
China Sea between ASEAN and China. They were also encouraged by the continued
commitment of the parties concerned to exercise self-restraint and the peaceful
settlement of disputes in the South China Sea.
12. Participants noted that general elections were held in Fiji in August-September 2001
under the framework of the 1997 Constitution. Some participants expressed the hope
that the post-elections constitutional issues that have been raised would be settled
satisfactorily by the judiciary and that Fiji would move in the direction of respect for
democratic principles reflecting the multi-racial composition of Fijian society and on
the basis of equal political, economic and social rights for all citizens of Fiji. Some
participants also noted that peace agreements had paved the way for eventual resolution
of conflicts in Solomon Islands and Bougainville, and that the Bougainville experiences
provided a possible model for regional peace building.
13. Participants welcomed some positive development in the political situation in Myanmar
and hoped for the process of national reconciliation move forward. They also appreciated
the efforts of the Government of Myanmar, ASEAN and the Special Envoy of the United
Nations Secretary General in this context.
14. Participants welcomed the outcome of the 7th ASEAN Summit held in Brunei Darussalam
on 5 - 6 November 2001. The ARF Chair informed the Meeting that, at the Summit
ASEAN Leaders agreed to further accelerate ASEANs economic integration, identify
far-reaching economic cooperation projects and promote further initiatives in bridging
the development gap in ASEAN. During the ASEAN+3 Summit, ASEAN leaders and the
Leaders of China, Japan and the Republic of Korea agreed on building a close East Asian
partnership in further contributing to regional peace, stability, and prosperity.
283

15. The Meeting agreed that transnational crimes continued to pose challenges to the peace
and security of the region and that the subject of transnational crime should remain on
the ISGs agenda. The Meeting discussed alternative formats to carry forward fruitful
and productive discussion on these issues, including terrorism, drug trafficking, money
laundering and cyber crime. Participants agreed that all these issues were intrinsically
linked to each other and to the counter-terrorism agenda, and that adhoc workshops,
seminars or symposia, including at the expert level, could provide an appropriate format
to facilitate the emergence of tangible results and recommendations from the discussions.
Some participants also suggested that the old format of an Expert Group Meeting (EGM)
on Transnational Crime may still be beneficial as a good political mechanism and could
possibly be held once a year. The identified issues of transnational crime would continue
to be on the agenda of the next ISG Meeting in Ha Noi and participating countries would
convey ideas and proposals on these to the Co-Chairs in the intervening period.
16. Participants welcomed the adoption of the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat
and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its aspects in
New York in July 2001 and expressed their commitment to implementing the programme
of Action in the Asia-Pacific region. Participants recalled the Australian proposal for
an ARF Small Arms Declaration, which had not attracted consensus, but noted the
importance of ARF participating countries cooperating to address the humanitarian
and socio-economic problems posed by illicit small arms trade, including the terrorism
dimension.
17. The Meeting took note of the implementation of agreed CBMs and reports by organizing
countries on the following activities:
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The 2nd Law of the Armed Conflict Seminar held in Bangkok from 7 - 10 August
2001 (Thailand).
The Workshop for Mid-Level ARF Civilian and Defence Officials on Preventive
Diplomacy held in Brunei from 10 - 14 September 2001 (Brunei and USA).
The Fifth ARF Meeting of Heads of Defence Colleges/Institutions held in Tokyo

from 28 - 31 August 2001 (Japan)
The Seminar on Shipboard Waste Management held in Washington from 24 - 28

June 2001 (USA)
18. The Meeting revised the list of proposed CBM activities, removing those already
implemented and moving some from Basket 2 to Basket 1. The revised list is at
ANNEX G.
19. The Meeting received draft Concept Papers for the following CBMs and agreed to present
these for consideration of the ARF SOM to be held in Brunei in May 2002:
Republic of Koreas Proposal to host a Workshop on Defence/Military Officials

Cooperation within the ARF, to be held in Seoul from 28 - 30 August 2002.
Chinas proposal for an ARF Seminar on Outsourcing of Military Logistics

Support to be held in China in September 2002.
US and Indias proposal for an ARF Workshop on Maritime Security Challenges

to be held in USA in September - October 2002.
20. The Meeting also took note of Singapores proposal to host the 8th ARF Meeting of the
Heads of Defence Colleges/Institutions in 2004.
21. The Meeting noted that the Seminar on Economic Security for Asia Pacific in the First
Decades of the 21st Century, to be held in Viet Nam, would be rescheduled for the second
half of 2002.
22. The Meeting discussed New Zealands Draft Concept Paper on a recording System for
ARF CBMs. Participants expressed their appreciation for the commendable work done by
New Zealand and its offer to undertake the responsibility of compiling the Register as the
initial input to the ISG Meeting in Ha Noi and for commendation to the ARF SOM and
Ministerial Meeting.
23. The Meeting agreed that the Paper on Concepts and Principles of Preventive Diplomacy
adopted at the 8th ARF was a major achievement in the evolution of the ARF. The Meeting
decided that the ISG would continue to dicuss preventive diplomacy as mandated by
the ARF Ministers. Account was also given of the ideas that had come up during the
Workshop on Preventive Diplomacy held in Brunei in September 2001.
285

24. Participants agreed that role of the ARF Chair could be enhanced in accordance with
the Paper on this adopted at the 8th ARF and with the consensus of all participating
countries. Several suggestions on greater liaison and information exchange between
the ARF chair and other international organizations, region-wide consultations,
outreach with participating countries in between Meeting, especially with non-ASEAN
participating countries, as well as interaction with Track-II organizations, were
discussed. Other proposals included providing a matrix of ARF Ministerial decisions,
a Wise Mens Group to help the Chair, periodic reports by the ARF Chair about ASEAN
Developments, facilitating discussions on potential areas of cooperation, compilation
by the ARF Chair of existing cooperation in the ARF region on counter-terrorism which
could serve as a basis for the ARF Workshops on the subject, and an assessment to be
made about resources necessary for the ARF chair to discharge its enhanced role.
(ii) ARF Register of Experts / Eminent Persons
25. The Meeting discussed the issue of nominations to the ARF Register of Experts/Eminent
Persons (EEPs) on voluntary basis and agreed that participating countries may consider
finalising their nominations by the time of the next ISG. Interest was also expressed by
some participants in operationalizing the Register, and the Republic of Korea offered to
come up with ideas to this end.
(iii) Voluntary Briefings
26. The Meeting took note of the following briefings made by participating countries:
286
Japan
on Japans anti terrorism measures.
Canada
on Canadian Defence Spending.
Russia
on the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.
USA
on the Quadrennial Defence Review and the AsiaPacific Network (APAN) website.
European Union
on the European Security and Defence Policy.
Viet Nam
on strengthening of Viet Nams relations with

neighboring countries.
Mongolia
on the North East Asian Security Situation.
India
on Steps in Counter-Terrorism.
Thailand
on the meetings of ASEAN Army and Navy Chiefs.
Arrangement for the next ISG Meeting

27. Viet Nam informed the meeting that the next ISG meeting would be held in Ha Noi from
22 - 24 April 2002.
Other Matters
28. The Meeting was briefed by the Russian Federation on the ongoing consultations on the
text of the Pacific Concord. A paragraph on international terrorism has been included in
order to make the draft more in tune with the current international situation.
29. Defence officials briefed the ISG on the outcome of their discussions at the Defence
Officials Luncheon held on 20 December 2001. Participants agreed that the Indian
Discussion Paper on the theme of Maritime Security had served as a useful basis.
Singapore circulated a Concept Paper on Defence Dialogue within the ARF and it was
felt that comments on the Paper should be communicated by end January 2002 with
a view to discussing it at the next ISG meeting in Ha Noi. The ISG encouraged the
continued holding of the Defence Officials Luncheon as a useful confidence building
measure.
Second ISG Meeting, 22 - 24 April 2002, Ha Noi, S.R. Viet Nam
Review of the Outcome of the First ISG Meeting in New Delhi and interim activities
30. India, as the Co-chair of the First ISG Meeting in New Delhi, reviewed the outcomes of
the First ISG Meeting and interim activities. The Meeting noted that this review with
satisfaction.
Exchange of Views on Regional and International Security Situation
31. There were frank and substantive exchanges of views among the participants on the
regional and international security situation which have impacts on the region since the
1st ISG Meeting in New Delhi.
32. There was general agreement among the participants that, on the whole, the situation
in the region was relatively stable. The meeting noted that stability in the region was
287
further guaranteed by positive developments in the relations between major powers. The
process of cooperation and regional economic integration gained further momentum
and efforts at resolving disputes and defusing tensions were further intensified. However,
the region continued to face challenges and uncertainties due to the threat of terrorism,
the global economy downturn and the widening development gap among regional
countries, the HIV/AIDS epidemic, etc.
33. Participants welcomed the recent agreement to resume dialogue between the Democratic
Peoples Republic of Korea (DPRK) and Republic of Korea (ROK) following the visit to
Pyongyang by the Presidential Envoy of the ROK. They encouraged the two Koreas to
implement follow-up measures for the enhancement of inter-Korean reconciliation and
cooperation in keeping with the spirit of the June 15 South-North Joint Declaration and
emphasized the importance of holding the second inter-Korean Summit. Participants
reiterated the importance of the full implementation of the 1994 Agreed Framework,
including the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) Project.
They welcomed reports that prospects for dialogue between the DPRK and the United
States may be improving. They also welcomed the resumption of the Red Cross Talks
between the DPRK and Japan. Some participants welcome the recent visits by President
of the Republic of Indonesia to the DPRK and the ROK.
34. The Meeting exchanged views on the situation in the South China Sea and noted the
progress made in the consultation between ASEAN and China on the regional Code
of Conduct in the South China Sea (COC) which constitutes a very important CBM
contributing to peace and security in the region. The Meeting was encouraged by the
determination of the parties concerned towards the early adoption of the COC as well
as their continued commitment to exercise self-restraint and peaceful settlement of
disputes in the South China Sea.
35. The Meeting reiterated support for the territorial integrity and national unity of Indonesia
and expressed their hope for a durable stability and economic prosperity in Indonesia for
the sake of peace, stability and development in the region.
36. The Meeting welcomed the result of the presidential election held on 14 April 2002 in
East Timor in which Mr. Xanana Gusmao was elected the President of East Timor. The
Meeting reiterated support for the building of an independent state of East Timor and
in this connection welcomed the planned Declaration of Independence of State of East
Timor on 20 May 2002 which would contribute to peace, stability and security in the
region. The Meeting stressed the need for continued assistance from the international
community to the reconstruction of East Timor.
37. Participants exchanged views on the situation in South Asia. The Meeting welcomed
the establishment of the Afghanistan Interim Administration and its efforts towards
288
creating durable peace in Afghanistan, thus contributing to peace and stability in the
region and the world at large. The meeting welcomed the success of the Conference on
Reconstruction of Afghanistan recently held in Tokyo, and expressed its support for the
reconstruction of Afghanistan.
38. The Meeting welcomed positive developments in the national reconciliation in Myanmar.
In this connection, the Meeting expressed appreciation for and encouraged further
efforts by the Government of Myanmar and the international community. The Meeting
also expressed appreciation for the recent visit by the Special Envoy of the UN Secretary
General to Myanmar.
39. Participants noted that the general elections in Fiji last year had still not led to the
formation of a Government in accordance with the constitution of Fiji. They agreed that
upholding of constitutional provisions must be urged by the international community
and that equal political, economic and social rights for the minority communities of Fiji
must be guaranteed. They called for the rule of law and equal and non-discriminatory
treatment to all Fijian citizens to return quickly to Fiji. Some participants noted that
there were good prospects for establishing a lasting peace in Bouganville, but that a
serious crisis of law and order was undermining the stability of Solomon Islands.
40. Some participants expressed their concerns over the increased violence between Israel
and Palestine which poses a serious threat to peace and stability not only in the Middle
East but also in other regions. It was felt that further efforts and initiatives by the
international community were needed to help bring an immediate end to the violence
and resume peaceful negotiations among parties concerned to attain durable and
satisfactory solutions.
41. While recognizing the importance of addressing the nexus between terrorism and
weapons of mass destruction, some participants considered that there was a loss of
momentum in the international non-proliferation and disarmament and arms control
agenda.
Terrorism and Transnational Crimes of Concern to the region
42. Participants shared the view that terrorism had become an immediate, direct and long
term threat to the peace and stability of each and every country in the region and the
world at large, and renewed their commitment towards concerted efforts to combat
terrorism. It was underlined that there can be no slackening in the global campaign
against terrorism and its supporters anywhere.
43. Malaysia and the United States briefed the Meeting on the outcome of the workshop
on Financial Measures Against Terrorism held in Honolulu on 24 - 26 March 2002.
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Participants discussed the Draft Statement on Terrorist Financing produced at the

workshop and agreed to submit the revised Draft to the ARF SOM Meeting in May 2002
for further consideration. The Revised Draft Statement appears as ANNEX H.
44. Thailand and Australia briefed the Meeting on the Report and Recommendations of the
Workshop on the Prevention of Terrorism held in Bangkok on 17 - 19 April 2002. The
Meeting agreed to submit the recommendations of the Bangkok Workshop to the ARF
SOM Meeting in Maya for further consideration. The Report and Recommendation of the
Workshop appears as ANNEX I.
45. The Meeting also welcomed Japans intention to host a follow-up ARF Workshop on
Counter-terrorism, including measures adopted for the 2002 Football World Cup.
46. In the context of terrorism and counter-terrorism cooperation, participants expressed
grave concerns over the serious threat to the region posed by transnational crime such as
drug trafficking, money laundering, women and children smuggling, cyber crime and
piracy, and their linkages with terrorist operations. The Meeting agreed that exchange
of experiences and cooperation in dealing with these crimes, including cyber crimes,
should be further enhanced.
47. The Meeting explored ideas about the appropriate format to carry on effective discussion
on these transnational crimes. While recognizing the merit of the work of the Expert
Group Meetings on transnational crimes (EGMs) in creating the framework for
discussion, participants were of the view that ad-hoc workshops, seminars or symposia
could be appropriate formats for future discussions on those issues provided there was
adequate expert participations.
48. The Meeting took note of the implementation of CBMs since the 1st ISG in India as
follows:
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ARF Peacekeeping Seminar: Best Practices and Lessons Learned co-hosted by

India, Malaysia and Canada in New Delhi on 20 - 21 March 2002.
ARF Workshop on Financial Measures Against Terrorism co-hosted by Malaysia

and the US in Honolulu, Hawaii on 24 - 26 March 2002.
ARF Workshop on Prevention of Terrorism co-hosted by Thailand and Australia

in Bangkok from 17 - 19 April 2002.
49. The Meeting revised the List of proposed CBM activities, removing those already
implemented and moving some from Basket 2 to Basket 1. The revised list appears as
ANNEX J.
50. The Meeting took note of the Concept Papers of the following CBMs and agreed to present
these for consideration to the ARF SOM Meeting to be held in Brunei in May 2002:
Chinas Concept Paper on the ARF Seminar on Military Logistics Out-sourcing

Support to be held in China on 25 - 27 September 2002.
ROKs Revised Concept Paper on Workshop on Defense/Military Officials

Cooperation Within the ARF to be held in August 2002 in Seoul.
Singapores Concept Paper on Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief

Seminar to be held in the first week of December 2002 in Singapore.
51. The Meeting took note of the US and Indias proposal for rescheduling ARF Workshop on
Maritime Security Challenges, with further details to be provided.
52. The Meeting also took note of Japans proposal to hold a Second ARF Workshop on
Counter-Terrorism to be held in Tokyo in September - October 2002.
53. The Meeting was briefed by the Russian Federation on the preparations for the 6th ARF
Meeting of the Heads of Defense Colleges/Institutions to be held in Moscow 16 - 19
September 2002.
54. The Meeting took note of Singapores Proposal to host the 8th ARF Meeting of the Heads
of Defense Colleges/Institutions in 2004.
55. The Meeting commended the efforts made by New Zealand in developing a Concept
Paper on a Recording Mechanism of ARF CBMs and in compiling the CBM Register as an
initial input to the Meeting. The Meeting continued to discuss the revised Concept Paper,
focusing on the key areas of the Recording Mechanism: the Scope and the Recorder.
On the Scope, participants agreed that as a start, ARF CBM Registration Form would
focus on those CBMs which have been undertaken within the framework of ARF. The
introduction of ongoing CBMs outside the ARF Framework could be phased in at a later
stage. Concerning the Information Recorder, the participants agreed to submit two
alternatives, namely the ARF Chair or the ISG-CBM Co-Chairs to the ARF SOM Meeting
in Brunei, May 2002 for consideration and decision.
291
56. The Meeting reiterated that the adopted Paper on the Concept and Principles of PD was
a useful snapshot of the state of the current discussion on PD in the ARF. The Meeting
agreed that as the challenge of terrorism dominated the ISGs agenda, discussion on PD
would be further discussed at the next ISG. The Meeting took note of the Workshop on
Preventive Diplomacy co-hosted by CSCAP and the Institute for International Relations
of Viet Nam immediately after the ISG Meeting, and noted that inputs from Track 2
activities could be a good source of reference for ISG-CBMs deliberation on Preventive
Diplomacy in the future.
57. Brunei Darussalam, as the current ARF Chair, presented its views on the present state
and future direction of the ARF process. The Meeting felt that some proposals mentioned
in the briefing should be given further consideration at the forthcoming ARF Senior
Officials Meeting with the aims of bringing them into practice in the future.
58. Participants continued to exchange views on how to enhance the role of the ARF Chair
along the line of the Paper on Enhanced Role of the ARF Chair adopted at the ARF-8 in
Ha Noi in order to make the ARF Chair more responsive to the fast changing security
situation in the region and the world. It was felt that the ARF Chair could play a more
active role in such areas as liasing and sharing information and experiences with the
UN, other international organizations and Track 2 organizations, providing updates on
the regional security situation, facilitating discussions on potential areas of cooperation
in ARF, managing the Register of EEPs. The participants also reiterated their support for
ASEAN as the driving force of the ARF process.
(ii) Terms of Reference for the Register of Experts/Eminent Persons
59. The Meeting agreed that the adoption of the Terms of Reference for ARF Experts/Eminent
Persons (EEPs) in ARF-8 last July in Ha Noi had paved the way for the operation of the
register of experts/eminent persons. The Meeting was pleased to note that a number of
ARF participating countries had submitted nominations of EEPs to the ARF Chair. The
Meeting encouraged ARF participating countries to continue to submit nominations on
a voluntary basis by the ARF SOM in May so that the list of ARF EEPs could be submitted
to ARF 9 for consideration and possible endorsement.
60. The Meeting noted the initial suggestions by the Republic of Korea on the Provisional
Ideas on the Operational Mechanisms for the ARF EEPs.
292

61. The Meeting noted the production of the two volumes of ARF Annual Security Outlook at
the ARF-7 and ARF-8 as significant contribution to the promotion of confidence in the
region. In this connection, the Meeting encouraged all ARF participants to continue to
participate in the production of the Annual Security Outlook (ASO) at the upcoming ARF
Ministerial Meeting and submit their ASO to the ARF Chair by June 1st 2002.
(iv) Voluntary background briefing on Regional Security Issues
62. The Meeting took note of the following briefings made by participating countries:
The European Union briefed the Meeting on developments in its European

Security and Defense Policy (ESDP) since the declaration of operationality by
the Laeken European Council (December 2001) notably the EUs decision to take
over the UN police mission (IPTF) in Bosnia-Herzegovina from January 2003,
and its availability to lead the follow-up operation to NATOs operation Amber
Fox in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia should permanent EU-NATO
arrangements be in place by then.
Indonesia briefed the Meeting on its efforts to fight terrorism and other related
issues, at the international, regional and national level.
Malaysia briefed the Meeting on the outcome of the Extraordinary Session of the
Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers on Terrorism on 1 - 3 April, 2002 which
adopted Kuala Lumpur Declaration on International Terrorism as another
aspect of its contribution towards promoting international cooperation against
terrorism.
Laos briefed the Meeting on the Report of the Government of the Lao Peoples
Democratic Republic on the actions taken to implement Security Council
Resolution 1373 (2001).
Thailand briefed the Meeting on the annual Cobra Gold Military Exercise which
has witnessed growing participation of ARF countries.
The United States gave an update to the New Delhi briefing on the Asia-Pacific
Area Network (APAN), an Internet site providing information on a wide range of
military activities. In addition the U.S. briefed on the Multinational Planning
Augmentation Team (MPAT) process. MPAT seems to develop regional capacity
to quickly and efficiently deploy multinational headquarters for small scale
contingencies in the Asia-Pacific region.
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Other Matters
63. The Meeting took note of the briefing by Viet Nam as the Co-Chair of the Defense
Officials Lunch on the outcome of their discussions. The briefing appears as ANNEX
K. Participants agreed that the in-depth candid exchange of views among defense
officials on the experiences drawn from anti-terrorism activities were very useful, which
contribute to trust and confidence building among defense officials.
64. The Meeting endorsed Singapores Concept Paper on Defense Dialogue within the ARF,
prepared in consultation with ASEAN countries and agreed to forward the Paper for the
ARF-SOMs consideration in May 2002. The aspect of number of participants, duration,
timing and Agenda for the Defense Officials Dialogue may be decided by the Co-Chairs
of future ISGs. The Concept Paper appears as ANNEX L.
65. The Meeting was briefed by the Russian Federation on the progress made in the
consultations with ASEAN on the text of the Pacific Concord.
Co-Chairmanship of the ISG on CBMs for the intersessional year 2002/2003
66. The Meeting welcomed the offer by Laos PDR to assume the ASEAN
Co-Chairmanship of the next Inter-sessional Support Group on Confidence
Building Measures (ISG on CBMs) and agreed to recommend the issue of
Co-chairmanship of the Inter-sessional Support Group on Confidence Building Measures
(ISG on CBMs) for the Inter-sessional year 2002/2003 to the ARF SOM in May 2002 in
Brunei for consideration and decision.
294
CO-CHAIRS REPORT ON ARF WORKSHOP ON

PREVENTION OF TERRORISM
BANGKOK, THAILAND, 17 - 19 APRIL 2002
At the invitation of Thailand and Australia, participants of the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF)
met in Bangkok on 17 - 19 April 2002 to consider how the ARF could enhance cooperation
to counter terrorism. The agenda and list of participants are attached as Annex 1 and 2
respectively. Participants endorsed a set of recommendations attached as Annex 3.
2.
Workshop participants welcomed the statement issued in October 2001 by the ARF Chair
on behalf of all ARF participating countries stating that the ARF would address ways
and means to cooperate in the fight against terrorism as the beginning of their common
endeavour to combat terrorism. They also welcomed the successful ARF Workshop on
Financial Measures against Terrorism co-hosted by the United States and Malaysia in
Honolulu on 24 - 26 March 2002. Some participants recognized that development by the
ARF of an effective response to terrorism would constitute an important step in realizing
the ARFs preventive diplomacy mandate.
3.
Participants noted the global magnitude of terrorism, and that ARF and other countries
were not immune to terrorist threats and attacks. They agreed that terrorism posed
a serious long-term threat to national, regional and international security, and had
potentially serious development and economic ramifications. This included possible
damage to investment flows and tourist markets if ARF participating countries or the
region as a whole were seen as not playing an appropriate part in the international
fight against terrorism. Participants agreed on the importance of effective national legal
frameworks and enforcement to counter terrorism. Some noted that maintaining and
enlarging the international coalition formed after the terrorist attacks of 11 September
2001 would be crucial to the success of the war on terrorism.
4.
The workshop, having regard to these considerations, focused on the development

of practical measures to counter terrorism. Participants reviewed lessons from the
11 September 2001 terrorist attacks, and policies and measures of ARF participating
countries in combating terrorism. They discussed possibilities for enhanced cooperation
on border control, including in addressing identity fraud and illegal movement of people
through use of technologies and information sharing. They also considered best practice
approaches to security management of major international events, including VIP
protection, and to aviation security. In addition, participants took part in a discussion
295
exercise focusing on a hypothetical terrorist incident to obtain a greater understanding

of some of the issues and principles raised during the workshop.
5.
Workshop participants concluded that greater exchange of information and intelligence,

as at this workshop, and further cooperation among law enforcement and other relevant
security agencies were essential tools in the fight against terrorism. They agreed
also that training and exercises between and in ARF participating countries could
contribute usefully towards the development of national and regional capabilities to
prevent terrorism. Participants noted that a number of bilateral and other agreements
and arrangements to counter terrorism and related transnational crime were in place
already in the region, and that the ARF could pay a role in encouraging the scope of
these to be extended multilaterally.
6.
Participants acknowledged the international legal obligations falling on ARF

participating countries pursuant to UNSC resolutions on terrorism, particularly
UNSCR 1373, and the mandated program of action monitored and supported by the
UN Counter-Terrorism Committee. They encouraged ARF participating countries to
seek to implement relevant international standards, including by acceding to the twelve
UN counter-terrorism instruments, and by bringing to an early successful conclusion
negotiations on the proposed Comprehensive Convention against Terrorism. Participants
noted the nexus between terrorism and transnational crime, and endorsed the outcomes
of the Regional Ministerial Conference on People Smuggling, Trafficking in Persons and
Related Transnational Crime, held in Bali on 27 - 28 February 2002 and attended by all
ARF participating countries.
7.
The workshop identified several ways in which the ARF could respond practically to
the security challenge posed by terrorism. Participants agreed that ARF participating
countries be invited to submit to the ARF Chair summaries of measures taken nationally
in response to the terrorist threat. They suggested that a check-list of these measures be
complied, with a view to enabling the ARF to target more readily potential future areas for
counter-terrorism cooperation. They also welcomed in this context Japans intention to
host a follow-up ARF workshop focusing on counter-terrorism measures adopted for the
2002 Football World Cup. Participants agreed that the ARF Chair be requested to make
contact with other relevant regional organizations on the question of counter-terrorism,
with a view to sharing experience and avoiding duplication of existing measures and
activity.
296
8.
Workshop participants recommended that this Co-chairs Report on the ARF Workshop
on Prevention of Terrorism be submitted to the Inter-Sessional Group on ConfidenceBuilding Measures due to meet in Ha Noi on 22 - 24 April 2002, and the ARF Senior
Officials Meeting in Bandar Seri Begawan on 16 - 17 May 2002 for further consideration
and with a view towards its endorsement by ARF Ministers when they meet in Bandar Seri
Begawan in July 2002.
297
ASEAN Regional Forum Workshop on Prevention of Terrorism

