Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
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PREFACE
(J.B. KSHIRSAGAR)
CHIEF PLANNER
February, 2014
ii
Contents
No.
Title
Page No.
1.
Introduction
01
2.
Objectives
03
3.
03
4.
06
5.
08
6.
10
7.
13
8.
14
9.
22
10.
27
References
30
List of Tables
No.
Table Title
6.1
Page No.
11
List of Illustrations
No.
Illustration Titles
1.0
02
5.1
09
5.2
09
6.1
12
7.1
13
7.2
13
8.2
Avenue Plantation
15
8.3
Group Plantation
16
8.4
Mixed Plantation
17
8.5
Informal Plantation
18
9.1
23
9.2
24
Page No.
iii
iv
U
Urban
Gree
en Guideline
es, 2014
Introdu
uction
Censuss of India,, 2011 revvealed that 31.16% of the cou
untrys pop
pulation
resided in urban area
as. In abssolute term
ms, it wass accountted for 37
7 crore
pop
pulation. Th
he urban component
c
t is expected to rise to around 40% by 20
026. As
Indias cities continue
c
to
o grow dem
mographic
cally and spatially, th
he challeng
ges and
opp
portunities of managing them
m in terms of infra
astructure provisioning are
eno
ormous. While
W
the nu
umber of urban
u
centers has in
ncreased m
manifold between
b
190
01 and 201
11, the urb
ban popula
ation increa
ased six fo
old, resultin
ng in a top
p-heavy
urban settlem
ment hiera
archy with a large number
n
off primate settlementts. It is
exp
pected thatt the numb
ber of tow
wns and citties which was 7933
3 as per Census,
C
201
11 is likely to cross th
he 10,000 mark
m
in ne
ext decade.
u
on has bee
en fuelled by rapid economic growth
Unpreccedented urbanizatio
and
d even more rapid in
ndustrializa
ation espec
cially in the
e past thre
ee decades
s or so.
With globaliza
ation, this trend of ra
apid econo
omic growtth and urb
banization is likely
to accentuate
a
e further. In 1901, Kolkata
K
wa
as the onlly metropo
olitan city (million
pluss) in the country.
c
Th
he numberr of metrop
politan citie
es has inccreased fro
om 5 in
195
51, to 12 in
n 1981, 23 in 1991, 35
3 in 2001 and 53 in
n 2011. The
e 53 metro
opolitan
citie
es togethe
er accounted for a population
p
of about 15.8 crore
e (158 milllion) in
201
11, i.e. 42%
% of the urban
u
population of the country. It is exxpected th
hat their
num
mber would
d be aboutt 100 plus in
i the nextt two decad
des.
By 205
51, India would be most pop
pulous cou
untry with 170 crore
e (1.70
billion) people
e and per capita lan
nd availab
bility would
d be 0.19 Ha. By 20
051, 82
ple will live in urban settlements
s
s constitutiing about 48
4 % of
crorre (820 million) peop
the total popu
ulation. Citties in the country wo
ould emerrge as centers of botth hope
and
d despair: while
w
being engines of econom
mic and so
ocial develo
opment they may
also
o be conge
ested cente
ers of pove
erty and en
nvironmenttal degrada
ation.
The urrbanization
n process will natura
ally lead to
o a large amount of
o prime
and being
g converted
d to urba
an use, mostly
m
at the periph
hery of
agrricultural la
setttlements. However,
H
a the same time, it is
at
s observed
d that a larrge majority of the
new
w urban po
opulation does
d
not have
h
easy access to land and that much
h of the
new
w develop
pment is not
n adequ
uately serv
viced resu
ulting in u
unauthorize
ed and
hap
phazard de
evelopment particularrly in the peri-urban areas.
a
TCP
PO, GoI, MoU
UD
Page | 1
Urba
an Green G
Guidelines, 2014
2
Population
n growth and high de
ensities in cities
c
can adversely
a
impact nattural
nvironmenttal resourcces. Preservation of vegetated areas or green spa
aces
and en
improvves the qua
ality of life by providiing residen
nts with na
atural settin
ngs for leis
sure
and reccreation an
nd by safeg
guarding th
he quality of basic re
esources such as air and
water. In fact, ade
equate tree cover is an essentiial link in th
he bio-dive
ersity chain
n.
The bigge
est challenge for urban
u
development is not on
nly to ens
sure
greenin
ng of cities and tow
wns but alsso to maintain and strengthen the exis
sting
green cover.
c
Urb
ban greenin
ng is an in
ntegrated approach
a
t the plan
to
nting, care and
manag
gement of all
a vegetatiion in citiess, towns, to
ownships and
a inform
mal settleme
ents
in urba
an and pe
eri-urban areas.
