Social Sciences 8 TH

ii
THSocial SciencesCCE Edition8
Answer Key
History
1. When, Where and How
A. Choose the correct option.
1. b.
2. a.
3. b.
4. a.
B. Fill in the blanks.

1. Tilly Kettle
2. Rashtrapati Bhavan
3. New Delhi
4. Kesari
5. Mughals
C. Correct the incorrect statements.
1. Incorrect
Correct: Bankim Chandra wrote Anandamath
2. Incorrect

Correct: Abundant source material is available of the Modern
Period.
3. Incorrect

Correct: The major work of the National Archives of India is
to preserve the records of the Government of India during
modern India.
4. Incorrect
Correct: Fort St. William which was built by the East India
company is in Kolkata.
5. Incorrect:

Correct: The Survey of India was set up in the 18th century.
D. Short answer questions.

1. The death of Aurangzeb in 1707 is marked the beginning of the
modern period of Indian history.

2. The Revolt of 1857 shook the very foundations of the British rule.
Though the revolt was suppressed by the British ruthlessly, it
invoked feelings of nationalism in the mind of the Indians. The
English educated Indians soon rose to the occasion and started
the struggle for the freedom of the country.

3. William Shirer wrote Gandhis biography.

4. Some of the important buildings built during British rule are
Parliament House, Rashtrapati Bhavan, India Gate, Fort St.
1
Price : `35.00
E.

F.

George, War Memorial Victoria Terminus, Bombay High Court

and the Prince of Wales Museum amongst many others.
Long answer questions.
1. Indian history is divided into 3 phases: ancient, medieval and
modern. These phases overlap, where one ends and the other
begins. These phases carry with them deep social messages and
biases and also have a definite influence on further historical
researches. Also, especially during the modern period, many
developments took place that brought about far reaching changes
in the social, economic, cultural and political life.
2. During the Modern phase of Indias history significant
advancements had taken place in the field of science and soon
new technologies further transformed the social economic,
cultural and political life of Europe. Some of the European
countries had colonised large parts of the world. Indians were
unaware of the significance of the changes taking place even
though they had contact with the Western world through traders
and missionaries.
3. Refer to page 2.
4. Refer to page1 An overview of the Modern Period.
Write short notes on:
1. Refer to page 3
2. Refer to page 3 Evidence from Archaeology
3. Refer to page 2 Literary Sources
2. Expansion of British Power in India

1. b.
2. c.
3. a.
B. Match the following.

1. Battle of Plassey; (b)

3. Battle of Buxar; (a)

5. Pitts India Act; (c)
C. Fill in the blanks.

1. Doctrine of Lapse

3. Mir Zafar

5. Mughal Emperor, Nawab
D. Give one word answers.
1. Sir Charles Napier
3. Lord Wellesley
2. Dalip Singh
4. Subedar
4. c.
5. a.
2. First Carnatic War; (d)

4. Regulating Act; (e)
6. Treaty of Amritsar; (f)
2. Nizam of Hydrabad
4. Surat
5. Dupleix
6. Bajirao II
E. Short answer questions.
1. The Europeans wanted to find a sea route to India for commercial
reasons. The Indian sub-continent was famous for its spices. The
Muslim Ottoman Empire of Turkey ruled the Middle East, and
they caused lots of problems to the European merchants who
tried to pass through their land. So, the Europeans tried to find a
sea route to India.

2. The Dutch East India Company built trading posts and forts along
the coastline of India. Factories were set up at Masulipatnam,
Quillon and Cochin.
3. The English East India Company was chartered by Queen
Elizabeth I on December 31st, 1600 for developing trade and
commerce with Asia for a period of 15 years. It was formed
basically to break the monopoly of the Dutch in the spice trade
with the East Indies.

4. They wanted to trade in commodities like cotton Indigo, silk,
saltpetre, tea and opium.

5. The first Carnatic war was the consequence of the War of
Austrian succession in Europe where the English and the French
took opposite sides.

6. In 1717, the Mughal Emperor Farukhsiyyar had granted special
privileges to the East India company by a royal farman. According
to this the British were allowed to trade without paying taxes
and could issue dastaks or passes for the movement of goods.
However, private trade by the company servants was not
included in this farman. The dastaks were issued to the company
servants who were using these for private trade. The nawabs
were not very happy with the wrong interpretation of the royal
farman and this led to a conflict between the East India company
and the nawabs. Another reason was the East India Company
fortified Calcutta without the permission of the Nawab and even
stocked ammunition in it. They also imposed taxes on goods
entering Calcutta. All the above reasons led to the conflict.

7. Refer to page 14.

8. The Subsidiary Alliance was introduced to bring Indian states
within British dominion. According to the alliance, the ruler had
to acknowledge the British East India company as the supreme
power. The policy played a very important part in the expansion
of the companys dominions.

9. The Indians were not given high posts in the British army as the
British wanted all the powers in their hands.
10. The Indians were at a disadvantage because the exam was held in
England and the language was English. Thus it was very difficult
for Indians to qualify for the civil services. Also, higher posts in
the civil services which were reserved only for the British.
F. Long answer questions.
1. a. The Battle of Plassey was the most decisive battle that marked
the beginning of the British rule in India. It was after this
battle that the company got the control of the rich province
of Bengal. The vast resources of the province were used to
conquer more areas of India. Also, with the money they got,
they were able to increase their economic hold in Bengal.
The British monopolised Bengals trade and commerce and
plundered the province. Thus, the Battle of Plassey had far
reaching consequences on the fate of India and it proved to
be the very foundation stone for the mighty British Empire in
India.
b. The British were victorious in the Battle of Buxar. After this,
they got the right of free trade in the Awadh and they were
allowed to keep a British army at the expense of the Nawab
of Awadh. The British also got the Diwani rights of Bengal,
Bihar and Odisha. Thus the company now had control over
the whole of Bengal. The East India Company was the sole
controller of its defense and the supreme political power was
in its hands. The company also controlled the nizamat. Thus,
the British victory in the Battle of Buxar was another nail in
the coffin.
2. Refer to page 13
3. Bengal was a prosperous province and the British wanted control
over it. They first used the privileges granted to them, fortified
Calcutta and even stocked ammunition within the fort without
the nawabs permission. The Nawab asked them to demolish the
fortifications and when they did not listen and he waged war and
defeated the British. Now the British sent the ambitious General
Robert Clive to defeat the nawab. He bribed the commander
of the Nawabs army and the nawab was defeated and forced
to flee. Thus, the British won the famous Battle of Plassey. The
company now had undisputed right to free trade in Bihar, Bengal
and Odisha. Also, huge amount of compensation was paid to
the company. The nawab incurred huge financial losses. After
this battle, the company got the control of the rich province of
Bengal.
4. a. The treaty of Allahabad was signed between the Nawab of

Awadh, Shah Alam II and Robert Clive after the British were
victorious in the Battle of Buxar. The British got the right of
free trade in Awadh and they were allowed to keep a British
army at the expense of the nawab of Awadh. Shah Alam II
got the districts of Kora and Allahabad and was also given
an annual pension of `26 lakhs. In return, he had to give the
Diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Odisha to the British. The treaty
legalised the British East Indias control over the whole of
Bengal. The company was the sole controller of its defense
and the supreme political power was in its hands. The Nawab
depended on the British for its internal and external security.
The company also controlled the nizamat.
b. Maharaja Ranjit Singh signed the treaty of Amritsar with the
British in 1809. According to the terms of this treaty, Maharaja
Ranjit Singh was not allowed to expand his territory beyond
the Sutlej river.
5. Had the British not won the Battle of Buxar, the British would
not have given out the Diwani of Bihar, Bengal and Odisha. They
would not then have the resources to conquer the whole country.
Also, the company would not have the sole control of its defence
and the supreme political power.
6. Refer to page 17 Judiciary.
7. The officials of the East India Company amassed great wealth.
The East India Company rose to great heights of power and
considerable interest began to build up in Britian. The British
government felt threatened. They felt that the rich officials of the
East India Company could buy off seats in the British parliament
and get control of Britain too. The companys management
practices came to be questioned. Also, the British government
was keen to tap the wealth of India to further develop the British
economy. They also felt that the corrupt practices could soon
seep into British business and public life.
The British parliament passed Acts to get more control over the
company. First the Regulating Act was passed in 1773. According
to this, the Presidency of Bengal was placed under a governorgeneral and a four member council. The decision of the majority
in the council was binding on the Governor. Also, a Supreme
Court of Justice was established at Fort William and the courts
jurisdiction extended to all the British subjects also. The Act was
directed mainly to stop the malpractices and corruption of the
company officials. This act was ineffective to stop corruption.
G.