Bangkok, Thailand, 17 - 19 April 2002
Annex 3 : Recommendations
Participants recommended that ARF participating countries:
1.
Submit to the ARF chair a list of relevant national counter-terrorism agencies and a
summary of measures taken on a national, bilateral and multilateral basis in response
to the terrorist threat, to enable the development of a check-list to identify potential
future areas for ARF cooperation.
2.
Reiterate support for an enhanced role for the ARF Chair in liaising with external parties
such as heads of international organizations and track II organizations on the question
of counter-terrorism.
3.
Build on existing networks of law enforcement, immigration and other relevant security
agencies to enhance information and intelligence exchange, including through
electronic and other channels of communication.
4.
Assist each other in developing national and regional counter-terrorism capabilities,

including through cooperation with relevant regional and international institutions.
5.
Further share their experiences and consult and draw widely on best practice in securityrelated matters accumulated by regional countries in organizing major international
events.
6.
Examine further the counter-terrorism and related best practice aspects of maritime
and aviation security, among other areas, including through future workshops and
seminars.
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STATEMENT BY THE CHAIRMAN OF THE ARF ON

THE TERRORIST ACTS OF THE 11TH SEPTEMBER 2001
BANDAR SERI BEGAWAN, BRUNEI DARUSSALAM, 4 OCTOBER 2001
His Royal Highness Prince Mohamed Bolkiah, the Chairman of the ASEAN Regional Forum
on behalf of participating states and organization issues the following statement:
The states and organization participating in the ASEAN Regional Forum condemn the acts of
terrorism perpetrated in the United States on September 11, 2001, that resulted in the death
of thousands of innocent peoples.
The threat of international terrorism to international peace and security requires concerted
action to protect and defend all peoples and the peace and security of the world. It is also
important that the underlying causes of this phenomenon be addressed to resolve the scourge
of international terrorism.
Our governments undertake to use all necessary and available means to pursue, capture and
punish those responsible for these attacks and to prevent additional attacks.
The ASEAN Regional Forum will address ways and means to cooperate further in the fight
against terrorism in its future deliberations.
299
300
THE TENTH
PHNOM PENH, CAMBODIA, 18 JUNE 2003
302
CHAIRMANS STATEMENT
PHNOM PENH, CAMBODIA, 18 JUNE 2003
1.
The Tenth ASEAN Regional Forum convened in Phnom Penh on 18 June 2003 under the
chairmanship of H. E. Mr. HOR Namhong, Senior Minister, Minister of Foreign Affairs
and International Cooperation of the Kingdom of Cambodia.
2.
The list of delegates appears as ANNEX A.
3.
The Ministers commemorated the ten years of the ARF as having great significance for
the security and stability of the Asia-Pacific, observing that, despite the great diversity of
its membership, the forum had attained a record of achievements that have contributed
to the maintenance of peace, security and cooperation in the region. They cited in
particular:
4.
The usefulness of the ARF as a venue for multilateral and bilateral dialogue
and consultations and the establishment of effective principles for dialogue
and cooperation, featuring decision-making by consensus, non-interference,
incremental progress and moving at a pace comfortable to all;
The willingness among ARF participants to discuss a wide range of security

issues in a multilateral setting;
The mutual confidence gradually built by cooperative activities;
The cultivation of habits of dialogue and consultation on political and security

issues;
The transparency promoted by such ARF measures as the exchange of information

relating to defense policy and the publication of defense white papers; and
The networking developed among national-security, defense and military

officials of ARF participants.
The Ministers noted with satisfaction that mutual confidence within the region had been
significantly strengthened through the ARFs confidence-building measures and that the
ARF had initiated exploratory work on preventive diplomacy. The Ministers reaffirmed
303
the key role of the ARF for security dialogue and cooperation with respect to the security
situation in the Asia-Pacific. However, they stressed that the ARF must keep pace with
the times by adapting itself to the evolving situation, develop a greater sense of common
security and build a more effective regional security framework, thus contributing to
lasting peace, stability and prosperity in the Asia-Pacific. Toward this end, they placed
importance on:
5.
304
Strengthening the implementation of the nine recommendations endorsed at the

9th ARF Ministerial Meeting on 31 July 2002;
Continuing work on confidence-building measures as the foundation of the ARF

process;
Implementing the Concept and Principles of Preventive Diplomacy;
Acting on ARF principles of peaceful settlement of differences and conflicts

between states through dialogue and negotiations;
Making the fight against international terrorism and transnational crime

a priority of current ARF cooperation;
Addressing non-proliferation, arms control and disarmament issues, including

small arms and light weapons;
Enhancing the role of the ARF Chair, including interaction with other regional
and international organizations;
Utilizing the services of the ARF experts and eminent persons (EEPs);
Encouraging greater participation by defense and military officials; and
Enhancing linkages between Track I and Track II ARF processes.
The Ministers expressed their appreciation to the Chairman for the initiatives that he
had undertaken in accordance with the provisions and spirit of the paper Enhanced
Role of the ARF Chair, which the ARF adopted in Ha Noi in July 2001. They noted the
Chairmans discussions with the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
and the European Union and his consultations with the Democratic Peoples Republic of
Korea and other ARF participants on the Korean issue. They agreed that the ARF should
play a constructive role in seeking a peaceful resolution of the issue.
Discussion of Regional and International Issues

6.
The Ministers exchanged views on the regional and international situation and
emphasized the key role of the United Nations in the maintenance of international peace
and security. They reaffirmed that regional dialogue and cooperation are essential to
regional and international peace and stability. The Ministers maintained their view
that the ARF remains the principal consultative and cooperative forum for political and
security matters in the Asia-Pacific. This view was confirmed by todays meeting, which
held extremely useful discussions on critical developments unfolding in the region.
7.
Views were expressed on the situation on the Korean peninsula. The Ministers
supported the denuclearization of the Korean peninsula. They urged DPRK to resume
its cooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and to reverse
its decision to withdraw from the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). They called for
a peaceful solution of the nuclear problem there for the sake of durable peace and security
in the region. In this regard, the Ministers were of the view that the ARF has played a
useful and constructive role and agreed to support further efforts by the ARF Chair to
help ease tensions on the Korean Peninsula. The Ministers welcomed the resumption of
high-level inter-Korean talks held in Pyongyang on 28 - 29 April 2003 and recognized
the importance of inter-Korean dialogues and exchange at various levels as a channel
to pursue peaceful resolution of outstanding security concerns. They welcomed the talks
held in Beijing on 23 - 24 April 2003 among the Peoples Republic of China, the DPRK
and the United States of America as a good start in the right direction. The Ministers were
also of the view that outstanding security and humanitarian issues should be addressed
through increased dialogues.
8.
The Ministers reaffirmed their resolve to strengthen further the cooperation among their
countries in the fight against international terrorism, which continued to menace the
security of nations and peoples around the world, including those in the Asia-Pacific
region. They deplored the terrorist bombing attacks in Bali, Riyadh and Casablanca.
They reiterated their condemnation of terrorism and expressed their determination
to take all necessary steps in order to raise public awareness and take effective action
against terrorism. At the same time, they rejected any attempt to associate terrorism
with any religion, race, nationality or ethnic group. They reaffirmed the significance of
enhancing capability in the region to counter terrorism effectively, and the importance
of cooperation and coordination by participants in building capacity for those who need
assistance, within the framework established by the United Nations Counter-Terrorism
Committee to implement United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373.
9.
The Ministers welcomed the Declaration on Terrorism issued by the 8th ASEAN Summit
in November 2002, which called for intensified regional cooperative measures against
305
terrorism and for support for them by the international community. They reviewed the
implementation of their commitment to take specific and concrete measures to stop the
financing of terrorism, as embodied in the ARF Statement on Measures against Terrorist
Financing of 31 July 2002, and resolved to carry out those measures with ever stronger
determination. They welcomed the joint declarations that ASEAN had issued with the
United States of America and the European Union on 1 August 2002 and 28 January
2003, respectively, pledging closer and more resolute cooperation in the fight against
terrorism.
10. The Ministers noted the ongoing work of other international organizations on counterterrorism and welcomed the continuing work of the United Nations Counter-Terrorism
Committee, the G8 Roma/Lyon Group, including the creation of the Counter-Terrorism
Action Group, and the establishment of the APEC Counter-Terrorism Task Force as well as
the cooperation Programme on Fighting International terrorism approved in the context
of ASEM. The Ministers also welcomed the Pacific Leaders commitment at the 2002
Pacific Islands Forum to comply with United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373
and the Financial Action Task Force 8 Special Recommendations on terrorist financing
and to put in place law-enforcement legislation. The Ministers noted that, with support
from Australia, New Zealand and the United States, experts from the region are working
on developing a legal framework for addressing terrorism and transnational crime in the
Pacific.
11. The Ministers were gratified by the conduct and outcome of the Inter-sessional Meeting
on Counter-Terrorism and Transnational Crime (ISM on CT-TC) in Karambunai, Sabah,
Malaysia, on 21 - 22 March 2003. They expressed their appreciation for the work of
Malaysia and the United States as co-chairmen of that meeting. The report of the cochairmen appears as ANNEX B. The Ministers agreed that the ISM on CT-TC should
continue its work and welcomed the offer of the Philippines and Russia to co-host the
ISM on CT-TC in the next inter-sessional year. The Ministers adopted the ARF Statement
on Cooperative Counter-Terrorist Actions on Border Security, as proposed by the ISM. The
statement, which appears as ANNEX C, expressed the ARF participants determination
to take concrete, cooperative measures to strengthen security at their borders against
terrorist threats.
12. The Ministers took note of the results of the International Conference on Anti-Terrorism
and Tourism Recovery in Manila in November 2002 and the Regional Conference on
Combating Money-Laundering and Terrorist Financing in Bali in December 2002. The
Ministers expressed their commitment to facilitate the reinvigoration of tourist in the
Asia-Pacific by enhancing cooperation to maintain regional peace and security. They
reaffirmed the need to fully combat money-laundering and terrorist financing.
306
13. The Ministers noted the concerns expressed about the threat posed to commercial and
general aviation by man-portable air defense systems (MANPADS) in terrorist hands and
the importance of curbing the proliferation of these weapons. The Ministers took note
of the MANPADS initiative agreed upon at the G8 Summit in Evian, France, on 2 June
2003.
14. The Ministers also welcomed of the establishment of the Southeast Asia Regional Centre
for Counter-Terrorism (SEARCCT) in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
15. Deeply concerned about the rising incidence of piracy at sea in the Asia-Pacific region, the
Ministers adopted an ARF Statement on Cooperation Against Piracy and Other Threats
to Maritime Security, committing their countries to undertake concrete cooperative
measures for combating piracy and other maritime crimes. The text of the statement
appears as ANNEX D. The Ministers recognized the significant work being undertaken
by ARF participants in cooperation with the International Maritime Organization (IMO)
and the International Maritime Bureau (IMB) and pledged their continuing support for
this work.
16. The Ministers noted with satisfaction the growing cooperation in the Asia-Pacific,
including cooperation within ASEAN, in dealing with transnational crime - moneylaundering, cyber-crime, drug - and arms-trafficking and trafficking in persons, as well
as piracy at sea. They welcomed the issuance in Phnom Penh last November of the Joint
Declaration of ASEAN and China on Cooperation in the Field of Non-Traditional Security
Issues.
17. The Ministers welcomed the Second Regional Ministerial Conference on People
Smuggling, Trafficking in Persons and Related Transnational Crime held in Bali in
April 2003 and encouraged participants to continue their cooperative efforts, primarily
by implementing the action plans developed by the two ad hoc expert groups established
by the First Conference in February 2002.
18. The Ministers welcomed the results of the ASEAN Senior Officials Meeting on
Transnational Crime and those officials meetings with China, Japan and the Republic
of Korea (SOMTC+3), with the European Union and with the United States on 9 - 13 June
2003 in Ha Noi. They were encouraged by the fruitful discussions on the implementation
of the Declaration and Statements with China, the EU and the US. The Ministers
expressed their determination to implement the joint Declarations and Statements.
19. The Ministers welcomed the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China
Sea, which ASEAN and China signed in Phnom Penh on 4 November 2002. They
expressed their confidence that efforts made by ASEAN and China in compliance with
the Declarations provisions and commitments would contribute valuably to the security
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and stability of the Asia-Pacific and would help create the conditions for the peaceful
settlement of the disputes in the South China Sea.
20. The Ministers congratulated the Government of Timor-Leste on its progress since
independence. In particular, the Ministers noted the positive relationship developing
between Timor-Leste and Indonesia. They noted that a number of ARF participants
continued to make major contributions to the post-independence, multilateral effort
in Timor-Leste. The Ministers stressed that, as part of the Asia-Pacific, Timor-Lestes
future was reliant on the development of economic, political and security ties with its
neighbors.
21. Noting the importance of strengthening democracy as a fundamental element of regional
security, the Ministers were briefed about the current situation in Myanmar. They urged
Myanmar to resume its efforts of national reconciliation and dialogue among all parties
concerned leading to a peaceful transition to democracy. They welcomed the assurances
given by Myanmar that the measures taken were temporary and looked forward to the
early lifting of restrictions placed on Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and the NLD members. They
reaffirmed their support for the efforts of the United Nations Secretary Generals Special
Representative Tan Sri Razali Ismail to assist in this regard.
22. The Ministers re-affirmed their support for the sovereignty, territorial integrity and
national unity of Indonesia. They recognized the efforts of the Indonesian Government
to restore peace and order in Aceh. The Ministers expressed their appreciation to the
Philippines and Thailand for their contribution in providing monitoring teams as
requested by Indonesia in the recent efforts to resolve the Aceh problem through dialogue.
They also pledged their support to deny the separatist movement access to means of
violence through, among all, preventing arms smuggling into the Aceh province. The
Ministers hoped that peaceful solution can be found based on special autonomy as the
final solution for Aceh.
23. The Ministers welcomed the recent positive developments in the relations between India
and Pakistan, particularly the peaceful initiatives by the Indian Prime Minister. They
expressed the hope that the two sides would continue their dialogue and cooperation and
resolve their differences through peaceful means in the interests of the two peoples and
for the sake of peace and stability in South Asia and the world.
24. The Ministers welcomed the peace talks between the Government of Sri Lanka and the
Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) which were hosted by Thailand and outcome
of the Tokyo Conference on Reconstruction and Development of Sri Lanka, which was
held on 9 - 10 June 2003. They encouraged the Government of Sri Lanka and the LTTE
to further their efforts to achieve a durable peace which safeguards the unity, sovereignty
308
and territorial integrity of Sri Lanka and is satisfactory to all its communities. The
significant pledges in Tokyo are evidence of a strong commitment by the international
community to support the peaceful resolution of the conflict in Sri Lanka.
25. The Ministers welcomed the continue progress in the peace process in Bougainville, Papua
New Guinea, now leading towards the preparations for the election of an autonomous
government.
26. The Ministers noted the deteriorating security and economic conditions in the Solomon
Islands and the efforts of partner-countries to provide assistance to the Solomon Islands
Government.
27. The Ministers recognized the growing danger posed by the proliferation of weapons
of mass destruction and their means of delivery, and reaffirmed their commitment to
make further joint efforts to tackle the problem. Ministers reaffirmed that the Nuclear
Non-Proliferation Treaty remained the cornerstone of the nuclear non-proliferation
regime and the essential foundation for the pursuit of nuclear disarmament. They
emphasized the importance of promoting the universalization of non-proliferation and
disarmament agreements, including the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA),
Safeguards Agreement and its Additional Protocols, the Biological and Toxin Weapons
Convention, and the Chemical Weapons Convention, and expressed concern about
actions which damage global non-proliferation efforts and undermine mutual trust
and confidence. Ministers called for the maintenance of the existing moratorium on
nuclear testing. Ministers welcomed the Hague Code of Conduct Against Ballistic Missile
Proliferation, which came into effect in November 2002, as an important milestone in
the effort to curb the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their means of
delivery, and encouraged increased adherence by ARF countries.
28. In the area of small arms and light weapons, the Ministers underlined the importance
of contributing to a successful first UN Biennial Meeting in July 2003 and encouraged
all ARF participants to report to the United Nations on the implementation of the UN
Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms
and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects. In reaffirming their commitment to addressing
the multiplicity of concerns generated by and contributing to the proliferation and
availability of small arms and light weapons, the Ministers commended participants
on their efforts to follow up on the recommendations made at the regional seminar in
Manila in July 2002.
29. The ARF defense and military officials attending the Tenth ARF met among themselves
on 17 June 2003. The Ministers concluded that the conduct and outcome of the defense
and military officials meeting reaffirmed the importance of these officials active
309
participation in the ARF process. This was in line with the endorsed recommendation
of the 9th ARF to widen their engagement and involvement, building upon Singapores
Concept Paper on Defense Dialogue within the ARF.
30. The Ministers took note of the need of developing a habit of dialogue among the
Northeast Asian countries on security issues at Track I level starting with a free exchange
of views.
Inter-sessional Activities
31. The Ministers were pleased with the success of the Track I and Track II activities that
had taken place during the current inter-sessional year (July 2002 to June 2003). They
received with appreciation the summary report on the meetings of the Inter-sessional
Group on Confidence-Building Measures, which New Zealand and the Lao Peoples
Democratic Republic co-chaired in Wellington on 20 - 22 November 2002 and in
Vientiane on 26 - 28 March 2003. The Ministers commended the work of the ISG on
CBMs in advancing the ARF process, noted the summary report of the co-chairmen, and
endorsed its recommendations. The report appears as ANNEX E.
32. The Ministers took note of the following activities that had taken place under the auspices
of the ISG on CBMs:
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ARF Workshop on Defense/Military Officials Cooperation, Seoul, 28-30 August

2002;
6th ARF Workshop of Heads of National Defense Colleges/Institutions, Moscow,

16 - 20 September 2002;
ARF Workshop on Military Logistics Outsourcing Support, Beijing, 25 - 27

September 2002;
ARF Workshop on Counter-Terrorism, Tokyo, 1 - 2 October 2002;
ARF Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief Seminar, Singapore, 4 - 6

December 2002;
ARF Workshop on Maritime Security Challenges, Mumbai, India, 27 February 1 March 2003; and
ARF CBM Workshop on Managing Consequences of a Major Terrorist Attack,

Darwin, Australia, 3 - 5 June 2003.
33. The Ministers agreed that the ISG on CBMs should continue its work and welcomed
the offer of Myanmar and China to co-chair the Inter-sessional Group on ConfidenceBuilding Measures in the next inter-sessional year. They noted that the next meetings of
the ISG on CBMs would take place in Beijing on 20 - 22 November 2003 and in Yangon
in April 2004.
34. The Ministers welcomed the offer of Cambodia and the European Union to co-chair the
Inter-sessional Support Group on Confidence-Building Measures (ISG on CBMs) in the
next inter-sessional year 2004 - 2005.
35. The Ministers took note with appreciation the offer by Mongolia to host an ARF workshop
in Ulaanbaatar in 2004 - 2005 inter-sessional year to discuss the changing security
perceptions of the ARF countries.
36. The Ministers approved the work program for the next inter-sessional year (July 2003 to
June 2004), as indicated by the proposed CBM activities listed in ANNEX F.
Linkages Between Track I and Track II
37. The Ministers stressed the importance of strong linkages between Track I (official) and
Track II (non-governmental) activities. In this regard, they took note of the ongoing
discussions on this issue based on Canadas concept paper Strengthening Linkages
between Track I and Track II in the ARF Context, which appears as ANNEX G. The
Ministers noted the conclusions of the Track II Workshop on Counter-Terrorism
organized by the Institute of Defense and Strategic Studies of Singapore and the Council
on Security Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific - Canada (CSCAP Canada) in Vientiane on
25 March 2003. They agreed that efforts should continue to enhance Track I and Track
II interaction, as recommended in the 2002 Brunei Darussalam Stocktaking Paper
endorsed by the Ministers.
The ARF Process and Its Future Direction
38. The Ministers reviewed the nine recommendations endorsed by the 9th ARF Ministerial
Meeting in Brunei Darussalam on 31 July 2002 and expressed satisfaction with the
progress made so far, especially in the areas of counter-terrorist cooperation and the
enhancement of the role of the ARF Chair. They were of the view that the ARFs work in
these areas could contribute to the development of the ARF towards preventive diplomacy
and, therefore, should be continued and strengthened. They called for the continued
cooperation and support of ARF participants and the ASEAN Secretariats assistance for
the ARF Chair in carrying out the mandates outlined in the paper on the Enhanced
Role of the ARF Chair.
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39. The Ministers agreed to support the ARF Chair to have Friends of the chair to assist the
Chair in dealing with international situations, which affect the peace and security of the
region.
40. The Ministers were satisfied with the level of confidence and trust that had been
developed under ARF auspices and with the activities in the overlapping areas between
CBMs and preventive diplomacy that ARF had begun to undertake. They resolved to
further strengthen ARF confidence-building measures, which they considered as vital for
the maintenance of regional peace and stability. While emphasizing the need for further
consolidating CBMs, the Ministers underlined the significance of enhancing the role of
the ARF Chair and advancing the ARF process. In this regard, the Ministers welcomed
the offer by Japan to host an ARF workshop on preventive diplomacy in February 2004.
41. The Ministers considered that the ARFs work on preventive diplomacy was being
advanced through, among other measures, the actions that it had taken to address
the situation on the Korean peninsula and to enhance confidence and cooperation in
addressing common security threats, including international terrorism, transnational
crime, piracy and other maritime crimes, and the support given to the ARF Chairman in
carrying out the enhanced role of the Chair.
42. The Ministers welcomed the issuance of another volume of the Annual Security Outlook
(ASO). The publication, they observed, was an important contribution to transparency,
and therefore to confidence-building, in regional security affairs.
43. The Ministers appreciated the publication of an updated Register of Experts/Eminent
Persons and took note of the efforts to finalize the Guidelines for the Operation of the
ARF EEP by the ISG on CBMs and the ARF Senior Officials Meeting. They urged further
discussion on this issue and looked forward to the activation of the experts and eminent
persons in helping to advance the work of the ARF. They commended the work of the
ISG on CBMs and the ARF Senior Officials Meeting in considering the Guidelines for
the Operation of the ARF EEP, and encouraged further consultations to finalize the
Guidelines.
44. The Ministers noted that applications to participate in the ARF had been received from
Bangladesh, Pakistan and Timor-Leste. They also noted that ASEAN countries agreed
to lift the moratorium and to consider the application of new participants of ARF on a
case by case basis. They received the communication that ASEAN Foreign Ministers had
reached a consensus to accept a new participant in the ARF. They agreed to keep these
two inter-linked issues for further consideration.
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45. The Ministers welcomed the proposal by China on convening an ARF Security Policy
Conference in which high military officials as well as government officers will be
invited to take part. They looked forward to the concept paper to be circulated to the ARF
participants in due course.
46. The Ministers expressed their satisfaction with the general progress of the ARF process
and with the increasing usefulness of the forum for peace and stability in the AsiaPacific.
47. In advancing the development of the ARF process, the Ministers acknowledged ASEANs
continued leading role in the ARF and the need proceed at a pace comfortable to all.
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ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM STATEMENT ON COOPERATION AGAINST