a
The planning for urban biodiversity presents a
numbe
er of challe
enges; high
her popula
ation densitties, strong
g developm
ment press
sure
and co
ompeting demands
d
o space need to be addresssed. However, cities are
on
dynamic landsca
apes that offer
o
opportunities fo
or regenerration and enhancem
ment
through
h incorporrating inno
ovative de
esigns and
d adapting
g best pra
actices. In the
presen
nt scenario
o, in view of limited space in cities and towns, the objective of
plannin
ng policies is based on
o optimizing the sus
stainabilityy of urban a
cked
areas, bac
by
prromoting
higher
d
densities
commens
surate
wiith
augm
mented
urrban
infrastrructure. Th
hese trend
ds are like
ely to continue in th
he immediate future
e as
integra
ating land use and transport
t
has becom
me necesssary in ord
der to ens
sure
compa
actness of cities and
d towns, encouragin
e
ng vertical growth an
nd mixed use
along transit co
orridors to
o reduce dependence on pe
ersonalized
d modes and
encourrage use of public tra
ansport.
erving urba
an greens, it is
Realizing the importtance of maintaining and prese
impera
ative to pre
epare Urba
an Greenin
ng Guidellines which will act a
as a mode
el for
States and Citie
es particullarly the State
S
Tow
wn Plannin
ng Departments, Urrban
Develo
opment Au
uthorities and Urba
an Local Bodies
B
wh
ho are re
esponsible for
manag
ging them.
Fig.1.0:G
GeneralIllu
ustrationso
ofUrbanGrreens
TCPO, GoI,
G MoUD
Page
P
|2
U
Urban
Gree
en Guideline
es, 2014
Objecttives
The
e objectives of the Urrban Green
n Guideline
es are
To high
hlight the im
mpact of urbanizatio
u
n on urban
n greeneryy.
To sug
ggest pracctices and methods for proteccting and enhancing
g urban
greene
ery in a susstainable manner.
m
To ide
entify the key stage
es in plann
ning and development where
e urban
greene
ery may be
e integrated
d with the built
b
enviro
onment.
To reco
ommend suitable
s
guidelines for enhancin
ng urban grreens.
Importa
ance of Urb
ban Greens
s
Urb
ban Green Spaces are
a critical for makin
ng our citie
es sustaina
able, healtthy and
ene
ergy efficie
ent. Howevver, for Urb
ban Green Spaces to
o contribute
e to the op
ptimum,
theyy have to be pla
anned, designed, developed
d
and man
naged/maintained
app
propriately so that th
hey are acccessible both
b
in terrms of are
ea and pop
pulation
covverage. It iss a fact tha
at urbaniza
ation in Ind
dia will con
ntinue unab
bated. The
e Urban
Gre
een spacess generate
e a diverse
e set of ec
cosystemss of substa
antial signiificance
for human we
ell-being and their dyynamics are shaped by human
n activities
s. Many
green spacess in cities that have got disco
onnected frrom the w
wider enviro
onment
d to lose biodiversity
b
y characteristics due
e to continu
uous construction ac
ctivities.
tend
Hen
nce, proteccting green
n spaces in
i isolation
n will often fail to susstain the capacity
c
of urban
u
ecossystems to generate value and they have
e to be well integrated
d in the
ove
erall city lan
ndscape.
Eco
ological Benefits
B
Trees absorb po
ollutants; moderate
m
the impact of human
n activities by, for
examp
ple, absorbing polluta
ants and releasing oxxygen.
They contribute
c
to the ma
aintenance
e of a hea
althy urban
n environm
ment by
providing clean air,
a water and
a soil.
Green vegetation
n has been
n shown to
o lower wa
all surface
e temperatu
ures by
17C, which
w
led to
t a reduce
ed air cond
ditioning load by an a
average of 50%.
They improve th
he urban micro
m
clima
ate and maintain
m
th
he balance
e of the
citys natural
n
urba
an environment.
They preserve
p
th
he local na
atural and cultural
c
he
eritage by p
providing habitats
h
for a diiversity of wildlife
w
and
d conserve
e a diversitty of urban resources
s.
TCP
PO, GoI, MoU
UD
Page | 3
Despite the enormous benefits that urban green spaces provide there is a serious
lack of information about the quantity and quality of urban green spaces. Data on
per capita availability of open spaces is scanty and scarce. However, with new
integrated approaches to combine strategic planning for green spaces with
innovative design and delivery and the active involvement of the community at all
levels, urban green spaces may be part of the ecological development of city.
Ideally there has to be struck a right balance between the built and natural
environment. Amidst concretization in the cities and towns in terms of building
multi storied apartments, commercial complexes and institutional buildings, there
has to be conscious efforts from Urban Local bodies and Urban Development
Authorities to provide for adequate green cover.
Physical Benefits Urban forests act as temperature buffers providing shade in the summer,
and wind breaks in the winter in addition to reducing noise pollution and
CO2 levels, and providing a habitat for wildlife.
Urban greening offers improvements in air, water, and land resources by
absorbing air pollutants, increasing water catchment in floodplain surfaces,
and stabilizing soils.
Social Benefits Green spaces provide a refreshing contrast to the harsh shape, colour,
and texture of buildings, and stimulate the senses with their simple colour,
sound and smell.
Particular types of green space may offer a bigger diversity of land uses
and opportunities for a wide range of activities, help to foster active
lifestyles, and can be of real benefit to health.
Well-managed and maintained green spaces contribute to social
interaction by creating opportunities for people of all ages to interact.
Urban green spaces emphasize the diversity of urban areas by reflecting
the different communities they serve and meeting their varying needs.