H.
Later, the Pitts India Act 1784 was enacted. The Charter Act were
also passed to get more control of the Company.
8. Clive is claimed as the founder of the British political dominion
in India. He played the most important role in the victory of the
British in the Battle of Plassey. This battle was the most decisive
battle that marked the beginning of British rule in India. The
British sent the ambitious General Robert Clive to take charge
and defeat the Nawab of Bengal. Clive was a daring soldier and a
great military genius. He bribed the commander of the Nawabs
army and thus the British won the battle of Plassey. After this, the
company was granted undisputed right to free trade in Bengal,
Bihar and Odisha. The East India Company later also won the
Battle of Buxar and the British got the Diwani rights over Bengal
Bihar and Odisha and the company also got supreme political
power in its hands. This was the foundation of British rule in
India laid by Robert Clive.
9. The British introduced new administrative measures. The three
pillars of administration were army, police and the civil services.
However, all the measures introduced were aimed at increasing
the profits of the company with no concern for the welfare of the
people of India.
Write short notes on
1. The Annexation of Punjab: Refer to page 13
2. The Dual Government fo Bengal: Refer to page 11
3. The Doctrine of Paramountcy: Refer to page 14
1. The British wanted to annex Sindh: This was because Sindh was
an enormous province and the British wanted to include it as
a part of the Bombay Presidency. Also, they wanted control of
Sindh because they were scared of Russian invasion through
Afghanistan.
2. The British won the Carnatic wars: This can be attributed
to a number of reasons the British had an excellent navy that
facilitated swift movement of their troops to and from India.
Also the French government had little interest in Indian affairs
whereas the British home government cooperated with the East
India Compmany. The British were financially sound. They
had access to the rich province of Bengal where they carried
on extremely profitable trade. Another reason was the lack of
coordination between the French government and Dupleix.
3. The Nawab of Bengal lost in the Battle of Plassey. This was
because the Nawab was betrayed by Mir Zafar, the commander
of his army. He was in charge of a large section of the army and
refused to fight as he had been bribed by Robert Clive. Also,

rainfall had made the Nawabs artillery unfit for use.
3. Rural life under the British Rule

1. b.
2. d.
3. c.
4. a.
5. c.
B. Correct the incorrect statements.
1. False

Correct: The Indigo Revolt began in Bengal
2. Correct 3. Correct 4.
Correct
5. Incorrect

Correct: The revenue policies of the British led to the misery of
the peasants.
C. Give reasons.

1. The East India Company needed large amounts of money.
Firstly, they wanted to buy spices, indigo, cotton and other raw
materials from India and sell them profitably in the European
markets. So, they needed money to buy these commodities.
Secondly, the company required money to maintain an army for
the wars it was fighting. Thirdly the company had to send money
to England because the share holders of the company were paid
dividends. Also, the company needed funds to pay the officers of
the administrative set up in India.

2. Many uprisings occurred during British rule: The exploitation
by the colonial rulers led to numerous revolts. The peasants had
to bear many adversities. So, they began their fight against the
unfair policies of the British. Indians revolted against oppressive
policies in administration and revenue collection, partiality in
the judiciary and legislations. Another reason for the revolts was
high revenue rates and the governments incapability to provide
loan at cheaper rates.

3. The Industrial Revolution in England led to commercialization
of agriculture in India: The Industrial Revolution in England led
to increased demand for raw materials like cotton, sugarcane,
indigo etc. The British in India thus encouraged the agriculture
of these raw materials instead of food crops. Also, increasing
demand for some of the commercial crops in other countries
gave the impetus to commercialization of agriculture.

1. Under the Mughals a fairly well organized system of revenue
collection was followed. They introduced different practices of
E.

collecting taxes on cultivated land. They made sure that under

pressure was not put on the villagers especially in times of
natural disasters. The revenue was collected in a fair and efficient
manner. There was tremendous accountability because officials
were dismissed if complaints were made by citizens.
2. The East India Company needed money for various expenses.
Firstly, they needed money to buy the commodities for trading.
Secondly, they required money to maintain an army to fight the
wars. Also, the company had to send money for its shareholders
in England. Another major expense was the payment of salaries
to the officers of the set-up in India.
3. The zamindars collecting the revenue for the company had many
drawbacks. There was no certainty on how much revenue could
be collected. There was also a steady demand to exceed the
amount. Also, the revenue was never used for social welfare.
4. The British introduced three kinds of revenue policies: The
Permanent settlement, Mahalwari settlement and the Ryotwari
system.
5. The moneylenders emerged as powerful figures. This was
because peasants who were unable to pay the revenue took
money on interest from the moneylender. They had to mortgage
their land to them and pay very high rates of interest. Ultimately,
they were unable to pay back to the moneylender who was no
less oppressive than the British. The peasants mostly lost their
land and worked as bonded labourers on the farms.
6. Many famines occurred in India during this period.
Commercialization of agriculture was largely responsible for
these famines. Also, planting of indigo led to low fertility of the
soils. Also, when the peasants could not pay the revenue, they
borrowed money on high interest rates from the moneylender
which they could not pay and ultimately the land was taken over
by the landlord.
1. Warren Hastings introduced the system of revenue collection
called revenue farming. According to this the best way of
finding what Bengal could afford to pay was to invite competition
for the right to collect revenue for a period of 5 years. The higher
bidder was given the right to collection of revenue for a period
of 5 years. This system of revenue farming was a failure as it
had many drawbacks. Firstly, the person who bought the right to
collect revenue oppressed the peasants to collect more revenue.

F.

G.

Secondly, very often the bidders quoted impractical figures since

they were not sure how much the revenue should be. Thirdly,
the income of the British varied from year to year depending on
how much the revenue collection was auctioned for. Fourthly,
the appointed tax collectors made as much money as they could
earn within these 5 years period. Also, they took no interest in
the improvement of the agricultural land. This had devastating
consequences.
2. Refer to page 23. Permanent Settlement Act 1793.
3. The Ryotwari and Mahalwari system were entirely opposite. In
the Ryotwari system, there was a direct relationship between the
ryot or peasant. Every holder was recognised as its owner and
he could sell or transfer the land. In contrast, in the Mahalwari
system lands were jointly held by the village community. All the
members were jointly responsible for the payment of revenue.
The village headman collected and paid the revenue. There was
no direct relationship between the peasant and the government.
Also, in the Ryotwari system the revenue was fixed after the
assessment of each peasants land and in the Mahalwari system
after inspecting the fields, revenue was fixed for the entire
village. In the Ryotwari system, the revenue was discounted
in unfavourable seasons and the tax rate was reduced. If the
peasant failed to pay the state, he was evicted. In the Mahalwari
system, the peasants paid the revenue share of the whole village
in proportion according to the individual holdings. The Ryotwari
system was introduced in the Madras and then in the Bombay
Presidency. Mahalwari system was introduced in Northern India.
However, both the systems failed. The Mahalwari failed due to
very high demand for revenue and rigidity in revenue collection,
Ryotwari failed because the demand for cash led to poverty of
the peasants and the officers in charge of revenue collection were
cruel and oppressive.
4. Refer to page 24 Effects of land revenue policies.
5. Refer to page 25 Commercialisation of Agriculture.
Write short notes on
1. Indigo Revolts: Page 27
2. Commercialisation of agriculture: Page 25
3. Peasant revolt: Page 26
Give one word answers
1. Warren Hastings
2. Lord Cornwallis
3. Sir Thomas Munro

4. Sanyasis
4. Colonialism and Tribal Societies

A. Choose the correct statements.
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. True 5. False
1. Christians
4. Zamindari
2. Moneylenders
5. Beth begari
3. Forest policy
C. Match the columns.
1. d.
2. a.
3. b.
4. e.
5. c.

1. The British challenged the traditional land rights of the tribal
people. They took over the land which the tribe consisdered as
theirs. Also, they were against shifting agriculture. They wanted
these communities to settle as they would be easy to administer.
They also wanted regular revenue from tribal communities.
Another aim of the British was to cut down the forests and
establish plantation to grow cash crops for the European
market.

