Well logging

Tarek El-Sayed Naiel

t.t

top - a dellalllea
a

valueofthe
. the

1.2

1 ., 1

--tite necmstty
-

is necessary because

dmia& dril1ing e

>

oftbe-~

cal.

be

tbe
alow ancl

value
30 O

.
} ,

ut

16

o m m~/m

40

lt

150

,eo
e , o
'i
~

160

ti

o.
CI

"O

190

200

210

no
230

240

-utt 1.1 A wtll l g. Repte t Lioo. of tbe 'lo m3d

Pcchelbmnn. Ls e, Fran e, m 1927 b H. Doll. ( F m
AH, iad o Mu rtin, 197 ).

ir Un 1

n
11 J

h n th

n-h l
th

, 1n

l
wall
tu

m tal

en l
l mad it i
t picaUy made at th end
end
th clrilling nd b

run '.

run 1
. at th

h l

irclm

,;.f\\ T), ~1e-~nt~1ent \\ ITHe 1.JrlHfng. 1s genera1ly ffl.Ken

lO re~,er ti, shup1er, dt1ffing-type mea~uren1ents such as

u~1m1on, wT11te L~D. LogJZin~ Wlufe Dnll1nJ?. is

t::tken tn rrter tn 10jit-typt! n1esure1nents ~u~h ~ts r~si"t1v1ty, density ana so on llowever~ tberc Is st1ll ~orue
Hflac'

confusion
1

i\n J \\'f) tf~,

~-oo ist

~~ ,.. '

t t~e

~ -18' atoa
Ji} a :1;t.c ;Cz

lP 0 ,ifli ~~n,,,sor;~, rh-1,~ ~A 'ill. 6~ i1 ,>7 f&f'Tl

u1tcrl~1i~~e. The 1o,._,.tlf ~ JB ,,. '~ ac d :u..,. t,r-a Jtl \O:
J.rill hi1l bll ~i!~~ia.is~~ JrU oH~ , 1,.~"\&r f infoi o
J.rill SWQ,' \ .anJ, ~,,. ~~ti\e mU,;,!7 ho, J ri i t1,1Hm1. Tb
~m;,oi; sin:,JS .an;, trans.riH,ed to tne M11a, O, ~ 1 ~ ir
ilit1,tlal f<Jnuat, h) p,.~.1~\\ LC,~\Inel ;, th M",b \8 .... ia-~
u1uJ aud Ctllle~tf'r#J by ~i;-1'ac~ ,;ec~,v~. Thz. s 111 ltt ~*'
1

~ow,,

~r.iJa,!1'
pro.rc~scs 1ra.t.~ f:iJn11at'.io1J, is tn~eLor;~ '}0:~gerl ve.v s~i
.aJtg:_f Jrillio, a .1n.att~ yf ..,u1u..es t(J: s~v~al ho 16
Je~nJi~ un drillin. r;1t~ ~,l ,th~ ri~t~a!uc~ ht.;t,,,,. 0r0 u1,
~OIJSerted aurl ,;J, C~lDlJnt.lOWi l~i(!

bit and thl" do,\nfiol~~ ~.!JJ~Yt~.

hw 1l

f)

.......

. ,... !lll

1 IINI ,.,

.......,.........

CW El da: L . ., , . .

aua,aia

- .............'1--+------------1 .. ' ..
1

o,...

fJ

111

a ,

...... lllllk

P1 r1111lillt

- - 1111
1

a.11111ll11l111a

'1
i
1
1:

a.,

t.8
well logis

qaaad

- -

beia

-
ill
1be exploration
1
of

lop
lhoakt

or mme of

1 1

'

are
rocb - -

put

In die
contain as much

at
a

or

of
ofa

aacl die

of

. = l.