They enhance cultural life by providing venues for local festivals, civic
celebrations and theatrical performances.
Page | 4
Urban green spaces provide safe play space for children, contribute to
childrens physical, mental and social development and play an important
role in the basic education of schoolchildren with regard to the
environment and nature.
Planning Perspective
From the planning perspective, a hierarchy and network of quality green
spaces integrating residential areas with commercial and other uses
improve the accessibility and attractiveness of local facilities and
employment centers.
Well-designed networks of green spaces help encourage people to travel
safely by foot or by bicycle for recreation.
Furthermore, well-designed urban green spaces provide a barrier to noise
and can effectively function as visual barriers.
Economic Benefits Property owners value urban greenery by the premium they pay to live in
the neighbourhood of urban green spaces and public parks. Plots and flats
abutting park add to value. In densely populated areas this effect is even
more pronounced. For example, view of green spaces and proximity to
water bodies increases the real estate prices.
Impact of neighbourhood parks on the transaction price of multi-storied
residential units in cities illustrate the fact that neighbourhood parks could
increase price.
Urban shady trees offer significant benefits in reducing building airconditioning load and improving urban air quality by reducing smog. The
savings associated with these benefits vary widely by climatic region.
Page | 5
Urba
an Green G
Guidelines, 2014
2
TCPO, GoI,
G MoUD
Page
P
|6
and is developed to provide vital lung spaces. As per Master Plan of Delhi-2021,
a District Park has to be provided for a population of 2, 50,000 and normally
developed at the city level with an area of 40,000 sqm.
Neighborhood Park: Neighborhood Park is developed at the neighborhood
level for a population of 10,000. The Park is conveniently located within the
developed residential areas at walking distance and is planned on an area of
2,000-4,000 sqm.
Totlots: Totlots are the lowest level in the hierarchy of green areas, planned for
a population of 2,500 as play-areas for children with an area of 125 sqm.
Playgrounds: Playgrounds are provided normally in the educational institutions
for the use of the school and college students. They are also provided at the
neighborhood level for a population of 5,000.
Green Belt (Buffer): Green Belts Include green girdle, park belt, rural belt, rural
zone, agriculture belt, country belt, agriculture green belt. Agriculture belt, rural
and country belt are synonymous terms and they refer to a stretch of the country
side around and between towns separating one from the other. These areas are
predominantly farm lands and they support agriculture and related functions.
They may or may not be in ownership of the town/city/local body.
Green girdle, rural zone and park belt represent a similar idea, concept and
function as the green belt. A green belt is defined as an area of land
predominantly agricultural in character and located around the proposed
urbanisable limits of the urban centre (town/city/) and legally established in order
to:
Green Strip: A green strip is developed on a vacant land for example land
under high tension power supply lines. It is also developed along the arterial
roads separating residential areas from other uses.
Tree Cover- Trees planted along the roads within the right-of-way and on the
central verge (median).
Page | 7
Urba
an Green G
Guidelines, 2014
2
Internatio
onal norms
s for Urba
an Green Spaces
S
The qu
uantum of green
g
spacce required
d per capita varies in different ccontexts off the
world. In the 20
0th centurry, expertss in Germ
many, Japa
an and otther counttries
propossed a stand
dard of 40
0 sqm gree
en space of
o high qua
ality or 140 sqm sub
burb
forest area per capita forr achieving
g a balan
nce between carbon
n dioxide and
n so as to
o meet the
e ecological balance
e of huma
an well-being. Currently,
oxygen
developed countries have tended
t
to adopt a ge
eneral stan
ndard of g
green spac
ce of
a per capita
a. The World Health Organization (WHO)) recomme
ends
20sqm park area
that citties should
d provide 9 sqm of un
ndeveloped (unpave
ed) open sp
pace for ev
very
inhabitant. The WHO
W
also
o suggests designing
g green arrea networrks so tha
at all
nts live witthin a 15 minute wa
alk to an open
o
spacce. There is yet ano
other
residen
yardstick, which refers to London
L
butt has relev
vance to any other ccity. Sir Pattrick
Abercrrombie form
mulated the
e Greater London Plan in 1946
6 proposing
g that 1.62
2 Ha
of open
n space pe
er 1000 po
opulation was
w a reasonable figu
ure to adopt for Lond
don.
The pla
an also exxplained tha
at all formss of open space nee
ed to be co
onsidered as
a a
whole, and to be
e co-ordina
ated into a closely-linked parkk system, w
with parkw
ways
along existing
e
an
nd new roads forming
g the links between
b
th
he larger p
parks.
Aarhus
s, with a population
p
of 0.3 million is the
e second largest
l
cityy in Denm
mark.