2. The Santhal rebellion was led by the Murmu brothers Sindhu
and Kanhu.

3. The Munda Revolt was led by Birsa Munda.

4. The Rebellions of the north-east: Refer to page 36.

5. The main reason for the two major uprisings in the north-east
was the rise in taxation.
E. Long answer questions.

1. The British challenged the traditional land rights of the tribal
people. They took over the land which the tribes considered as
theirs. They created zamindars who were outsiders. The tribes
were reduced to more tenants and had to pay high rent to these
zamindars. The British were against shifting agriculture. They
considered these tribes to be wild and wanted them to be settled
down and be civilised. They also wanted revenue from the tribal
communities. The tribes practising shifting agriculture found
it difficult to change to settled agriculture because the fertility
of the land decreased over time. Also the British changed the
10
2.
3.
4.
position and powers of the tribal chief. He had to follow the laws
made by the British and pay tribute to the British officers.
The forest policy introduced by the British affected the tribes
radically. The British needed coal and wood from the forests.
They declared the forests as the property of the government.
Many forests were declared as reserved. The tribal people had no
rights to hunt or to use any forest products. Even cattle grazing
was not allowed. Only authorized contractors were allowed to
cut trees for timber. Many tribes were heavily dependent on
forest products. The compensation paid by the government did
not reach them. The natural life cycle of tribal ecology and tribal
life was greatly disturbed.
The British cut down forests to establish extensive plantations.
The tribal people lost their habitat with the establishment of these
plantations. Also, they were forced to work on these plantations
with meagre wages. The tribes who depended on the forests
for food and fuel and practised shifting cultivation witnessed
the destruction of their livelihood and identity. So these tribal
communities participated in many revolts against the British.
The economy of most tribes was subsistence oriented. They
survived mainly on hunting, gathering and fishing. Even those
tribes that depended on agriculture had to supplement their
income with hunting and collecting forest produces. There were
many different tribes, each with its distinct way of making a
living. The hunting and gathering tribes also collected forest
products like honey, nuts, fruits, firewood, herbs for their daily
needs. They sold these products in the local markets. They made
ropes and baskets and exchanged them for other things that
they required. They also made their huts from materials found
in the forests. Some tribes lived by herding and rearing animals
like sheep and cattle. They moved about pasture lands. They
exchanged animal products like milk, butter and wool for other
necessary things.
The position of the tribal chief underwent a drastic change
during British rule. The tribal chief had traditionally been very
important. The people of his tribe paid tribute to him and he
had all administrative powers. He made rules for his tribe. His
powers were now curtailed. He had to now follow the laws made
by the British and tribute to the British Officers.
The life of the tribals underwent drastic changes after the advent
of the colonial rulers.
11
Firstly, the tribals had no rights to hunt or make use of any

forest products. Secondly, cattle grazing was not allowed in the
forests. T
hirdly, the tribals lost their habitat with the cutting
down of the forests and establishing plantations.

Also, they were forced to work on these plantations and given
meagre wages. Lastly, the tribes who had earlier depended on
the forests for food and fuel and practised shifting cultivation
witnessed the destruction of their livelihood and identity.

5. Page 33 Santhal Rebellion
The Santhals .... had to sell their belongings.

6. The British were well equipped with guns and trained army. But
they realised that they could not defeat the Santhals in the forest.
So, they trapped them into coming down the hills and then the
British fired bullets and killed them. The Santhal villagers were
brutally attacked and the rebellion was suppressed.

7. The tribals, revolts were always suppressed. This was because
the tribals fought against their enemies with traditional weapons
like bows, arrows, lathis, and axes. These were ineffective against
the superior modern weapons of the British.
F. One word answers.
1. dikus
3. ulgulan
2. Kanhu and Sindhu
4. Kamiya
5. Jhoom or slash and burn.
G. Write short notes.

1. Shifting Agriculture: Page 31

2. Settled Agriculture: Page 32
5. Crafts and Industries

1. c.
2. a.
3. a.
4. a.

1. Calico

4. Industrial Revolution

2. Calcutta
5. Suez Canal
3. Calico Acts
1. False 2. True 3. False 4. False 5. False

[Refer to the text for correct statement]
D. Give reasons:

1. The handicraft industry was important in India.
12
E.

The industry had reached a high level of excellence and enjoyed

a worldwide reputation. Indian handicrafts were exported across
the world. Rural cottage industries such as pottery, carpentary,
and weaving provided the everyday requirements of the village
people. The handicraft industry was most important because it
provided employment and also contributed to the economy.
2. The East India Company at first concentrated on the export of
Indian manufactured goods like textiles to Europe where they
were in great demand. Indian textiles became so popular in
Britain that the British textile manufacturers protested against
their import. They forced the British Parliament to pass the
Calico Acts of 1720 and 1721. According to these Acts, the import
of cotton from India was banned. This was an effort to sustain the
British cotton industry.
3. The Indian rulers were interested in trade relations with foreign
countries. This was because this trade earned them more
revenue.
4. To facilitate the movement of raw materials to the ports and the
finished British goods to the entire country, the British introduced
railways in India. The railways connected Indian towns and cities
to ports.
Short answer questions.
1. The reason for Indias favourable foreign trade was its excellence
in local production.
2. The entire country was self sufficient right down to the villages.
They were able to manufacture the necessities, and what they
could not produce was easily available within the country
at reasonable prices. Indian village economy was also selfsufficient and self sustaining. Also, agriculture went hand in
hand with handicrafts. The farmers family supplemented the
income by spinning and weaving cloth. The village craftsmen
like washermen, barbers, potters etc. got a share of the harvest
from their services.
3. Dacca, Murshidabad, Surat, Ahmedabad, Lucknow,
Masulipatnam, Chanderi, Bangalore Aurangabad,
Visakhapatnam and Coimbatore were flourishing centres
of the textile industry.
4. Refer to page 41 The trading companies
5. The British Parliament passed the Calico Acts of 1720 and 1721
to sustain the textile industry in Britain. According to these Acts,
the import of cotton from India was banned. It also restricted the
13
F.

14
use of printed cotton textiles like chintz to England. This was an

effort to sustain the British textile industry.
Long Answer questions.
1. The English East India Company concentrated on the export
of Indian manufactured goods. This was because these were in
great demand in Europe. The British people were extremely fond
of Indian textiles especially calico. The company paid in gold and
silver to buy the Indian handmade textiles.
2. The British began using political power for the enhancement of
their commercial and economic interests. As they expanded their
territories in India, the artisans and weavers were forced to sell
their goods to the company at lower prices.
3. The Industrial Revolution affected both the industries in Britain
and the textile industry in India.
(a) Industries in Britain: The industries in Britain prospered.
New technology made possible the development of machines
which raised productivity and promoted the growth of
large industries. Products could now be manufactured
more quickly and at a lower cost. The British factories now
required large quantity of raw materials and also needed to
capture foreign markets for the manufactured goods.
(b) Textile industry in India: England developed its own textile
industry and with that the dependence on Indian textiles
came to an end. Instead of buying finished textile from India,
British began buying raw cotton and exporting it to England.
The machine made cloth from Britain was now sold in India.
This began to replace the indigenous manufacturers. Indias
artisans were forced out of job. The local textile industry
suffered heavy losses. Gradually the Indian textile and
cottage industries died out.
4. Matters became worse for the Indian craftsmen when the British
government, introduced the one-way free trade. Every country
charges a tax or duty when goods are imported. The British
abolished the duty on goods entering India. The British goods
thus became cheaper and this ruined the domestic market for
Indian goods. However, the Indian goods going to Britain were
heavily taxed making them more expensive. Consequently, even
the foreign market for Indian goods was badly affected.
5. Refer to page 43 Causes of the Decline of Crafts and
Industries.
G. Write short notes on

1. One way free trade Refer to as question 4 of Long answer
question.

2. Indian textile industry Refer to page 144.
Crossword Puzzle
Across Down

1. Calico
1. Chintz

4. Bombay
2. Jahangir

5. Tata Iron and Steel company 3. Wootz steel

6. Surat

7. Suez Canal

8. Raniganj Coal fields

9. Jamshedji Tata
6. The Revolt of 1857

1. c.
2. a.
3. a.
4. a.
5. c.

1. Gwalior, Sindhia
2.Nana Sahib
3. Subedar

4. Enfield Rifle
5. Nana Saheb Begum Hazrat Mahal
C. Give one word answers.

1. Bahadur Shah Zafar
4. General Bakht Khan

2. Begum Hazart Mahal
5. Bahadur Shah Zafar
3. Awadh
D. Match the Columns.
1. Henry Lawrence: The British at Awadh

2. Lord Dalhousie: Tried to annex Jhansi

3. John Nicholson: Hero of the Delhi siege

4. General Sir Hugh wheeler resident: The British commander at
Kanpur.

5. Sir Campbell: Reconquered Kanpur.
E. Correct the Incorrect statements:
1. Correct
2. Incorrect
Correct: Nana Sahib marched to Kanpur with his troops.
3. Incorrect

Correct: The Revolt was not a total failure.
15
4. Incorrect

Correct: Bahadur Shah Zafar was exiled to Burma.
5. Correct
F. Give the significance of the following dates.

