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1. Pick up current.
2. Current setting.
The force applied on the relays moving parts for changing the normal position of the contacts, is called
deflecting force. This deflecting force is always in opposition of controlling force and presents always in the
relay. Although the deflecting force always presents in the relay directly connected to live line, but as the
magnitude of this force is less than controlling force in normal condition, the relay does not operate. If the
actuating current in the relay coil increases gradually, the deflecting force in electro mechanical relay, is also
increased. Once, the deflecting force crosses the controlling force, the moving parts of the relay initiate to
move to change the position of the contacts in the relay. The current for which the relay initiates it operation is
called pick up current of relay.
Now, if we can change the number of active turns of any coil, the required current to reach at minimum pick
value of the deflecting force, in the coil also changes. That means if active turns of the relay coil is reduced,
then proportionately more current is required to produce desired relay actuating force. Similarly if active turns
of the relay coil is increased, then proportionately reduced current is required to produce same desired
deflecting force.
Practically same model relays may be used in different systems. As per these systems requirement the pick up
current of relay is adjusted. This is known as current setting of relay. This is achieved by providing required
number of tapping in the coil. These taps are brought out to a plug bridge. The number of active turns in the
coil can be changed by inserting plug in different points in the bridge.
The current setting of relay is expressed in percentage ratio of relay pick up current to rated secondary
current of CT.
That means,
For example, suppose, you want that, an over current relay should operate when the system current just crosses
125% of rated current. If the relay is rated with 1 A, the normal pick up current of the relay is 1 A and it should
be equal to secondary rated current of current transformer connected to the relay.
Then, the relay will be operated when the current of CT secondary becomes more than or equal 1.25 A.
As per definition,
Suppose we have connected on protection CT of ratio 200/1 A and current setting is 150%.
Hence, pick up current of the relay is, 1 150 % = 1.5 A
Now, suppose fault current in the CT primary is 1000 A. Hence, fault current in the CT secondary i.e. in the
relay coil is, 1000 1/200 = 5 A
Therefore PSM of the relay is, 5 / 1.5 =3.33
2. How fast the moving parts of the relay cover this distance.
5. Time setting.
Step 1
From CT ratio, we first see the rated secondary current of CT. Say the CT ratio is 100 / 1 A, i.e. secondary
current of CT is 1 A.
Step 2
From current setting we calculate the trick current of the relay. Say current setting of the relay is 150 %
therefore pick up current of the relay is 1 150% = 1.5 A.
Step 3
Now we have to calculate PSM for the specified faulty current level. For that, we have to first divide primary
faulty current by CT ratio to get relay faulty current. Say the faulty current level is 1500 A, in the CT primary,
hence secondary equivalent of faulty current is 1500/(100/1) = 15 A
Step 4
Now, after calculating PSM, we have to find out the total time of operation of the relay from Time / PSM
curve. From the curve, say we found the time of operation of relay is 3 second for PSM = 10.
Step 5
Finally that operating time of relay would be multiplied with time setting multiplier, in order to get actual time
of operation of relay. Hence say time setting of the relay is 0.1.
Therefore actual time of operation of the relay for PSM 10, is 3 0.1 = 0.3 sec or 300 ms.
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