The Green Struccture Plan was prepared as part of the planning rreforms off the
n of Aarhu
us surroun
nded by fo
orest had strong pu
ublic
1970s. The polittical vision
d to contrrol urban growth
g
an
nd to set sstandards;; no
supporrt. It has been used
dwellin
ng should be more than
t
500 metres
m
from a green
n area of a
at least 6,,000
sqm. In terms of
o structura
al diversityy, green spaces
s
in urban syystems sho
ould
eveloped as
a networkks. Three main components o
of urban fo
orest
essentially be de
een space
es are: Pattch (urban domestic gardens, public
p
and private pa
arks,
and gre
garden
ns, urban forest patcches etc.),, Corridorr (roads, avenues,
a
w
walkways and
urban greenways
ys), and Ne
etwork sttructure (llayout of all
a the pattches and the
ors connecting the pa
atches).
corrido
Green space covverage in cities varie
ed marked
dly, averag
ging 18.6%
% and rang
ging
from 1.9% (Reg
ggio di Ca
alabria, Italy) to 46
6% (Ferroll, Spain). Availability
y of
g
spaces per ca
apita varied
d by two orders
o
of magnitude,
m
from 3-4 sqm
s
urban green
per person in C
diz, Fuen
nlabrada and
a
Almeria
a (Spain) and Regg
gio di Cala
abria
TCPO, GoI,
G MoUD
Page
P
|8
U
Urban
Gree
en Guideline
es, 2014
(Italy) to more
e than 300 sqm in Li
ge (Belgiu
um), Oulu (Finland) a
and Valenc
ciennes
ance).
(Fra
Urb
ban tree co
over in the United States rang
ges from 0..4% in Lan
ncaster, Ca
alifornia
to 55%
5
in Batton Rouge, Louisiana
a, containin
ng approxiimately 3.8
8 billion tre
ees with
an average
a
tree canopyy cover of 27%
2
of urb
ban areas.
Curritiba, with
h a populattion of 17 Lakh (1.7 million), iss one of Brrazils large
e cities.
In the
t 1970s, growing population
p
had reduc
ced urban green spa
ace to 1 sqm
s
per
cap
pita. A clea
ar priority and
a consisttent efforts
s by local authorities
a
h
have succe
essfully
devveloped gre
een spaces, which no
ow measure 51.5 sqm per capita.
Can
nberra pla
anned by Sir
S Walter Griffin has an exten
nsive integ
grated netw
work of
ope
en spaces that harb
bor more than 40%
% of the nationally
n
listed thre
eatened
eco
ological ve
egetation. Despite development presssures, We
ellington in New
Zea
aland has 200sqm
2
pe
er capita off green spa
ace.
Tok
kyo sufferss from a shortfall of open spac
ce which averages 6.1 to 8.5 sqm
s
per
cap
pita, but it has
h a large
e forest of 21,630
2
Ha to conservve water.
Fiig.5.1:Pano
oramicView
wofUrbanSprawl
Fig.5.2:Pa
anoramicViiewofplannedUrbanGreens
TCP
PO, GoI, MoU
UD
Page | 9
Urba
an Green G
Guidelines, 2014
2
Urban Gre
een Space
es: The Indian Scen
nario
Due to
o unpreced
dented urba
anization, the gap be
etween cityy inhabitan
nts and na
ature
is incre
easing. The concretizzation of cities
c
and towns
t
has adverselyy impacted the
naturall environment. The space
s
to be
e utilized fo
or open grreen has b
become lim
mited
as the cities and towns exp
perience growth. Urb
ban greene
ery is one of the way
ys to
bridge this gap between people an
nd nature. High pop
pulation density is also
anothe
er reason for
f poor developmen
nt of urban
n greeneryy. An attem
mpt has been
b
made to
t analyze
e the area under recrreation/ope
en space for
f differen
nt cities ba
ased
on the data given
n in their re
espective Master
M
Plans. A peru
usal of the ffollowing ta
able
a
pita open space varries from 0.81
0
revealss that the existing availability
of per cap
sqm in Chennai to
t 278 sqm
m in Greate
er NOIDA signifying
s
t wide va
the
ariation. Cities
aranasi, Ch
handigarh, Jaipur, Bh
hopal, Allah
habad and NOIDA ha
ave more than
t
like Va
the WH
HO prescribed norm of 9 sqm whereas
w
cities
c
like Bengaluru,
B
Ludhiana and
Amritsa
ar have lesss than the
e norm ran
nging from 1% to 5%
%. It is interresting to note
n
that in Greenfield Townships like Greater NO
OIDA, the per
p capita availability of
open space
s
workks out to 27
78 sqm wh
hich is very
y high. Thiss is illustratted by the fact
that Grreater NOIDA Masterr Plan has provided ample
a
space for urba
an greens with
most of
o the reside
ential sectors earmarking large
e chunks off land unde
er green.
From a global pe
erspective, although there
t
are wide
w
variatiions both in coverage
e as
well ass per capitta availability of gree
en spaces
s, cities in the world renowned
d for
their urrban green
n spaces often
o
have 20% to 40
0% covera
age of total geograph
hical
area and 25 sqm
m to 100 sq
qm urban green spa
aces per ca
apita. Most of the Ind
dian
ag far behind in quallity as well as quantitty of urban
n open spa
aces than their
t
cities la
counte
erparts in Australia,
A
E
Europe
and
d North Am
merica. (Ref: Table 6.1, page 11
1)
TCPO, GoI,
G MoUD
Pa
age | 10
Table 6.1: Area under Recreation in Indian cities. (existing and proposed)
Page | 11
Urba
an Green G
Guidelines, 2014
2
Green spaces co
omprise of the varietty of parks
s and gardens that e
exist in a city
c e
or enjoy. Th
hese space
es contribu
ute to the q
quality of liffe of
spacess to play, exercise
the people of a city by im
mproving air
a quality, reducing heat islan
nd effect, and
ealth of people,
p
am
mong otherr benefits. The quantity of grreen
improvving the he
space that exists in a city iss measured
d against itts population.