1. March 29, 1857 Mangal Pandey revolts

2. April 8, 1857 Mangal Pandey hanged

3. May 10, 1857 Sepoys break out is rebellion

4. May 11th, 1857 Delhi seized by rebels

5. June 5th, 1857 Kanpur taken by Tantia Tope

6. June 17, 1857 Rani of Jhansi dies
G. Short answer questions.

1. The sepoys refused to use the greased cartridges because they
had a greased paper cover which has to be bitten off with teeth
before it was loaded into the rifle. This grease was extracted from
beef and pig fat. The Hindus as well as Muslim sepoys were
infuriated because of the use of these animal fats was against
their religion respectively cow for Hindus and pig for Muslims.
2. The Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah II was proclaimed as the
emperor of India by the rebels. This was because the Mughals
had for long been considered the symbol of political unity in
India.

3. The main centres of the revolt were Awadh, Kanpur, Jhansi.

4. Some of the Indians were against the social reforms introduced
by the British. They looked upon these reforms as a direct attack
on the Indian culture and led to discontentment among the
people.

5. Awadh had been annexed by the British on account of
misgovernance. There was a huge discontentment because the
Nawab of Awadh had been loyal to the British.

6. The symbol of the revolt was the mysterious chappati and the
lotus.

7. The administration of India passed into the hands of the British
queen after the revolt of 1857. This was because the government
wanted to take firmer control of the crown jewel of its empire.
They felt insecure after the revolt of 1857 and felt that the east
India Company could not handle the affairs in India efficiently.
H. Long answer questions.

1. Refer to page 48- Political causes
2. Page 49- Economic causes
3. Page 49- Military causes
16
4. Page 50- Immediate causes

5. On 10th May, sepoys at Meerut broke out in open rebellion and
headed towards Delhi. Delhi was seized by the rebels on May
12th. The Red fort and the city were occupied. Some European
inhabitants of Delhi were shot dead. The old and powerless
emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar was proclaimed the emperor
of India. He was shocked at first but later agreed to give his
countenance to the rebellion. He held his first formal court after
many years and sent letters to all important Indian kings to
organize a coalition which would collectively drive the British out
of India. A court of soldiers was established with general Bakht
Khan heading it and this body then became the real command
centre for the revolt. The loss of Delhi was a serious blow and
loss of prestige to the British.
6. Page 52- Causes of failure
7. Page 52- Suppression of the revolt.
8. Page 53- Effects of revolt
9. Page 53- Nature of the revolt.
7. Education under the British Rule

A.

B.

C.

D.

Choose the correct option.

1. Gandhiji
2. 1906

3. Warren Hastings
4. 1813

5. Woods Despatch
Match the columns.
1. Ishwar Chandra Vidhya SagarPrincipal of Sanskrit college
2. Annie Besantfounded the Hindu college at Benaras
3. Swami Vivekanandafounded the Rama Krishna Mission
4. Swami Dayanand Saraswatifounded Arya Samaj
5. Raja Ram Mohan Royfounded the Anglo Hindu school.
What is the importance of these dates?
1. 1813 Charter Act
2. 1854 Woods Despatch
3. 1835 Lord Macaulays Minute
Fill in the blanks.
1. Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad
2. National Education Movement
3. Lord Bentinck
4. Woods Despatch
17

E.

F.

5. Sanskrit college at Varanasi

One word answers.
1. Lord Hardinge
2. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
3. Raja Ram Mohan Roy
4. H.T. Princep
5. Gandhi ji
1. The East India Company showed very little interest in the
education of Indians as it was busy in expanding its dominions
and consolidating its rule.

2. The three main agencies that were responsible for the spread
of modern education in India were the foreign Christian
missionaries, the British government and the progressive
Indians.
3. The East India Company did not allow the missionaries to
propagate Christian religious teachings to the common people in
India because they were afraid of the reaction that interference in
the religious beliefs of the Indians might provoke. They thought
it could affect the business policy and the diplomatic role of the
East India Company.

4. The Charter Act created a controversy between the Anglicists
and Orientalists on the medium of instruction in Indian eduction
system. The Anglicists favoured English as a medium of
instruction whereas the Orientalists were supporters of Indian
languages as a medium of instruction.

5. Woods Despatch was a historical document described as the
Magna Carta of modern education in India. It was a milestone in
the history of education in modern India and presented a broad
plan for the later development of the educational system in the
country.
G. Long answer questions.

1. Education in the pre British era was largely informal. Some
children were taught at home by private tutors. Other children
went to madrasas or pathshalas. These were open air places where
children gathered and studied as well as played. The village
school master was supported by the community as he took
care of the childrens education. There were no buildings and
no textbooks were required. There was no fixed curriculum to
follow. The teacher taught what he thought was important and
there was no examination. Moral and religious instruction was
given, reading and writing were combined. As a pupil spoke
aloud a letter he also wrote it with his finger on the ground or
18
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
sand. When the child acquired a little proficiency, he could use an

instrument to write on a palm leaf. Wooden boards and brazen
plates were also used. The writing could be wiped out with a wet
cloth, and the boards and slates were used again. Rote learning
was practised. Punishment was mild and there were no fines.
Lord Macaulay wrote a minute on 2nd Feb, 1835 in which he
strongly criticized the Indian Education System. He rejected
the claims of Arabic and Sanskrit against English because he
considered English to be the best medium of instruction. English
was the key to modern knowledge. He held that this would
enable the emergence of a class of people in the Indian society
who would be well versed in English, western ideology, taste and
opinion. Macaulays contribution was appreciated as the torch
bearer in the path of progress by some people. His minute was
accepted by Lord Bentick who passed the resolution to accept
the English language as a medium of instruction for the Indian
Education System.
Refer to page 60 Woods Despatch
The British government introduced English to serve their
administrative and political needs. By introducing western
education they hoped that there would emerge a class of
people who would be well versed in English language, western
ideology taste and opinion. They also hoped that English would
become the language of commerce throughout the east. He was
believed that the higher classes educated through the medium
of English would adopt English ways and in turn influence the
lower classes. After educating some people, the responsibility of
educating the masses could be left to them.
Page 61 Effects or education
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan found the Mohammedan Anglo Oriental
College on 24th May, 1875. This college created a confluence of
traditional learning and modern sciences. It progressed rapidly
and became an important centre of learning. Later, the college
expanded and a school for girls was established. After, this many
educational institutions came up.
Due to the Swadeshi Movement, the nationalists passionately
believed in Swadeshi. Indians boycotted British schools and
colleges. An impelling need for Indian institutions was felt.
Consequently, the swadeshi Movement also initiated another
movement called the National Education Movement. This was like
a university established by the renowned persons of our country.
This infused a sense of pride in learning national traditions and
19
culture in national languages. The demand for national education

became a vital part of the Swadeshi movement.
8. Refer to page 84 Gandhis concept of Education.
8. Indian Renaissance, Women and Caste Reforms

1. a.
2. a.
3. a.
4. a.
5. b.

6. a.
7. a

1. Age of women
2. Pandita Ramabai

3. Mahadev Govind Ranade
4. Jyotirao Phule

5. Kandukuri Veeresalingam
C. Match the Columns.
1. a.
1. b.
3. b.
1. a.
2. d.

1. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar

2. Savitri Phule

3. B.R. Ambedkar

4. Jyotirao Phule

5. Swami Vivekananda
E. Correct the incorrect statements.
1. Correct
2. Incorrect

Correct: A marriage of a female child less than 18 years and a
male child less than 21 years is called child marriage.
3. Correct
4. Incorrect

Correct: Jotiba Phule, an eminent social reformer was born in
Maharashtra in a family belonging to the Mali caste.
F. Give one word answers.

1. Satyarth Prakash
3. Pandita Ramabai

2. Jotiba Phule
4. Raja Ram Mohan Roy

1. Many social evils were rampant in society. These were practice of
sati, child marriage, dowry system, polygamy, lack of education
among women and female infanticide.

2. Sati was first banned in Calcutta in 1798.
20
3. Raja Ram Mohan Roy established the Brahmo Samaj to campaign

against the social evils like like sati and caste system.

4. Savitri Phule was the wife of Jyotirao Phule, an eminent social
reformer. Along with her husband, she was the pioneer of
womens education. They wanted to bring about reforms in the
spheres of education, caste system and status of women. They
fought for the rights of the lower castes.

5. The efforts of the social reformers were successful and bore
fruits. The reforms swept away the hindrances against women
and a now they finally got the oppurtunity to get educated and
improve their position in society. Thus, from early 20th century
onwards, educated women began to put their views publicly and
came to play an important role in the struggle for freedom.

The lower castes also organised themselves into movements by
the 2nd half of the 19th century. They were against caste based
discrimination in the society.

1. Raja Ram Mohan Roy was a social reformer from Bengal.
Through his organisation, the Brahmo Samaj, he campaigned
against sati. He wrote articles in Bengali and in 1818 he issued
his first pamphlet denouncing sati, citing proofs from the
sacred literature. He followed it with another in 1820, quoting
from the Hindu law. Roy petitioned the government, published
pamphlets and even travelled to England to appeal before the
British Parliament to ensure the ban on sati.