2 00

lO

tbe
itis

a
at

Oteqxe11me is li11lply

ay p11111n aboYe
die
(or
a partieular dcpdL
if
die
wltll a cklllily of.1
IIICI dll - pre111119 la
2500
I ID OWl1Jlllan. ClladllDd M
Noinlll pre111118 2500 m.
1.0, f/cr.rl,

==-==
=::

livm(3)

----xl.09
10

Me1181ed p111111192500m
tafcm2
Oveqn1m 3~
77.5 q/cm2

it

far a nombcr of
tbe

inall

brakll

Generally, mo t well drilled how a typical ub urface

pres ure development. hallow fonnation have normal
or bydro tatic formation pre ures: there i DO roe
squeezing, DO overpre ure. Deeper into the sub urface
th re i light
light v rpr ur ar en untered
qu zing. A th d pth increas o th ov rpr ure
incli
and th f, nnati n fluid upport m re f th
r k verburd n p
ure

___,- y

000

500

e I

w 11

ro il

ln

ion-.d 11;n pr

u~

th
ill

L
mud

---------------------------------

~~i~i~i~i~~~~~~~~i~l
mud

porou1 and
permeable .
format l on

I
h
n

.
1n

cake

nn

mud flltrate l nvaalon

f d nami fi ltrati n a
th pr gre ive mud- ke

th

it nt

--

th

depth o1 i n~s

th r

(l)
CI)

as

CI>
~

o
e:

ti
mud in th
nd th n th

fr
u
th itu ti n h n th

mud cake thickne!_ -

10

100

1000

i u 2.
raphic repre ent ti n
nd mud-c
uild-up
modified fr m

INVAOEO Z ON E

d rllllng mud
fllt r e t e
mud

d ep l h ol l nvu lon

dia meter of

-- - --

time ( min a f t e r p ene tr a t ion)

run.
or i gina !
fo rmatlo n flui d a

1---

rate ot nvasion

lnvaei on

Figure 2.7 In asion: imple representation of the effect of

drilling on fluids in a porou and permeable fonnation.

10 000

ELEC RICAL

th

r 11

1n

IL

et o

l
SFL

SFL

th

Spheric I y
focused

icrolog

ACOUSTIC
8HC

UCLEAR
CNL

r-on

LDL

Dan 1ty

oto 1ectric

o bo bol

i important. t i
.
.

urf

p~

ur

TEMPERATURE

LOGGING

...

s:.

.,

Q
,, 3

at is 1n

.+----l--,1\,-\,,-~-J.-~

10

5 - - -100
- - - 200
---300- - 400

temp r ture, 0

Fi ore 2.8 Graph of .eothennal radient . Tb zone of typical

oilfi Id radi nt i indi t d.

-of

r.,. 11 :

11 : 1 1 1

.,
1

: : '

DI
a

4
HOL

CALIPER LOGS
n1 l

m
li

ur h l

Se

12

rti

&

01 METER

1 : nc:hea - - - -

1
1
1

b1 /

SH LE

1
t
1
1

'e ved hot

1
1
1

1
1

'on g ug '

ARO U

e o

PER
ABL
S
OSTON

lMPER
ABLE
SANDSTO E

............
. . . . . . . . . .. ,' .....
' ............. ... .

:~:;::::::::::; 1
:: : :: : : :: :: : : : 1

:::::::::::::; 1
.....
.. .. ' ..... .

'bad ol o
' lght pot'

Th

n
utput.
utput

di m t r

nd

.
n

n 1n
riati n a r

imp:1

movin

4.2
1u in

1. C LIP R
( n)

- 25
,,_, ___________

lt5

CAU (1n)

25

15

l.

1
.

10

1
,,
j

~-----------------( )
-2
8
b t
di

..

.' .

.
,. .
''

10

rl

: (l

in rdinary

.:
... ..
,
I'>,.

b t te

d me e,
o-,eterenc

~.

\ t'lole te
d m ter ( t arrowh

+ir
d)

~1

t "'

CAUPE.R

20

FERENTIAL

met r;

s te
7-

'

2. OIFF RENTIAL C LIPER

Figure 4.3 Pr ntati n of th e li

fi rmat 2 in diffi r ntial fi rm t.
B = bit iz

o-ar. .
.. . ,,~........~on

aving i
f certain pecifi
i
u h a e
r
n rgani
hale . In
m fi 1 , ev n with varied drilling flui and drilling
t hniqu
it i found that e rtain tr tigraphl I v 1
habitu lly e
- gen rally for m hanical t xtural

perm bl bed allow mud e

to fonn. Th limi of
mud-cake indicate clearly th limit of th pot ntial
re rv ir. Mud cake thickne can be e timated from the
e liper by dividing the decli e in h le ize by two the
caliper giving the hole diameter i.e.

n.