New Delhi,
D
the capital
c
of In
ndia, is one
e of the grreenest cap
pitals in the
e world du
ue to
the con
nsistent em
mphasis to greening and
a strict monitoring
m
of tree cutting. This has
been possible
p
d
despite
the
e infrastruccture proje
ects, whicch came u
up due to the
deman
nds of the
e Commonwealth Games
G
20
010. As per
p
Forestt Departm
ment,
Govern
nment of NCT
N
Delhi,, Delhi had
d about 30
00 sqkm of
o green arrea in 2009. It
accoun
nts for 20%
% of the total area off 1483 sqk
km making per capita
a green sp
pace
availab
bility of aro
ound 22 sq
qm. Beside
es, Departtment of Environmen
E
nt and Forests
of Natiional Capittal Territorry (NCT) Delhi,
D
therre are man
ny agencie
es working
g for
Green
n Capital Mission e.g. Municip
pal Corporration of Delhi
D
(MCD
D), New Delhi
D
Municip
pal Counccil (NDMC) and Delhi Develop
pment Autthority (DD
DA). Recently,
the Parks & Gard
den societyy has been
n set up to
o coordinatte the gree
ening activ
vities
in Delhi. The city has so
ome well-maintained
d parks and
a
gardens like Lo
odhi
Garden
ns, Mughal Gardens,, Deer Parrk, Budha Jayanti
J
Sm
marak Parkk, Indrapras
stha
Millenn
nium Park and
a The Garden
G
of Five
F
Sense
es besides the Ridge.
LodhiGard
den
B
BuddhaPark
k
Indra
aprasthaPa
ark
Mu
ughalGardeens
DeerP
Park
Gardenof5sensees
Fig.6.1:Urb
banGreenSSpacesofD
Delhi
TCPO, GoI,
G MoUD
Pa
age | 12
U
Urban
Gree
en Guideline
es, 2014
Impactt of concrretization of
o paveme
ents
The
ere is a ke
een competition for space in urban are
eas. Treess are often
n found
grow
wing in tre
ee pits or planters surrounded
s
d with conccrete in a paved are
ea, with
solid paving very
v
close to the tree
e trunks. These
T
treess often sufffer from severely
s
resttricted gro
owing space and th
he lack off air and water und
der imperrmeable
surffaces. In some casses, tree roots grow
w vigoroussly and evven dama
age the
pavvement. While
W
in oth
her situatio
ons, roots may be cut off or damaged during
pavvement rep
pair work.
Fig.7.1:Imp
F
permeableTTilingaroun
ndtrees
It has been observed
o
that many trees and tree branches have
e fallen in various
citie
es owing to heavy rain and wind. Sttrong wind
ds apart, concretisa
ation of
pavvements ha
as much to
o do with the
t falling of trees. Many
M
of the trees are
e those
plan
nted on roa
adsides ass well as on
o central verges.
v
Ovver the yea
ars, the ope
en area
around them has shrunk, having been
b
pave
ed or ceme
ented. Thiss means th
he roots
do not have enough
e
roo
om to sprea
ad or grow
w strong en
nough. The
ere is no sp
pace for
new
w roots to form eith
her. Other weakening factor of
o roadside
e trees regular
pruning of brranches to
o make wa
ay for overhead utiliities, often
n lopsided due to
heig
ght, they lo
ose strengtth to withsttand strong
g winds.
Fig.7.2:Deesirableroo
otpitsaroun
ndtrees
TCP
PO, GoI, MoU
UD
Page | 13
Urba
an Green G
Guidelines, 2014
2
Policy Gu
uidelines for
f strengtthening Urban Gree
ens
8.1
Roads
Sp
pecies shou
uld suit the
e soil and climatic
c
conditions.
ii) Sp
pecies should be harrdy, robust and shou
uld need little attenttion once they
t
have achieve
ed certain growth.
g
iii) Sp
pecies haviing long life
e should be
b preferred
d.
iv) Th
he species must be either
e
everg
green or nearly
n
everrgreen or b
be leafy du
uring
summer.
v) Th
he species must be fa
ast growing
g and wind
d resistant.
vi) Th
he trees should be de
eep rooted; shallow ro
oots injure
e pavements.
vii) Th
he species should no
ot be allow
wed to gro
ow into a very
v
large size requiiring
expensive prruning or re
emoval.
viii) Th
he species should be capable of
o easy tran
nsplantatio
on.
ix) Th
he commercial, aestthetic and social va
alues of species
s
sh
hould also
o be
considered while
w
makin
ng choicess.