2. Refer to page 74 Kandukuri Veereslingam

3. Refer to page 74 Joyti Rao Phule, Savitri Phule

4. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was an untouchable, and he faced caste
discrimination since childhood. After humiliation on several
occasions, he was determined to fight caste discrimination. He
was of the opinion that there should be a separate electoral
system for the untouchables and lower caste people. He wanted
reservations for dalits and other socially backward classes.
He started an organisation in Bombay called the Bahishkrit
Hitkarni Sabha for the progress of the untouchables. He set up
4 boarding houses in the Bombay Presidency for untouchable
students. He also started the Samaj Samta Sangh for preaching
social equality among the untouchables and other Hindu castes.

In 1927, he led a Satyagraha to assert the civic rights of the
untouchables to draw water from public tanks which the Hindus
claimed as private property.

6. Refer to page 75 Mahatma Gandhi.
21
9. Colonialism and Urban Change

A. Choose the correct option
1. d.
2. a.
3. d.
4. a.
5. d.
1. transport network
4. Lutyens and Baker

2. Calcutta
5. bungalow
3. thanas
1. Incorrect

Correct: India Gate was designed by Sir Edward Lutyens
2. Correct
3. Incorrect

Correct: Calcutta was fortified and named Fort St. William.
4. Correct
5. Incorrect

Correct: Fort St. William was built in Calcutta.

1. Quazi

2. Calcutta

3. Dacca, Surat
4. Lord Cornwallis

5. King Georage V
1. Some important cities that emerged during the colonial rule were
Calcutta, Bombay and Madras.

2. The British promoted Bombay because of its strategic location
and advantage as a fort. Later, they shifted their presidency
from Surat to Bombay. Basic amenities and public services were
introduced, the Great Indian Peninsular railways was established
and communications improved. It became a major commercial
and industrial centre in India.

3. Shimla was the first hill station to be built by the British.

4. The British indulged in horticulture like the planting of English
apple trees and experimented with crops that were grown in
England like strawberries, lettuce, pastery and pears.

5. The British built Black Town and White Town in an effort
to physically and socially separate themselves from the local
population. The White Town had the British residences whereas
the Indians lived in the Black Town.

6. Refer to page 83 Police
22
7. The Indian capital was shifted from Calcutta to Delhi because

of its central location and administrative convenience. Some
believed that the capital was shifted from Calcutta because
Bengal had become the centre for nationalist activities.
1. Refer to page 79 Ruralisation and Deurbanisation.
2. The British developed hill stations because they wanted to
establish cool retreats to get away from the heat and dust of
the plains. They shifted their headquarters to these hill stations
during the intense summer period. Also hill stations developed
due to the introduction of cash crops such as tea in Darjeeling
and Ooty.
3. The pattern of town planning was changed during the British
rule. The towns were now well planned. Garrison towns,
cantonments and civil lines were developed outside the walled
towns. The existing settlements where the Indians lived were
deemed unfit and unhygienic by the British. Also the British
settlements had broad roads lined with trees and spacious
bungalows with open space around them. The colonial cities had
3 distinct areas the living quarters, the cantonment and the civil
lines. The town was divided into white town and black town.
The white town was where the British lived. As pressure on
space grew, British architecture progressed from single buildings
set in open surroundings to more densely packed urban designs
e.g. Calcutta. Both the cantonments and civil lines were laid out
with central thorough fares or Mall Roads with tree-lined streets,
regularly divided buildings plots and bungalows as the main
housing type. Churches, cemeteries, clubs race and golf courses
were also built.
4. The cantonment was a British military settlement which spread
out all over India. These were like British towns in India.
They were separated from the bazaars and Indian settlements.
Originally, these were military bases for British troops. Later, the
civilians who served the military were also allowed to reside in
these areas. These areas developed into mini cities and had public
offices, churches, parks, shops and schools. The cantonment was
distinct from the old city. Traffic between the two had to stop at a
toll gate and pay entry tax.
5. Among all the different types of buildings the bungalow remains
a symbol of the British in India. The bungalows inhabited
by the East India Company agents were enclosed by a walled
compound and could be at a little distance from the road. The
23

G.

bungalows came to signify wealth and power. The amount of

land enclosed was a status symbol. Senior officers got larger
bungalows with bigger gardens. The design of the bungalows
also changed. They were now spawning buildings with low
pitched roofs. Their gardens were lush green. Nearly all gave an
impression of spacious and airy charm. The most important part
of the bungalow was the verandah which was essential to help
fight the heat and humidity in India.
6. Refer to page 82 Administration
Write short notes on.
1. Development of Calcutta: Page 80
2. Development of Madras: Page 81
3. Development of Delhi during the colonial rule Refer to page 84.
After the decline of the Mughal Empire ..... better livelihood and
future.
10. Changes in the Arts Painting, Literature

and Architecture
1. d.
2. a.
3. d.
4. c.
5. a.

1. Gateway of India

4. Swadeshi Movement

2. Lala Deen Dayal

5. Gateway of India

3. Raja Ravi Verma
C. Match the columns.
1. e.
2. d.
3. c.
4. c.
5. b.

1. Abanindranath Tagore
2. Frederick William Stevens

3. Mumbai or Bombay
4. Tilly Kettle

5. Bengal Gazette
E. Correct the Incorrect statements.
1. Correct
2. Correct
3. Incorrect:

Correct: The British rebuilt Bombay and gave it an imperial
look.
4. Incorrect

Correct: One of the most famous artists was Raja Ravi Varma.
24
5. Incorrect

Correct: In 1789, the first newspaper from Bombay, the Bombay
Herald was published.
F. Give reasons

1. British officials had life size portraits made because they wanted
to show off their status, wealth and power.
2. The East India Company acquired Bombay because it needed
deeper water ports so that larger vessels could dock. The islands
of Bombay fulfilled their requirement and the city became
headquarters of their Bombay Presidency.
3. Tagore wrote Gora to challenge the colonial rule, colonial criteria
and colonial authority and to give a new meaning to Indian
nationalism.

1. The British helped to develop Indian art by introducing new
styles in art. These were called Indian traditions. The British
government made some regulations to help artists. Schools and
colleges were opened and exhibitions were held to make art
accessible to the common man. The British developed a number
of art schools to train artists under the aegis of the department of
public instruction. The schools founded were in Madras, Calcutta
Bombay and Lahore.

2. Some of the British artists who travelled to India were John
Zoffany, Tilly Kettle, William and Thomas Daniell, Emily Eden.

3. Refer to page 89 Kalighat Paintings.
4. The British introduced photography in India to take photographs
to record archaeological sites. Europeans also bought
photographs to keep a visual record of their visit in India. Also,
the Revolt of India created much public interest about India in
Britain, creating an increased market for photographs about the
culture and lifestyle in India. Thus this was a key event in the
development of photography in India. People who read stories
in the newspapers about Delhi or Lucknow wanted to see what
these places looked like and wanted to see pictures of India.

5. Indo Saracemic architecture was the culmination of colonial and
Indian architecture. It combined the features of Hindu, Islamic
and Western elements.

1. The Company School of paintings made its appearance in India
during the rule of the East India Company. These paintings were
made by Indian artists who adapted their style according to
25
the British tastes. They produced paintings of flora and fauna,

landscapes, historical monuments, durbar scenes, images of
native rulers, trades and occupations, festivals, ceremonies,
dance music as well as portraits. The main features of these
paintings were as under: They were painted with watercolours
and pencil was also used. They were done on paper. They were
first produced in the Madras Presidency.
2. The European painters brought about many changes. There was
a trend towards naturalism. They learned to represent objects as
these appeared which led to natural representation. They created
the illusion of distance by making objects appear smaller and
also changed the shape of the object to give a three dimensional
effect. They also used oil as a medium now.
3. The setting up of the press during the British period had
important implications. This new technology gave a boost to
journalism and propaganda. It played a powerful role in the
spread of the freedom struggle. Newspapers were not printed
and circulated. The prime focus was to spread revolutionary
ideas and give views about current events.
4. The British greatly impacted Indian literature. Indian literature
never remained the same again. One of the main influencing
factors on Indian literature was the English language. English
became the language spoken by the elite of India. The impact
of western civilisation, the rise of political consciousness and
the change in society could be seen in what was written during
that time. The passion for independence inspired many writers,
novelists, poets, and playwrights to show their protests through
their works against the colonial rule.
5. Refer to page 94 case study Chennai.
11. The Nationalist Movement

1. d.
2. a.
3. b.
4. a.
5. a.
B. Correct the incorrect statement.
1. Incorrect
Correct: The Moderates sent petitions and appeals to the British
government.
2. Correct
3. Incorrect
Correct: The Indian National Congress presented demands
modestly and were not anti-British.
26
4. Incorrect

Correct: Bengal was partitioned by Lord Curzon.
5. Incorrect

Correct: Indians were not satisfied by the Morley-Minto
reforms.
1. Dacca 2. Surat
3. Annie Besant

4. Lucknow Pact

5. Extremists
D. Match the columns.
1. d.
2. a.
3. b.
4. e.
c.
E. Give one word answers.

1. Ghadar Party
2. Lord Lytton

3. A.O. Hume

4. Lord Ripon
5. Nawab Salimullah Khan
F. Give reasons for the following.
1. The IIbert bill created agitation in the British community because
it proposed that Indian Magistrates would be given the power to
try cases that involved the Europeans.