PIRACY AND OTHER THREATS TO MARITIME SECURITY
ADOPTED ON 17 JUNE 2003
The Chairman of the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), on behalf of the participating states and
organization, issues the following statement:
1.
Recognizing that:
a)
Piracy and armed robbery against ships and the potential for terrorist attacks
on vulnerable sea shipping threaten the growth of the Asia-Pacific region and
disrupt the stability of global commerce, particularly as these have become tools
of transnational organized crime;
b)
ARF Countries represents approximately 80 percent of the worlds GDP and trade,
and even more of maritime or container shipping trade;
c)
Maritime security is an indispensable and fundamental condition for the welfare

and economic security of the ARF region. Ensuring this security is in the direct
interest of all countries, and in particular the ARF countries;
d)
Most maritime armed-robberies in the Asia-Pacific region tend to occur in the

coastal and archipelagic waters. Trends over the last few years indicate that
piracy and armed-robbery against ships continue to threaten to be a significant
problem in the Asia-Pacific region;
e)
To deal with this increasingly violent international crime, it is necessary to step

up broad-based regional cooperative efforts to combat transnational organized
crime, including through cooperation and coordination among all institutions
concerned, such as naval units, coastal patrol and law enforcement agencies,
shipping companies, crews, and port authorities;
f)
Such efforts must be based on relevant international law, including the 1982 Law
of the Sea Convention;
g)
It is important that there be national and regional cooperation to ensure that

maritime criminals and pirates do not evade prosecution;
315
h)
Effective responses to maritime crime require regional maritime security

strategies and multilateral cooperation in their implementation;
i)
National, Regional and International efforts to combat terrorism also enhance

the ability to combat transnational organized crime and armed-robberies
against ships.
2.
The Participants of ARF endeavour to achieve effective implementation of the relevant

international instruments and recommendations/guidelines for the suppression of
piracy and armed-robbery against ships, including the United Nations Convention on
the Law of the Sea, the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the
Safety of Maritime Navigation 1988 and its Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful
Acts against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf; and the
International Maritime Organizations recommendations and guidelines for preventing
and suppressing piracy and armed-robbery against ships at sea; the International
Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 particularly the new Chapter XI-2 and
the International Ship and Port Facilities Security (ISPS Code); and to enhance their
coordination and cooperation to that end. The members of ARF express their commitment
to become parties to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the
Safety of Maritime Navigation, 1988 and its Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful
Acts Against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelves as soon as
possible, if they have not yet done so.
3.
The ARF Participants will work together to protect ships engaged in international voyages
by:
316
a)
Enhancing cooperation on fighting piracy and armed-robbery in the region

between ARF participants shipping and organizations such as the International
Maritime Organization (IMO) and the Piracy Reporting Center of the
International Maritime Bureau (IMB);
b)
Early implementation of the comprehensive amendment to the International

Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, and the new ISPS Code adopted by
the Diplomatic Conference on Maritime Security in December 2002; as called for
in Conference Resolution 6;
c)
Affirming their responsibilities to prosecute, in accordance with relevant

domestic laws, perpetrators of acts of piracy and armed-robbery against ships;
d)
Endorsing the development by the International Maritime Organization of the

following instruments and recommendations/guidance for use in preventing
and suppressing piracy and armed-robbery against ships:
4.
Recommendations to Governments for preventing and suppressing piracy

and armed-robbery against ships, MSC/Circ. 622/Rev. I, 16 June 1999;
Guidance to ship-owners and ship operators, shipmasters and crews on

preventing and suppressing acts of piracy and armed-robbery against
ships, MSC/Circ. 623/Rev. 3, 29 May 2002; Directives for Maritime
Rescue Coordination Centers (MRCCs), MSC/Circ. 967, 6 June 2000;
Interim Procedures for MRCCs on Receipt of Distress Alerts, MSC/Circ.

959, 20 June 2000;
Resolution A. 922 (22)- Code of Practice for the investigation of the

crimes of piracy and armed-robberies against ships;
Resolution A. 923 (22)- Phantom ships and registration process; and
Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety

of Maritime Navigation, 1988 and its Protocol for the Suppression of
Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the
Continental Shelf.
The ARF participants commit to undertake the following actions:

a)
Encourage bilateral and multilateral maritime cooperation among ARF

members to combat piracy, including at the present increased contact among
personnel, information exchanges and anti-piracy exercises on the basis of
respecting territorial integrity, sovereignty, sovereign rights and jurisdiction and
in accordance with the principles of voluntary participation and agreement in
line with the respective applicable international conventions.
b)
Encourage ARF consideration and future discussion of new IMB proposals

(10/23/02) on prescribed traffic lanes for large supertankers with coastguard or
naval escort whenever and wherever possible on the high sea upon the consent of
all ARF countries concerned. If considered feasible, forward to IMO for adoption
as appropriate.
c)
Provide, where and when possible, technical assistance and capacity-building

infrastructure to countries that need help in developing necessary laws,
extending training, and where and when possible, providing equipment.
317
318
d)
Enhance ARF participants ability to share information domestically and

internationally as a vital component in the fight against maritime piracy and
armed-robberies.
e)
Institute regional ARF cooperation and training in anti-piracy and security.

Cooperate with the world maritime university (under the IMO) as regards
education and training of personal engaged in anti-piracy and security.
f)
Encourage greater ARF member states transport industries and shipping

community to report incidents to the relevant coastal states and to ships flag
administration for follow up action by the proper authorities as prescribed in
MSC/Circ. 623. In addition to the IMO, ships may also report to secondary
reporting centers such as the International Maritime Bureaus Piracy Reporting
Center in Kuala Lumpur.
g)
Encourage the ARF Chair to explore with the ASEAN Secretariat or an ARF
participant whether it would be willing to coordinate logging of requests for
assistance by ARF participants in implementing the provisions of the Convention
for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Maritime Navigation,
1988 and its Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of
Fixed Platforms on the Continental Shelf and other relevant instruments.
h)
Review progress on efforts to combat maritime piracy and armed-robberies

against ships at the 11th ARF Ministerial meeting in 2004 and share their
experiences with member states of the IMO.
i)
Endorse the ongoing efforts to establish a legal framework for regional

cooperation to combat piracy and armed-robberies against ships.
j)
Welcome the discussion in the IMO on various issues relating to the delivery
of criminals who have committed crimes on a ship on the high sea or on the
exclusive economic zone to the authorities of port state by the master of the
ship, and hope to reach a conclusion as soon as possible. (IMO document
LEG 85/10).
k)
Nothing in this statement, nor any act or activity carried out in pursuant to this
statement, should prejudice the position of ARF countries with regard to any
unsettled dispute concerning sovereignty or other rights over territory.
ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM STATEMENT ON COOPERATIVE

COUNTER-TERRORIST ACTION ON BORDER SECURITY
ADOPTED ON 17 JUNE 2003
The Chairman of the ASEAN Regional Forum, on behalf of the ARF participating states and
organization, issues the following statement:
Recognizing that:
Terrorism constitutes a grave threat to stability, peace and security in the Asia-Pacific and
beyond. It has links with transnational organized crime, such as money laundering, arms
smuggling, people smuggling, and the production of and trafficking in illicit drugs. It is
also associated with the illegal movement of nuclear, chemical, biological, and other deadly
materials. Because terrorism has multiple dimensions, manifestations and causes and respects
no national boundaries, it is a complex phenomenon that requires a comprehensive approach
and unprecedented international cooperation. More than ever, it is important to ensure the
secure flow of goods and people, to create and reinforce sound border infrastructures, and to
coordinate information sharing and enforcement.
The fight against terrorism requires a comprehensive approach and unprecedented
international cooperation.
In this regard, we recall the Statement by the ARF Chairman dated 4 October 2001, which
stated The threat of international terrorism to international peace and security requires
concerted action to protect and defend all peoples and the peace and security of the world.
It is important that the underlying causes of this phenomenon be addressed to resolve the
scourge of international terrorism.
Critical to such an approach and to effective international cooperation are the control of
states over their borders and the denial of cross-border movement to terrorists and that of
their goods, funds and material.
It is imperative therefore that borders should not be thought of only in terms of land frontiers
between nations. Airports and seaports are also border crossing points so that air transport
and maritime transport need to figure in the overall concept of border security.
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If one is not simply to encourage the threat to move from one mode of transport to another
then progress needs to be made in parallel across the entire spectrum of modes of bordercrossing transport.
We stress the leading role of the UN in the fight against terrorism and call upon ARF
participants to become parties as soon as possible to the international conventions and
protocols relating to terrorism fully implement the relevant UN Security Council Resolutions,
including Resolution 1373, and remain fully committed to supporting the work of the UN
Counter Terrorism Committee and other pertinent UN bodies.
Acknowledging that terrorism and its linkage with transnational organized crime form part
of a complex set of new security challenges, we stress the necessity to address them urgently
in all aspects and in all fora, including the ASEAN Regional Forum.
We reject any attempt to associate terrorism with any religion, ethnicity, race or nationality,
and stress that in the aftermath of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 and in other
parts of the world, the need to also strengthen dialogue and promote mutual understanding
between cultures and civilizations is greater than ever before.
We acknowledge that terrorism, including its links with trans-national organized crime such
as money laundering, arms-trafficking and the production of and trafficking in illicit drugs,
people smuggling, as well as illegal movements of nuclear, chemical, biological and other
potentially deadly materials, forms part of a complex set of new security challenges, which
have to be addressed urgently in all aspects and in all fora, including the ASEAN Regional
Forum.
In this regard, we welcomed the recent establishment of the Southeast Asia Regional Centre
for Counter-Terrorism in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
The challenge for ARF participating states is to implement effective border security and
documentation practices while facilitating the cost-effective and efficient flow of people and
goods for legitimate economic and social purposes and without undermining the principles
and policies that promote our common security, and well being. The ARF has already joined
other multilateral fora in taking substantive steps to enhance information sharing.
The ARF notes the significant progress that has been made by ARF participants in addressing
counter-terrorism aspects of border security and encourages ARF governments to further
enhance their efforts and commitment to combat terrorism in a more comprehensive manner
on a voluntary basis and taking into account resources and capacity of ARF participants, in
particular their efforts:
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to strengthen the capability of law enforcement and intelligence agencies;
to ensure that border security forces are carefully screened, receiving good initial and
ongoing training and motivated both by a desire to protect the community and by an
adequate wage structure.
to strengthen cooperation in sharing of intelligence in order to effectively deal with

terrorism and transnational crimes such as illicit arms trafficking, drug trafficking and
human and cargo smuggling;
to strengthen cooperation in, and the legal framework for, where possible, prosecuting
and extraditing terrorists, and to ensure that terrorist acts are established as serious
criminal offences in domestic laws and regulations and that the punishment duly
reflects the seriousness of terrorist acts;
to cooperate, particularly through bilateral and multilateral arrangements and

agreements, to prevent and suppress terrorist attacks and take action against perpetrators
of such acts; and
to ensure that the free flow of people and goods across borders is secure and not subject
to exploitation by terrorists, drug traffickers, arms smugglers, people smugglers and
other criminals.
The challenge for ARF and its participants is to implement border security and documentation
practices that confront the terrorist threat without undermining these basic principles that
promote our common security, including respect for human rights and the rule of law.
In this light, ARF participating states undertake to carry out the following cooperative actions
for strengthening border security:
Movement of People
Support the expeditious implementation of a common global standard based on UN

EDIFACT for the collection and transmission of advance passenger information (API)
where possible.
Support international efforts to achieve agreement on minimum standards for the

issuance of travel and identity documents.
Support efforts to develop means for sharing data on individuals of terrorist and transnational criminal concern in accordance with laws and regulations of each country, for
the purpose of incorporating that data into national and/or regional alert systems.
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Movement of Goods
Support work, in cooperation with relevant international organizations, to develop and

implement an improved container-security regime for identifying and examining highrisk containers and ensure their in-transit integrity, bearing mind that some countries
would encounter problems of high financial costs and the difficulty in acquiring the
appropriate technology.
Take note with interest of support work within the World Customs Organization and
other relevant international organizations to implement common standards for
electronic customs reporting by 2005, wherever possible, and require advance electronic
information pertaining to containers, including their location and transit, to the extent
feasible and as early as possible in the trade chain, with due regard to the difficulty in
acquiring the appropriate technology for this purpose.
Encourage major trading nations and relevant international organizations to extend

effective assistance to ARF participating states in their efforts to improve the security and
facilitation of the international trade chain.
Support the development, in the United Nations and other relevant international
organizations, of an effective and proportionate security regime for the inter-state
overland transport and distribution of hazardous cargoes that present significant security
risks.
Support relevant provisions of the document Cooperative G8 Action on Transport

Security adopted in Cananascis on 26 June, 2002.
Document Security
Support international work in the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

towards developing minimum standards for the application of biometrics in procedures
and documents, with due regard to the difficulty of some countries in bearing the cost
and acquiring the appropriate technology for this purpose.
Improve procedures and practices for sharing data on lost or stolen passports and denied
entries.
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General Measures
Encourage multilateral cooperation on border security among ARF members to combat

terrorism.
Encourage ARF consideration and adoption of new measures for border security proposed
by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the International Maritime
Organization (IMO), the World Customs Organization (WCO) and other relevant
international organizations.
Provide, where necessary and possible, technical assistance and capacity-building

infrastructure to states that need help in developing laws, training, and or in acquiring
the equipment to enhance border security.
Enhance ARF participants efforts to share information useful on terrorism and transnational organized crimes such as illegal arms trafficking, drug trafficking, people
smuggling, and money laundering, where feasible domestically and internationally as a
vital component in the fight against terrorism.
ARF participating states are to review the process of these and other efforts to strengthen
border security at the 11th ARF Ministerial Meeting in 2004.
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CO-CHAIRS SUMMARY REPORT OF THE ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM

WORKSHOP ON MANAGING THE CONSEQUENCES OF
A MAJOR TERRORIST ATTACK
DARWIN, AUSTRALIA, 3 - 5 JUNE 2003
At the invitation of Singapore and Australia, representatives of many of the participant
countries of the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) met in Darwin from 3 to 5 June 2003 to
share perspectives on strengthening cooperation among ARF countries on managing the
consequences of a major terrorist attack, including a terrorist attack involving the deployment
of chemical, biological or radiological weapons.
Participants recalled that the threat of terrorism had been the primary focus of the 9th
ASEAN Regional Forum Ministerial Meeting in Bandar Seri Begawan on 31 July 2002, and
that Ministers had agreed that managing the consequences of a terrorist attack was a possible
area for future ARF activity/work.
Participants welcomed the Darwin meeting as a further demonstration of the ARFs
determination to enhance cooperation, and to make collective efforts more effective in
combating terrorism and in managing the consequences of any future terrorist attacks.
Participants expressed their gratitude to the speakers at the Workshop for their presentations,
which contributed to successful outcomes of the Workshop. The agenda for the Workshop, and
the list of participants at the Workshop, are attached at Annex 1 and Annex 2, respectively.
Participants agreed that terrorism poses a serious threat to regional and international
security and peace, as well as to the social and economic development of individual nations.
Participants agreed that regional and international counter-terrorist efforts can add value to
national capacities of ARF participants in managing the consequences of a major terrorist
attack. Participants acknowledged that each individual state has different capabilities to
manage the consequences of a major terrorist attack.
Having regard to these considerations, the workshop focused on practical measures to prepare
for, respond to and recover from a major terrorist attack, including dealing with the effects of
a terrorist attack which deployed chemical, biological or radiological agents or devices.
Participants examined the lessons learned from the Bali terrorist attack on 12 October 2002,
and the consequences of other recent terrorist attacks in the region. In their discussions on
dealing with the consequences of a major terrorist attack, and the distinct requirements of such
an attack, participants shared their expertise on management of: structural collapse; urban
325
search and rescue; treatment of the disaster site as a crime scene, including preservation of
forensic evidence; the special challenges arising from the deployment of chemical, biological
or radiological agents or devices; and the medical capability for handling mass casualties.
To obtain a greater understanding of some of the issues and principles raised during
the Workshop, participants engaged in an interactive desk-top exercise dealing with the
consequences of a hypothetical terrorist attack in which chemical weapons and radiological
dispersement devices had been deployed in densely populated areas. Participants discussed
strategies and policies required to facilitate effective and rapid coordination of responses
to a major terrorist attack, and discussed the scope for further cooperation between ARF
participants on managing the immediate and longer term consequences of a future terrorist
attack.
Participants recognized that there may be situations where national capabilities may be
insufficient to deal with both the immediate response, as well as the longer term recovery.
They noted that such assistance, where required, could be sought from global organizations
including United Nations agencies, from bilateral donor partners and from non-government
organizations. But participants recognized that, to be fully effective, international assistance
would need to be requested as soon as possible, clearly specified, and coordinated carefully.
They also noted that special arrangements would be required to handle in-kind contributions
such as food, clothing and medicine to ensure the most effective utilization of these
supplies.
Workshop participants concluded that timely exchange of information and further
cooperation between relevant agencies of ARF participant countries are essential tools to
manage the consequences of a major terrorist attack. In that context, workshop participants
noted the existing bilateral and multilateral agreements on cooperation in the ARF region,
and acknowledged the important role these agreements would play to facilitate cooperation
between the contracting parties in the event that international cooperation was required
in managing the consequences of a major terrorist attack involving any of the contracting
parties.
Participants recognized the importance of developing coordinated plans for efficient and
rapid response to terrorist attacks. They acknowledged that these plans should take into
account the roles of regional and national authorities, and include capabilities available in
both civilian and military agencies to avoid duplication of effort. They encouraged countries
that may require international support to factor this aspect into their national planning,
to ensure ready response, and to preclude legal and technical difficulties in requesting and
receiving outside support. They noted the views of presenters that planning for consequence
management should ideally include regular testing of national plans in robust and realistic
exercises.
326
Participants reiterated the unique management aspects of responding to Chemical/Biological/

Radiological threats, and the importance of developing plans, procedures, equipment and
training to enable an effective response to such threats. They recognized the importance of
information exchange and liaison between teams dealing with the immediate incident or
disaster, and the subsequent consequence management teams. They noted the important
role of scientific advice in the planning, capability development, and response phases of
CBR incidents. Participants also noted the need for an agent detection and identification
capability; treatment and decontamination of potentially large numbers of casualties,
including hospitalization and surge capacity; search and rescue in a contaminated and
highly populated environment; ensuring the safety of first responders; and the need for an
open and coordinated flow of information in multi-agency responses.
Participants agreed to look for opportunities to build on the dialogues established at the
workshop and to identify possibilities for future cooperation in capability development and
training, through provision of technical assistance; information exchange; regional exercises
and the development of common procedures. Participants noted that the relationships and
understanding between officials which grew from joint exercises, training, and in some cases
operations, were invaluable to enable quick and appropriate response to an attack, and they
welcomed the opportunities created by informal consultative mechanisms to continue to
strengthen regional cooperation.
Participants recommended several strategies and best-practice approaches in which ARF
members could cooperate at a practical level, outlined in the Recommendations to Build
on Outcomes from the Workshop (Annex 3)
Participants agreed that the outcomes of the workshop be presented to the ARF Ministerial
Meeting to be held in Phnom Penh on 18 June 2003.
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328

WORKSHOP ON MANAGING THE CONSEQUENCES OF
A MAJOR TERRORIST ATTACK
DARWIN, AUSTRALIA, 3 - 5 JUNE 2003
R ECOMMENDATIONS TO BUILD ON OUTCOMES FROM THE WORKSHOP
Participants recommended that:
1.
The co-chairs explore further opportunities for participants to meet to review the
outcomes of the Darwin workshop on managing the consequences of a major terrorist
attack and that ARF participants look to build on the dialogue established at the workshop,
including identification of possible areas for future cooperation in key response areas
such as dealing with structural collapse, urban search and rescue, medical treatment of
casualties, including hospital and medical surge capacity; forensic investigation and the
challenges posed by Chemical/Biological/Radiological weapons;
2.
ARF participants continue to develop contacts between representative of the national

and regional disaster response management, investigation and recovery agencies of ARF
participant-states;
3.
ARF participants be encouraged to exchange further information on response and

recovery mechanisms;
4.
ARF participants explore the possibility of an internet site for regional disaster
management, in conjunction with the Asia-Pacific Area Network, as an effective and low
cost tool to provide information on man-made and natural disasters in the region;
5.
ARF participants be encouraged to identify training in preparedness for response to,

and recovery from, major terrorist attacks as a priority in their bilateral development
cooperation programs;
6.
ARF participants be encourage to take up training opportunities at all levels of response,

in particular to take up offers of international training in fire fighting HAZMAT and
Urban Search and Rescue (USAR) courses offered for international participants by the
Civil Defence Academy of the Singapore Civil Defence Force, and other countries;
329
7.
ARF participants be encourage to support the role of the Asian Disaster Preparedness
Centre in developing consultative and coordination mechanisms at the regional level,
and in providing training to participant countries in areas such as national coordination
and media liaison skills;
8.
ARF participants be encourage to assist each other in developing national and regional
response and recovery capabilities, including through cooperation with relevant regional
and institutional mechanisms;
9.
The Singapore co-chair coordinate a list for dissemination in the ARF of national
contacts in relevant national disaster response, management, investigation and recovery
agencies, to be provided by ARF participants, with a view to establishing and maintaining
a register of country operational and management capabilities.
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REPORT OF THE ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM

INTER-SESSIONAL MEETING ON COUNTER TERRORISM AND
TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES (ISM-CTTC)
KARAMBUNAI, SABAH, MALAYSIA, 21 - 22 MARCH 2003
Introduction
1.
Pursuant to the decision reached at the 9th ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) on 30 July
2002 in Brunei Darussalam, the Inter-Sessional Meeting on Counter-Terrorism and
Transnational Crime (ISM-CTTC) was held from 21 - 22 March 2003 in Karambunai,
Sabah, Malaysia. The Meeting was Co-Chaired by Malaysia and the United States.
Ambassador Dato N. Parameswaran, Deputy Secretary General (Special Functions),
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia, led the Malaysian Side and Mr. Robert Pollard,
Deputy Chief of Mission, United States Embassy, Kuala Lumpur, led the United States
Side.
2.
Representatives from Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Canada, China,

European Union, India, Indonesia, Japan, Lao PDR, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines,
Republic of Korea, Russian Federation, Singapore, Thailand, United States of America
and Viet Nam attended the Meeting. The List of Delegates is attached (ANNEX A).
Agenda Item 1: Adoption of Agenda