= mud cake thickness

A frequent cau of tight pots i abundant
mectite in the clay mineral mixture. Smectite is a
welling clay which take water from the drilling mud
expand , break from the formation and lough or collap e into the hole.

CALIPER

inches

25OOm 6
1

16

11' '

bit

r-.. callpor

,
i

~
",

,
1,.

mud

- ...... ,

ko

:,

'
l

\
2625m
JI:

c.

11.

\
\

'

' ,,

--

,,
i

1\

,:,

) ~. lo"

'

Fi u

B Tl ht

8
UTHO OGY

1
'""s 112

,
l
1

.-

inch

THO OGY

'
....

DlfF. CA I IP A

'

iz

.4
dl1

thaD
w:

1 1 1

be

tiom a
sbape a
tobe
to be
ancl IOllncl

a
of
can be

i cr
ize

1 G

ge

,,

''

Washout

Breakout

Key Sea

n f

e
c

- 3-2 - 4 _,........ ..

are
tbe

. 6). B
g

ll

t i

l.

di
.

it
.

lt

 OT

TA
9
o

_,

SELF-POTE TIA
OR SP LOGS

Perm ab b
Rw - sal
- fre
2

m1--- --

~ r-----

er . able
d
Rw - fre h
R 1 - sal

50m i--- - ----

-...... . . .-
-a -...
. .......
- ....... ...........
... .... .... ..........
. ..
._

..

"'T

......-.

- ~

,.

. . . .

,.

"'

...

75

r i ti

S,

..

<

'"

Cle ns nd

5.1 Geaei

n.-,

Tbe
is a measurement of tbe natural potential
ditrmnces or aelf:~
between an electmde in lbe
borehole and a
!!!!!!
electrode at the aurface: no
artificial
are
.......
5.2). (The CWieutl
wae actully caUed
la 8J10ftlanl1'*, or 'spontapoteadals',
Scb1u11Jbelger IIKI RG.
wbo cliaco1end
----from

,,,.,,,..,...uses of
Tbe principal
don-water

also be uaed

the
loa are to calculate f01 1naand to incticate ____ . . lt CBD
volu,,e. to intlicate facies
1

for

oo

Rlo

100

200

300

Mt

mov n

I etrod

M2

earthed electrode

gure 5.2 IlJustration of the principie of the P log. A natural

t nti i ._._. .......... ur d t
n
l tJ'i
in tb w 11 d an
arth t th

wf;

rr n :
1. OIFFUSION

Cl-

flOTENTIAL

cr

[17% of SP)

cr

et-

ne

of porous a
permeable
sand

MEMIPU.NE

<:OHc

OILUT 50WT''1

2 . SHALE

Na+

POTENTIAL
(83 % ofSPJ

Membr ne
of s m,permea le
shale

SOUlfl

COHC Ita O

FORMATION

Figure S.3

bematic iUustration of the main electrochemical

P effect . 1 Diffu ion potential acr
a poro and
penn able membr-ane; (2) hale potential acro a membrane
of mi- rm 1 hale. (Modified from De brand 196 .

1 i

dilu

n.

A pommiJ ia aellllcd batWHII

y charcd dil aolution widl
18d
widlexcea

die
die
Na+
5.3J).
Tbe abale polfflliel arias wbm Iba 1n ,re two solutioM

are 111

ioas ==
tbe
cbaqe.A
in the concentntcd aolatioa
is die lqer of avo mee

HOLE

FORMATION

hi

upl

ls.P. LOO
m I liOlt

1n

- '

u _, nt
h

n
t

n th t

ilJ n t
n

hu
l

fluids

FILTRATE

higher salini y

MUO

hower saJinity

SA P curren in th
h 1 . Tb ffi
potentiaJ and th diffu ion tential act together t
cau ing an P 1og d fl

tion.