2. Refer to page 99 Transport and Communication

3. The extremists were called the Garam Dal because they believed
that action was needed and petitions and appeals would have
no effect. According to them national problems could only be
solved by vigorous agitation. Their methods were aggressive.
The Moderates were called the Naram Dal because they wanted to
bring about a gradual change without any revolt. They believed
in adopting constitutional method for agitation without any
violence. They were in favour of passing resolutions and sending
appeals to the British government.

4. The Morley-Minto reforms promoted communal differences
because right of separate electorate was given to the Muslims.
This sowed the seeds of division between Hindus and Muslims.

1. The factors that led to the growth of nationalism were economic
exploitation, racial discrimination, western education, press
and literature, transport and communications, early political
organisations, and the socio-religious organisations.

2. The IIbert Bill issued by Lord Ripon proposed that Indian
magistrates would be given the power to try cases that involved
the Europeans.
27
3. The English language became a common language the lingua

franca. Through this Indians from all parts of the country could
communicate with one another. It would have been difficult for
the Indians who spoke different languages to get together and
organise a national movement.
4. An All India Political organisation was needed to unite the
Indians against the British rule. The Indians needed a platform
to express their problems and vent out their feelings. A.O Hume
invited Indians to form a political organisation. Consequently the
Indian National Congress was set up on December 28th 1885.

5. Three moderates were: Dadabhai Naoraji, Surendranath Banerjee,
and Gopal Krishna Gokhale. Three extremists were: Lala Lajpat
Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Bipin Chandra Pal.

6. Lord Curzon partitioned Bengal on the excuse that it was too
large to govern and decided to partition it for administrative
purpose.

1. (a) Racial discrimination page 98

(b) Western Education page 99

2. The Moderates and extremists had different methods.

The moderates had faith in the British and believed in being
loyal to the British throne. Their aims were modest and they
wanted to bring about a gradual change without any revolt.
They believed that the British could be convinced to give into the
genuine demands of the Indians. They were of the opinion that
the continuance of British rule was in the interest of the Indians.
They believed in adopting constitutional methods for agitation
without any violence. They were in favour of passing resolutions
and sending appeals to the British government.

The Extremists had views radically different from the moderates.
They had no faith or trust in the British. They believed that
action was needed and petitions and appeals would have
no effect. Instead of petty concessions given by the British
government, they wanted Swaraj or self rule. They believed that
national problems could only be solved by vigorous agitation.
Their methods were aggressive and they wanted Indians to
unite and force the British out of the country and establish
Swaraj.

4. Refer to page 103 Muslim League.

5. The partition of Bengal led to extreme discontent among
the Indians. Though Lord Curzon partitioned Bengal for

28
I.

administrative purposes, he had deeper motives. This was an

attempt to weaken Hindu Muslim unity. It caused a great uproar
among the Indians. They firmly opposed the partition. It was
observed as a day of mourning. Thousands of people began their
day by taking a dip in the Ganges. Hindus and Muslims tied
rakhis to each other to show their unity. People walked barefoot
on the streets shouting Vande Mataram. The main consequences
of the partition of Bengal were the Swadeshi and Boycott
movements.
Write short on.
1. Muslim league page 103
2. Morley Minto Reforms page 103
3. Lucknow Pact page 103
4. Home Rule league page 104
12. The Struggle for Freedom

1. a.
2. c.
3. a.
4. c.

1. Rowlatt Act
2. Gandhi Irwin Pact
3. Poona Pact
4. Muslim League

5. Bhagat Singh, Batukeshwar Dutt
C. Match the Columns.

1. Rowlatt Act 1919

2. Gandhi Irwin Pact 1931

3. Cabinet Mission Plan 1946

4. Dandi March 1930

5. Demand for Purna Swaraj 1929
D. Correct the Incorrect Statements.
1. Incorrect

Correct: The Simon Commission had no Indian representative.
2. Correct
3. Incorrect

Correct: Dr B.R. Ambedkar was of the opinion that there should
be a separate electorate for the lower castes.
4. Incorrect

Correct: On Sept 2,1946 the Congress formed the Interim govt.
headed by Nehru.
5. Correct
29
E.

F.

G.

H.

30
Give one word answers.

1. Ravindranath Tagore
2. Rajagopalachari
3. General Dyer
4. Lord Mountbatten
5. Subhash Chandra Bose
Give reasons for the following.
1. Gandhi called off the Non-cooperative Movement because an
incident occurred at Chauri Choura in Uttar Pradesh in February,
1922. Some policemen fired at a procession of peasants who were
on a protest march. As a result the angry crowd set the police
station on fire. Some policemen were also killed. Gandhi was
strictly against violence and called off the movement insisting
that Indians were not yet ready for a non-violent struggle.
2. People collected at Jallianwala Bagh on April 13, 1919 to protest
against the arrest of Dr. Satya Pal and Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew.
They denounced the action of the British but the meeting was
peaceful.
3. The Indian National Army did not proceed further than Manipur
because Japan surrendered in the 2nd World War and Japanese
help and support came to an end.
1. The second phase of the freedom struggle is known as the
Gandhian era since Gandhi played a pivotal role.
2. Mahatma Gandhi was first travelling in a first class carriage of a
train in South Africa. The 1st class carriage however was reserved
only for Whites. He was insulted and thrown out from the train.
He was extremely upset and humiliated. After the incident, he
decided to fight against racial injustice.
3. Indians protested against the Rowlatt Act because according to
this Act, the government had the authority to arrest and imprison
anyone without a trial if suspected of terrorism.
4. The Khilafat movement was a pan-Islamic political campaign
started by the Indian Muslims to protect the Ottoman Empire.
Turkey fought against the British and was defeated in the 1st
World War. Hence the Caliph suffered harsh treatment from the
British. This angered the Muslims in India and they started the
Khilafat movement against the British.
5. Refer to page 111 Demand for Purna Swaraj.
1. Page 107 In 1920 the Congress ...... left the Congress.
2. Page 112 Govt. of India Act, 1935.

3. The Civil Disobedience Movement was launched by Gandhiji in
March 1930. It began with the Dandi March. He undertook the
Dandi March to oppose the British government by peacefully
breaking their laws. He started by breaking the Salt Law. Salt was
something used by every Indian. They were not allowed to make
salt from sea water and had to pay tax on the salt they bought.
4. Page 112 The 1st Round Table Conference was held in .....
failure.
5. The slogan Quit India resounded throughout the country.
Women and children joined the movement. There were
demonstrations strikes and processions at many places. Angered
by the actions of the government people resorted to violence.
Many government buildings were burnt. They destroyed railway
and telegraph lines, police stations and law courts.
I. Write short notes on:
1. The Lahore session of the INC: In December 1929 under the
Presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, at its annual Lahore session
the INC declared Purna Swaraj or complete Independence from
the British. It was also decided that January 26, 1930 would
be observed as the Independence Day in India. They chose a
tricolour as the flag of freedom.
2. Poona pact page 112.
3. Subhash Chandra Bose page 114.
13. India after Independence

1. a.
2. a. 3.
b. 4.
a. 5.
B. Match the columns.
1. b.
2. e.
3. d.
4. a.
5. c.

1. Devnagari

2. November 26, 1949

3. Junagarh, Jodhpur, Hyderabad, Kashmir

4. Jawahar Lal Nehru
5. Simla Accord
D. Correct the incorrect statements.
1. Incorrect
Correct: Kashmir had a Muslim majority
a.
31
2. Correct
3. Incorrect
Correct: 14 states and 4 union territories
4. Correct
5. Correct
E. Give one word answers.
1. Dr. Sachidanand Sinha

2. Justice Fazl Ali

3. Mrs. Vijaya Laxmi Pandit
4. Maharaja Hari Singh

5. Jawahar Lal Nehru
F. Short answer questions.

1. The immediate problems faced by post Independent India were
rehabilitation of refugees, integration of Princely states. Exit of
French and Portuguese, economic reorganisation of states and
drafting a constitution.

2. Lord Mountbatten helped India even after independence. In fact,
he played an important role in persuading many princely states
to join the Indian Union.

