Name :

Class : 5 Kreatif

School : SMK Bandar Baru Sungai Long

Teacher : Puan Hayati Aini bt. Ahmad

Title : ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT

WORK 1/ 2010

Index
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No. Contents Page
1. Acknowledgement 3
2. Objectives 4
3. Introduction 5
4. Exploration 6
5. Procedure and findings 7 – 10
6. Further Exploration 11 – 17
7. Conclusion 18
8. Reflection 19

Acknowledgement

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First of all, I would like to say thank my teacher Puan Hayati who had
gave us some guides on how to complete this paperwork. Next to my
fellow teammates who had held on each other firmly until we had
completed this paperwork. Finally to my parents who had always
encourage me to put in some effort to complete such big task and also
allowing me to visit each other's house to discuss about this paperwork.

While I was conducting this paperwork, I have gained consciousness in

many other things in my life. Completing this paperwork in a team had
gave me a chance to know each other and broaden my view on
Mathematics. I now know the correct way to apply mathematic
knowledge in my daily life to solve a lot of problems.

Besides that, I also have learnt to accept other ideas from different
people to make out all the possible results. Then, I know which is the
best after those comparison made. This way, I can save a part of time
and materials needed to construct any of the objects. For an example, a
bridge construction. We use the same method to find out all the things
we needed to complete it in the most beautiful and cost saving way.

Objectives
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The aims of carrying out this project are :

• To learn the way to apply the formulas of mathematics in our daily

life accurately.

• To widen our prospective view on mathematics.

• To improve our mastering skills.

• To use the correct language to express our mathematical ideas

properly.

• To develop positive attitude towards mathematics

• to improve our way of thinking

INTRODUCTION
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 AREA

Area is a quantity expressing the two-dimensional size of a defined part of a surface, typically a
region bounded by a closed curve. The surface area of a 3-dimensional solid is the total area of the
exposed surface, such as the sum of the areas of the exposed sides of a polyhedron. Area is an
important invariant in the differential geometry of surfaces.
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The formulae related for this subject are: ½ (base X height), ½ radius X θ (in radian),

VOLUME

Volume is how much three-dimensional space a substance (solid, liquid, gas, or plasma) or shape
occupies or contains, often quantified numerically using the SI derived unit, the cubic metre. The
volume of a container is generally understood to be the capacity of the container, i. e. the amount of
fluid (gas or liquid) that the container could hold, rather than the amount of space the container
itself displaces.
Three dimensional mathematical shapes are also assigned volumes. Volumes of some simple
shapes, such as regular, straight-edged, and circular shapes can be easily calculated using arithmetic
formulas. The volumes of more complicated shapes can be calculated by integral calculus if a
formula exists for the shape's boundary. One-dimensional figures (such as lines) and two-
dimensional shapes (such as squares) are assigned zero volume in the three-dimensional space.
The volume of a solid (whether regularly or irregularly shaped) can be determined by fluid
displacement. Displacement of liquid can also be used to determine the volume of a gas. The
combined volume of two substances is usually greater than the volume of one of the substances.
However, sometimes one substance dissolves in the other and the combined volume is not additive.
In differential geometry, volume is expressed by means of the volume form, and is an important
global Riemannian invariant. In thermodynamics, volume is a fundamental parameter, and is a
conjugate variable to pressure.

The formula related to this subject are: Area X (length/ base/ height)

History of Area

Heron (or Hero) of Alexandria (first century B.C.) is best known for having discovered the formula
for calculating the area of a triangle. In Heron's formula, as it is called, the sides of a triangle are
labeled "a," "b," and "c"; V is equal to half the perimeter.
Arab scholars who studied the mathematics of the ancient Greeks claimed that this formula was
known earlier to Greek mathematician Archimedes (ca. 287-212 B.C). The oldest written record of
the formula, however, exists in Heron's Metrica.
History of Volume

The formulae for volume were discovered independently by many people over
centuries of time. Not one individual person 'discovered' how to calculate the volume
of a sphere, cube, rhomboid, etc. The formulae for calculating the volume of an object
were arrived at many many years ago by many people in many civilisations. No single
person can be regarded as the first to describe how to calculate volume.

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 Exploration

Procedure and Findings

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Solution:

(a) Function 1

Maximum point (0, 4.5) and pass through point (2,4)

Y= a +c

Let b = 0 and c = 4.5 into Y= a +c

Y=a + 4.5

Y= + 4.5……………… (1)

Substitute (2, 4) into (1)

4= + 4.5

4a = -0.5

A= -0.125

Therefore, Y = + 4.5

Function 2

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Maximum point (0, 0.5) and pass through (2, 0)

Y= +c

Let b= 0 and c = 0.5

Y= + 0.5

Y= + 0.5............... (2)

Substitute (2, 0) into (2)

0= + 0.5

4a = -0.5

A = -0.125

Therefore, Y= + 0.5

Function 3

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Maximum point (2, 4.5) and pass through (0, 4)

Y= +c

Let b = 2 and c = 4.5

Y= + 4.5 …………… (3)

Substitute (0, 4) into (3)

4= + 4.5

4a = -0.5

A= -0.125

Therefore, Y = + 4.5

Function 4
A = Area of sector – Area of triangle

= ½ r2 θ - ½ (base x height)

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 = ½ r2 θ – ½ (4 x length)

Therefore, A = ½ r2 θ – (2 x length)

a) Given base = 4m

Height = 1 m – 0.5 m

= 0.5 m

r2 = (r-h)2 + (½ )2

= (r- 0.5)2 – (4/2)2

= r2 – r + 0.25 + 4

r2 = 4.25……………………………2

A = ½ r2 θ – (2 x length)…1

Substitute 2 into 1
A1 = ½ (4.25)2 θ – ½ (r –h)(2)

= 9.03125 θ – 2( 4.25 – 0.5)

= 9.03125 θ – 3.75 sin θ = 2/4.25

= 9.03125(0.491 rad.) – 3.75 = 0.471

= 4.431 – 3.75 therefore, θ = 2806’

= 0.68 = (28.1/180 x ) rad.