3.
The Agenda is attached (ANNEX B).
4.
The Opening Remarks by the Co-Chairmen are attached (ANNEX C/Malaysia and
ANNEX D/United States).
5.
The Programme for the Meeting is attached (ANNEX E).
6.
The following summary reports reflect useful elements of the discussion for further
consideration of participating countries.
Agenda Item 2: Update on Terrorist Organizations, Recent Terrorist Activities and CounterTerrorism Measures
7.
A number of participants briefed the meeting on recent national efforts that they had
undertaken to counteract terrorist activities. They highlighted the cooperation that
331
they had received from their neighbouring countries, including also the sharing of
intelligence.
8.
There was general agreement that terrorism constituted a dangerous threat to regional
stability and security. Since terrorism transcends national borders, participants
recognized that it needed to be addressed through cooperative action at the national,
regional and international levels. In this regard, it was noted that the United Nations was
the framework for the global war against terrorism. ARF participants were called upon to
become parties to the 12 United Nations Conventions and Protocols relating to counter
terrorism.
9.
Participants were of the view that to effectively fight terrorism, there should be, among
other things, increased cooperation in intelligence sharing as well as in enforcement
measures.
10. Participants also stressed the vital need for technical assistance to developing countries
for capacity building and the acquisition of the necessary technology and equipment
to fight terrorism. The United Nations Counter-Terrorism Committee was seen as an
important coordinating vehicle for such technical assistance.
11. Australia (ANNEX F), China (ANNEX G), Indonesia (ANNEX H), Japan (ANNEX I),
Malaysia (ANNEX J), Republic of Korea (ANNEX K), Singapore (ANNEX L) and the
ASEAN Secretariat (ANNEX M) presented papers under this Item.
Agenda Item 3: Counter-Terrorism Border Security: Movement of People
12. Participants identified three key areas: interagency coordination in each country,
the need for enhanced international cooperation, and capacity building in order to
disrupt the movement of terrorists without restricting the flow of travelers that are a
vital part of international economic, political, and cultural links. Members agreed that
September 11th was a catalyst for change, as it highlighted the threat of terrorism poses
to all ARF members. It was noted that transnational criminals seek to exploit the gaps
between countries, jurisdictions, and bureaucracies. Participants were of the view that
because terrorists were able to exploit these weaknesses, there is a need for broad and
comprehensive cooperation and coordination.
13. Sharing immigration data is one of the most important examples of interagency
coordination. Because of the diversity of terrorist operations moving money, manpower
and materiel through banks, borders and brokers participants agreed that each
countrys agencies must work closely together. Border security authorities and domestic
law enforcement and immigration agencies must share information about visas, and
the use or abuse of those visas by visitors while in a given country. Visa regimes are
332
only as good as their enforcement, and there is a continuing need to ensure that visitors
do not exceed the activities authorized by their visas. It is also important to be able to
record when the individual has left the country. Several members voiced the opinion that
there must also be enhanced cooperation between the military and police departments;
especially in the area of information sharing.
14. Participants briefed the Meeting on the various efforts underway in their countries to
reorganize their bureaucracies to bring relevant agencies into closer contact, and to
mold the different bureaucratic cultures into one cohesive, smoothly functioning entity
with enhanced CT capabilities.
15. The Meeting observed that information sharing, especially sharing of immigration
data, is also a key form of international cooperation. Just as governments must enhance
coordination among their various CT agencies, they must also cooperate with other
governments. Direct international law enforcement collaboration was also stressed as
vital to enhancing border security. Effective CT requires disrupting terrorist attacks
before they occur, and for that, timely and relevant information must be shared with the
appropriate authorities.
16. Many participants lack a centralized database of points of contact in immigration and
customs bureaus that could be used to facilitate communication between governments.
A list of the various officials worldwide could be compiled, circulated, and updated
regularly, forming a basis for regular consultations between governments on border
security issues. This would foster an international dialogue among those on the front
line.
17. The Meeting highlighted that the more advanced countries need to share their knowledge,
history of dealing with the problem and expertise with the less developed countries. Along
those lines it was suggested that existing multilateral legal inconsistencies be resolved
so there can be uniform enforcement of international conventions and protocols on
counter-terrorism.
18. Several participants voiced the opinion that there is also a need to create opportunities
for international cooperation among the law enforcement agencies. For example,
exchanges of personnel would allow participants from less developed countries to receive
training on more advanced systems and then take that knowledge home with them.
These exchanges would also foster a better understanding and coordination of detecting
illegal immigration and would encourage communication between the participating
agencies.
19. Participants also commented on the need for greater timeliness of information sharing
between agencies as well as governments. It was noted that timely dissemination and
333
use of relevant information could lead directly to arrests, especially when dealing with
terrorists who have the ability to change identities in a short time.
20. The Meeting stressed the need for capacity building increasing the ability of governments
to provide security without impeding legitimate flows of people and trade. The ability to
effectively balance the counter-terrorist need for inspections, time intervals for computer
checks, etc. without disrupting open markets and free movement of bona fide travelers
was stressed. Terrorists are good at discovering and exploiting loopholes in the system.
Hence the need for a holistic approach.
21. Participants noted the importance of regularly reviewing visa waiver lists. Members
discussed the possibility of a smart card as a way to increase security without decreasing
the flow of people.
22. Participants agreed that capacity building would provide training and technical
assistance to one another, capitalizing upon their comparative advantage in a given
area. Modernizing the equipment necessary to detect fraudulent passports is also a key
area where capacity is low in many ARF countries. They suggested ways to improve border
security capacity, such as installing a system linking all ports of entry with online data
and installing machine-readable passport systems.
23. Participants noted that public-private sector cooperation would also be beneficial. It
was suggested for example, that weekly meetings between government officials and
airlines representatives to collect information from passenger lists and manifests would
be helpful. Some countries obtain manifests from airlines so that these manifests can be
reviewed before arrival.
24. Managing immigration and customs information is another vital area requiring
capacity building. A country has to have an effective system for capturing the data that
is collected. There has to be extensive cooperation among those who are responsible for
entry and exit controls, monitoring the length of the stay, issuing visas, and responsibility
for intelligence gathering. All of this can be called immigration intelligence.
25. Illegal immigration is an area where transnational crime and terrorism intersect. There
is a need for interagency cooperation between immigration officials and the police,
international cooperation among law enforcement agencies, and a need to have a viable
infrastructure to keep track of the information regarding immigration.
26. Australia (ANNEX N), China (ANNEX O), European Union (ANNEXES P and Q),
Malaysia (ANNEX R), Philippines (ANNEX S) and United States (ANNEX T) presented
papers under this Item.
334
Agenda Item 4: Counter-Terrorism Border Security: Movement of Goods

27. The Meeting identified four key-areas: international cooperation, information exchange,
inter-agency cooperation, and economic impacts. Working in these areas, it is important
to strengthen the role of customs in counter-terrorism without restricting the flow of
goods that are a vital part of the international economy.
28. Participants agreed that there was a need for greater international cooperation because
of the complexity of international commerce and the role of customs officials. It was
noted that reciprocity of information and training was of great importance. This would
also allow member countries to better determine where the real threat existed.
29. The Meeting agreed that as customs procedures are changed to meet the terrorism threat
there has to be a great degree of cooperation in the areas of training and technology.
Given the greater importance of advanced technology in customs work there is a great
need for training. It was hoped that some of the more advanced ARF countries could train
customs officials from developing countries in using this new technology to increase
efficiency and security simultaneously. It was suggested that the exchange of officials
and the holding of more seminars would be fruitful.
30. Several participants voiced the opinion that international cooperation would also assist
in monitoring the movement of money related to the shipment of goods. All illicit
transactions in contraband goods have a financial trail that can be traced through
financial or law enforcement means, highlighting the need for enhanced cooperation.
31. Participants noted that there is a great need for coordination of the information gathered
and that there should be established standards governing information exchange. In this
area the impact of modern technology could be felt the most. The ability to exchange
more detailed information in a timely basis would allow customs officials to practice risk
management identifying containers of greatest concern.
32. The Meeting observed that the movement of goods is also an area requiring extensive
inter-agency coordination. Furthermore, the imminent nature of the terrorist threat
makes implementing customs security measures an urgent priority, given the impact
on the global economy that an attack against goods shipments would have. Much work
has been done already to enhance security in the areas of air passenger travel, narcotics
interdiction, the trafficking of humans, and tourism, and counter-terrorism efforts can
build upon those measures.
33. Several participants found that the merger of customs and immigration departments
could result in better information exchange. Several participants noted that such
reorganizations would result in greater efficiencies. Participants also advised that
335
combining different governmental databases would be helpful. Information derived

from drug interdictions could also be used in the war on terrorism.
34. The Meeting noted that the issue of costs versus benefits in the implementation of new
customs regulations. Some participants voiced their concern that increased security
might impact the international movement of goods. Several participants noted that
using risk management techniques was a way to keep costs down.
35. Participants also agreed that looking at the entire supply chain, greater detail and
reliability on cargo manifests, and high-technology measures can greatly enhance
security without the need to increase inspectors.
36. The Meeting reiterated the need for greater uniformity, more training, better technological
assistance, and increased cooperation. Utilization of ARF, WTO, WCO, APEC, and etc. are
key steps to furthering these interchanges.
37. Malaysia (ANNEX U), Republic of Korea (ANNEX V), Singapore (ANNEX W) and United
States (ANNEX X) presented Papers under this Item.
Agenda Item 5: Counter-Terrorism Border Security: Document Security
38. The Meeting recognized that document security constituted a vital component in the
counter-terrorism efforts as terrorists could make use of the lapses in the security of such
documents in pursuit of their objectives.
39. There was general agreement that the absence of uniformity in the standards of travel
documents, the lack of adequate security features as well as in procedures and practices
made it easy for terrorists to move across borders.
40. The Meeting took note of the various national measures that were being undertaken by
ARF participating countries to enhance the security of travel documents which included
the introduction of Machine-Readable-Passports, the use of overt and covert security
features and the use of biometrics technology.
41. Some participants raised the possibility of encouraging international efforts to develop
standard travel documents for seafarers travel and identity documents, in place of the
current practice of using Seamens Identity Cards.
42. The Meeting also agreed on the need for regional cooperation, especially in the areas
of exchange of information related to the abuse and forgery of travel documents,
illegal migration and terrorism. Some delegations believed that the development of best
practices would also facilitate the exchange of information and enhance cooperation.
336
43. The Meeting agreed that the lack of resources and high cost of modern technology such
as the biometrics technology was a major impediment for less developed countries to
assure the security of documents. Participants stressed the vital need for the advanced
countries to provide technical assistance to the less developed countries for capacity
building and the acquisition of the necessary technology and equipment to enhance the
security of documents.
44. Australia (ANNEX Y), Canada (ANNEX Z), Malaysia (ANNEX AA), Republic of Korea
(ANNEX BB) and the United States (ANNEX T) presented Papers under this item.
Agenda Item 6: Presentation of the Report of the Meeting
45. A draft ARF Chairman Statement on Cooperative Counter-Terrorist Action on Border
Security is attached (ANNEX CC).
46. Participants who had comments to make on the draft were requested to convey them in
writing to the Co-Chairmen by 15 April 2003. After that date, the Co-Chairmen would
transmit the draft to the ARF SOM for its consideration and for its onward transmission
to the 10th ARF Ministerial Meeting.
Agenda Item 7: Other Matters
47. Under this Item, Malaysia briefed the meeting on developments relating to the
establishment of the Southeast Asia Regional Centre for Counter Terrorism (SEARCCT).
Malaysia also provided details on the Centre in the attached Paper (ANNEX DD).
48. The Meeting had an exchange of views on the future of the ISM-CTTC. It agreed that there
was merit in continuing with the ISM-CTTC for 2003/2004. It decided to recommend to
the ARF SOM to consider this issue, including, if need be, the identification of Co-Chairs,
and to convey its views on this matter to the 10th ARF Ministerial Meeting.
49. The Meeting expressed its appreciation to the Government of Malaysia for the arrangements
made for the meeting and for the warm hospitality accorded to participants.
50. The Meeting was conducted in the usual ARF spirit of friendship and cordiality.
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338
CO-CHAIRS SUMMARY REPORT OF THE MEETING OF ARF

INTER-SESSIONAL SUPPORT GROUP ON
VIENTIANE, LAO PEOPLES DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC, 26 - 28 MARCH 2003
Introduction
1.
(ARF) held in Brunei Darussalam on 31 July 2002 and the first Inter-sessional Support
Group on Confidence Building Measures (ISG on CBMs), held in Wellington on
20 - 22 November 2002, the second Inter-sessional Support Group on Confidence Building
Measures (ISG on CBMs) was held in Vientiane on 26 - 28 March 2003 and co-chaired by
the Lao Peoples Democratic Republic and New Zealand.
2.

European Union, India, Indonesia, Japan, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, New
Zealand, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation, Singapore, Thailand, United
States of America and Viet Nam attended the Meeting. Consistent with the ARF goal of
increasing the participation of defence and military officials in all relevant meetings
and activities, most delegations included defence officials. An ARF Defence Officials
Meeting was held on 25 March. The Agenda of the Meetings is attached as ANNEX A, the
Programme of Activities as ANNEX B and the List of Participants as ANNEX C.
3.
Pursuant to the First ISG Meeting, 20 - 22 November 2002, in Wellington New Zealand,
the second Inter-sessional Support Group on Confidence Building Measures (ISG on
CBMs), held in Vientiane on 26 - 28 March 2003, discussed the following:
Review of the Outcome of the 1st ISG on CBMs Meeting in Wellington and Interim Activities
4.
The New Zealand Co-Chair briefed the Meeting on the outcomes of the 1st ISG on CBMs,
held in Wellington on 20 - 22 November 2002. The Co-Chair Summary Report of the
Meeting is attached as ANNEX D.
Exchange of Views on the Regional and International Security Situation

5.
security developments in the region and beyond since the ARF ISG on CBMs Meeting
in New Zealand. The discussions were held in an open and free flowing manner and
covered a range of issues which had an impact on the region as a whole.
339
6.
In the review of the regional and international political and security situation, the issue
of terrorism remained a significant focus for participants. They noted some successes in
the global campaign against terrorism since the November ISG on CBMs Meeting, but
emphasized the need for continuing vigilance against the terrorist threat and for ongoing
efforts to strengthen international cooperation to counter that threat. They reaffirmed
their determination to persevere in a collective and concerted global campaign against
terrorism.
7.
Participants noted with grave concern the worsening situation on the Korean peninsula.
They urged the DPRK to resume its cooperation with the IAEA and to reverse its decision
to withdraw from the NPT, and supported all efforts to achieve a peaceful diplomatic
settlement. Participants called for a nuclear weapon-free Korean peninsula. Some
participants called upon the DPRK to honour its commitment to give up nuclear weapon
programmes. The Meeting reaffirmed the importance of a constructive role by the ARF
in seeking a peaceful resolution of this issue, and expressed appreciation for the efforts
made by the ARF Chair. Participants also recognized the importance of inter-Korea and
Japan-DPRK dialogues as channels to pursue peaceful resolution of outstanding security
concern in the area.
8.
Participants expressed regret that the DPRK was not represented at the ISG Meetings
and expressed the hope that it would participate in future ARF Meetings including the
forthcoming ARF Senior Officials and Ministerial Meetings.
9.
Participants took note of the situation in Iraq and expressed regret that, despite extensive
diplomatic efforts to secure Iraqs compliance with UN Security Council resolutions on
fulfilling its disarmament obligation, the dispute had not been resolved by diplomatic
means. They emphasized the importance of making every effort to minimize the
sufferings of innocent civilians and to bring hostilities to an end in the shortest possible
time. Some participants expressed concern about the potential impact of protracted
conflict on regional security, including in the region covered by ARF. Some participants
noted the continuing importance of the UN role and the international agencies in
responding to the situation in Iraq.
10. The Meeting noted the risks to stability, including the potential for transnational
crime and terrorism to gain a foothold also in the Pacific region. The circumstances
were different from country to country and allowed for no quick fix or single solution.
Particularly in Melanesia there was a need for capacity building to develop effective law
enforcement and border control legislation. It was noted that several ARF Members were
working with the Forum Secretariat, and other donors to assist Pacific island countries
in this area.
340
11. The Meeting had a frank discussion on the situation in Myanmar and expressed their
appreciation of and support for the efforts of the UNSG Special Representative Razali.
They noted the co-operation extended to the UN Special Rapporteur on Human Rights
on his visits to Myanmar, and co-operation with the International Committee of the Red
Cross (ICRC) in the country. The Meeting encouraged further progress in the process
of national reconciliation and a shared commitment by all to an intensified dialogue
aimed at national unity, a restoration of democracy and protection of human rights and
fundamental freedoms.
12. Participants welcomed the continued commitment of parties concerned to implement
the Declaration of the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea signed by the Foreign
Ministers of ASEAN and China at the ASEAN-China Summit in Phnom Penh in November
2002.
13. The Meeting welcomed ASEAN efforts in ensuring regional peace and security, deepening
economic co-operation and integration, combating terrorism and transnational crimes,
and strengthening economic linkages with ASEANs dialogue partners as reaffirmed by
ASEAN Leaders at the 8th ASEAN Summit, held in Phnom Penh in November 2002.
14. Participants also noted developments outside the region. They were encouraged by the
progress towards rebuilding and reconciliation in Afghanistan and expressed support for
the provision of humanitarian and reconstruction assistance there.
15. The meeting flagged its support for the ongoing peace process in Sri Lanka and
welcomed the contribution of ARF members in support of post conflict rehabilitation
and reconstruction. ARF Members agreed to use their influence to further advance the
peace process and to bring the different stakeholders in the process together.
16. The meeting welcomed Timor Leste s adherence to democratic values, the rule of law
and human rights principles, and encouraged the further regional integration of Timor
Leste.
17. The Meeting discussed disarmament issues from the perspective of the ARF region.
It recalled that Ministers in Brunei in July 2002 had noted that preventing the proliferation
of weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery directly engaged the regions
fundamental security interests. Most participants reaffirmed the importance of ensuring
the universality of core disarmament treaties: the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
(NPT), the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and the Biological and Toxin Weapons
Convention (BTWC).
18. Participants welcomed continuing work in a number of fields relating to disarmament,
non-proliferation and arms control, including launching conference in The Hague, on
341
25 - 26 November 2002 of the International Code of Conduct against the proliferation of

ballistic missiles.
19. The importance of strict measures to control weapons of mass destruction and their
components materials was addressed. In this context emphasis was placed on exports
of military goods and dual-use technologies to ensure denial to terrorists of access to
weapons and related technologies. Participants referred to the UN-sponsored process
on illicit trade in small arms and light weapons for its relevance in the region and
agreed to continue exploring measures at the national and regional level to address this
problem.
20. Participants reaffirmed that recent terrorist attacks in ARF countries underlined the
importance of participants fulfilling their individual and collective commitments to
multilateral cooperation in the field of arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation.
Participants underscored continuing concern for disarmament issues, acknowledged
new dimensions to these issues, and understanding of the need to attend to them, even
while acting to meet the urgent challenge of terrorism. They agreed to continue their
discussions on non- proliferation, disarmament and arms control in future ISGs.
Counter-Terrorism and Transnational Crime of Concern to the Region
21. The Meeting noted the Report of the ARF-Intersessional Meeting on Counter-Terrorism
and Transnational Crime (ISM-CT-TC), held in Karambunai, Sabah, Malaysia from
21 to 22 March 2003 presented by Malaysia which appears as ANNEX E. The Meeting
was co-chaired by Malaysia and the United States and was attended by Australia,
Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Canada, China, European Union, India, Indonesia,
Japan, Lao PDR, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Russian
Federation, Singapore, Thailand, United States of America and Viet Nam. Participants
conveyed a positive initial assessment of the Meeting. Noting that the ISMs future would
be determined at the ARF SOM on 30 April 2003, participants supported continuing
meetings of the ISM on CT-TC.
22. The Meeting noted that the ARF-Intersessional Meeting on Counter-Terrorism and
Transnational Crime had discussed the following matters:
342
a)
Terrorist Organizations, Recent Terrorist Activities and Counter Terrorism

Measures;
b)
Counter Terrorism-Border Security: Movement of People;
c)
Counter terrorism-Border Security: Movement of Goods; and
d)
Counter Terrorism-Border Security: Document Security.
23. The Meeting also noted the following:

a)
the establishment of Southeast Asia regional Centre for Counter-Terrorism

(SEARCCT) reported by Malaysia (ANNEX F);
b)
the recommendation to the ARF SOM to consider continuing with ISM CT-TC
for 2003/04 and identification of Co-Chairs for submission to the 10th ARF
Ministerial Meeting for consideration.
24. The participants agreed there was an urgent need for more concrete cooperation among
ARF participants to counter the threat of terrorism and welcomed recommendations from
the ARF Ministerial Meeting to enhance counter-terrorism cooperation. Participants
welcomed the increased cooperation that was already being undertaken in the areas
of information and intelligence-sharing, cooperation among law enforcement agencies
and financial measures against terrorism and that this was a necessary tool to combat
terrorism effectively.
25. There was agreement that early accession by all ARF participants to all UN Conventions
and Protocols against terrorism, as called for by UNSC 1373, and effective implementation
of these obligations, would assist in fighting terrorism and would also constitute a
confidence building measure. It was also agreed that ARF participants should further
strengthen and enhance their cooperation to this end.
26. An amended draft ARF Chairmans Statement on Cooperation Against Piracy and
Other Threats to Maritime Security was tabled and discussed (ANNEX G). Participants
concurred that threats to maritime security were a serious concern. They agreed to
forward it to ARF SOM for consideration.
27. Singapore briefed the Meeting on the outcome of the workshop on counter terrorism
financing in Singapore on 21 - 22 January 2003. The Meeting also noted that Singapore
would hold the following Training Workshops in the coming months under the AMM-TC
Framework:
a)
Aviation Security in July 2003 (project concept appears as ANNEX H)
b)
Intelligence Analysis in August 2003;
c)
Post Blast Investigation in October 2003; and
d)
Bomb and Explosives Identification in November 2003.

343
28. Australia and Singapore briefed the Meeting on a workshop on Managing the Consequences
of a Major Terrorist attack, to be held in Darwin, Australia on 3-5 June 2003. The workshops
key objectives would be to lay the basis for a common understanding among ARF members
of the complex issues involved in managing the consequences of a major terrorist attack
including one involving Chemical, Biological, Radiological or Nuclear weapons (C/B/R/N),
and to consider the scope for further practical cooperation for those agencies most directly
involved in preparing for any future major terrorist attack in the region. The workshop
would contribute to the ARFs developing focus on specic practical areas of cooperation
in responding to the terrorist threat. To maximize the practical outcomes of the workshop
and to lay the basis for future cooperation and collaboration, Australia and Singapore
encouraged participation by representatives of emergency response, civil defence, aid and
police/law enforcement agencies as well as Ministries of Defence and Foreign Affairs.
29. Japan explained its proposal for an ARF Dossier on Counter-Terrorism Measures by
circulating a sample document attached as ANNEX I.
30. The Meeting agreed that transnational crimes, including terrorism, drug trafficking,
trafficking in human beings, money laundering and cyber crime continued to pose
challenges to the peace and security of the region and that the subject of transnational
crime should have high priority on the ARFs agenda. Participants agreed that all these
issues were intrinsically linked to each other and to the counter-terrorism agenda.
31. Indonesia briefed the Meeting on the outcomes of the ASEAN Workshop on Combating
Terrorism, held in Jakarta on 20 - 22 February 2003. Indonesia further informed that two
Indonesia proposals: ASEAN Collaboration on Post Terrorist Attack and Extradition and/
or Handing Over of Terrorist Suspect will be further discussed at the 3rd Annual SOM-TC
Meeting scheduled in June 2003 in Ha Noi. The Meeting also noted that Indonesia will
convened the Bali Regional Ministerial Conference on People Smuggling, Trafficking of
Persons and Related Transnational Crime (BRMC) II in Bali on 28 - 30 April 2003 under
the Co-Chairmanship of Indonesia and Australia.
Consideration of Confidence Building Measures (CBMs)
32. The Meeting took note of the implementation of agreed CBMs and reports by organising
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Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief Seminar, Singapore December

2002. (ANNEX J)
Workshop on Maritime Security Challenges, India February/March 2003 (ANNEX K).
implemented and adding new proposed CBMs to Basket 1. The proposed revision to the
list is at Annex L.
34. The Meeting received draft Concept Papers for the following proposed CBMs:
The United States proposed to hold an ARF Workshop on Civilian-Military

Relations and the Rule of Law (ANNEX M).
The United States put forward a proposal for ARF Participation in the UN
Instrument for Reporting Military Expenditures and Circulation of Submissions
among ARF Members (ANNEX N).
35. Malaysia advised the Meeting that its proposal on a CBM on travel advisories would not
proceed at this time.
36. Participants welcomed the production of the ARF Register of CBMs and agreed that it
should be updated and re-issued before each ARF meeting. New Zealand agreed to assist
future ISG co-Chairs in this task. It was agreed that the register should also include
on-going ARF CBMs. A database CD-Rom containing the register was distributed by to
all delegations at the Meeting.
37. The meeting was briefed on the Second Subcommittee of the Tokyo Defence Forum on
28 - 30 January 2003, and noted that Japan would host the 8th Tokyo Defence Forum in 2003.
38. The ARF Chair encouraged participants to submit their Annual Security Outlook papers
as quickly as possible.
Future Direction of ARF
39. Following the guidance given by Ministers for discussions on the future direction of
the ARF and the nine recommendations of the stock-taking paper agreed at the
Brunei Ministerial on achievements and shortfalls of the ARF, participants discussed
the recommendations for strengthening cooperation against terrorism. The Meeting
carried forward discussions on assisting the ARF Chair through the ASEAN Secretariat,
developing the Register of Experts and Eminent Persons, strengthening CBMs, boosting
the involvement of defence officials in the ARF process, enhancing linkages with Track
II and other organizations and providing substantive follow-up to the ARFs work on
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40. The Meeting complimented the ARF Chair on efforts made to enhance the role of the
Chair. Participants noted a paper on possible role for the ASEAN Secretariat in assisting
the ARF Chairman to co-ordinate the work of the ARF attached as ANNEX O. Participants
also discussed how to improve the process of informal consultations by the Chair with
other regional and international organizations.
41. The Meeting considered a discussion paper from Canada on strengthening linkages
between Track I and Track II in the ARF context (ANNEX P) and noted the conclusions
of the Track II counter-terrorism workshop organised by IDSS Singapore and CSCAP
Canada in Vientiane on 25 March 2003 (ANNEX Q). Participants recommended that
efforts continue to enhance Track I-II linkages including though the organisation of
appropriate adjacent and complementary Track I-II Meetings at future ISG. To this end,
they asked the present incoming ISG Co-Chair and ARF Chair to consider arranging
additional Track II meetings in association with upcoming ISG.
42. The Meeting welcomed the circulation of the first ARF Register of Experts and Eminent
Persons at the ARF Ministerial Meeting and discussed further the development and
utilisation of the Register. Participants considered a concept paper from the Republic of
Korea on Guidelines for the Operation of the EEPs and presented revised Draft Guidelines
(ANNEX R). Members were invited to submit further comments, with a view to finalising
these Guidelines at the ARF Senior Officials Meeting in April 2003.
43. Participants agreed that good progress had been made with implementing Ministers
recommendations for the future direction of the ARF. Advancing work on these practical
measures represented substantive follow-up to the ARFs work on preventive diplomacy.
In this context, Japan proposed a workshop on preventive diplomacy to be held in
February 2004 (ANNEX S).
Other Matters
44. The meeting took note of the following voluntary briefings made by ARF participants:
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Australias White Paper on Advancing the National Interest;
Australias National Security: A Defence Update 2003;
Chinas Defence White Paper;
Indonesias offer to host the Asia Africa Sub-Regional Organisations Conference

(AASROC) on 16 - 17 April 2004 in Bandung, Indonesia;
New Zealand informed the Meeting about the ICRCs interest in engaging a
constructive partnership with ARF. The letter from ICRC appears as ANNEX T;
Russias Federations The Problems of Strategic Stability (ANNEX U)
Thailands Participation in Regional Peace Keeping;
Status of Republic of Korea Support for the War Against Terrorism (ANNEX V);
Japans decision to expand contribution of supplies and services for countries

operating under OEF in addition to USA and UK.
Report of Defence Officials Meeting for Co-chairs Report

45. The second formal Defence Officials Meeting (DOM) was held following the Defence
Officials Lunch on 25 March 2003. Major General Saway Xayasena; Permanent Secretary,
Ministry of National Defence opened the meeting with some general remarks of welcome,
followed by the Lao co-chair giving a presentation on civil-military relations within Lao
society. There then followed a discussion on the role of defence forces in the region
in meeting current security challenges. Some common themes emerged such as the
upsurge in terrorism and transnational crime and the discussion raised issues faced by
all countries as they contemplated the current strategic environment. The Report Second
Formal Defence Officials Meeting (DOM) and Singapores draft on Defence Dialogue
Within the ARF are attached as ANNEX W and X.
46. Some very worthwhile voluntary briefings were given on a range of topics including
current updates on strategic level defence policy documents and contributions to regional
security cooperation initiatives. Reports were given on several CBMs held over the past
year and the meeting was advised of upcoming events. It was agreed that ARF Defence
Dialogue, as an integral component of the ARF process, should now consider the way
forward to ensure that its contribution continues to complement and add value to that
process.
47. The Meeting noted that Timor Lestes application for ARF membership was to be referred
to the ARF Chair for consultations with ARF participants ahead of the ARF Senior
Officials and Ministerial Meetings.
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Arrangements for the 1st and 2nd ARF ISG on CBMs Meetings in 2003 - 2004
48. Participants welcomed the offer of China and Myanmar to Co-Chair the next ARF ISG
on CBMs respectively in 2003/2004. The Date and Venue of the 1st and 2nd ARF ISG on
CBMs Meetings for 2003/2004 would be communicated to ARF Member Countries at
appropriate time. The Meeting welcomed the interest expressed by EU to Co-Chair ISG
on CBMs in 2004/2005.
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CO-CHAIRS SUMMARY REPORT OF THE MEETING OF

ARF INTER-SESSIONAL SUPPORT GROUP ON
WELLINGTON, NEW ZEALAND, 20 - 22 NOVEMBER 2002
Introduction
1.
(ARF) held in Brunei Darussalam on 31 July 2002, the Inter-sessional Support Group
on Confidence Building Measures (ISG on CBMs), co-chaired by New Zealand and Lao
Peoples Democratic Republic, held the first meeting of the 2002/2003 inter-sessional
year in Wellington on 20 - 22 November 2002.
2.