3. India has been a good neighbour to Nepal page 126.

4. NAM was launched because immediately after the 2nd World
War, the world was divided into 2 power blocs. Though there was
no actual war between these 2 blocs, there was mutual distrust
and suspicion leading to conflict. The member countries of NAM
did not favour any of the 2 power blocs. They did not want to be
aligned with any of the power blocs because it could endanger
their freedom. The NAM stated that each counting had the right
to follow an independent foreign policy without intervention of
any other country.

5. Refer to the text page 124.

6. Refer to the text page 124

7. page 128. The Government of India has .... provided.
G. Long answer questions.


2. Page 121 Exit of french Portuguese


4. Many socio-economic problems were faced by India after
independence. A major socio-economic problem was rehabilitation
of the refugees. The partition caused mass movement of people
across the newly drawn border of reach India their new
32
homeland. Delhi received large numbers of refugees. The new

government had a big responsibility of rehabilitating them.
Many new housing colonies were built and many schemes
were launched to provide education and employment. Loans
were given to establish businesses. Also, British rule in India
had resulted in stagnation of Indias agriculture and industries.
The economy was in a terrible shape. The major wheat and rice
producing areas went to Pakistan. Consequently, there was food
shortage. The farmers were reduced to destitution. No irrigation
facilities were available. Industrial development was sadly
lacking. To improve the economy of India was one of the most
urgent tasks of the government.
5. Refer to the text page 120.
33
Civics
1. Our Constitution
1. a
2. a.
3. b.
4. c.
5. c
B. Write one word for the following.

1. Republic
2. Secular
3. Preamble
4. Amendment
5. Constitution
C. Write True or False.
1. True 2. False 3. False 4. False 5. True

1. The state, or a nation as a political entity, continues to exist, while
the government may change from time to time.

2. A country governed by representatives of the people is called a
democracy.

3. Universal adult suffrage means that every adult citizen has the
right to vote and each citizens vote has equal weightage.

4. The Directive Principles of State Policy are the guidelines laid
down in the Constitution as goals for the future.

Refer to the text.
2. Understanding Secularism
1. b
2. d.
3. c.
4. a.
B. Write True or False.
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. True
C. Short answer questions.

1. Secularism is the belief that religion should be kept apart from
the running of the State. OR Secularism means not allowing
religion to play a part in the running of the State.

2. Secularism aims to prevent the State or people from discriminating
against individuals or groups on grounds of religion or religious
beliefs.

3. In India, the State may disallow religious practices if they deprive
people of the rights guaranteed by the Constitution.
34
4. The State relaxes laws to enable people to follow their religious

practices, for example, Sikhs are not required to wear helmets
while riding two-wheelers. OR The festivals of all religious
communities are national holidays.
OR
Every religious community can run its own institutions and the
government may give grants to help these institutions.
OR
Every religious community follows its own laws in personal
matters, such as marriage.
D. Long answer questions.
Refer to the text.
3 The Union Legislature and Executive

1. d
2. b.
3. b.
4. c.
5. a.

1. 18

2. coalition
3. President
4. state
5. Finance
C. Match the following.
1. e
2. d
3. a
4. c
5. b
D. Write True or False.

1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. True 6. True
1. A legislature with two houses is a bicameral legislature.

2. A state is divided into constituencies on the basis of population.

3. Voting by secret ballot ensures privacy.

4. One must be an Indian citizen of sound mind, and not be less
than 25 years of age or a salaried government employee to be
able to contest the general elections.

5. The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected by the elected
members of the assemblies of the states and Union territories.

Refer to the text.
35
4 The Judiciary
1. d.
2. c.
3. d.
4. a.
5. d.
I. 1. b
2. e
3. d
4. a
5. c
II. 1. d
2. c
3. a
4. b
C. Write the term used to express the following.

1. Jurisdiction
2. Litigation
3. Verdict

4. Directive
5. Impeachment

1. A court that maintains a record of its decisions is called a court of
record.
2. A high court has original jurisdiction in disputes related to
elections in the state and in cases related to the violation of
Fundamental Rights.

3. Under its supervisory jurisdiction, a court can make rules for
and regulate the functioning of courts below it.

4. Any 2 of these features: A Lok Adalat is headed by a retired
judge, settles disputes on the basis of mutual understanding
and compromise, does not require court fees or the services of a
counsel and there is no appeal from it.

5. Under its advisory jurisdiction, the Supreme Court advises the
President on constitutional matters.

6. The judges of the subordinate courts are selected on the basis of
examinations held for the state judicial services.

7. The sources of law are the Constitution, laws made by the Union
and state legislatures, case law and customary law.

Refer to the text.

HOTS: A jury is also likely to be fair to someone opposed to the
government, hence such a system may function as a check against
State power. Also, a jury reflects community values and may be able
to decide a case on merit, rather than strictly in accordance with the
law.
5. The Police and The Courts

1. b.
2. c.
3. a.
4. d.
36
5. d.

1. False 2. True 3. True 4. False 5. True
C. Match the following.
1. d.
2. a.
3. b.
4. e.
5. c.

1. The main functions of the police are maintaining law and order,
preventing crimes and detecting and investigating crimes.

2. A first information report (FIR) is a written report of a crime.

3. Murder, robbery, cheating, rape, kidnapping

4. Bail is a sum of money deposited as security to ensure that a
person appears f or trial.
5. The Criminal Procedure Code lays down the process to be
followed while i nvestigating a crime, making an arrest, framing
a charge and holding a trial.

6. The State pays for the services of the defence lawyer if the accused
cannot pay.

Refer to the text.

Lifeskills: Mother/daughter files FIR; the police visits the scene of
the crime, interrogates people in the house, neighbours, etc, collects
evidence, such as finger prints; the police files a charge-sheet against
the persons suspected of having committed the robbery in a judicial
magistrates court; a trial is held in which the public prosecutor
presents the facts of the case and the evidence against the accused,
he/she also calls witnesses and questions the accused; the defence
counsel cross-questions the prosecutions witnesses and may call
additional witnesses or present additional evidence; the court
decides on the guilt or innocence of the accused on the basis of the
evidence and passes a sentence against them or acquits them.
6. Marginalisation and Social Justice

1. a.
2. b.
3. a.
4. c.

1. Sachar 2. 17
3. Mandal 4. Adivasi
1. True 2. True 3. False 4. False 5. True
D. Match the following.
1. c
2. d
3. a
4. e
5. b
5. SCs
37

1. Communities that are not included in the process of decisionmaking and are deprived of the fruits of development are
marginalised in a society.
2. An area in a town or city that is inhabited mostly by the members
of a particular community is called a ghetto.

3. Shifting cultivation is the practice of cultivating a forest area
for a few years and then leaving it to be regenerated by natural
processes.

4. Santhals, Bhils, Mundas,OR Adivasis, Dalits and other
backward classesthe answer should be marked correct if the
student mentions particular tribes or castes, or groups, such as
SCs, STs, OBCs and Muslims.
5. The answer should be marked correct whether the student
mentions the full form, e.g., the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled
Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act or the short form (SC and ST
Act).

6. The practice of disposing of human excreta from dry latrines
with the help of brooms, tins and baskets is called manual
scavenging.

Refer to the text.
G. Write the term used.

1. Mainstream
2. Adivasis
3. Slave labour
4. Minorities
5. Dalits
7 Public Facilities and Social Justice

1. a.
2. c.
3. d.

1. Nutritional
2. Cess
3. Privately
4. Inequality

1. Public facilities are institutions, services, amenities and so on,
that are used by the general public.

2. The right to life includes the right to the basic needs for sustenance,
for example, food, livelihood and clean environment.
38
3. A hygienic system of disposing of human excreta is called

sanitation.

4. Sulabh International has been involved in increasing access to
sanitation.

5. Public facilities are funded by taxes and the money charged for
the use of these facilities.
Two points must be made

(i) providing facilities that the private sector is not interested in
because they are not profitable and

(ii) social justice or u
niversal access or equitable distribution.
3. The students should be able to make a connection between the
lack of s anitation and a proper garbage disposal system, the
pollution of surface and g
roundwater sources and the spreading
of water-borne diseases.

Refer to the text.
8. Laws on Economic Activities

1. a.
2. d.
3. a.
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. True 5. False

1. Activities related to the production, management and distribution
of material things are called economic activities.

2. Laws are needed to regulate economic activities to protect those
who are in a weaker position from being exploited by those in a
stronger position.

3. The Minimum Wages Act protects workers from being made to
work at unfair rates. (The student could mention the Factories
Act, Dock Workers Act, Mines Act, Trade Unions Act or Industrial
Disputes Act as well.)

4. Earlier, the Act prohibited the employment of children in
dangerous jobs. Now, it prohibits the employment of children in
any kind of job.

