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Orthographic Projection
Part-1

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PROJECTION
METHOD

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Line of sight

is an imaginary ray of light between an

observers eye and an object.

There are 2 types of LOS : parallel and converge

Parallel projection

Perspective projection

Line of sight
Line of sight

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Plane of projection is an imaginary flat plane which

the image is created.
The image is produced by connecting the points where
the LOS pierce the projection plane.
Parallel projection

Perspective projection

Plane of projection

Plane of projection

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Disadvantage of
Perspective Projection
Perspective projection is not
used by engineer for manufacturing of parts, because
1) It is difficult to create.
2) It does not reveal exact
shape and size.
Width is distorted

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Orthographic
Projection
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MEANING
Orthographic projection is a parallel projection technique
in which the parallel lines of sight are perpendicular to the
projection plane
Object views from top

1 5

5
3
4
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Projection plane

3 4

ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW
NOTES
Orthographic projection technique can produce either
1. Multiview drawing
that each view show an object in two dimensions.
2. Axonometric drawing
that show all three dimensions of an object in one view.
Both drawing types are used in technical drawing for
communication.

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Axonometric (Isometric) Drawing

Advantage

Easy to understand

Disadvantage

Shape and angle distortion

Example

Distortions of shape and size in isometric drawing

Circular hole
becomes ellipse.

Right angle becomes obtuse angle.

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Multiview Drawing
Advantage

It represents accurate shape and size.

Disadvantage Require practice in writing and reading.

Example

Multiviews drawing (2-view drawing)

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ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS:
IT IS A TECHNICAL DRAWING IN WHICH DIFFERENT VIEWS OF AN OBJECT
ARE PROJECTED ON DIFFERENT REFERENCE PLANES
OBSERVING PERPENDICULAR TO RESPECTIVE REFERENCE PLANE

Different Reference planes are

Horizontal Plane (HP),
Vertical Frontal Plane ( VP )
Side Or Profile Plane ( PP)

And
Different Views are Front View (FV), Top View (TV) and Side View (SV)

FV is a view projected on VP.

TV is a view projected on HP.
SV is a view projected on PP.

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Orthographic Projections are a collection of 2-D drawings that work

together to give an accurate overall representation of an object.

Defining the Six

Principal Views or
Orthographic Views

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PLANES

PRINCIPAL PLANES
HP AND VP

AUXILIARY PLANES

Auxiliary Vertical Plane

(A.V.P.)

A.V.P.
to Hp & to Vp

Auxiliary Inclined Plane

(A.I.P.)

A.I
.P.

t
oV
p
t &
oH
p

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Profile Plane
( P.P.)

PICTURE
PLANE

Object

Observer

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Glass Box Approach

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Glass Box Approach

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Glass Box Approach

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Glass Box Approach

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Glass Box Approach

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Glass Box Approach

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First and Third Angle Projections

Third-angle
Projection

First-angle
Projection

First Angle
Third Angle
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Conventional Orthographic
Views
Width
Top
View/Plan

Front
View

Depth

Righ
t
Side
View
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Heigh
t

on an engineering drawing signify more than just the geometry of the object and it is
rtant that the appropriate line type is used.

e Thickness

ost engineering drawings you will require two thickness', a thick and thin line.
eneral recommendation are that thick lines are twice as thick as thin lines.
A thick continuous line is used for visible
edges and outlines.
A thin line is used for hatching, leader
lines, short centre lines, dimensions and
projections.

ne Styles

her line styles used to clarify important features on drawings are:

Thin chain lines are a common feature on engineering drawings used to
indicate centre lines. Centre lines are used to identify the centre of a circle,
cylindrical features, or a line of symmetry.
Dashed lines are used to show important hidden detail for example wall
thickness and holes..
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Precedence of Lines
Visible lines takes precedence over
all other lines
0.6 mm

Hidden lines and cutting plane lines

take precedence over center lines
0.3 mm

Center lines have lowest precedence

0.6 mm
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For Example:

1. Visible
2. Hidden
3. Center

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Dimensioning
A dimensioned drawing should provide all the information necessary for a
finished product or part to be manufactured. An example dimension is shown
below.

Dimensions are always drawn using continuous thin lines. Two projection lines
indicate where the dimension starts and finishes. Projection lines do not touch
the object and are drawn perpendicular to the element you are dimensioning.
All dimensions less than 1 should have a leading zero. i.e. .35 should be written
as 0.35
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Types of Dimensioning
Parallel Dimensioning
Parallel dimensioning consists of
several dimensions originating from
one projection line.

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Superimposed Running
Dimensions
Superimposed running dimensioning simplifies
parallel dimensions in order to reduce the space
used on a drawing. The common origin for the
dimension lines is indicated by a small circle at the
intersection of the first dimension and the projection
line.

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Chain
Dimensioning

Combined Dimensions

combined dimension uses both chain and parallel dimensioning.

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Dimensioning of
circles

(a) shows two common methods of dimensioning a circle. One

method dimensions the circle between two lines projected from
two diametrically opposite points. The second method dimensions
the circle internally.

(b) is used when the circle is too small for the dimension to be
easily read if it was placed inside the circle.

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Dimensioning Radii

All radial dimensions are proceeded by the capital R.

hows a radius dimensioned with the centre of the radius located on the drawing.

shows how to dimension radii which do not need their centres locating.

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Tolerancing

It is not possible in practice to manufacture products to the exact

figures displayed on an engineering drawing. The accuracy
depends largely on the manufacturing process. A tolerance value
shows the manufacturing department the maximum permissible
variation from the dimension.
Each dimension on a drawing must include a tolerance value. This
can appear either as:

a general tolerance value applicable to several dimensions. i.e. a

note specifying that the General Tolerance +/- 0.5 mm.

or a tolerance specific to that dimension

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Aligned System
values read from
bottom and Right side

Unidirectional System
values read from bottom
only
(Preferred when?)

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INCORRECT

CORRECT

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Dimensioning a circular arc.

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Omit unnecessary dimensions.

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Use of enlarged view to clarify dimensions.

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