SPO A EOUS -PO E IAL

--

I"'

::t

ohms-m1/m

(ll

1/500

RESIS IVITY

'V
~

mitlivolts
10

..

s. P.

8
o

,-

11

1
1

,1 11

11

:1

I'

'I

l1

1
1

11

:1 1 1

11

11 1

1 11

1 1)
1
11 1
:t l ,11re 5 SP' lo : pre enitatio.n.. Th SP is in tt-ck . There i - no, ab . ]me ca ~ oaly ielatve defliection - aegativ,e or positive..
1 dir i ion uaJ. 10 mi U 0 lt .

1 1 111

abl

.l

f th
iplin

u ntit ti

ali ti

troph ic

PI g.
d or
t r

ud fil

Pan

hal lio

perm ability
la / rain

fi

i tivit and

tbe
lial: it gives no absolu
of the SP must be an
(1

for tbe SP b>l work

must be connemd to a surface eaath. Por
no
811d an iron probc

the

1950m

alu f or a u/ati.on - hal

andstaJic P
V U

.
1n

uan ta
th i

SPONTANEOUS POTENTIAL
1-----...:..~"""'T""-

lithology

1900m

Nell data

Rm

0 . 44.n. 40 5C

Rmt

0 . 68.n 25C

Rmc

2 .18 .n 25C

Bofehol

t8fll). SO C

Rw :: 0.27 n

th I g-d .
aluation o

n
at can be u

25"C

Lithofogy

D
D

P
the forma on- a

SANO

SILT

SHALE

Produced hydrocarbons

OIL

~ GAS

ad

logical

SSP.

THIN BED

Log 2
(deep lnvaaon)

.....
.............
......
S.S.P.

... .

4. LIITHOLOGY
1

eUect ,o
sh '

Lo

01
S.S.P.

iill

atOil')'1
1

l_ - - -

5.HYDROCARBONS

3 . SHALY SAND

.A

tbe
Generally

a
wiD be negative
more aaline Iban
h

- -

of

to be
tbe

,.
(1)

the

(cf.

i.,...,.,... .

S11ole .,,,,,_,,,.,, SP
SP)
lt is co
....,..
volume of
e V in a waterwet. shaly
e can be simply calculated using the
SP as follows:

PSP = ma:1
e ~~ ==~- potential = the SP read
in the water-bearing shal:y sand zone.
. spootaneous
.........
tial = maxunum
.
SP val
= static
- ue

in a clean ,and zone~

'Ibis . y 111U1De1 tbat tbe SP detlection betwecn the
sbale base
(10M,
and
static
in a cleao
sancl (O~ shale) is proportional to the s e volume
pre 5.12). This
' is certainly 1n1e
tay. but quantitatively 11.ere no dw:oretical basia, The
SP 'ved V is probably over-estimated.

SeaJe: ohm 1m 2 1m(O)

1

10

100 1000 10 000

SHALE

GAS

POROUS

......
. .......
..........
. ..... ...........
... ... ... ... . ................. <l..

.........

::::::::::::::::::::
.........
-........... ..
SALT :,:,:.;.:,:,:.;-:.:,
OIL

SANOSTONE

WATER :-:.; .; :-:

RESISTIVITY A D
CO DUCTIVITY LOGS

<>>:

\
1

SALT
WAT R

POROUS
SANDSTONE

POROUS
SANDSTONE

TIGHT SANDSTON
' OUARTZITE '

FI ING UP
SANOSTONE,
POROUS ,
SALT WAT A

. 1 Th

mt
urr nt.

SHAL y
CLEAN

- - - -- deep
s.h.alll ow

. Th r i ti it
l .

FIESIS,TIVITY L OGS

ffi

lh

rm ti n an it

ntain

Hui .

8.1 GeneraUUes
TINIIJc
The

CUlrent.

lt is

,,_ured by
a

s
orits
CUllllll, lt is measunsd by die

generally CODVe
111rea11

ancl

onJoa

rock
enclosed fl

are
0D

tbe

porous
low.

may

: 1

were devel

-=

COlllliblllO

ancl

bemniaoD-blled

tbe
hlled.Howevm,

aacl
raw
111aybe

for

or