5. The Environment (Protection) Act was framed after the Bhopal
Gas Tragedy.
D. 3. The three salient points are(i) lack of safety measures affect the
poor who work in industries, (ii) air, water and soil pollution by
39
industries affect the poor more than the rich because it is they
who usually live close to industries, and (iii) shifting industries
and demolishing slums to reduce pollution leads to the poor
losing their means of livelihood and homes.
Refer to the text.
Test I
1. c.
B. Answer in one word or one sentence.

1. The two main features of our judiciary are: (i) it is a unified
judiciary and (ii) that it is independent of the executive and
legislature.

2. The three organs of the Indian State are the legislature, the
executive and the judiciary.
C. Answer these questions in brief.

1. In a secular country, the State neither favours nor discriminates
against any religion. This ensures equality among the people of
all religious groups, which among other things, is the aim of a
democracy.
D. Answer these questions in detail.

Refer to the text.
E. On an outline map of India, mark the following.

Try yourself.
Test-2
1. b.
2. a.
B. Answer in one word or one sentence.
1. Swajaldhara
C. Answer these questions in brief.
The Minimum Wages Act is a law according to which workers must
be paid a certain minimum wage per day.
D. Answer these questions in detail.
E. On an outline map of India, mark the following.

Try yourself.
40
Geography
1. Resources
1. d.
2. c.
3. b.
4. d.
5. b.
1. nature 2. substances
3. use 4. utility 5. once
1. Page 133

2. labour skills, intelligence, knowledge, technology page 135, 136

3. Page 134 1(A)

4. Page 134 1(B)

1. Page 134, 135
2. Page 135,136

3. Page 136
4. Page 135, 136
5. Page 136
E. Differentiate between

1. Refer to the text 1 and 2 page 134, 135
2. Natural Resources Land, Soil and Water

1. c.
2. c.
3. b.
4. c.

1. 30%
2. Swamyes 3. Weathering
4. 100 cms

1. Box page 141

2. 30% is land and only a small percentage can be used.

3. Page 141
4. 142

5. Page 148

6. Page 142

1. Page 141
2. Page 141, 142
3. Page 143

4. Page 144, 145
5. Page 142

6. Page 148 Rain water harvesting, effluents to be treated and then
released, sewage to be to treated

7. Consequences of deforestation page 145

8. Page 145
9. Page 145
E. Soil profile diagram page 144
41
3. Natural vegetation and wildlife

1. a.
2. a.
3. a.
4. a.
5. b.
B. Give the term for each of the following
1. ecosystem
2. biosphere
3. deciduous

4. grasslands
5. wildlife
C. Distinguish between the following

1. Page 151, 152
2. Page 152
3. Page 152, 153

1. Page 151
2. Page 151, 152, 153 3. Page 151, 152
4. Page 152

1. Page 153
2. Page 153, 154, 155 3. 156, 157
4. Mineral and Power Resources

A. Choose the correct options.
1. a.
2. c.
3. b.
4. a.
5. d.

1 Magnetite
2. Cutting glass and drilling 3. India
4. Anthracite
5. Petroleum
C. Define the following.

1. Refer to the text.
D. Distinguish between the following.

1. Page 159
2. Page 159
3. Page 164 and 167

4. Page 164

1. Page 160
2. Page 159
3. Page 164

4. Page 164
5. Page 166, 167

6. The cost in installing and maintaining solar energy equipment is
high, also is limited by clouds and at night. Page 167

7. Refer to the text.

1. a.Page 160
b. Page 160, 161
c. Page 161

d.Page 162
e. Page 162

2. Indiscriminate exploration of mineral resources affects the
environment in many ways nuclear waste remains radioactive
42
for many years page 169, ... cost, mining leaves large areas bare
and infertile, tin mining uses a lot of water and pools left behind
can be toxic, even pollutes rivers and underground water,
accidents occurs in miming petroleum from under the sea,
pollutes seas and oceans.
3. Page 165
4. Page 168
5. Agriculture
A.

B.

C.

D.

E.

F.

Choose the correct options.

1. d.
2. a.
3. d.
4. a. b. d.
Fill in the blanks.
1. Millets 2. Viticulture
3. Dairy farming
4. Sericulture 5. Collective or co-operative agriculture
Write short notes on the following.
1. Page 172, 173
2.Page 173
3.Page 173
Distinguish between the following.
1. Page 185 2.Page 173, 174 3. Page 174 4. Page 176
1. Substance, collective, commercials
2. Crop rotation planting different crops on a farm throughout
the year so not no larger area is left follow so as to prevent soil
erosion.
3. Page 173
1. Physical controls such as climatic conditions i.e. temperature and
rainfall, soil and if it is a plain area or hilly area determines the
type of crop grown any crop can then be taken as an example.
2. Page 176
3. cotton page 178 and jute page 178
4. Page 179
5. Farms over hundreds of hectares, mechanised, ... and capital
extensive and profit oriented and operate like a business
organisation page 174 (commercial grain farming)
6. Industries
A. Choose the correct options
1. b.
2. d.
3. a.
1. d.
2. a.
3. b.
4. e.
5. c.
43
C.

D.

E.

F.

Differentiate between the following.

1. Page 187 2. Page 186, 187 3. Page 186
4. Page 185
Give examples of:
1. Cottage IndustriesHandicrafts, tailoring, pottery
2. Primary IndustriesAgriculture, fishing,
3. Large Scale IndustriesTextile, Iron and Steel
4. Marine IndustriesProcessing seafood, manufacturing fish oil
1. Page 185
2. Page 187
1. Page 187
2. Page 187, 188
3. Page 189
7. Comparative Case Studies

1. b.
2. b.
3. b.
B. Write true or false.

1. Page 195
2. Page 198
3. Page 199

1. a.Page 198
b. 195, 196
2. Page 196

3. Page 199 and 200
8. Human Resources
1. d.
2. b.
3. c.
B. Write true or false.
1. False 2. False 3. False 4. False 5. False
C. Give reasons:

1. Page 205
2. Page 205
D. Distinguish between the following

1. Page 205
2. Page 206

1. Page 203
2. Page 206
3. Page 207

1. Page 204
2. Page 205
3. Page 207
44
45

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ii

THSocial SciencesCCE Edition8

George, War Memorial Victoria Terminus, Bombay High Court

2. Expansion of British Power in India

THSocial SciencesCCE Edition8

2. First Carnatic War; (d)

4. a. The treaty of Allahabad was signed between the Nawab of

THSocial SciencesCCE Edition8

refused to fight as he had been bribed by Robert Clive. Also,

3. Rural life under the British Rule

collecting taxes on cultivated land. They made sure that under

Secondly, very often the bidders quoted impractical figures since

THSocial SciencesCCE Edition8

3. Sir Thomas Munro

4. Colonialism and Tribal Societies

THSocial SciencesCCE Edition8

THSocial SciencesCCE Edition8

Firstly, the tribals had no rights to hunt or make use of any

5. Crafts and Industries

THSocial SciencesCCE Edition8

The industry had reached a high level of excellence and enjoyed

THSocial SciencesCCE Edition8

use of printed cotton textiles like chintz to England. This was an

THSocial SciencesCCE Edition8

G. Write short notes on

6. The Revolt of 1857

THSocial SciencesCCE Edition8

4. Page 50- Immediate causes

7. Education under the British Rule

Choose the correct option.

THSocial SciencesCCE Edition8

5. Sanskrit college at Varanasi

THSocial SciencesCCE Edition8

sand. When the child acquired a little proficiency, he could use an

THSocial SciencesCCE Edition8

culture in national languages. The demand for national education

8. Indian Renaissance, Women and Caste Reforms

THSocial SciencesCCE Edition8

3. Raja Ram Mohan Roy established the Brahmo Samaj to campaign

9. Colonialism and Urban Change

THSocial SciencesCCE Edition8

7. The Indian capital was shifted from Calcutta to Delhi because

THSocial SciencesCCE Edition8

bungalows came to signify wealth and power. The amount of

10. Changes in the Arts Painting, Literature

THSocial SciencesCCE Edition8

the British tastes. They produced paintings of flora and fauna,

11. The Nationalist Movement

THSocial SciencesCCE Edition8

3. The English language became a common language the lingua

THSocial SciencesCCE Edition8

administrative purposes, he had deeper motives. This was an

12. The Struggle for Freedom

Give one word answers.

2. Page 112 Govt. of India Act, 1935.

13. India after Independence

THSocial SciencesCCE Edition8

homeland. Delhi received large numbers of refugees. The new

THSocial SciencesCCE Edition8

THSocial SciencesCCE Edition8

4. The State relaxes laws to enable people to follow their religious

3 The Union Legislature and Executive

THSocial SciencesCCE Edition8