FADING&INTERSYMBOLINTERFERENCE(ISI)

Preparedby
Deepa.T,Asst.Prof./TCE

ReviewofRelevantConcepts
Fading:
1)FlatFading

2)FrequencySelectiveFading

3)OtherMultipathConcerns

FlatFading

Flat Fading is caused by absorbers between

the two antennae and is countered by
antenna placement and transmit power level.

FrequencySelectiveFading

Frequency selective fading is

caused by reflectors between the
transmitter and receiver creating
multi-path effects.

EffectsofFrequency
SelectiveFading
Thedipsorfadesintheresponsedueto
reflectioncausecancellationofcertain
frequenciesattheReceiver.
Reflections off near-by objects (e.g. ground,
buildings, trees, etc) can lead to multi-path
signals of similar signal power to the direct
signal.
This can result in deep nulls in the received
signal power due to destructive interference.

FigureExplainingMultipath
Fading

Whenthewavesofmultipathsignals
areoutofphase,reductionofthesignal
strengthatthereceivercanoccur.

OtherMultipathConcerns

Apart from creating frequency selective

fading,
Multi-path can also cause inter-symbol
interference.

CoherenceBandwidth
CoherenceBandwidthisastatisticalmeasureof
therangeoffrequenciesoverwhichthechannel
canbeconsideredflatthatisachannelwhich
passesallspectralcomponentswith
approximatelyequalgainandlinearphase.Itis
therangeoffrequenciesoverwhichthetwo
frequencycomponentshaveastrongpotentialfor
amplitudecorrelation.

InterSymbolInterference(ISI)

Definition:Delayspread(frequencyselective
fading),inwhichabitarrivesatthereceiverat
differenttimesbecauseofthedifferentpaths
taken,causingbitstorunintoeachotherandthus
causeintersymbolinterference(ISI).Thislimits
theusabledigitalsignalingratefaragivenrate.In
otherwords,ifthemodulationbandwidthexceeds
thecoherencebandwidthoftheradiochannel
InterSymbolInterferenceorISIoccurs.Thiscauses
significanterrorinhighbitratesystems.

InterSymbolInterference
Representation

InterSymbolInterference(ISI)

ISIinthedetectionprocessduetothefiltering
effectsofthesystem
Overallequivalentsystemtransferfunction

H ( f ) = Ht ( f )H c ( f )H r ( f )
createsechoesandhencetimedispersion
causesISIatsamplingtime
z k = sk + nk + i si
ik

Lecture6

11

Intersymbolinterference

Basebandsystemmodel
{xk }

x1 x2
ht (t )

Channel
hc (t )

Ht ( f )

Hc ( f )

Txfilter

x3

r (t ) Rx.filter
hr (t )

Hr ( f )

zk
t = kT

Detector

{xk }

n(t )

Equivalentmodel
{xk }

x1 x2

Equivalentsystem

zk

z (t )

h(t )

x3

t = kT

H( f )

H ( f ) = Ht ( f )H c ( f )H r ( f )
Lecture6

n (t )
filterednoise

12

Detector

{xk }