European Union, India, Indonesia, Japan, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, New Zealand,
Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation, Singapore,
Thailand, United States of America and Viet Nam attended the Meeting. Consistent
with the ARF goal of increasing the participation of defence and military officials in
all relevant meetings and activities, most delegations included defence officials. An ARF
Defence Officials Meeting was held on 19 November. The Agenda of the ISG meeting is
attached at Annex A, the Programme of Activities at Annex B and the List of Participants
at Annex C.
Exchange of Views on the Regional and International Situation

3.
The discussions were held in an open and free-flowing manner and covered a range of
issues which had an impact on the region as a whole.
4.
In the review of the regional and international political and security situation, the
issue of terrorism remained the most significant focus for participants. The Meeting
expressed its abhorrence of terrorism anywhere. The Meeting expressed its condolences
to the people and the Governments of Indonesia and Australia and all other countries
who suffered casualties in the terrorist bombings in Bali. The meeting also expressed
condolences to the people and Government of Russia for the losses suffered in recent
terrorist attacks.
349
5.
The tragic events of Bali demonstrated that the Asia-Pacific region is a target for
terrorists who seek to undermine global security. Participants agreed that the terrorist
attacks of 11 September 2001 and subsequent terrorist incidents underlined new threats
to global and regional security. There was agreement among ARF participants that all
acts of terrorism are attacks against humanity and completely unjustifiable regardless
of any motivations, committed wherever, whenever and by whomsoever, and a profound
threat to international peace and stability. Participants expressed their determination
and resolve to continue the collective and concerted global campaign against terrorism
and to implement all relevant UN Security Council Resolutions.
6.
The Meeting welcomed the Statement of 16 October 2002, issued by Cambodia as the
ARF Chair on behalf of ARF participants, on the threat of international terrorism and
condemning the terrorist attacks in Bali. It was noted that ASEAN Leaders at their 8th
Annual Summit had adopted the Declaration on Terrorism and undertook to build on
earlier measures to counter terrorism. Participants took note of the statements issued
by Leaders at APEC, ASEM and at the International Conference on Anti-terrorism and
Tourism Recovery held in Manila in November.
7.
Participants noted with deep concern the negative impact on the situation on the Korean
Peninsula of recent disclosures about the nuclear weapons programme of the Democratic
Peoples Republic of Korea (DPRK). They noted the relevant statements at the APEC
Economic Leaders Meeting of 27 October 2002 and the ASEAN+3 Summit Meeting of
4 November 2002, both of which called for a nuclear weapons-free Korean peninsula
and called upon DPRK to visibly honour its commitment to give up nuclear weapons
programmes. They also reaffirmed their commitment to a peaceful resolution of this
issue. Participants recognized the importance of inter-Korean and Japan-North Korea
dialogues as channels to pursue peaceful resolution to outstanding security concerns in
the area.
8.
The Meeting emphasized support for the sovereignty, territorial integrity, and national
unity of Indonesia. Participants congratulated East Timor on its independence, noting
that its integration into regional structures will be crucial both to its future stability and
to that of the region, and stressed the need for continued international support.
9.
Participants welcomed the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China
Sea signed by Foreign Ministers from ASEAN and China in the margins of the ASEAN
Summit in Phnom Penh in November 2002. They were also encouraged by the continued
commitment of the parties concerned to exercise self-restraint and the peaceful settlement
of disputes in the South China Sea.
10. Participants welcomed progress towards the re-establishment of constitutional

government in Fiji. They noted that there would be an on-going requirement for support
350
from the international community to promote peace and stability in Solomon Islands.
They also noted that peace agreements had paved the way for the eventual resolution of
the conflict in Bougainville, and that the Bougainville experience provided a possible
model for regional peace building.
11. In relation to Myanmar, participants hoped that the process of national reconciliation
and substantive dialogue with the National League for Democracy and other political
entities would move forward, leading to systemic reform.
12. Participants welcomed the outcome of the 8th ASEAN Summit held in Phnom Penh on 4
November 2002. The ARF Chair informed the Meeting that the ASEAN Leaders agreed to
further accelerate ASEANs economic integration, to promote ASEAN as a single tourist
destination and to enhance cooperation in natural resources management, including
ratification of the Kyoto Protocol by all ASEAN members. ASEAN Leaders and the
Leaders of China, Japan and the Republic of Korea agreed to enhance a close East Asian
partnership in further contributing to regional peace, stability, and prosperity.
13. Participants also noted developments outside the region, including Iraq, Afghanistan
and Sri Lanka. Participants were encouraged by the progress towards rebuilding and
reconciliation in Afghanistan and expressed support for the provision of humanitarian
and reconstruction assistance there. Participants expressed their determination to pursue
eradication of the network of the Al Qaeda and the Taleban as an essential element in
the global efforts to address terrorism. Participants also emphasized that the ongoing
campaign against terrorism was not a fight against any country or against Islam.
14. The Meeting discussed disarmament issues from the perspective of the ARF region. It
recalled that Ministers in Brunei in July 2002 had noted that preventing the proliferation
of weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery directly engaged the regions
fundamental security interests. Most participants reaffirmed the importance of core
disarmament treaties: the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), the Chemical
Weapons Convention and the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention.
15. Participants noted that nuclear issues arose in the ARF in the context of regional concerns
as well as globally. Reference was made in this context to South Asia. Particular attention
was paid to developments in the Korean peninsula. Participants were of the view that
proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and delivery systems posed significant risks
to the security of the region.
16. Participants noted continuing work in a number of fields relating to disarmament, nonproliferation and arms control, including the launch in The Hague on 25 - 26 November
of a voluntary International Code of Conduct against the proliferation of ballistic
missiles.
351
17. The importance of strict measures and a new focus on the physical security of nuclear
installations and nuclear materials was addressed. The informal regimes for coordinating
controls on exports of military goods and dual-use technologies had adjusted the scope
of their schemes to include denial to terrorists of access to weapons and technologies.
Participants referred to the UN-sponsored process on illicit trade in small arms and light
weapons for its relevance in the region and agreed to explore measures at the national
and regional level to address this problem.
18. It was noted that Ministers in Brunei had agreed that the terrorist attacks of 11 September
2001 underlined the importance of participants fulfilling their individual and collective
commitments to multilateral cooperation in the field of arms control, disarmament and
non-proliferation. Participants underscored continuing concern for disarmament issues,
acknowledged new dimensions to these issues, and understanding of the need to attend
to them, even while acting to meet the urgent challenge of terrorism. To this end, they
agreed to continue and deepen their discussions on non-proliferation, disarmament and
arms control in future ISGs. They noted that Track II participants might be asked to
address regional disarmament questions, including small arms.
Counter-terrorism and Transnational Crime of Concern to the Region
19. The Meeting agreed there was an urgent need for more practical cooperation among ARF
participants to counter the threat of terrorism and welcomed recommendations from the
ARF Ministerial Meeting to enhance counter-terrorism cooperation. Participants noted
and welcomed the increased cooperation that was already being undertaken in the areas
of intelligence-sharing, police cooperation and financial measures against terrorism
and that this was a necessary tool to combat terrorism effectively. In this connection,
they recalled the joint declaration on counter-terrorism signed between the United States
and ASEAN Foreign Ministers during the ASEAN Post Ministerial Conference.
20. There was general agreement that early accession by all ARF participants to all UN
Conventions against terrorism, as called for by UNSC 1373, and effective implementation
of these obligations, would assist in fighting terrorism and would also constitute a
confidence building measure. It was also agreed that ARF participants should further
strengthen and enhance their cooperation to this end.
21. Participants were briefed on counter-terrorism cooperation. They were also briefed on
the ARF workshop on counter-terrorism measures for international events, held in
Tokyo in October 2002. The Meeting noted the agreement by Ministers to establish an
ARF Inter-sessional Meeting on Counter-terrorism and Transnational Crime (ISM on
CTTC). Participants were briefed by delegations from the United States and Malaysia
on preparations for the first meeting of the ISM on CTTC in Sabah, Malaysia on
21 - 22 March 2003. They welcomed this development as an important step towards
352
enhancing further ARF cooperation in counter-terrorism and noted a suggestion that

law enforcement officials take part in the ISM.
22. A draft ARF Chairmans Statement on Cooperation Against Piracy and Other Threats
to Maritime Security was tabled and discussed (Annex D). Participants concurred that
threats to maritime security were a serious concern. They agreed to discuss the draft
Statement further at the next ISG meeting with the intention of forwarding it to Senior
Officials.
23. The Meeting noted that Singapore would hold an aviation security training workshop
for members of the ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on Transnational Crime and invited ARF
participants to attend as observers. Participants were briefed on a Workshop on Counterterrorism, followed by a Police Expo, to take place in Jakarta from 24 - 27 January
2003, and a meeting co-hosted by Indonesia and Australia in Bali in December 2002 on
combating money-laundering and terrorist financing. ARF participants were strongly
encouraged to attend.
24. The Meeting agreed that transnational crimes, including terrorism, drug trafficking,
trafficking in human beings, money laundering and cyber crime continued to pose
challenges to the peace and security of the region and that the subject of transnational
crime should remain on the ARFs agenda. Participants agreed that all these issues were
intrinsically linked to each other and to the counter-terrorism agenda. It was agreed
that the ISM on CTTC was an important forum for consideration of these issues.
25. Participants exchanged views on the issue of travel advisories.
26. The Meeting took note of the implementation of agreed CBMs and reports by organizing
Workshop on Defence/Military Officials Co-operation within the ARF, Seoul,

28-30 August 2002.
Sixth ARF Meeting of the Heads of Defence Colleges/Institutions, Moscow,

16 - 20 September 2002.
ARF Seminar on Military Logistics Outsourcing Support, Beijing, 25 - 27

September 2002.
Second Workshop on Counter-terrorism Measures, Tokyo, 1 - 2 October 2002.
353
27. Participants noted that two further CBMs would be held this inter-sessional year:
Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief Seminar, Singapore December

2002.
Workshop on Maritime Security Challenges, India February/March 2003 (Annex E).
implemented and adding new proposed CBMs to Basket 1. The proposed revision to the
list is at Annex F.
Australia proposed an ARF Workshop on Consequence Management, to be cohosted with Singapore this inter-sessional year (Annex G).
The United States proposed to hold an ARF Workshop on Civilian-Military

Relations and the Rule of Law (Annex H).
The United States put forward a proposal for ARF Participation in the UN
Instrument for Reporting Military Expenditures and Circulation of Submissions
among ARF Members (Annex I).
30. Malaysia proposed a CBM on travel advisories and informed that it is consulting with a
non-ASEAN country to co-chair this CBM. The Meeting also took note of Indias proposal
to host the 7th ARF Meeting of the Heads of Defence Colleges/Institutions in 2003.
31. The first ARF Register of CBMs was circulated as agreed by Ministers in Brunei.
Participants welcomed the production of the Register and agreed that it should be
updated and re-issued before each ARF meeting. New Zealand agreed to assist future
ISG co-Chairs in this task. It was agreed that the register should also include on-going
ARF CBMs.
32. The meeting was briefed on the 7th Tokyo Defence Forum and noted that Japan would
host the Second Subcommittee of the Tokyo Defence Forum on 28 - 30 January 2003,
and the 8th Tokyo Defence Forum later in 2003.
33. The Meeting welcomed the guidance given by Ministers for discussions on the future
direction of the ARF and the nine recommendations of the stock-take paper prepared
by Brunei on achievements and shortfalls of the ARF. Participants discussed the
354
recommendations for strengthening cooperation against terrorism, assisting the ARF

Chair through the ASEAN Secretariat, developing the Register of Experts and Eminent
Persons, strengthening CBMs, boosting the involvement of defence officials in the ARF
process, enhancing linkages with Track II and other organizations and providing
substantive follow-up to the ARFs work on preventive diplomacy.
34. Participants agreed that while there had already been good progress with counterterrorism cooperation, much more needed to be done. It was noted in this context that
the CBM agenda was being strengthened through successive meetings of the ISG.
35. The Meeting agreed that the issuing of statements by the ARF Chair in response to
terrorist attacks represented a move towards enhancing the role of the Chair. The Meeting
discussed ways in which the ASEAN Secretariat might assist the ARF Chairman in coordinating the work of the ARF. Participants also discussed how to improve the process of
informal consultations by the Chair with other regional and international organizations
and were briefed on enhancing linkages between the ARF and ASEAN-ISIS, CSCAP and
other organizations.
36. The Meeting considered a discussion paper from Canada on strengthening linkages
between Track I and Track II in the ARF context (Annex J). They agreed to enhance
linkages with Track II and other organizations. To. this end, they asked Lao PDR and
Cambodia to consider arranging Track II meetings in advance of the upcoming ISG or
SOM.
37. The Meeting welcomed the circulation of the first ARF Register of Experts and Eminent
Persons at the ARF Ministerial Meeting and discussed further the development and
utilization of the Register. Participants considered a concept paper from the Republic
of Korea on Guidelines for the Operation of the ARF EEPs and referred a set of Draft
Guidelines (Annex K) for further consideration at the next ISG meeting, with a view to
finalizing these Guidelines at the ARF Senior Officials Meeting in May 2003. They noted
a suggestion that a Trial Meeting of EEPs be held and agreed to discuss this further.
38. Participants agreed that good progress had been made with implementing Ministers
recommendations for the future direction of the ARF. Advancing work on these practical
measures represented substantive follow-up to the ARFs work on preventive diplomacy.
39. The meeting took note of the following voluntary briefings made by ARF participants:
Briefing by Thailand on Sri Lanka peace talks and on a plan to deploy military
engineers to Afghanistan and further military personnel to East Timor.
Briefing by Russia on the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.

355
Briefing by Canada on the Multinational Standby High Readiness Brigade

(SHIRBRIG) (Annex L) and on the Report of the International Commission on
Intervention and State Sovereignty, The Responsibility to Protect (Annex M).
Briefing by Australia on Australian bilateral counter-terrorism Memoranda of

Understanding with regional countries (Annex N).
Briefing by Indonesia on the Southwest Pacific Dialogue.
Briefing by Japan on the extension of the basic plan related to the Anti-Terrorism
Special Measures Law.
Briefing by Cambodia on the outcome of the 8th ASEAN Summit, ASEAN Plus
Three Summit, the ASEAN Plus One Summits with China, Japan and the ROK,
and the first ASEAN India Summit, as well as the South African Presidents
Briefing.
Briefing by Malaysia on its contribution to international efforts in the fight

against terrorism (Annex O).
Briefing by the EU on EU policy and initiatives in the fight against terrorism

(Annex P).
Arrangements for the next ISG Meeting

40. Lao PDR informed the Meeting that the next ISG meeting would be held in Vientiane
from 26 - 28 March 2003 and briefed on arrangements.
Other Matters
41. Defence officials briefed the ISG on the outcome of their discussions at the Defence
Officials Lunch and Meeting held on 19 November 2002. The discussions covered New
Zealands recent experience of establishing a joint forces headquarters, enhancement
of cooperation in peacekeeping, improving the value and efficiency of peacekeeping
operations and security cooperation in the campaign against terrorism. A report on
the Defence Officials Meeting is attached at Annex Q. Participants agreed that the
holding of a separate meeting of Defence Officials prior to the ISG plenary was a positive
development. The ISG encouraged the continued holding of the Defence Officials
Meetings as a useful confidence building measure.
356
42. The Meeting noted that East Timor had approached participants regarding its application
for ARF membership. This matter was referred to the ARF Chair for consultations with
ARF participants ahead of the ARF Senior Officials and Ministerial Meetings.
357
358
STATEMENT BY THE CHAIRMAN OF THE ARF ON

THE TRAGIC TERRORIST BOMBING ATTACKS IN BALI
PHNOM PENH, CAMBODIA, 16 OCTOBER 2002
His Excellency Mr. HOR Namhong, Senior Minister, Minister of Foreign Affairs and
International Cooperation of Cambodia, Chairman of the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), on
behalf of participating member-states and organization issues the following statement:
The death toll of both foreign tourists and Indonesians claimed by terrorist bombing attacks
in Bali, Indonesia, over the weekend sent a very shocking news all around the world. It is
always the innocent people, as in this case both the foreign tourists and Indonesians, who
were victims from these barbarous crimes that resulted in the loss of hundreds of innocent
lives.
The member-states and organization participating in the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF)
condemn these premeditated acts of terrorism in the strongest terms. These most criminal
acts of bombing have no justification whatsoever and they must be fully condemned by every
member of a civilized world.
The member-states and organization participating in the ARF wish to extend their deep
condolences and sincere sympathy to the Indonesian Government and the families of the
victims of these tragic terrorist acts.
The ARF, once again reaffirms its determination to further step up their cooperation and
collective efforts to combat more effectively these barbarous crimes against humanity.
359
360
THE ELEVENTH
362
CHAIRMANS STATEMENT
1.
The Eleventh Meeting of the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) was held in Jakarta,
Indonesia, on 2 July 2004. The meeting was chaired by H.E. Dr. N. Hassan Wirajuda,
Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia.
2.
The Meeting was attended by the Foreign Ministers of all ARF participating countries.
The Secretary-General of ASEAN was also present. The List of Delegates appears as
ANNEX A.
3.
A meeting among defence and military officials attending the 11th ARF was also held on
1 July 2004.
4.
The Ministers welcomed the admission of Pakistan as the 24th participant of the ARF
and took note of its expressed commitment to help achieve the ARFs key goals and to
abide by and respect fully the decisions and statements already made by the ARF.

5.
The Ministers reaffirmed the importance of ARF as the main political and security
forum in the region, and reiterated the importance of further strengthening the ARF.
The Ministers also reiterated their support for ASEAN as the primary driving force of
ARF and further encouraged the contribution of all ARF participants in moving the ARF
process forward.
6.
The Ministers discussed extensively issues of common concern and reiterated the
importance of maintaining peace and stability in the region. The Ministers also stressed
the importance of ARF focusing its deliberations on regional issues, particularly in the
Asia-Pacific region, as well as global/international issues with regional repercussion,
and excluding issues of a bilateral nature.
7.
The Ministers noted with satisfaction the significant progress and the role that ARF
has played in enhancing political and security dialogue and cooperation as well as
confidence building in the Asia-Pacific region. The Ministers agreed to continue to
observe the basic principles of decision-making by consensus and non-interference. The
Ministers reaffirmed that ARF should move forward at a pace comfortable to all.
363
8.
The Ministers recognized that the challenges facing the Asia Pacific region are becoming
more complex and intertwined. The Ministers emphasized the importance of enhancing
cooperation and dialogue in a frank and open manner.
9.
The Ministers acknowledged the importance of the involvement of the ASEAN Secretariat
in assisting the ARF Chairman. In this regard, they welcomed the participation of the
ASEAN Secretariat in all ARF activities, including ISG on CBMs and ISM on CTTC.