The ma
ain functio
on of a roadside aven
nue is sha
ade. Hence
e, trees wh
hich are qu
uickgrowing and provvide dense
e shade sh
hould be se
elected. Th
he trees se
elected sho
ould
provide
e shade no
ot only on the sides, but also in
n the cente
er of the ro
oad. From this
point of
o view, trees with, an
n umbrella
a or semi-u
umbrella crrown like N
Neem, Mah
hua,
lmli and Mango are more suitable on National and State
e highwayys. If the trrees
selecte
ed provide shade the
ey also yield valuable
e timber an
nd fruit. The
e trees sho
ould
be plan
nted in succh a way th
hat their crrowns may
y develop freely.
f
Whe
ere the roa
ad is
more than 30 me
eters wide,, a double avenue off trees with
h the outer avenue near
n
the edg
ge of ROW
W line may be used.
TCPO, GoI,
G MoUD
Pa
age | 14
U
Urban
Gree
en Guideline
es, 2014
Planting of tre
ees along roads
r
mayy be in the following
f
m
manner:
1 Avenue
1.
e Planting
2 Group Planting
2.
P
3 Mixed Planting
3.
4 Informa
4.
al Planting
The
e planting should be
e suitable for differrent locatio
ons. The following general
g
guid
de lines arre useful in
n selecting tree types.
8.2
Avenu
ue Plantatiion
Ave
enue plantting consiists of pla
anting are
eas in sing
gle or do
ouble rows
s along
high
hways. Long avenue
es may beccome monotonous and where travel spee
eds are
high
h, may ind
duce drowssiness. Lo
oss or irreg
gular grow
wth of indivvidual tree in long
ave
enues is allso noticed
d. These disadvanta
d
ges may be
b overcom
me by plan
nting at
irregular interrvals of sayy 30-75 metres and by off-settting the tre
ees by 1 to
o 1.5 m
from
m a uniform
m alignme
ent. Avenue planting will take a distinct fform of tre
eatment
on curves and undulating contours. In large cities an
nd location
ns, where, land is
ava
ailable dou
uble avenu
ues of tree
es may be provided
d. On divided carria
ageway
havving separa
ate pedestrian footpa
ath, the outter rows co
onsisting o
of shady tre
ees and
inne
er row consisting of ornamenta
o
al flowering
g trees mayy be adoptted.
Fig.8.2:AvenuePla
antation
TCP
PO, GoI, MoU
UD
Page | 15
Urba
an Green G
Guidelines, 2014
2
8.3
Group Pla
antation
Fig.8.3:GrroupPlanta
ation
TCPO, GoI,
G MoUD
Pa
age | 16
U
Urban
Gree
en Guideline
es, 2014
8.4
Mixed Plantation
n
Mixxed plantin
ng consistss of selectting differe
ent varietie
es of trees, rather th
han one
sing
gle varietyy. This syystem avoids monottony of siingle varie
ety plantin
ng. The
she
edding of leaves take
es place in
n different seasons. The plantts provide flowers
and
d fruit in different seasons and
a
thus the aesth
hetic value
e of aven
nues is
preserved throughout. During sttorm, whe
en wind ve
elocity is high, the harder
varieties will survive
s
and
d will prote
ect the wea
aker varieties too.
4:MixedPla
antation
Fig.8.4
TCP
PO, GoI, MoU
UD
Page | 17
8.5
Informal Plantation
Fig.8.5:InformalPlantation
Page | 18
8.6
Spacing of Trees
No hard and fast rule may be laid down for the spacing of avenue trees; it
depends on the type of trees. A minimum spacing of 10-12 m should be followed.
The trees in the formal avenue planting should be planted in rows on either side
of the road in a staggered manner. At urban intersections the trees should be at
least 3 mt away from the intersections for right viewing distance.
(A) Trees which provide thick cover and are also valuable from the economic and
aesthetic point of view should be planted along the National and State Highways.
Some of these are:
NEEM: (Azadirachta indica) It can grow in any type of poor but well drained soil.
However, it prefers loam and sandy soil. It can tolerate alkali but cannot
withstand water logging or sea coast conditions.
MAHUA: (Madhuca latifolia) It prefers light well drained soils but can also be
grown on dry, rocky and sandy soil. It can withstand mild alkalies, but not water
logging.
IMLI: (Tramarindus indica) It is a beautiful tree which withstands the dust on road
very well; its fruits and timber are also valuable. Suitable for dry areas.
SHISHAM : (Dalbergia sisso) It yields excellent timber. Suitable for subHimalayan districts where rainfall is over 1,000 mm.
MANGO : (Mangifera indica) Suitable for clay or mixed soil with water level 10 m.
or less.
SUFED SIRIS: (Albizia procera) A quick growing beautiful tree which grows
easily on sandy soil. On account of the light yellow colour of the trunk, it reflects
even weak-light: and is an excellent roadside tree.
RAIN TREE: (Samanca Saman) Suitable for moist districts with a rainfall of over
1000mm.
Page | 19
Anthocephalus
cadamba
Azadirachta indica
Alstonia Scholaris
Eugenia operculata
Tamarindus indica
Polyalthia longifolia
Putranjiva roxburghii
Spathodea nilotica
Jacranda acutifolia
Delonix regia
Crevillea robusta
The type of landscape treatment to be given also depends upon the extent of water
logging in the area. Roads are generally on high embankments in water logged
areas. It should have mild slopes and the surface should be covered with some
shrubs so that road merges into the surroundings. Whenever possible some water
Page | 20
bodies may be developed and may be used as picnic spots. The species for such
areas should be so selected that they can grow well under the waterlogged
conditions not requiring much maintenance.
