EEE 306

Power System I Laboratory

Experiment 1
Study of the transmission line models
Objective:
To study the characteristics of a transmission line at no-load and full-load.
To construct the models of short, medium and long transmission lines and
evaluate their performance in terms of voltage regulation, transmission efficiency
etc.
Introduction:
Electric power has three major areas of interest:
a) Power generation
b) Power transmission
c) Power utilization
The experiment is concerned with the transmission of power between a source (power
generator) and a remotely located load (power utilization).
Theory:
A transmission line has four parameters R, L, C and G distributed uniformly along the
whole length of the line. The resistance, R and inductance, L form the series impedance.
The capacitance, C and conductance, G existing between conductors and/or neutral form
shunt paths throughout the length of the line. Depending on the length of the line,
transmission lines are classified as
I. Short transmission line: When the length of a transmission line up to 80 km, it is
usually considered as a short transmission line. Due to smaller length, the shunt
paths can be neglected. The short length line model is shown below.
Is

Gen

Z = zl

IL

Vs

VL

Load

where,
r = series resistance per unit length(m) per phase;
L = inductance per unit length(m) per phase;
C = shunt capacitance per unit length(m) per phase;
z = r + j L = series impedance per unit length(m) per phase;
l = length of the transmission line;

II. Medium transmission line: When the length of the transmission line is about 80-240
km, it is considered as a medium transmission line.
Medium length line( ) model:
Is

Z = zl

Gen

Vs

Y
2

IL

Y
2

+
VL

Load

where,
y = shunt admittance per unit length(m) per phase to neutral
Y = yl = j C l = total shunt admittance per phase to neutral
III. Long transmission line: When the length of a transmission line is more than 240
km, it is considered as a long transmission line.
Long line model:

Z sinh l
l

Is
+

Gen

~
Vs
-

Y
2

IL
Y
2

+
VL
-

Load

where ,

Y Y

2 2

tanh(
(

l
2

l
2

and =

zy = propagation constant.

Typical arrangement of a double line three phase transmission line is shown in Fig. 1.
18/

c/
10/
b/

21/
b
10/
a/

c
18/

Fig. 1. : Typical arrangement of conductors of a parallel-circuit three phase line

The transmission line parameters are
r = 0.0962 /km at 50 Hz
L = 6.13 x 10-7 H/m per phase
Cn = 6.3462 x 10-12 F/m per phase to neutral
We will use these values to model a l = 208 km transmission line using short, medium
and long transmission line model.

Note: The ratio of the actual transmission line and simulated model parameters are
Voltage ratio: 500
Current ratio: 1000
Power ratio: 500000

Procedure:
1. Calculate the circuit parameters of the above-mentioned transmission line using
short and medium line models.
Table 1 : Parameters of the transmission line models
Type of the
model
short length
line
Medium length
line

Series
resistance, R

Inductive
impedance, XL

Shunt
admittance, Y

2. Construct the equivalent circuit of the transmission line using short length line
model as shown in Fig. 2.
A

R + j XL

Is
Voltage
source
230V, 50 Hz

Vs

A
IL

V VL

Load

Use load of 400 .

Measure the voltages of source and load end voltages and currents at no-load and
full-load conditions. Calculate the values of line voltage drop, voltage regulation,
line loss, transmission efficiency and sending end power factor.

Table 2 : Calculation for short length model

Loading
condition

Vs

Is

VL

IL

voltage
drop

No-load
Full-load

Voltage
Line efficiency Sending
regulation loss
end pf

3. Repeat step 2 for medium length model keeping the same load current obtained in
the short line model.
Table 3 : Calculation for medium length model
Loading
condition

Vs

Is

VL

IL

voltage
drop

Voltage
Line efficiency Sending
regulation loss
end pf

No-load
Full-load

Report:
1. Calculate the voltage regulation, line loss and sending end power factor for the
same load using long transmission line model.
2. Give comparison of the voltage regulation obtained using the three different
models? What is the limitation of modeling a long transmission line using a short
line model?