10. The Ministers welcomed the Declaration of ASEAN Concord II (Bali Concord II) at the
9th ASEAN Summit, which recognized the ARFs role as the primary forum in ehancing
political and security cooperation in the Asia Pacific region, as well as the pivot in
building peace and stability in the region. The Ministers supported ASEANs intention to
enhance its role in further advancing the stages of cooperation within the ARF to ensure
the security of the Asia Pacific region. The Ministers further welcomed the endorsement
of the ASEAN Security Community, as one of the pillars of the ASEAN Community which
would ensure that countries in the region live at peace with one another and with the
world in a just, democratic, and harmonious environment, and regard their security as
fundamentally linked to one another and bound by geographic location, common vision
and objectives. The Ministers expressed their support for the realization of the ASEAN
Security Community in 2020 and the development of its Plan of Action, as this will
strengthen ASEAN as it leads the ARF towards a more secure and stable region.
11. The Ministers recognized the importance of the purpose and principles of the Treaty of
Amity and Cooperation in the Southeast Asia (TAC) which can serve as the key code of
conduct for the promotion of cooperation, amity and friendship within Southeast Asia
and between ASEAN and other ARF participants. The Ministers welcomed the accession
by the Peoples Republic of China and India to the TAC during the ASEAN+China Summit
and ASEAN-lndia Summit in October 2003. They also welcomed the accession by Japan
and Pakistan to the TAC during the current series of the 37th AMM/PMCs/11th ARF.
12. The Ministers exchanged views on recent developments on the Korean Peninsula. The
Ministers encouraged the efforts of concerned parties towards the maintenance of peace
and security on the Korean Peninsula and the region by achieving a peaceful solution
through dialogue to denuclearization on the Korean Peninsula. The Ministers took note
positively that the Third Round of Six Party Talks was recently held in Beijing on 23 - 26
June 2004, and the participating states agreed to convene the Fourth Six Party Talks in
September 2004 in Beijing. The Ministers supported the parties commitments to the
goal of denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula and underlined the need to take first
steps towards that goal as soon as possible. The Ministers emphasized the importance
364
of a step-by-step process of words for words and action for action in search of a
peaceful solution to the nuclear issues.
13. The Ministers noted with satisfaction the progress made in recent years by the North
and South towards reconciliation and cooperation, and reiterated support for continued
dialogue and contacts between the North and South, at various levels.
14. The Ministers underlined the importance of the implementation of Declaration on
the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea (DoC). The Ministers also stressed
that the parties concerned exercise self-restrain in the conduct of activities that would
affect peace and stability in the region. The Ministers emphasized the importance of
confidence building and the need to explore ways and means for cooperative activities
among the parties concerned, thus creating favourable conditions for settling disputes in
South China Sea peacefully. The Ministers welcomed the proposal of ASEAN and China
to convene a Senior Officials Meeting under the DoC and establish an ASEAN China
Working Group that will oversee the implementation of the Declaration in spirit and
letter.
15. The Ministers noted the briefing given by Myanmar and discussed the development in
Myanmar. The Ministers recalled and emphasized the continued relevance of the 10th
ARF Chairmans Statement. In this regard, the Ministers underlined the need for the
involvement of all strata of Myanmar society in the on-going National Convention. The
Ministers urged Myanmar to take every action that will add substance to the expression
of its democratic aspiration. The Ministers also recognized the role of the Special Envoy
of the United Nations Secretary-General in assisting Myanmar to achieve this goal.
16. The Ministers reiterated their support for the sovereignty, territorial integrity and national
unity of Indonesia, and emphasized that durable stability, economic prosperity, and
democratization would contribute to peace, stability and development in the region.
17. The Ministers welcomed the full reassertion of the sovereignty of Iraq on 28 June 2004.
We emphasized the need to ensure substantive materialization of this sovereign status.
The Ministers were concerned by the current security situation in Iraq, and hoped that
a durable solution could be attained in order to achieve peace, security, stability and
national reconciliation for the well being of the Iraqi people. We stressed the importance
of the full implementation of the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1546 (2004)
on Iraq, and the importance of all nations supporting the full transfer of sovereignty
to Iraqi authorities, and the presence of the multinational force in Iraq for the time
period described in UNSCR 1546. We further emphasized the central role of the United
Nations in the process of political transition from the sovereign interim government to a
democratic government; reconstruction; and development of the country.
365
18. The Ministers expressed deepest sympathy and condolences to the death of civilian
victims in the on-going situation in Iraq, in particular the death of civilian hostages of
various nationalities, including nationals of ARF participants. The Ministers, therefore,
condemned the barbaric killings and acts of terrorism against civilian hostages, and
consider those acts as offences of grave concern to the international community.
Furthermore, they expressed their determination to prevent the recurrence of civilian
hostage taking.
19. The Ministers affirmed that terrorism, irrespective of its origins, motivations or objectives,
constitutes a threat to all peoples and countries, and to the common interest in ensuring
peace, stability, security and economic prosperity in the region and beyond. The
Ministers reiterated their strong condemnation of acts of terrorism in all its forms and
manifestations. The Ministers emphasized the importance of avoiding the identification
of terrorism with any particular religion or ethnic group. The Ministers agreed that the
campaign against terrorism should be conducted in full conformity with the purposes
and principles of the Charter of the United Nations and in accordance with the principles
of international law, in particular humanitarian and human rights law.
20. The Ministers welcomed the results of the International Conference of Islamic Scholars
(ICIS) held in Jakarta, 23 - 25 February 2004, which among others condemned acts of
terrorism with any religion, in particular Islam, and any race. They noted that Moslem
scholars from all parts of the world stressed the fact that the campaign against terrorism
can only be won through comprehensive and balanced measures, in particular by
squarely addressing the root causes of terrorism, including poverty, intolerance, and
injustice.
21. The Ministers welcomed the Joint Communiqu of the 4th ASEAN Ministerial Meeting
on Transnational Crimes (AMMTC) and the Joint Communiqu of the 1st AMMTC+3
in January 2004 in Bangkok. Furthermore, the Ministers commended the signing of
Memorandum of Understanding between ASEAN and China on Cooperation in the Field
of Non-Traditional Security Issues at the 1st AMMTC+3, which provides concrete and
operational measures on cooperation in the field of non-traditional security issues
between ASEAN and China. The Ministers welcomed the signing of ASEAN-India Joint
Declaration for Cooperation in Combating International Terrorism at the 2nd ASEANIndia Summit in Bali 2003. Ministers also welcomed the signing of the ASEAN-Australia
Joint Declaration for Cooperation to Combat International Terrorism at the 10+1
Meeting in Jakarta on 1 July 2004. They further welcomed the signing of ASEAN-Russia
Joint Declaration for Cooperation to Combat International Terrorism during the 11th
ARF.
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22. The Ministers, recalling the objectives agreed at the Bali Regional Ministerial
Conference on Peoples Smuggling, Trafficking in Persons and Related Transnational
Crime in February 2002 and April 2003 in Bali, welcomed the results of the Bali Process
Senior Officials Meeting held in June 2004 in Brisbane. The Ministers noted that the Bali
process was continuing to work on practical activities to combat peoples smuggling and
trafficking in persons.
23. The Ministers welcomed the Convening of the Bali Regional Ministerial Meeting on
Counter Terrorism (BRMM-CT), held in Bali on 4 - 5 February 2004, co-hosted by
Indonesia and Australia as a means to translate strong political commitments of the
countries in the Asia Pacific region in combating terrorism into practical collaborative
actions. The Ministers further encouraged participants to actively participate in the two
ad-hoc Working Groups established as a follow-up of the Bali Meeting.
24. The Ministers welcomed the formal opening of the Jakarta Center for Law Enforcement
Cooperation (JCLEC) in Semarang, on 3 July 2004, to build regional operational law
enforcement capacity needed to fight transnational crimes, with a key focus on terrorism,
and expressed interest in appropriate national agencies drawing on the resources that
will be provided by the Center for operational support. The Ministers also encouraged
contributions from ARF countries to the work of the JCLEC. The Ministers expressed their
support for the center forming complementary working relations, including cooperation
in the training of officials involved in counter-terrorism, with other relevant regional
bodies, such as the International Law Enforcement Academy (ILEA) in Bangkok and the
Southeast Asia Regional Center for Counter Terrorism (SEARCCT) in Kuala Lumpur.
25. The Ministers were pleased with the outcomes of the second Inter-sessional Meeting
on Counter-Terrorism and Transnational Crime (ISM on CTTC) in Manila, on 30 - 31
March 2004. They expressed their appreciation for the work of the Philippines and Russia
as co-chairmen of that meeting. The report of the co-chairmen appears as ANNEX B.
26. The Ministers adopted the ARF Statement on Strengthening Transport Security against
International Terrorism, as recommended by the ISM on CTTC. The Statement, which
appears as ANNEX C, expressed the ARF participants determination to take concrete
and cooperative measures in safeguarding their means of transportation from terrorist
threats.
27. Noting the important work being done by the ISM on CTTC, the Ministers agreed to
extend its mandate for one more year, while maintaining the current format. The
Ministers welcomed Canada and Thailands offer to co-chair the next ISM on CTTC in
2005 in Thailand.
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28. The Ministers reiterated the importance of addressing the issue of nonproliferation
and disarmament in all its aspects. The Ministers underlined the importance of close
collaboration between participants to prevent proliferation of weapons of mass destruction
and their means of delivery. The Ministers also stressed the need to strengthen technical
cooperation in order to enhance countries capabilities and to strengthen national legal
measures to address the issue of nonproliferation in all its aspects, in accordance with
the international law. The Ministers adopted the ARF Statement on Non-proliferation, as
appears in ANNEX D.
29. The Ministers of the States Parties to NPT agreed to make further efforts for the successful
outcome of the 2005 NPT Review Conference. They emphasized the importance of
promoting the universalization of non-proliferation and disarmament agreements. The
Ministers called for the maintenance of existing moratorium on nuclear testing. The
Ministers also reaffirmed their support for the concept of internationally recognized
nuclear-weapons-free-zones (NWFZs) established on the basis of arrangements freely
arrived at among States in the region, and emphasized the contribution of such zones to
enhancing global and regional peace and security. They reaffirmed the importance of
the early accession of Nuclear Weapons States to the Protocol of the SEANWFZ Treaty.
30. The Ministers noted the importance of all countries in the region to take strong measures
to eliminate the illicit trafficking of small arms and light weapons to non-state actors.
31. The Ministers noted the success to date of the Pacific Island Forums Regional Assistance
Mission to the Solomon Islands (RAMSI), which represented a Pacific solution to a
Pacific problem.
Activities of the Current Inter-sessional Year (July 2003 - July 2004)
32. The Ministers expressed their satisfaction with the success of Track l and Track II
activities during the current inter-sessional year (July 2003 - July 2004). They noted, in
particular, the ARF Inter-sessional Support Group on Confidence Building Measures (ISG
on CBMs), co-chaired by China and Myanmar, held in Beijing, China, 20 - 22 November
2003 and in Yangon, Myanmar, 11 - 13 April 2004. The Ministers commended the work
of the ISG on CBMs in advancing the ARF process. They noted the summary report of the
co-chairmen, which appears as ANNEX E, and endorsed its recommendations.
33. The Ministers noted the following activities, which were completed in inter-sessional
year 2003/2004:
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7th ARF Meeting of the Heads of Defence Colleges/Institutions in New Delhi,

15 - 17 October 2003.
Workshop on Civil-Military Relations and the Rule of Law in Brunei

Darussalam, 11 - 12 February 2004.
ARF Workshop on Preventive Diplomacy, Tokyo, 16 - 17 March 2004.
Programme of Work for the Next Inter-sessional Year

34. The Ministers agreed that the ISG on CBMs continue its work and welcomed the offer
of Cambodia and the European Union to co-chair the ISG on CBMs in the next intersessional year. The Ministers also noted that the next ISG on CBMs will be held in Phnom
Penh on 26 - 27 October 2004 and the second meeting of the ISG on CBMs will be held
in Berlin in March 2005.
35. The Ministers reafrmed the procedure that proposed activities should rst be discussed at
the ISG level before SOM noted the new activities. In this regard, the Ministers approved the
work program for the next inter-sessional year (July 2004 - July 2005), as indicated by the
proposed CBM activities listed in ANNEX F.
36. The Ministers expressed their satisfaction with further progress made in the
implementation of the Nine Recommendations of the Stocktaking of the ARF process
and underlined the importance of implementing all remaining recommendations.
37. The Ministers stressed the importance of the adopted Concept and Principles of Preventive
Diplomacy in guiding the ARF in its actions and works in Preventive Diplomacy (PD)
thus far, noting that some of the concepts have been translated into actions. In this
regard, they expressed their appreciation for the convening of the Workshop on Preventive
Diplomacy in Tokyo, March 2004, which had explored and elaborated various ideas for
moving the ARF process further. In the same vein, the Ministers also took note of the
concept papers circulated by Canada and Japan, respectively, regarding the evolution of
the ARF. The Ministers requested the ISG on CBMs to continue its efforts in discussing
PD. In this regard, the Ministers underlined that the present work in tackling terrorism
represents a milestone in the ARFs development of a preventive role.
38. The Ministers agreed to extend further cooperation and support for the ARF Chair in
carrying out the mandates outlined in the paper on the Enhanced Role of the ARF
Chair, particularly in assigning the ASEAN Secretariat to assist the ARF Chairman in
facilitating the work of the ARF. In this regard, the Ministers were encouraged by and
supported the establishment of an ARF Unit within the ASEAN Secretariat, which would,
among others, regularly update the ARF Register of CBMs and serve as the repository of
ARF documents.
369
39. The Ministers emphasized the need to continue strengthening ties with other regional and
international security organizations as well as linkages between Track I and Track II.
40. The Ministers noted that the continued publication of the ARF Annual Security Outlook
(ASO) is an important contribution to transparency as well as confidence building
among ARF participants. In this regard, the Ministers welcomed the fifth volume of the
ASO compiled without editing by the ARF Chair. They also encouraged the continued
submission of inputs on the next volume of the ASO.
41. The Ministers appreciated the publication of an updated Register of Experts/Eminent
Persons (EEPs). In this connection, the Ministers agreed to adopt the Guidelines for the
Operation of the ARF EEPs, which appears as ANNEX G. The Ministers expressed their
appreciation to the Republic of Korea in working closely with ARF countries to finalize
the Guidelines.
42. The Ministers welcomed the contribution made by defence officials in the ARF process
and endorsed Chinas proposal on the ARF Security Policy Conference (ASPC), which
appears as ANNEX H. The Ministers welcomed Chinas offer to host the 1st ASPC by
the end of 2004 and agreed that Indonesia would Chair this Conference. The Ministers
underlined the principle that the ASPC should be convened back-to-back with the annual
ARF SOM and therefore subsequent ASPC will be hosted and chaired by the ARF Chair
country. The 2nd ASPC will therefore be held in Vientiane under the chairmanship of
Lao PDR.
43. The Ministers noted the Matrix of ARF Decisions and Status prepared by the ARF Unit at
the ASEAN Secretariat and agreed that the Matrix should be updated on an annual basis
to contribute to building ARF institutional memory. The Matrix appears as ANNEX I.
44. The Ministers expressed their satisfaction with the open dialogue regarding the progress
of the ARF process and committed to further advancing the ARF process towards the
preventive diplomacy stage and beyond, at a pace comfortable to all, while continuing to
build mutual confidence and trust among its participants.
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CO-CHAIRS SUMMARY REPORT OF THE MEETING OF

YANGON, MYANMAR, 11 - 14 APRIL 2004
Introduction
1.
Pursuant to the decision of the 10th Ministerial Meeting of the ASEAN Regional
Forum (ARF) held in Phnom Penh, Cambodia on 18 June 2003, the Inter-sessional
Support Group on Confidence Building Measures (ISG on CBMs), co-chaired by the
Union of Myanmar and the Peoples Republic of China, held the second Meeting of the
2003 - 2004 inter-sessional year in Yangon, Myanmar on 11 - 14 April 2004.
2.
Representatives from Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Canada, China, European

Union, India, Indonesia, Japan, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, New Zealand, the
Philippines, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation, Singapore, Thailand, United States of
America, Viet Nam and the ASEAN Secretariat attended the Meeting. The Defence Ofcials
Dialogue was held on 11 April 2004. The Agenda of the ISG Meeting is attached as Annex A,
the Programme of Activities as Annex B and the list of Participants as Annex C.
Exchange of Views on the Regional and International Situation

3.
The Meeting had an extensive exchange of views on recent political and security
developments in the region and some countries specific issues were mentioned. The
discussions were held in an open manner and covered the whole spectrum of political
and security issues.
4.
The Meeting noted that the region and the world had witnessed significant changes in
recent years. Participants expressed their belief that peace, cooperation and development
in the region could only be achieved through concerted efforts of the countries in the
region. They noted with satisfaction that relations between countries continued to
be stable, and that regional cooperation was further enhanced within sub-regional,
regional and multilateral frameworks.
5.
The Meeting welcomed the outcome of the 9th ASEAN Summit held in Bali, Indonesia
on 7 - 8 October 2003 and support was expressed for the Bali Concord II as the blue
print to achieve an ASEAN Community which rests on its three pillars of ASEAN Security
Community, ASEAN Economic Community and ASEAN Socio-cultural Community. The
Meeting stressed the importance of the ASC in contributing to the further promotion
371
of peace and security in the region, ASEANs determination to move forward the stages
of ARF and that ASC will strengthen ASEANs role as the primary driving force in the
ARF. The Meetings support was expressed for China and Indias accession to the Treaty
of Amity and Cooperation. The Meeting also noted the outcome of the ASEAN-Japan
Commemorative Summit held in Tokyo, Japan on 11-12 December 2003. They expressed
their confidence that the development would contribute to the long-term peace and
stability in the region.
6.
The Meeting emphasized the importance of maintaining peace and stability on the
Korean Peninsula. Recalling discussions of previous ARF Meetings, participants called
for a nuclear-weapon-free Korean Peninsula and the efforts to address all the concerns
of the parties. They agreed that the nuclear issue should be resolved peacefully through
dialogue and welcomed the successful convening of the second round of the Six-Party
Talks in Beijing and the Chairmans Statement thereof. Participants commended the
Chinese government for its efforts in this direction. Participants welcomed the efforts
to continue inter-Korean dialogue. They expressed their hope that DPRK would actively
participate in the ARF.
7.
The Meeting also noted the progress achieved in the fight against terrorism since the
ISG on CBMs Meeting in November 2003. The Participants deplored terrorist attacks in
various places and called for further strengthening of regional cooperation to counter
terrorism. The Meeting supported the ongoing efforts of the ARF participating countries
to prevent, suppress and eradicate acts of terrorism in all forms and manifestations and
welcomed the outcome of the 4th ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on Transnational Crime
(AMMTC) and the First AMMTC+3 (China, Japan and Republic of Korea) in Bangkok in
January 2004.
8.
The Meeting welcomed the follow-up activities for the realisation of the Declaration on
the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea, including the planned holding of ASEANChina Symposium on the realisation of the Declaration.
9.
Participants noted the improvements in the security situation in the Pacific, but
acknowledged that challenges remained in attaining long-term objectives of reform.
Participants noted the success to date of the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon
Islands (RAMSI) under the auspices of the Pacific Islands Forum.
Voluntary Background Briefings

10. The Meeting welcomed the following voluntary briefings:
372
Briefing by Peoples Republic of China on the second round of Six Party Talks on
the Korean Peninsula.
Briefing by Indonesia and Australia on the outcomes of the Bali Regional

Ministerial Meeting on Counter Terrorism. (Annex D)
Briefing by the European Union on European Security Strategy, EU Strategy

against proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction, International Criminal
Court (ICC). (Annex E)
Briefing by the United States on the Concept paper: Revitalizing Annual Security
Outlook. (Annex F)
Briefing by Malaysia on Malaysias mediation role in the Peace Process in

Mindanao. (Annex G)
Briefing by United States on Global Posture Review. (Annex H)
Briefing by Cambodia on Meeting on Non-Proliferation between the Ministry of

Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, Ministry of National Defence,
Ministry of Interior and Ministry of Commerce of Cambodia with the Japanese
Mission on Non-Proliferation. (Annex I)
Briefing by Australia and New Zealand on Regional Assistance Mission to

Solomon Islands (RAMSI). (Annex J)
Briefing by Japan on Japans efforts to promote cooperation for Non-Proliferation

in Asia. (Annex K)
Briefing by the Southeast Asia Regional Centre for Counter-Terrorism (SEARCCT)

on its activities. (Annex L)
Non-Traditional Security Issues

11. The Meeting acknowledged that non-traditional security issues such as terrorism, drug
trafficking, trafficking in persons, money laundering, cyber crimes and infectious
diseases posed serious challenges and that closer cooperation and mutual support were
essential in tackling these issues, including capacity building, information sharing and
intelligence exchange among the ARF participants.
12. Participants reiterated that terrorism remained a serious threat to the region. Participants
emphasised the need to further strengthen regional cooperation to combat terrorism,
including through capacity building and information sharing and intelligence
exchanges. The Meeting welcomed and agreed to actively participate in the SEARCCTs
activities.
373
13. Participants welcomed the February 2004 Bali Regional Ministerial Meeting on
Counter-terrorism, co-chaired by Indonesia and Australia, and the announcement of
the establishment of the Jakarta Centre for Law Enforcement Cooperation (JCLEC).
14. The Meeting noted the particular importance of transport security for the peace and
prosperity in the Asia-Pacific region. Participants endorsed the outcome of the ARF
ISM on CT TCs held in Manila on 30 - 31 March 2004 which was co-chaired by the
Philippines and Russia. (Annex M)
15. The Meeting underscored the need to enhance international cooperation to solve the
problem of illicit drugs which continues to pose a threat to human security.
16. Participants expressed their continuing concern over the proliferation of WMD, their
delivery means, small arms and light weapons and underlined the importance of
fulfilling their individual and collective commitments to multilateral cooperation in
the fields of arms control, disarmament and non proliferation. Some suggested that the
ARF could contribute to the strengthening of export controls in the region as a way of
preventing the proliferation of WMD. The United States tabled a revised draft statement
on non-proliferation, sought comments on the draft from ARF participants by the end of
April in advance of the SOM in Indonesia in May.
17. Participants noted the progress made in the implementation of various CBMs and the
level of confidence and trust realised under the ARF. Participants agreed to further
strengthen confidence-building measures.
18. In order to update the register on CBMs, New Zealand requested members who have
sponsored CBMs to complete the registration forms as soon as possible. Should members
agree, the register could now be posted as an adjunct to the New Zealand Ministry of
Defence website.
19. The Meeting took note of the implementation of agreed CBMs and their reports:
374
The briefings by Brunei and U.S. delegations on the ARF Workshop on

Civil-Military Relations and the Rule of Law in Brunei Darussalam, 11 - 12
February 2004. (Annex N)
The briefings by the delegations of Japan and Thailand on the ARF Workshop on
Preventive Diplomacy held in Tokyo, Japan on 16 - 17, March, 2004. (Annex O)
20. The Meeting noted the following new CBMs proposed for the consideration of the ARF:
Singapores concept paper on Regional Cooperation in Maritime Security.
Chinas concept paper on holding of seminars on Alternative Development.
Chinas concept paper on Enhancing Cooperation in the Field of Non-traditional

Security Issues.
The Philippines TOR on Heads of Defence Colleges/Universities.
US concept paper on ARF CBM Seminar, Regional Maritime Security.
The Philippines concept paper on the ARF Symposium on Civil-Military

Operations.
21. The Meeting welcomed the register of country points of contact for CBNR terrorism
prepared by Singapore and its request for participants who have not done so to submit
their nominations before the ARF SOM in May.
22. The Meeting took note of the Concept paper on the ARF Workshop on Civil-Military
Cooperation in Post-Conflict Reconstruction Assistance proposed by Japan. Some
participants expressed their hope for further clarification so as to facilitate future
discussion on the proposed workshop.
23. The Meeting noted that the outcome of 3rd Tokyo Defence Forum Subcommittee and
the coming 9th Tokyo Defence Forum, which will commemorate Japan Defence Agencys
and Self Defence Forces 50th anniversary.
24. The Meeting revised the list of proposed CBM activities, removing those already implemented
and adding new proposed CBMs to Basket 1 and Basket 2. (Annex P)
25. The Meeting reaffirmed the important contribution of the ARF, as the only political
and security forum in the region, to regional security and reiterated the importance of
further strengthening the ARF, including its progress towards Preventive Diplomacy.
26. Participants expressed the view that the ARF continued to make further progress and
that the role of the ARF as a forum for political and security dialogue in the region
should be maintained. Participants agreed that ASEAN should remain the driving force
in the ARF process. The participants stressed that the ARF should continue to move
375
forward at a pace comfortable to all. The Meeting agreed that member countries should
strive for progress in the implementation of the Recommendations of the Stocktaking of
the ARF process.
27. The Meeting also discussed the topic of strengthening ties with other regional and
international organizations such as the United Nations, SCO and OSCE as well as
linkage between Track I and II, and recommended the consideration of additional Track
II Meetings in association with upcoming ISGs.
28. The Meeting noted the Concept-Paper: Reconsidering the ARF Functioning for the
Coming Decade by Japan.
Enhanced Role of the ARF Chair
29. The Meeting reaffirmed that the ARF Chair should assume an enhanced role, in
coordination between ARF meetings with the aim of enhancing mutual understanding
and promoting continuity and efficiency of the ARF process building on the paper
Enhanced Role of the Chair adopted by the ARF. In this connection, the Meeting
discussed several proposals including the Friends of the Chair.
Proposal for ARF Unit and participation of ASEAN Secretariat in ARF
30. The Meeting welcomed the participation of the ASEAN Secretariat in the ISG on CBMs for
the first time and agreed to invite the ASEAN Secretariat in all the ARF ISG and related
meetings.
31. The Meeting discussed the drafts Terms of Reference for an ARF Unit in the ASEAN
Secretariat to support the enhanced role of the ARF Chair. The Meeting agreed to use the
ASEAN draft as the basis for future consideration of this matter taking into consideration
the views and expectations of the non-ASEAN ARF members. Participants supported
the initial establishment of ARF Unit in the ASEAN Secretariat and recommended that
this recommendation be forwarded to the SOM in Indonesia in May with a view toward
approval by Ministers.
ARF Register of Experts/Eminent Persons
32. Participants discussed the final draft guidelines for the Operation of the ARF EEPs and
expressed their hope that ARF Foreign Ministers Meeting could adopt it to activate the
EEPs at an early date. (Annex Q)
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33. The Meeting discussed the principles and scope of Preventive Diplomacy to ensure
the continued relevance of the ARF to the changing global situation. The Meeting
emphasised the need to further explore ways and means for ARF to implement Preventive
Diplomacy. The Meeting also noted Canadas Food for Thought/Non Paper on Preventive
Diplomacy.
34. The Meeting welcomed the recommendations contained in the Co-chairs summary
at the ARF Workshop on Preventive Diplomacy, held in Japan in March 2004, which
would serve as a useful basis for taking the ARF process forward to implement Preventive
Diplomacy and recommended that the workshops conclusions and recommendations be
forwarded to the SOM for further consideration.
Annual Security Outlook
35. The Meeting observed that the ARF Annual Security Outlook promoted transparency,
and therefore contributed to confidence building among ARF participants. The Meeting
encouraged members that have not done so, to submit their inputs to the next Annual
Security Outlook to the ARF Chair for compilation before the ARF SOM in May 2004.
36. Cambodia and European Union proposed to hold the next ISG on CBMs for 2004 - 2005
inter-sessional year.
Other Matters
37. The Meeting stressed the importance of increasing the involvement of defence officials in
the ARF process. In this regard, the Meeting supported, in principle the revised Concept
Paper on the ARF Security Policy Conference (SPC) by China and agreed to continue to
work out the specific format of the SPC. The Meeting agreed that comments be submitted
to the co-chairs by end April 2004 and that a revised draft be submitted to the ARF-SOM
in May 2004 for consideration of the ARF-SOM.
38. The Co-Chairs briefed the ISG on the outcome of the discussion at the Defence Officials
Dialogue held on 11th April 2004. A report on the Defence Officials Dialogue is attached
as Annex R.
377
378
CO-CHAIRS SUMMARY REPORT OF THE SECOND ARF

