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IMECE2016
November 11-17, 2016, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
DRAFT
IMECE2016- 65024
SELECTION OF VIBRO-CHARACTERISTICS FOR MONITORING FLANGE
INTEGRITY IN THE FIELD CONDITIONS
Vladimir Palmov
St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
St. Petersburg, Russia
ABSTRACT
Monitoring of flange integrity in the field traditionally has been
based on evaluating bolt tension and deriving pressure on the
gasket from these data. Multiple techniques of evaluating bolt
tension based on measuring speed of propagation of a
longitudinal wave (time of flight), or ratio of speeds of
longitudinal and shear waves (L+S method), demonstrate 510% accuracy in the controlled laboratory conditions [1].
However, accuracy in the field, on the flanges exposed to harsh
environment, is often worse than 20%, which makes it difficult
to evaluate flange integrity and predict a leak. The need for
knowing acousto-elastic parameters of steel (in case of L+S
method) may also present a hurdle.
Tools based on measuring a shift of the resonance frequencies
(RF) are commercially available, though RF are relatively
robust to tension, and require a reliable data processing
procedure to discern the proper peaks. Evaluation of tension
based on natural modes is more sensitive, but relatively
complex and costly. Use of transfer functions (TF) offers
several advantages over both RF and natural modes, as TFs
depend on both RF frequencies and natural modes, and a
properly selected parameter of TF can offer greater sensitivity.
Key words: bolt tension, transfer functions, sensitivity, nonlinear elastic curve.
VIBRO-CHARACTERISTICS BASED ON LINEAR
MATERIAL MODEL
Flange integrity can be evaluated by measuring
tension of the bolts or studs that tighten the flange. Bolt tension
can be derived from changes in vibro-characteristics measured
on the flange or on the individual bolts. The linear methods
include torsional vibrations of the flange and transverse
vibrations of the bolt1. In the first case, assuming that all bolts
1
In what follows the terms bolts and studs are used interchangeably,
though considered are studs, that is, uniform rods of constant radius. While the
uniform rod model neglects several factors, it allows comparing sensitivity of
several characteristics that can be used to evaluate tension.
Len Malinin
Gen3 Partners
Boston, MA, USA
in the flange have the same tension, and that the two disks of
the flange move counter-phase, the torsional vibrations of the
flange are described by equation
I&& +
2nPR2
= 0,
l
(1)
P
O
EJ
4w
2w
2w
P 2 + 2 = 0,
4
x
x
t
(2)
2 =
= ( )
(5)
= s + d.
(3)
= E s s + Et d ,
where Es, Et are the secant and tangent moduli. These moduli
can be expressed as
E s = E 1
(6)
2
E t = E (1 ),
where for the materials described by Mooney-Rivlin and Blatz
and Ko potentials parameter is, respectively [2],
C + 2C 01
= 10
C10 +C 01
(varying from 2 to 4 for material constants C10, C01) and =4.
Vibrations of the stud are described by equation
SEt (1 + i )
2u
2u
S 2 = 0,
2
x
t
(7)
(8)
x = l , S = P + p cos t
substituting
the
x = 0, SE s s + SE t d = + P
x = l , SE s s + SEt d = + P p cos t.
These expressions can be separated into a static and
dynamic components:
x = 0, SE s s = + P
= E,
x = l , SE s s = P
n
2l
E
.
x = 0, d =
(4)
u
=0
x
x = l , SEt d = SEt
u
= + p cos t.
x
1. Resonant Frequencies
Based on (7), (8), the ratio of the first natural
frequencies for a stud with and without tension ((P) can then be
expressed as
1
( P)
=
(1 s ).
2
(0) (1 + s )
(9)
u x =0 =
and at the right end ( x = l ),
u x =l =
2. Transfer Functions
In terms of sensitivity to structural parameters, the transfer
functions (TF) of a structure (Fig. 2) often offer a better
alternative than resonant frequencies. They can be easily
generated and measured, depend on the whole set of natural
frequencies and damping, and their processing can be easily
automated, as there is no need to detect the individual peaks
related to the RFs. A point to point
nt TF of a structure (Fig. 2) is
expressed as
p 1
cos t ,
SEt sin kl
p cos kl
p
cos t =
ctgkl cos t.
SEt sin kl
SEt
u&& x=0 =
p 2 1
cos t ,
SEt sin kl
u&&x =l =
p 2 cos kl
cos t.
SEt sin kl
n]
TF() = const*n(xo)n(xs)/[n2-2-j
0 =
where n(xo), n(xs) are natural modes at points xo, xs, n are
natural frequencies and is damping.
(12)
SEt sin kl
Et (1 + i )
(11)
l =
2 cos kl
SEt sin kl
(13)
Taking the TF (eq. 13) at the loaded end and using (6),
the ratio of TFs for a stud with and without tension (P)
( can be
expressed as
l ( P)
(1 + 0.5 )
1
= [1 s
]
(14)
l ( 0)
sin kl cos kl (1 s )
The last expression
ion can be quite high in the vicinity of the
resonance frequencies (where sin kl =0), and therefore is more
sensitive to changing tension of the stud. On the other hand,
for the same reason, the reproducibility of the ratio (14) often is
low. This low reproducibility can be mitigated to some extent
if we introduce in (13) the complex Young modulus Et(1+i).
l ( P)
4 (1 + 0.5 )
1
= [1 + s
]
l ( 0)
2
(1 s ) 2
2
(15)
D=
cos x
S ( ) d
(20)
sin l
d
TF0 ( )
u
x = l , Et (1 + i ) = e itV ( ) d
x
i t
U (, x )V () d.
(17)
S ()d,
Et
S ()d,
( i ) = (1 + i )
(22)
(18)
where
( i ), v =
D(l ) =
(21)
cos x
sin l S ( )d.
D ( 0) =
u=
D( x) = K (0, x) =
TFP ( ) TF0 ( )
K ( , x ) =
DLF (l ) =
2vl
S ( )d.
DHF (l ) =
it cos x
e
V ( )d ,
sin l
u&& = +
(23)
2
2
S ( )d.
v=
= 0 (1 s ),
2
where 0 is the speed of sound in the stud without tension.
Obviously, l = l0(1+s), where l0 is the length of the stud
without tension.
Then for low frequency we obtain
1
DLF (0) = DLF (l ) =
S ( )d ,
2v0 1 c l0 (1 + s ) 2
2
v2
+ 2 =
v0
+ 2 (1 + s )
Then
DHF (l ) =
2 + 2
2
(
1
+
)
c S ( ) d.
2 2
v0
and
DHF (l )
= (1 + s ).
D0 HF (l )
(25)
Analytical expression
Tensioned
bolt/ Loose
bolt
1st natural
frequency
( P)
1
=
(1 s ).
(0) (1 + s )
2
0.994
Dispersion
(loaded
end), LF,
low
damping
Dispersion
(loaded
end), HF,
low
damping
DLF (l )
1
=
D0 LF (l )
1 s (1 + s )
2
1.002
DHF ( l )
= (1 + s )
D0 HF (l )
1.008
Function of
the loss
coefficient
and tuning
away from the
resonance
frequency
Transfer
function
l ( P)
4 (1 + 0.5 )
1
= [1 + s
]
l ( 0)
2
(1 s ) 2
2
l ( P)
(1 + 0.5 )
1
= [1 s
]
l (0)
sin kl cos kl (1 s )