8.8
Sandy Areas
In sandy areas such species should be planted which have least water requirements
and are wind-resistant.
8.9
Wooded Areas
As far as possible roads should be aligned along the outskirt of the forest and it
should form a part of the road landscape; cutting of trees should be avoided. Even if
it is necessary to cut certain trees, it should neither disturb appearance of the forest
nor the animal life. The felling of trees should be done in stages i.e., first the thinning
be done at the proposed road/ land boundary then the gaps from where thinning was
done be planted with low and medium plantation and lastly when the new plantation
comes up the central area be cleared from the road.
8.10
Industrial Areas
Where the roads are passing through the industrial area, screen planting should be
done on both sides of the road so that views are addressed and they act as a buffer
for noise and air pollution. In conditions where chemical industries are existing or
are proposed it is advisable to have a thick green buffer which is resistant to
obnoxious fumes.
8.11
Parking areas
The most desirable plant material in parking area is trees and shrubs. Trees provide
shade in summer and improve the environment of a car park, provide a visual break
to the appearance, screen off parking areas and define some of the rows of parking.
In urban situations and particularly in congested areas where large parking spaces
are required, planting may be affected by atmospheric pollution in several ways. In
parking areas such trees should be planted which are suitable for situations where
they will be exposed to pollution. It should be noted that deciduous trees shed leaves
intermittently and maintenance is needed to keep drainage clear. Therefore, this
aspect should be taken into account while planting trees, in parking areas. Shady
and flowering trees are most suitable for parking areas.
Page | 21
U
Urban
Gree
en Guideline
es, 2014
Maintenan
nce of Pla
ant Materia
al
Plantin
ng operatio
ons requirres carefull planning. Nursery will be economical where
large scale
s
plantting is req
quired. Succh a nurse
ery will select the se
eeds and nurture
them to
o become-- marketab
ble. The pla
ants should be allow
wed to remain in the nursery
until th
hey have become
b
su
ufficiently hard to withstand trransplantattion. The nursery
should be plann
ned in an area of good
g
soil and wherre water iss adequatte. It is
suggessted to plan
nt double the
t numbe
er of plants required so
s as to acccount for losses.
Sites for
f pits sho
ould be planned and located beforehan
nd, prefera
ably three to four
monthss before pllanting. Dw
warf trees should
s
be grown 1.5
5 to 3 m ap
part. Pits of
o a size
1.25m x 1.25m should
s
norrmally be sufficient
s
in
n ordinary soil thoug
gh in hard soil the
diametter of 2m is necesssary. The pit should be filled with a mixture of soil
s and
manure
e where water
w
is avvailable. Th
he best tim
me for pla
anting deciduous tree
es is in
Januarry and Fe
ebruary an
nd for othe
ers in the pre monsoon mon
nths from July to
Septem
mber.
Immed
diately afte
er planting
g, fencing of suitable size sh
hould be d
done. The
e plants
should be adequ
uately wate
ered for 2-3 years and
a
tended
d and care
eful diggin
ng done
around
d the plantss to preven
nt the soil from gettin
ng hard. Removal of weeds should be
done periodically
p
y.
It is, however,
h
w
worthwhile
to remem
mber that quantity
q
off manure tto be adde
ed also
depend
ds upon th
he type of soil availa
able. Care should be
e taken tha
at raw ma
anure of
any kin
nd should not come in direct contact
c
witth plant. Regular
R
ma
anuring even with
small doses
d
is be
etter than casual
c
hea
avy manurin
ng.
TCPO, GoI,
G MoUD
Pa
age | 22
i)
Maintenance
Fig.9.1:Perforatedtilingforpavements
Tiling is to be done only on pavements with heavy pedestrian traffic. In case of
bridges and such areas where there are no pedestrian movements, tiling may be
avoided and in case tiling is to be done, preference is to be given to pervious tiles.
The species of trees may be chosen for their pollution reduction and abatement
qualities including dust trapping and to avoid reliance of a single species, a
combination of trees, shrubs, grass should be grown.
Page | 23
U
Urban
Gree
en Guideline
es, 2014
v) Co
ompost to be made of leaves
Leaf iss an excellent mate
erial for making com
mpost and burning o
of leaves causes
pollutio
on. A systtem of com
mposting of
o leaves in nearbyy parks sh
hould be adopted
a
which will
w provide
e water retentive ma
anure to civ
vic agencie
es, some ffallen leav
ves may
be left near the trree base as water rettentive mu
ulch.
dequate sp
pace to be
e left around trees
vi) Ad
A minim
mum area
a of 1.25 m x 1.25 m around the trees should
s
be lleft un-cem
mented,
widenin
ng of road
ds upto the
e trunk of trees
t
is to be avoide
ed as rootss come un
nder the
asphalted roads which will gradually die. In ca
ase of storrm, these ttrees may topple.
Activitie
es which adversely
a
a
affect
the ro
oots are to
o be minimized.