INTER-SESSIONAL MEETING ON COUNTER-TERRORISM
AND TRANSNATIONAL CRIME
MANILA, PHILIPPINES, 30 - 31 MARCH 2004
1.
As agreed by the Ministers at the Tenth ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) in Phnom
Penh on 18 June 2003, the Second ARF Inter-sessional Meeting on Counter-Terrorism
and Transnational Crime (ISM CT-TC) was held on 30 - 31 March 2004 in Manila,
Philippines. The meeting was organized by the Philippines and the Russian Federation,
and co-chaired by Hon. Alicia C. Ramos, Assistant Secretary of the Office of Asian and
Pacific Affairs, Department of Foreign Affairs and Hon. Vladimir Andreyev, Deputy
Director, Department of New Challenges and Threats, Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
2.
The Meeting was attended by representatives of Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia,

Canada, Peoples Republic of China, European Union, India, Indonesia, Japan, Republic
of Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea,
Philippines, Russia, Singapore, Thailand, United States of America, and Vietnam. The
ASEAN Secretariat, the International Law Enforcement Academy, and the Southeast
Asia Regional Center on Counter-terrorism also participated in the Meeting. The list of
delegates is attached as Annex A.
Agenda Item 1: Adoption of Agenda

3.
The Agenda is attached as Annex B and the Program of Activities is attached as Annex C.
4.
The opening remarks of the Philippine co-chair and the Russian co-chair are attached
as Annex D and E.
Agenda Item 2: Update on Terrorist Organizations, Recent Terrorist Activities, and CounterTerrorism Measures
5.
Participants reported on measures undertaken by individual countries to counter

terrorism. Among others, participants highlighted institutional and legal measures
taken at the domestic level as well as those measures that have been implemented to
promote cooperation on counter-terrorism at the regional and international levels.
6.
The general view was that terrorism remains a major threat to modern civilization and
must be condemned in all its forms. There was recognition that no country could succeed
in the fight against terrorism alone. Thus, efforts must be directed to broaden and
379
strengthen international cooperation to deal with the problem. There was recognition
that sharing of intelligence with other countries should be an essential element of any
form of cooperation against terrorism.
7.
Participants were in agreement that the nature of terrorism has evolved through the
years and the world has seen how terrorists have adapted to new situations including the
use of information technology to perpetrate attacks against soft civilian targets.
8.
Some participants shared their own experiences as victims of terrorist attacks. It was
shown that coordinated efforts among government agencies can be effective in preventing
attacks and mitigating their impacts. Such strategies resulted in the apprehension and
eventual conviction of many of the perpetrators of acts of terrorism in recent years.
9.
It was recognized that a strong international regime against terrorism is essential.

Participants were of the view that domestic efforts to support internationally agreed
security standards such as the ISPS Code and various UN security conventions and
protocols as well as the signing of bilateral agreements on cross-border terrorism and
other forms of regional cooperation arrangements, should be pursued by individual
countries. Participants also cited the efforts of their respective governments to deal with
terrorism in terms of establishing new institutions and/or strengthening existing ones
to coordinate their overall national counter-terrorism efforts as well as enacting new
legislation to enable such institutions to carry out their respective mandates. It was
recommended that both domestic and international counter-terrorism measures must
complement each other.
10. The Meeting emphasized the need to find an appropriate balance between improving
transport security while ensuring the smooth flow of goods and people, as well as the
need to avoid higher and more burdensome costs.
11. A copy of the country presentations by the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, Australia,
the Republic of Korea, and Mongolia are attached as Annexes F, G, H, I, J, and K.
Agenda Items 3 and 4: Counter-Terrorism: Transport Security on the Road and the Rail
12. Noting the negative impact of terrorism on domestic and international trade,
participants emphasized that domestic and international counter-terrorism efforts must
be implemented with a view to protecting trade and ensuring transport security to ensure
the safe movement of peoples and goods across countries. The vulnerability of rail and
road systems to terrorist attacks was also highlighted.
13. Participants noted that ensuring transport security requires investment by governments
and the private sector in terms of equipment and human resources. The implementation
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of innovative measures including the use of information technology to protect transport

systems, particularly rail and road networks, against terrorist attacks was recommended.
While it was recognized that approaches relating to transport security could vary, the
general agreement was that the recent Madrid bombings demonstrated the need for
countries to implement additional measures to protect rail and road infrastructure and
services such as increasing patrols, expanding the security zones in stations and raising
public awareness.
14. Concerns regarding the problems involved in facilitating the security of rail and road
systems were also highlighted. These include the lack of coherent approach, insufficient
cooperation, inadequate management of major disruptions with international
consequences, need to harmonize local measures with internationally-agreed standards
and the need for non-discriminatory security procedures.
15. Participants also identified possible actions that could be taken to ensure transport
security such as enhanced cooperation among countries, increase resource allocation
and support for research and development, training, networking and acquisition of
equipment.
16. Russia, the European Union, and Japan presented papers under this agenda item.
Attached as Annexes L, M, and N are their presentations.
Agenda Item 5: Counter-Terrorism: Transport Security - in the Air
17. Participants noted that the horrific events of 9/11, where commercial planes were used
as actual weapons of destruction, permanently changed the way transport security in
the air should be approached. Within this new paradigm, the participants identified
key areas to enhance aviation security: cooperation between and among national
stakeholders, information sharing, international cooperation, and capacity-building.
18. Participants expressed the view that governments should work closely with other national
stakeholders in order to encourage compliance with the stringent security measures that
need to be put in place. Inasmuch as no single government can ensure transport security
in the air, governments alone cannot do so without the active cooperation of the private
sector (airlines and airport agencies).
19. Participants could not overemphasize the importance of sharing timely and appropriate
information. They noted developments in information technology that could improve
the ways in which ARF countries access, communicate, and disseminate information for
greater effectiveness.
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20. While different views were expressed on the effectiveness of deploying air marshals,
there was general agreement about the importance of pre-flight measures in enhancing
aviation security. Several participants informed the Meeting of the measures they have
put in place, such as screening of passengers and luggages, background check on
airport employees with access to restricted areas, posting of law enforcement personnel
in passenger screening counters, and deployment of trained dogs and their handlers
(K-9 teams).
21. The participants stressed the importance of adhering to international security standards,
such as those set by ICAO.
22. The country presentations of Russia (Annex 0), Canada (Annex P), the United States
(Annex Q), and Singapore (Annex R) are attached.
Agenda Item 6: Counter-Terrorism: Transport Security: At Sea
23. The participants considered sea transport infrastructure and services as probably among
the most vulnerable targets for terrorist attacks under current circumstances. Attacks on
ships and seaports could cause enormous damage in terms of human lives and property.
The possibility that terrorists might shift their attacks from land to sea is a concern
that should be addressed by the international community in a concerted manner. The
participants expressed their full support to ARF efforts on maritime security.
24. At the domestic level, the participants presented the various measures adopted by their
countries. These measures include the establishment of coordinating agencies looking
into maritime security, enhancement of sea communications systems and port facilities,
and the conduct of highly specialized training programs. New laws have also been put
in place by their countries to regulate security matters on all types of transport.
25. Recognizing the importance of intensifying bilateral, regional and international
cooperation in maritime security, some countries are initiating agreements in
critical areas such as customs cooperation and the conduct of border patrols. Some
participants called for enhanced international cooperation in maritime security similar
to arrangements in the air transport services sector.
26. The participants raised the need to give serious attention to combat piracy and armed
robbery at sea, and develop a multilateral framework for achieving cooperation in the
region.
27. Some participants have taken measures to harmonize their domestic security policies
with international standards such as the ISPS Code. The implementation of the ISPS
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Code is an important tool for ensuring transport security at sea. The participants are
aware of the importance of meeting the deadline for its compliance.
28. The presentations of Russia (Annex S), Indonesia (Annex T), the United States (Annex
U), China (Annex V), Malaysia (Annex W), and the Republic of Korea (Annex X) are
attached.
Agenda Item 7: Inter-Modal/Multi-Modal Transportation Security
29. Participants noted that most activities to enhance transport security since 11 September
2001 have been planned and implemented within individual modes. Counter-terrorism
in the aviation and maritime sectors though actively debated at present in ICAO and
IMO remains focused on those individual modes. Rail security is largely focused on
national-level initiatives.
30. Participants agreed that there is a need to ensure that the linkages among air and rail,
rail and road, inland waterway and maritime transport are seen in the context of an
inter-modal transport security framework. Such a framework will provide a coherent,
cost-effective, and rational approach to transport security.
31. Participants were informed of some actions taken to promote inter-modal security:
securing of key infrastructure (tunnels, bridges, terminals; establishment of standards
for service providers, industry-wide consultations, and coordination of efforts between
countries such as the U.S.-Canada Free and Secure Trade (FAST) initiative.
32. Coordination on transport security and terrorism be it among modes, private and
public sector entities, or countries necessitates some degree of policy transparency.
Participants shared the view that enhanced information exchange is a key component of
any inter-modal/multi-modal transport security framework.
33. The country presentations of European Union (Annex Y) and Canada (Annex Z)
are attached.
Agenda Item 8: Presentation of Working Group Reports and Recommendations
34. The Meeting divided into Working Groups to tackle three different aspects of transport
security, namely: policy recommendation, intelligence/information exchange, and
counter-measures. The reports of the Working Groups on Policy Recommendation,
Intelligence/Information Exchange, and Counter measures are attached as Annex AA,
Annex BB, and Annex CC, respectively. The participants agreed that the recommendations
of each working group serve as good starting points for forging a regional consensus on
transport security issues.
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Agenda Item 9: Consideration of Draft ARF Statement on Transport Security

35. The Co-chairs draft ARF Chairmans Statement on Combating International Terrorism
in Transport is attached as Annex DD. The participants agreed to submit their comments
to the Philippine and Russian co-chairs, through diplomatic channels, on or before
12 April 2004 to allow for the consolidation of comments in time for the ARF Senior
Officials Meeting in Yogyakarta in May.
Agenda Item 10: Presentation of the Co-Chairs Summary Report
36. The Philippines, on behalf of the Co-chairs, presented the draft Co-chairs Summary
Report of the 2nd ASEAN Regional Forum Inter-sessional Meeting on Counter-terrorism
and Transnational Crime.
Agenda Item 11: Other Matters
37. Mr. Mark Lloyd, Program Director of the International Law Enforcement Academy
in Bangkok, briefed the participants about the Academy. ILEA aims to develop each
countrys criminal justice institutions by conducting training programs for mid-level
police officers. Mr. Lloyd added that the opportunity for networking with counterparts
from other countries enhances cooperation among the participating countries in these
courses. A copy of Mr. Lloyds speech and presentation is attached as Annex EE.
38. Mr. Dzulkefly Abdullah, Director of the Southeast Asia Regional Center for
Counter-terrorism (SEARCCT) in Kuala Lumpur, circulated SEARCCTs information
paper at Annex FF.
39. The Participants expressed the view that the meeting served as a useful platform for
an exchange of views on counter-terrorism issues of common concern and agreed to
propose to the ARF Senior Officials its continuation for another inter-sessional year.
40. The Participants expressed their appreciation to the Government of the Republic of the
Philippines for the arrangements made for the meeting and for the warm hospitality
accorded to the delegates.
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CO-CHAIRS SUMMARY OF ARF WORKSHOP ON

PREVENTIVE DIPLOMACY
TOKYO, JAPAN, 16 - 17 MARCH 2004
Introduction
1.
Pursuant to the Recommendations on the Future Direction of the ARF endorsed at the 9th
ARF Ministerial Meeting in 2002, which decided to follow up the Concept and Principles
of Preventive Diplomacy adopted in 2001, the ARF Workshop on Preventive Diplomacy
was held on 16 - 17 March 2004 in Tokyo, co-chaired by Japan and Thailand. The
meeting was attended by ARF participants listed in the Annex, and several participants
had Experts and Eminent Persons (EEPs) in their respective delegations.
2.
The Workshop was held back-to-back with the OSCE-Japan Conference on the Search
for Conflict Prevention in the New Security Circumstances, and there were informal
exchanges of views between participants of the two conferences prior to the Workshop.
3.
The Workshop was conducted in a frank and cordial manner and participants had useful
and constructive discussions on matters relating to preventive diplomacy.
Summary of Discussions
Session 1: Review of Developments in the Area of Preventive Diplomacy in the ARF since
the Adoption of the Paper on Concept and Principles of Preventive Diplomacy
4.
The Workshop reviewed, with the presentation by Japan, the history of discussions on the
matter of preventive diplomacy in the ARF so that all the participants could possess a
common understanding on where we are on this issue. The Workshop took stock of the
Confidence Building Measures (CBMs) in the ARF process such as ISG-CBMs, ISM-CTTC
and ongoing activities involving defense officials. The Workshop stressed the importance
of enhancing cooperation in a transparent, continuous and efficient manner towards
strengthening work in the area of preventive diplomacy. The Workshop also took note of
the usefulness of the exchange of experiences with organizations dealing with regional
peace and security. The Workshop discussed that accession to the Treaty of Amity and
Cooperation in Southeast Asia (TAC) by ASEAN Dialogue Partners would contribute to
confidence building and preventive diplomacy in the region.
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Session 2: Concrete Measures towards Implementation of Preventive Diplomacy

5.
The Workshop carried forward discussions on exploring concrete measures towards

implementation of preventive diplomacy as follows.
(1) Role of the Chair

The Workshop noted with appreciation the presentation by Thailand on how to enhance
the role of the ARF Chair. The Workshop discussed mechanisms and options regarding
the Chairs role and the chair system, including, inter alia, Friends of the Chair,
introduction of co-chairmanship, vice-chairmanship or Troika. Some participants
stressed the leading role of ASEAN in the ARF and with regard to the ARF Chair. The
Workshop also discussed the issue of procedure in issuing the ARF Chairs Statement on
specific situation.
(2) Secretariat
The Workshop welcomed the agreement by ASEAN on the establishment of the ARF Unit
within the ASEAN Secretariat. The Workshop underlined the need for due consideration
to the ARF Units terms of reference, to be initiated by ASEAN, and looked forward to
further discussion on the ARF Unit.
(3) Role of the EEPs
The Workshop noted with appreciation the briefing by the Republic of Korea on Guidelines
for the Operation of the ARF EEPs. The Workshop agreed that the ARF should accelerate
finalization of the draft Guidelines, activate EEPs as soon as possible after finalization of
the draft Guidelines, and encourage EEPs participation in appropriate ARF activities.
(4) Role of Track Two Organizations
The Workshop recognized the importance of Track Two activities and of strengthening
linkages with Track Two organizations.
(5) Concrete Measures
The Workshop took note of the presentation by China on concrete measures on preventive
diplomacy such as keeping the nature of ARF as a political and security dialogue venue
and embodying the principles of having ASEAN playing a leading role in developing
preventive diplomacy in the ARF.
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Session 3: Preventive Diplomacy and the New Perception of Security

6.
The Workshop emphasized the importance of achieving common understanding of and

recognizing the importance of New Threats, with focus on transnational problems,
inter alia, international terrorism, illicit trafficking in arms, drugs and persons, and
diseases such as HIV/AIDS, piracy and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction,
which require global and regional cooperation and responses.
7.
The Workshop agreed on the necessity to promote international cooperation such as

information sharing and networking among executive branches of governments, law
enforcement agencies and customs, in addition to traditional diplomatic efforts, as well
as increase public awareness and the role of civil society. The Workshop explored ways
to reflect in the ARF process the existing and new initiatives in the areas of counterterrorism, non-proliferation, and other regional security cooperation efforts to respond
to new threats arising from intense domestic instability.
8.
The Workshop took note with appreciation of the Non-Paper on Preventive Diplomacy
presented by Canada, which set out the proposal to identify priorities and establish the
work plan to achieve a practical outcome. The Workshop recognized the significance of
expediting the ARF to accelerate its response to new security threats and reinforce its
preventive diplomacy efforts, and suggested the ISG-CBMs in Yangon and ARF-SOM in
Yogyakarta to continue to consider these ideas.
Session 4: Considerations and Recommendations

9.
The Co-Chairs noted with warm appreciation that all the participants including EEPs were
engaged in the discussion in a constructive and interactive manner, thereby producing
tangible outcomes which reflected the strong commitment among the participants to
make progress towards preventive diplomacy.
10. In this regards, the Co-Chairs agreed to forward the following recommendations, picked
up from the discussion at the Workshop, to the next ISG-CBMs in Yangon in April 2004
as well as the next ARF-SOM in Yogyakarta in May 2004 for their consideration:
Prioritize various ideas for cooperation to move the ARF process forward,
Support efforts to enhance the role of the ARF Chair and explore further the
various options to achieve it,
Welcome the agreement by ASEAN on the establishment of the ARF Unit within
the ASEAN Secretariat and encourage to pay due consideration to its terms of
reference,
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388
Finalize the draft Guidelines for Operation of the ARF EEPs, activate EEPs as
soon as possible after finalization of the draft Guidelines, and encourage EEPs
participation in appropriate ARF activities,
Assess the idea of the establishment of ISG-PD or of entrusting existing ISGCBMs to cover PD,
Affirm that the focus of ARF work should cover security in a comprehensive
manner, including traditional and non-traditional security issues, and explore
practical ways to accelerate the ARFs response to new security threats, and to
reinforce its preventive diplomacy efforts,
Strengthen linkages with Track Two process,
Strengthen linkages with other international or regional bodies which deal with
security issues on the basis of consultation and consensus of ARF participants.
CO-CHAIRS SUMMARY REPORT OF THE MEETING OF THE ARF

INTER-SESSIONAL SUPPORT GROUP ON CONFIDENCE
BUILDING MEASURES
BEIJING, CHINA, 20 - 22 NOVEMBER 2003
Introduction
1.
Pursuant to the decision of the 10th Ministerial Meeting of the ASEAN Regional
Forum (ARF) held in Cambodia on 18 June 2003, the Inter-sessional Support Group
on Confidence Building Measures (ISG on CBMs), co-chaired by the Peoples Republic
of China and the Union of Myanmar, held the first meeting of the 2003/2004 intersessional year in Beijing from 20 - 22 November 2003.
2.

European Union, India, Indonesia, Japan, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar,
New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation,
Singapore, Thailand, United States of America and Viet Nam attended the Meeting.
Consistent with the ARF goal of increasing the participation of defence and military
officials in all relevant meetings and activities, most delegations included defence
officials. An ARF Defence Officials Meeting was held on 19 November. The Agenda of the
ISG meeting is attached at Annex A, the Programme of Activities at Annex B and the list
of Participants at Annex C.
Exchange of Views on the Regional and International Situation.

3.
The discussion was held in an open and free-flowing manner and covered a wide range
of issues which had an impact on the region as a whole.
4.
The Meeting noted that the world and region had undergone profound changes.
Participants were of the view that peace, cooperation and development were the main
trend of the regional situation. They expressed their gratification that relations between
countries, in particular the major powers in the region remained stable and cooperative,
and that regional cooperation were enhanced under various frameworks such as ASEAN
Plus Three (10+3), ASEAN Plus India Summit, Shanghai Cooperation Organization
(SCO), Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD), Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC),
Asia Europe Meeting (ASEM) and Boao Forum for Asia (BFA).
389
5.
Participants welcomed the outcome of the 9th ASEAN Summit held in Bali, Indonesia on
7 - 8 October 2003. Support was expressed for the Bali Concord II as a solid platform to
achieve an ASEAN Community and China and Indias accession to the TAC, which would
contribute further to long-term peace and stability in the region.
6.
The nuclear issue on the Korean Peninsula remained the most significant focus for
participants. The Meeting emphasized the importance of maintaining peace and stability
on the Korean Peninsula. Recalling discussions of previous ARF meetings, participants
called for a nuclear-weapon-free peninsula and supported the efforts to address all the
concerns of the parties. They agreed that the nuclear issue should be resolved peacefully
through dialogue and welcomed the progress made for an early convening of the second
round of the Six-Party Talks. Participants commended the Chinese Government for
its efforts in this direction. Participants welcomed the efforts to continue inter-Korea
dialogue. They also expressed their hope for DPRK to resume participating in the ARF
activities.
7.
The Meeting emphasized that terrorism remained a serious threat in the region, and
noted that progress had been made in regional efforts against terrorism since the 10th
ARF Ministerial Meeting. Participants deplored the terrorist bombing attacks in Istanbul,
Bali, Jakarta and Riyadh, and emphasized the need to further strengthen regional
cooperation to counter terrorism.
8.
Participants noted the progress that the Government of Timor-Leste had made since its
independence. Some participants expressed that it was essential for the UN to continue
its presence there. They noted some ARF participants continued contributions to the
development of Timor-Leste.
9.
The Meeting was briefed by the Myanmar delegation on the governments efforts to bring
about a transition to democracy through the seven-step roadmap. Some participants urged
further progress on national reconciliation, and for inclusiveness of the democratization
process.
10. Some participants noted that the security situation in the Pacific Island region remained
a cause of concern. The Meeting noted the success to date of the Regional Assistance
Mission to Solomon Islands under the auspices of the Pacific Island Forum.
11. Participants exchanged views on the situation in Aceh and Papua provinces and were
briefed by the Indonesian delegation on the latest developments and on measures aimed
at resolving the issue in a comprehensive and satisfactory manner adopted by the
government of Indonesia.
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Voluntary Background Briefings

12. The Meeting welcomed the following voluntary briefings:
Briefing by Myanmar on the Situation in Myanmar (Annex D).
Briefing by Myanmar on the recent Summit Meeting on Economic Cooperation

Strategy between Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Thailand (Annex E).
Briefing by China on the latest development of the Six-Party Talks on the nuclear
issue on the Korean Peninsula.
Briefing by Australia on the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands,

with which New Zealand and Papua New Guinea associated (Annex F).
Briefing by Malaysia on the Southeast Asia Regional Centre for Counter-terrorism

(Annex G).
Briefing by Malaysia on the Recent Negative Travel Advisories Issued by the

United States on Visiting Sabah (Annex H).
Briefing by Indonesia on the Concept of ASEAN Security Community (Annex I).
Brieng by Malaysia on the Malaysian Peacekeeping Training Center (Annex J).
Non-Traditional Security Issues.