Shaded Area = A – A1 = 0.491 rad.

= 4 – 0.68

= 3.32 m2

Further Exploration
a) I) Structure 1

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 Using 3.142

Angle of triangle = 5308’

In radian = 5308’/1800 x

= 0.927 rad.

A1/ Area of Sector = ½ r2 θ

= ½ (4.5)2(0.927)

= 9.386 m2

A2/ Area of 2 triangle = 2 x ½ x 4 x 2

= 8 m2

Area of structure = (1 x 4) – (A1 – A2)

= 4- 1.386

= 2.614 m2

Thickness = 0.4m

Total volume = 2.614 x 0.4

= 1.0456 m2

Cost = 1.0456 x RM 840.00

= RM 878.30

Structure 2

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Area of trapezium = (L1+L2 / 2) (height)

= (1.5/2)(2)

= 1.5 m2

Total Area = 3m2

Thickness = 0.4 m

Total volume = 3 x 0.4

= 1.2 m3

Cost = 1.2 x RM 840.00

= RM 1008.00

Structure 3
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 Total Area = 2 trapezium + rectangle

= 2 (1.5/2 x 1.5) + (1 x 0.5)

= 2.25 + 0.5

= 2.75 m2

Thickness = 0.4 m

Total volume = 0.4 x 2.75

= 1.1 m3

Cost = 1.1 x RM 840.00

= RM 924.00

Structure 4
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 Total Area = 2 trapezium + rectangle

= 2 (1.5/2 x 1) + (2 x 0.5)

= 1.5 + 1

= 2.5 m2

Thickness = 0.4 m

Total volume = 2.5 x 0.4

= 1 m3

Cost = 1 x RM 840.00

= RM 840.00

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 Structure choosing

As the president of the Arts Club, I will choose structure 1. This is because
the cost needed is worthwhile. We can construct a rigid structure by maximizing
our structure's performance by using only the smallest amount of materials
needed.

Secondly, this structure is more stable compared to the others as the

pressure exerted on it is distributed evenly to all parts of the structure because of
its shape. In this way, it can withstand higher pressure. Therefore, it lasts longer
compared to other structures and needed less frequent maintenance.

Furthermore, based on survey conducted, majority people felt uneasy when

they saw sharp edges on most objects. Since from the beginning of time, a lot of
people considered circular objects are the most perfect objects. In addition, the
parabolic shape matches the standard of society nowadays.

b) I)
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 Area to be painted (m2)
K(m)
(correct to 4 decimal places)
0 3.000
0.25 2.9375
0.50 2.8750
0.75 2.8125

1.00 2.7500

1.25 2.6875

1.50 2.6250
1.75 2.5625
2 2.5000

ii) By using K = 0 m, the structure may be like this:

When the value of K gradually increases, the area will gradually decreases.
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By using K = 0.25 m, the structure may be like this:

c) When K approaches more to 4, the shape of concrete structure will be

something like:

Conclusion:
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 By doing this paperwork, I now learn that the knowledge of integration and
area and even volume calculations can be used to solve daily problems such
as in architecture, drawer and designer. Through applying all these
formulas, I can save materials used in all sorts of production. At the same
time, the cost will be reduced.
Not only that, I know the history of these formulas and also able to
determine the correct formula to be used in certain circumstances.

Reflection
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 By doing this paperwork, I now learn that the knowledge of integration and
area and even volume calculations can be used to solve daily problems such as in
architecture, drawer and designer. Through applying all these formulas, I can
save materials used in all sorts of production. At the same time, the cost will be
reduced. Not only that, I know the history of these formulas and also able to
determine the correct formula to be used in certain circumstances.

From this paperwork, I have learnt the correct way to display the workings
correctly and arrange the calculations and topics systematically. Through this, I
have successfully completed this project along with my friends.

At the same time, I also have learnt that co-operation is very important for a
team. Only through teamwork, we can finish any task given by all means.
Through teamwork, I also have learnt the correct way to listen to other members
and to judge all the ideas we got after brainstorming through comparison based
on calculations.

After completing this paper, I have learnt how to co-operate with my

teammates to complete this paperwork. By doing this paperwork, I now learn that
the knowledge of integration and area and even volume calculations can be used
to solve daily problems such as in architecture, drawer and designer. Through
applying all these formulas, I can save materials used in all sorts of production.
At the same time, the cost will be reduced.

Not only that, I know the history of these formulas and also able to
determine the correct formula to be used in certain circumstances. Now, I can
finish any work associated with mathematics at a very fast and accurate rate.

I LOVE YOU ADDITIONAL MATHEMATIC

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