Figg.9.2:DesirrableSpaceearoundtreeeroots
vii) Diigging nea
ar trees to
o be avoid
ded
Digging
g near the
e trees by allowing te
elephone, electricity, sewerage
e lines sho
ould be
avoided to avoid root injuryy; sufficien
nt space sh
hould be le
eft along th
he ground for the
trees. In
I no case
e should ro
oots be exp
posed. Wa
ashing of avenue
a
tree
es foliage may be
done on
o a tri-mon
nthly basiss to get rid of particula
ate matter from the fo
oliage.
viii) Us
se of Orga
anic Comp
post
Dead trees mayy be repla
aced by young
y
plan
nts after providing
p
ssufficient organic
compo
ost in the pits. Organiic manure added with compostt FYM mix with Nitrogenous
fixing bacterial
b
culture and
d neem cake should be spread
d on the g
green and poured
into the
e soil beforre either irrrigating the
e tree basin or before
e rains.
anting of second
s
lin
ne trees to
o be encou
uraged
ix) Pla
New trees whicch may be
e called as
a second
d generatio
on trees must be planted
prefera
ably 2-3m behind
b
the
e existing liine of trees
s in an alte
ernate possition or ins
side the
TCPO, GoI,
G MoUD
Pa
age | 24
bungalow compounds, a mix of foliage and fruit trees should be planted. Planting of
fairly well established large trees should be undertaken as chances of their survival
will be more. Species to be adopted may be similar to the old trees lining roads.
Page | 25
Page | 26
U
Urban
Gree
en Guideline
es, 2014
Integratio
on of Urban Green Spaces
S
Open spaces se
erve a verry importan
nt purpose
e in the re
elationship of man and
a
the
nature.. If planned
d properly, they help
p in mainta
aining ecolo
ogical bala
ance. High
hlighting
this, it is recomm
mended tha
at a system
m of open spaces
s
be provided a
as part and
d parcel
of the Master/De
evelopmen
nt Plan of the city. These
T
open spaces, dependin
ng upon
their fu
unction can be withiin the city and /or on
o its outsskirts. Theyy should include,
apart from
f
orga
anized ope
en spacess for recre
eation purrposes, arreas reserrved as
conserrvation area
as, naturall landscape
e areas an
nd social fo
orests.
Depending upon
n the req
quirement of the city, these open sp
paces sho
ould be
ately provid
ded and should be well
w defined
d in area and
a land use. This will
w help
adequa
in checcking encrroachmentss and changes in fu
unctional use. It is em
mphasized
d that a
whole-to-part app
proach of spatial
s
plan
nning be practiced. This
T
calls fo
or delineation and
prepara
ation of spatial devvelopment plan of each city and
a
its reg
gion show
wing the
followin
ng before making
m
the
e master plan of the city:
c
Settlements, their hie
erarchy an
nd functions.
Transporta
ation netwo
ork.
b protected and prreserved including natural
n
con
nservation areas,
Areas to be
existing fo
orests, histtorical mon
numents, mining
m
sitess etc.;
Reserved forest area
as (both exxisting and
d proposed
d)
Area earm
marked for social fore
ests,
al areas specifying areas
a
gen
nerally rese
erved for g
gardens to
o serve
Agricultura
the city an
nd reserved
d for other agricultura
al purposes.
The en
ntire area outside
o
the
e proposed
d urbanisa
able limit of the urban
n centres in a city
and its region ma
ay be desiignated ass rural area
a and the Town
T
and Country Planning
P
Departtment/Urba
an Develop
pment Autthority (wh
hichever iss in charge of the planned
p
development of the city and
d the city re
egion) sho
ould regulate its use.
As a basic
b
princciple, the agricultura
a
l area of the
t
city an
nd its regio
on should not be
permittted to be changed
c
to
o urban use
e unless in
ncorporated
d in the revvised mastter plan
of the city at the time of itss periodic review or at the end
d of the pla
an period. With a
TCPO, GoI,
G MoUD
Pa
age | 27
All residential activity shall be limited to the existing or extended boundaries of the
urban fringe as proposed in the Master/Development Plan of the city and its region.
No structure of a permanent nature for residential or any other purpose shall be
permitted in the agricultural area.
With a view to preserving the ruralurban fringe and also for preventing it from ribbon
development, it is recommended that a forest belt be provided on either side of all
major roads passing through rural areas. For this purpose the right of the way of
these roads may be appropriately earmarked.
Based upon the current practice of developing farm houses on the outskirts of the
city and in the green belt zones where it is being permitted, It is observed that there
exists a demand, particularly in metropolitan centres for low density residential
development with large plots In case where this demand exists and where, as part
of development objectives low density residential areas with large size plots are to
be provided, the following two alternative strategies are recommended:
design
Page | 28
in case of coastal
cities/towns,
SECTOR/NEIGHBOURHOOD LEVEL
At the Sector/Neighborhood level, planned green spaces are provided in the form of
neighborhood parks/tot-lots. These have to be properly maintained in terms of
irrigating the plants /trees and making the provision of pruning at regular intervals.
x x
TCPO, GoI, MoUD
Page | 29
References:
1.
National Mission for a Green India, Draft submitted to Prime Ministers Council
on Climate Change, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of
India, 2010.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Page | 30