13. Participants had an in-depth discussion on strengthening cooperation in addressing
non-traditional security issues. They were of the view that non-traditional security
issues, including terrorism, drug trafficking, trafficking in persons, money laundering
and cyber crimes, continued to pose threats to the peace and security of the region and
it should remain as one of the priorities on the ARF agenda.
14. The Meeting agreed there was an urgent need for more practical and pragmatic
cooperative measures among the ARF participants to cope with the non-traditional
security issues. In this regard, participants emphasized the importance of capability
building, information sharing and intelligence exchanges among the ARF participants
in their efforts to address non-traditional security concerns. Some participants expressed
the hope that the ARF would establish relations with the Southeast Asia Regional Centre
for Counter-Terrorism in Kuala Lumpur.
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15. Australia briefed the Meeting on its contribution to regional efforts in the fight against
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and HIV/AIDs (Annex K), and on the
Ministerial Meeting on Combating Illegal Immigrants and Human Trafficking and
introduced the follow-ups on the workshop on Managing Consequences of a Major
Terrorist Attack conducted by Australia and Singapore in Darwin on 3 - 5 June 2003. The
Meeting noted Singapores presentation on the register of country points of contact for
CBRN terrorism and Singapores request for participants to submit their nominations by
22 December 2003. The explanatory note is at Annex L. The Meeting also noted plans by
Australia and Indonesia to co-host a regional ministerial counter-terrorism meeting in
Bali in February next year.
16. Some participants emphasized the importance of enhancing maritime security, and
called for the ARF participants to undertake concrete cooperative measures including
sharing of information for combating piracy and other maritime crimes. Participants
took note of different workshops hosted by participants.
17. Participants expressed their concern over the proliferation of Weapons of Mass
Destruction (WMD) as well as the heightened risk of WMD falling into the hands of
non-state actors. Some called for the strengthening of measures such as export and
financial control in preventing the proliferation of WMD. Japan briefed the Meeting
on the outcome of the Asian Senior-Level Talks on Non-Proliferation held in Tokyo on
13 November 2003 (Annex M). Some participants also raised the challenges to national
and regional security of small arms and light weapons, as well as land mines and urged
the ARF to consider practical measures to address these issues.
18. The Philippines and Russia briefed the Meeting on their preparation for the next Intersessional Meeting on Counter-terrorism and Transnational Crimes to be held in Manila
in March 30 - 31, 2004, which would focus on transport security. Some participants
proposed the inclusion of representatives from organizations such as International Law
Enforcement Academy (Thailand) and the Southeast Asia Regional Center for CounterTerrorism (Malaysia) in the meeting.
19 Participants agreed that progress had been made in the implementation of various CBMs,
and that the level of confidence and trust had been enhanced under the ARF auspices.
Participants agreed to further strengthen confidence-building measures, which should
remain as a main thrust of the ARF process.
20 The Meeting took note of the implementation of agreed CBMs and reports by organizing
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7th ARF Meeting of the Heads of Defence Colleges/Institutions in New Delhi,

15 - 17 October 2003 (Annex N).
Workshop on Managing Consequences of a Major Terrorist Attack held in Darwin

on 3 - 5 June 2003.
21. Participants noted that the following CBMs that will be held this inter-sessional year:
Seminar on Civil-military Relations and the Rule of Law in Brunei on February

11 - 12, 2004 (Brunei, US).
8th ARF Meeting of the Head of Defence Colleges/Institutions. (Singapore).
implemented and adding new proposed CBMs to Basket 1 and Basket 2. The proposed
revision to the list is at Annex O.
China proposed to hold an ARF Seminar on Alternative Development (Annex P).
China proposed to hold an ARF Seminar on Non-traditional Security Cooperation

(Annex Q).
24. The Republic of Korea proposed to hold an ARF Seminar on Cyber terrorism during the
second half of 2004.
25. Japan briefed the outcome of 8th Tokyo Defence Forum and coming 3rd Sub-committee
of the Forum.
26. The Philippines proposed to draft Terms of Reference of the Annual Meeting of the ARF
Heads of Defence Colleges/Institutions before next ISG meeting in Yangon.
27. New Zealand briefed the Meeting on the progress of updating the ARF Register of CBMs
and urged participants to provide full details of CBMs for the complete establishment of
database of the Register.
28. Participants were of the view that the ARF had made good progress during the past
decade, and that the usefulness of the ARF as a forum for political and security dialogue
and cooperation, with ASEAN as the driving force, should be maintained. The ARF
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should continue to observe the basic principles featuring decision-making by consensus

and non-interference. At the same time, participants also stressed that the ARF should
keep abreast with the times, and move forward at a pace comfortable to all. In this
regard, the Meeting urged greater progress made in the implementation of the adopted
Nine Recommendations of the Stocktaking of the ARF process.
29. The Meeting stressed that it was important to increase the involvement of defence officials
in the ARF process. To this end, they welcomed Chinas efforts in drafting the Concept
Paper on the ARF Security Policy Conference (Annex R). They agreed to further
discuss and try to reach consensus on the concept paper among the ARF participants for
the submission to the ARF SOM in 2004.
30. Some participants also expressed the view that the ARF should strengthen informal
liaison with other regional and international organizations such as the UN, APEC, SCO
and OSCE as well as linkage between Track I and Track II.
(i) Preventive Diplomacy
31. Participants stressed the need to implement the Concept and Principles of Preventive
Diplomacy adopted at the 8th ARF Ministerial Meeting, and to continue discussion on
preventive diplomacy as mandated by the ARF Ministers. Some participants suggested
that the ARF EEPs conduct study on this issue. Some participants expressed the hope
that the workshop to be held by Japan in March 2004 would produce concrete ideas
and proposals to facilitate the ARF to implement the adopted paper on Preventive
Diplomacy.
(ii) Enhanced Role of the ARF Chair
32. The Meeting complimented the ARF Chair for the efforts made in enhancing the role
of the Chair. Participants agreed to extend further cooperation and support for the ARF
Chair in carrying out the mandates outlined in the paper on the Enhanced Role of the
ARF Chair. Some mentioned ASEAN Secretariats assistance to the ARF Chair in the form
of ARF unit. Some participants expressed the hope that the Friends of the Chair
could be introduced when necessary.
(iii) ARF Register of Experts/Eminent Persons
33. Participants expressed their appreciation of the efforts by the Republic of Korea in
drafting the Guidelines for the Operation of the ARF EEPs (Annex S), and encouraged
further discussion. They also expressed their hope that consensus could be reached, so
that the operation of the EEPs could be initiated at an early date.
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(iv) Annual Security Outlook

34. The Meeting observed that the continued publication of the ARF Annual Security Outlook
was an important contribution to transparency, and therefore to confidence-building,
among ARF participants. Therefore, the co-chair encouraged the ARF participants to
submit Annual Security Outlook on voluntary basis to the ARF Chair for compilation
before the next ISG on CBMs in the first half of 2004.
35. The Union of Myanmar welcomed the participants to attend the next ISG meeting to be
held in Yangon on 11 - 13 April 2004.
Other Matters
36. The co-chair briefed the ISG on the outcome of the discussion at the Defence Officials
Dialogue held on 19 November 2003. A report on the Defence Officials Dialogue is
attached at Annex T.
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ARF STATEMENT ON STRENGTHENING TRANSPORT SECURITY

AGAINST INTERNATIONAL TERORISM
The Chairman of the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), on behalf of the participating states and
organization issues the following statement:
Strongly condemning all terrorist acts regardless of objectives or motivations;
Drawing attention to the significant threat to transportation posed by terrorist organizations
and criminal groups and their growing coalescence, including those involved in piracy and
smuggling;
Recognizing that despite the increased anti-terrorist efforts of the international community
terrorism remains a direct threat to international peace, security and stability, and economic
prosperity, including in the Asia-Pacific region;
Stressing that the complex, multi-dimensional and global nature of terrorism requires active
and concerted actions by the international community, and a comprehensive approach
combining political, diplomatic, economic, legislative, law enforcements and other means
to address its manifestations and its causes;
Recognizing the need to enhance international, regional and sub-regional cooperation to
promote counter-terrorist capacity by sovereign states;
Stressing the need for all states to create an environment where terrorism in all its
manifestations is resolutely and totally rejected and to establish the necessary legislation and
other means to ensure that terrorist offenses are effectively investigated and prosecuted;
Ensuring that all measures to combat terrorism are taken in accordance with the Charter of
the United Nations and other applicable norms and principles of international, humanitarian
and human rights law;
Reaffirming and strengthening the central role of the United Nations, in combating terrorism
and shaping a joint and efficient system to address global threats and challenges;
397
Remaining strongly committed to the implementation of UN conventions and protocols

relating to terrorism and fully supporting the work of the Counter-Terrorism Committee of
the UN Security Council and other relevant UN agencies;
Recognizing that further efforts aimed at facilitating the earliest possible conclusion of
the draft UN Comprehensive Convention Against International Terrorism and the draft
UN International Convention on the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism would be a
significant contribution in that regard;
Acknowledging the need to respect independence, sovereign equality and territorial integrity
of states, the principles of non-interference in the internal affairs of states and non-use of
force or threat of force;
Rejecting any attempts to associate terrorism with any religion, nationality, race or culture;
Noting the vital importance of the safe and efficient operation of transport systems for
their proper functioning and successful development of the global, regional, and national
economies;
Recognizing the significance of international cooperation stipulated in the United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and other relevant international maritime regime
in enhancing maritime transportation safety and security as an important contribution to
international, regional and national efforts to combat terrorism and transnational crime;
Noting the Bali Regional Ministerial Meeting on Counter-terrorism which established
two Ad Hoc Working Groups to enhance regional law enforcement cooperation and legal
frameworks;
Recalling the ARF Statements on Measures Against Terrorist Financing of 30 July 2002,
on Cooperation Against Piracy and Other Threats to Maritime Security of 17 June 2003,
as well as the ARF Statement on Cooperative Counter-terrorist Action on Border Security of
18 June 2003 which stresses, in particular, that progress needs to be made in fighting terrorism
across the entire spectrum of modes of border-crossing transport;
Observing the progress achieved by the Forum participants in combating terrorism in
transport;
Taking note of the Cooperative G8 Action on Transport Security adopted by G8 in Kananaskis
on 27 June 2002 as well as the Enhanced Transport Security and Control of Man-Portable
Air Defense Systems (MANPADS) Action Plan adopted by G8 in Evian on 3 June 2003 and the
concerns about the threat posed to commercial and general aviation by MANPADS.
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ARF participating states and organization will endeavor to:

1.
Enhance wherever possible their efforts and cooperation in fighting terrorism in all modes
of transport on the road, by rail, at sea, in the air, and by pipelines in accordance
with their domestic legislation, international obligations, and this Statement. In this
regard, ARF participating states and organization will endeavor to jointly explore new
practical measures and initiatives to combat terrorism in the transport sector.
2.
Strengthen the legal cooperation framework to counter terrorism in all modes of

transport by accession to relevant global anti-terrorist conventions and protocols and
the conclusion of appropriate bilateral and multilateral treaties, agreements, and
conventions. The ARF participating states and organization will continue, inter alia,
their efforts to cooperate on criminal prosecution and extradition of persons suspected
of perpetrating terrorist acts.
3.
Fully and effectively implement their obligations under the International Maritime
Organization (IMO) International Ship and Port Security (ISPS) Code by the agreed
date of 1 July 2004.
4.
Strengthen cooperation in the exchange of information, particularly on terrorist activities

planned or being committed and persons and entities/organizations/groups
involved, as well as appropriately and effectively share information for the prosecution
process of perpetrators of terrorist acts, while protecting the confidentiality of individual
information, in accordance with domestic laws.
5.
Strengthen practical cooperation between law-enforcement bodies, and relevant security

and intelligence services, as well as state transportation agencies and organizations in
counteracting terrorism in transport.
6.
Explore possible ways of improving interoperable methods of identification of members

of international terrorist groups active in international transport routes. The ARF
participating states and organization thus, express their intention for respective national
authorities to cooperate in improving the security features of travel documents and visa
systems, including through the consideration of standards and best practices established
in other fora, thus facilitating the identification of individuals suspected to be involved
in terrorist activities, while taking into account the need to avoid the violation of the
rights of individuals.
7.
Hold appropriate simulation and joint exercises, with a view to enhancing institutional
capacity building of coastal states, especially with regard to piracy and maritime and
aerial terrorism, to ensure effective modal coordination of maritime and aviation
security and safety measures.
399
8.
Consider opportunities to plan and implement, as appropriate, coordinated special

operations and criminal investigations and set up under the most appropriate jurisdiction,
joint operative teams to mitigate the effects of terrorist attacks on transport facilitates
and bring the perpetrators to justice.
9.
Cooperate, consistent with existing relevant transportation regimes, in preventing

transportation systems from being used by terrorist, either as a site to commit terrorist
acts or for transporting personnel, arms, explosives and explosive devices, and weapons
of mass destruction.
10. Promote cooperation between research institutions to examine terrorism against

the transport network, carry out joint research, exchange expertise and recommend
methodologies, technologies, and best practices for combating such threats through
meetings, seminars and conferences or through exchange of legislative and other legal
regulations, and scientific research results.
11. Expand cooperation and enhance participation in international fora and international
organizations, in particular, by adherence to the International Maritime Organizations
(IMOs) International Ship and Port Security (ISPS) Code and relevant standards of the
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).
12. Assist in providing appropriate training and equipment to respective transport security
services.
13. Continue to develop and harmonize measures aimed at enhancing necessary security
regimes for container shipping, while taking into account national legal systems and the
need to avoid unnecessary increase in costs and disruption to trade.
14. Jointly examine and consider means to counter suicide terrorist attacks against
transportation and transport facilities.
15. Continue to develop concerted efforts to fight piracy and other border crimes such
as smuggling of illicit containers, under the aegis of IMO and respective national
and regional frameworks, in particular, those relating to enhanced export control
measures.
16. Develop and share best practices in the formulation of an intermodal transport security
framework that would link air, rail, road, inland waterway and maritime transport,
believing that such a framework will provide a coherent, cost-effective, and rational
approach to cargo transport security.
400
17. Encourage constructive interaction between the ARF and other regional and international
organizations/fora in this area with counter-terrorism mandates.
18. Cooperate to ensure that terrorists are prevented from using information technology and
its applications to disrupt and sabotage the operation of transportation systems.
19. Annually review the progress of these and other efforts to combat terrorism in transport
at the following ARF Ministerial Meetings.
401
402
ARF STATEMENT ON NON-PROLIFERATION

1.
The Chairman of the ASEAN Regional Forum, on behalf of the ARF participants, issues
the following statement:
2.
Recognizing that:
A.
The proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) in all its aspects and
their means of delivery constitute a threat to international peace and security
and a growing danger to all states;
B.
The proliferation of WMD and the spread of terrorist groups increase the risk
that terrorists may gain access to WMD and their means of delivery;
C.
A multilateral approach to security, including disarmament and nonproliferation,

contributes to maintaining international order, therefore every effort should be
undertaken to uphold, implement and strengthen the multilateral disarmament
and nonproliferation treaties and agreements to which ARF participants are
States Parties.
D.
The support of international institutions charged respectively with verification

and upholding of compliance with these treaties is of key importance.
E.
It is vital to prevent terrorists or those who harbor them from acquiring or

developing WMD, their means of delivery, and related materials, and continued
efforts to reduce this threat should be greatly encouraged.
F.
In the interest of international peace and security, ARF participants agree that it
is vital that we prevent, with utmost vigilance and urgency, the proliferation of
WMD, their means of delivery, and related materials.
G.
The effort to prevent the proliferation of WMD and their means of delivery
requires a comprehensive approach in accordance with international law.
H.
Critical to such an approach is to encourage all ARF participants to comply with

their respective nonproliferation commitments and disarmament obligations
403
under the international treaties to which they are parties. They are also
encouraged to adopt new measures as appropriate on effective export controls
and on establishing and enforcing appropriate criminal or civil penalties for
violations of such export control laws and regulations.
I.
The ARF has long recognized the threat posed by the proliferation of WMD
and their means of delivery to the Asia-Pacific region and the need to uphold,
implement and strengthen the multilateral disarmament and nonproliferation
treaties and agreements to which ARF participants are states parties. These
principles were reflected in the 1996 ARF Chairmans Statement, which referred
to the ARF Seminar on Nonproliferation in Jakarta on December 6 - 7, 1996,
and in subsequent ARF statements. The ARF commends Canadas proposal to
conduct a seminar on export licensing in the next ARF cycle.
J.
The prevention of proliferation should not hamper international cooperation in

materials, equipment and technology for peaceful purposes.
3.
The ARF supports, in line with Article 25 of the UN Charter, the adoption of UN Security
Council Resolution 1540 on nonproliferation of weapons of mass destruction (2004)
and presumes that all its provisions, having unequivocal supremacy over this Statement,
should be effectively implemented. To this end, ARF participants will closely collaborate
with each other and duly cooperate with the Committee of the Security Council
established under Resolution1540. This Statement is a contribution at the regional level
to achieving the goals of the aforesaid Resolution.
4.
The ARF notes the progress that has been made by ARF participants in addressing
proliferation concerns. The ARF encourages ARF participants to further enhance their
efforts and commitments to prevent the proliferation of WMD and their means of delivery
in a more comprehensive manner that takes into account ARF participants resources
and capacities. The ARF encourages ARF participants to make best efforts:
404
A.
To redouble their efforts to maintain and strengthen the disarmament and

nonproliferation treaties, and for all States parties to these treaties to fully
implement them in accordance with their obligations under these treaties.
B.
To enact or improve national legislation, regulations and procedures to exercise

effective control over the transfer of WMD and related materials, while ensuring
that such legislation, regulations and procedures are consistent with the
obligations of States Parties under international treaties;
C.
To strengthen cooperation in sharing of information among ARF participants

and with relevant multilateral and international organizations in order to deal
effectively with proliferation of WMD and their means of delivery and related
transfers;
5.
D.
To take cooperative measures to prevent illicit trafficking in nuclear, chemical or

biological weapons, their means of delivery and related materials in accordance
with national legal authorities and legislation and consistent with international
law; and
E.
To strengthen national legal measure, as appropriate, for criminalizing the

illicit exports of equipment and technology that contributes to the proliferation
of WMD, their delivery systems, and related materials.
To accomplish these goals, ARF participants have decided to carry out the following
cooperative actions, as appropriate and in accordance with international law, for
strengthening measures against proliferation of WMD and their means of delivery:
A.
ARF participants will implement effective export controls and enforcement

measures to control the transfer of materials, technology and expertise that
can contribute to the design, development, production or use of WMD and their
means of delivery, where necessary reinforcing their national authorities and
capabilities toward this end, while ensuring that such policies and practices are
consistent with obligations of States Parties to the international treaties. However,
efforts to prevent the proliferation of WMD should not hamper international
cooperation in material, equipment and technology for peaceful purposes.
B.
To this end, ARF participants recognize the utility of effective national export
control lists as well as the need, where necessary, to rigorously enforce and further
develop them, without affecting the rights to develop research, production and
use of (nuclear, chemical and biological) materials for peaceful purposes.
C.
Given that safe and secure management of radioactive sources is very important
in the current security climate, ARF participants will review their abilities to
control radioactive sources and will make a political commitment to work toward
following guidance contained in the International Atomic Energy Agencys
(IAEA) Code of Conduct on the Safety and Security of Radioactive Sources, or
Code.
D.
Agreeing that the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula would contribute to

the peace and stability of the Asia-Pacific region, ARF participants will continue
to support the Six Party Talks to resolve the nuclear issue peacefully through
dialogue.
405
6.
7.
406
E.
ARF participants will continue to enhance cooperation with the IAEA and the
OPCW in order to strengthen international nuclear and chemical safeguards
respectively, and to uncover networks that provide WMD-related equipment,
materials and technologies illegally.
F.
All participants will foster regional dialogue and cooperation in order to

strengthen a global response to this serious challenge and threat to international
security.
In addition, ARF participants decided that they will:

A.
Work actively with international cooperative mechanisms to provide, when

and where possible, technical assistance to strengthen mechanisms against
proliferation of WMD, their delivery systems and related materials and
technologies, to ARF participants that request such assistance; and
B.
Encourage the ARF Chair to explore with the ASEAN Secretariat, or, if established,
an ARF Unit, whether it would be willing to record requests from ARF participants
for assistance in implementing measures to strengthen their respective WMD
national authorities and other mechanisms against proliferation of WMD, their
delivery systems and related materials and technologies.
ARF participants will review the progress of these and other efforts to strengthen
nonproliferation of WMD in all its aspects and their delivery means at the 12th ARF
Ministerial Meeting in 2005.
GUIDELINES FOR THE OPERATION OF THE ARF EEPS
These guidelines, based on the Co-Chairs Paper on the Term of Reference for the ARF EEPs
adopted at the 8th ARF Ministerial Meeting in 2001, is to provide a guidance to the actual
operation of the Register of EEPs.
1.
2.
Composition and Status of the EEPs

(a)
The EEPs, experts and eminent persons nominated and registered by each ARF
participant in due course in accordance with the 2001 Co-Chairs paper on
Terms of Reference for the ARF EEPs, shall be regarded as advisers to the ARF.
(b)
The ARF participants will be encouraged to indicate the specific field of expertise
of the individual EEPs, thereby facilitating selection of EEPs suited for the
assigned task.
Role of the EEPs

(a)
The role of the EEPs is to provide non-binding and professional views or policy
recommendations to the ARF through the ARF Chair, or to serve as resource
persons to the ARF on issues of relevance to their expertise.
(b)
The activities of the EEPs shall focus on issues and subjects which are relevant to
the interests and concerns of the ARF not being adequately addressed elsewhere,
and to which their expertise is directly applicable.
(c)
The work of the EEPs should directly support activities to take the ARF further
forward, especially with respect to formative work on confidence building
measures, the development of preventive diplomacy and the elaboration of
approaches to conflicts in the region. In this regard, the Nine Recommendations
on the Future Direction of the ARF adopted the 9th ARF Ministerial Meeting on
31 July 2002 provide good examples of those subjects in which the expert study,
analysis and recommendations of the EEPs may be required.
407
3.
4.
408
Procedures for Activities and Meetings of the EEPs

(a)
The ARF Chair or any ARF participant may propose activating the EEPs for the
aforementioned tasks. Such proposals will be collected by the ARF Chair and
circulated to all ARF participants. In the absence of any objection from the ARF
participants, the proposals will be put into effect.
(b)
The ARF Chair shall invite nominations of EEPs from the ARF participants
and, in consultations with the ARF participants, propose the individual EEPs to
participate in the assigned task. The EEPs for the assigned task will be selected
to reflect a diverse range of views among the EEPs and be of a manageable size.
The mandate and scope of the work of the EEPs will be determined on a case-bycase basis and in accordance with the principle of consensus and so as to support
the ARF Chair on specific tasks.
(c)
Meetings of the EEPs may be convened to facilitate the conduct of the work
mandated by the ARF, with the government hosting the EEPs meeting providing
the secretariat services and administrative assistance. It is encouraged that the
EEPs meeting be co-chaired by an EEP from ASEAN member state and an EEP
from non-ASEAN member state.
(d)
The activities and findings/results of the EEPs should be reported in writing to

the ARF Chair which will share them with all ARF participants.In this regard,
the EEPs should be informed in advance that their findings/results will be used
by the ARF Chair or ARF participants within the ARF and with the consent of
the concerned participants. The copyright for publication of the activities and
findings/results of the EEPs will be held by the ARF and their activities and
findings/results will not be publicized outside the ARF.
Financial Rules
(a)
The ARF participants providing the EEPs with related services will bear the costs
involved.
(b)
In the event that the EEPs are commissioned for a task on the initiative of
the ARF Chair, the Chair may mobilize voluntary contributions from the ARF
participants. The modalities for funding should be indicated in the proposals.
5.
Future Review and Amendment

(a)
These guidelines will be reviewed for possible amendment and revision when
and if the need arises in the future.
(b)
Any amendment and revision shall be made on the basis of consensus of all ARF
members.
409
410

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ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM

DOCUMENTS SERIES 1994 - 2004

ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM

ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS

ONG KENG YONG

ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM

ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM

Chairmans Statement ...........................................................................

THE SECOND ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM

Chairmans Statement ...........................................................................

THE THIRD ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM

Chairmans Statement ...........................................................................

ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM

THE FOURTH ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM

Chairmans Statement ...........................................................................

THE FIFTH ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM

Chairmans Statement ...........................................................................

Conference on Preventive Diplomacy, Singapore, 9 - 11 September 1997

THE SIXTH ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM

Chairmans Statement ........................................................................... 149

THE SEVENTH ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM

Chairmans Statement ...........................................................................

THE EIGHTH ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM

Chairmans Statement ........................................................................... 221

ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM

ASEAN Regional Forum Concept and Principles of Preventive

THE NINTH ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM

Chairmans Statement ...........................................................................

THE TENTH ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM

Chairmans Statement ...........................................................................

ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM

Report of the ASEAN Regional Forum Inter-Sessional Meeting on Counter

THE ELEVENTH ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM

Chairmans Statement ...........................................................................

ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM

ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM

THE FIRST ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM

ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM

Bearing in mind the importance of non-proliferation of nuclear weapons in the

The Meeting agreed to:

ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM

THE FIRST ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM

Study other relevant internationally recognized norms and principles pertaining

Promote the eventual participation of all ARF countries in the UN Conventional

Convene, if necessary, informal meetings of officials to study all relevant papers

Recognizing the need to develop a more predictable constructive pattern of relationships

ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM

THE SECOND ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM

ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM

The Ministers welcomed Cambodia to the ARF.

GOALS AND EXPECTATIONS

THE SECOND ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM

METHOD AND APPROACH

ORGANISATION OF THE ARF

ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM

IMPLEMENTATION OF IDEAS AND PROPOSALS

Inter-sessional Support Group (ISG) on Confidence Building, in

Inter-sessional Meetings (ISMs) on Cooperative Activities including

6.5.2. ISG and ISMs shall be governed the following by guidelines:

ISG and ISMs shall be co-chaired by ASEAN and non-ASEAN

ISG and ISMs shall be held in between ARF-SOMS; and

ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM

THE SECOND ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM

The Ministers also agreed on the following: