Typesofconcrete

FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Therearemanytypesofconcrete,designedtosuitavarietyorpurposescoupledwitharangeof
compositions,finishesandperformancecharacteristics.

Contents
1
2
3
4
5
6

Mixdesign
Oldconcreterecipes
Modernconcrete
Highstrengthconcrete
Stampedconcrete
Highperformanceconcrete
6.1 Ultrahighperformanceconcrete
6.2 Microreinforcedultrahighperformance
concrete
7 Selfconsolidatingconcrete
8 Vacuumconcrete
9 Shotcrete
10 Limecrete
11 Perviousconcrete
11.1 Installation
11.2 Characteristics
12 Cellularconcrete
13 Corkcementcomposites
14 Rollercompactedconcrete
15 Glassconcrete
16 Asphaltconcrete
17 Rapidstrengthconcrete
18 Rubberizedconcrete
19 Polymerconcrete
20 Geopolymerconcrete
21 Refractorycement
22 Innovativemixtures
23 Gypsumconcrete
24 Seealso
25 References

Ahighwaypavedwithconcrete.

Regularconcretepavingblocks

Concreteinsidewalkstampedwith
contractornameanddateitwaslaid

Mixdesign
Modernconcretemixdesignscanbecomplex.Thechoiceofaconcretemixdependsontheneedofthe
projectbothintermsofstrengthandappearanceandinrelationtolocallegislationandbuildingcodes.

Thedesignbeginsbydeterminingtherequirementsoftheconcrete.Theserequirementstakeinto
considerationtheweatherconditionsthattheconcretewillbeexposedtoinservice,andtherequireddesign
strength.Thecompressivestrengthofaconcreteisdeterminedbytakingstandardmolded,standardcured
cylindersamples.
Manyfactorsneedtobetakenintoaccount,fromthecostofthevariousadditivesandaggregates,tothe
tradeoffsbetween,the"slump"foreasymixingandplacementandultimateperformance.
Amixisthendesignedusingcement(Portlandorothercementitiousmaterial),coarseandfineaggregates,
waterandchemicaladmixtures.Themethodofmixingwillalsobespecified,aswellasconditionsthatit
maybeusedin.
Thisallowsauseroftheconcretetobeconfidentthatthestructurewillperformproperly.
Varioustypesofconcretehavebeendevelopedforspecialistapplicationandhavebecomeknownbythese
names.
Concretemixescanalsobedesignedusingsoftwareprograms.Suchsoftwareprovidestheuseran
opportunitytoselecttheirpreferredmethodofmixdesignandenterthematerialdatatoarriveatproper
mixdesigns.

Oldconcreterecipes
Concretehasbeenusedsinceancienttimes.RegularRomanconcreteforexamplewasmadefromvolcanic
ash(pozzolana),andhydratedlime.Romanconcretewassuperiortootherconcreterecipes(forexample,
thoseconsistingofonlysandandlime)[1]usedbyothernations.Besidesvolcanicashformakingregular
Romanconcrete,brickdustcanalsobeutilized.BesidesregularRomanconcrete,theRomansalsoinvented
hydraulicconcrete,whichtheymadefromvolcanicashandclay.

Modernconcrete
Regularconcreteisthelaytermforconcretethatisproducedbyfollowingthemixinginstructionsthatare
commonlypublishedonpacketsofcement,typicallyusingsandorothercommonmaterialastheaggregate,
andoftenmixedinimprovisedcontainers.Theingredientsinanyparticularmixdependsonthenatureof
theapplication.Regularconcretecantypicallywithstandapressurefromabout10MPa(1450psi)to40
MPa(5800psi),withlighterdutyusessuchasblindingconcretehavingamuchlowerMParatingthan
structuralconcrete.Manytypesofpremixedconcreteareavailablewhichincludepowderedcementmixed
withanaggregate,needingonlywater.
Typically,abatchofconcretecanbemadebyusing1partPortlandcement,2partsdrysand,3partsdry
stone,1/2partwater.Thepartsareintermsofweightnotvolume.Forexample,1cubicfoot(0.028m3)
ofconcretewouldbemadeusing22lb(10.0kg)cement,10lb(4.5kg)water,41lb(19kg)drysand,70lb
(32kg)drystone(1/2"to3/4"stone).Thiswouldmake1cubicfoot(0.028m3)ofconcreteandwould
weighabout143lb(65kg).Thesandshouldbemortarorbricksand(washedandfilteredifpossible)and
thestoneshouldbewashedifpossible.Organicmaterials(leaves,twigs,etc.)shouldberemovedfromthe
sandandstonetoensurethehigheststrength.

Highstrengthconcrete
Highstrengthconcretehasacompressivestrengthgreaterthan40MPa(5800psi).IntheUK,BSEN
2061[2]definesHighstrengthconcreteasconcretewithacompressivestrengthclasshigherthanC50/60.
Highstrengthconcreteismadebyloweringthewatercement(W/C)ratioto0.35orlower.Oftensilica
fumeisaddedtopreventtheformationoffreecalciumhydroxidecrystalsinthecementmatrix,which
mightreducethestrengthatthecementaggregatebond.
LowW/Cratiosandtheuseofsilicafumemakeconcretemixessignificantlylessworkable,whichis
particularlylikelytobeaprobleminhighstrengthconcreteapplicationswheredenserebarcagesarelikely
tobeused.Tocompensateforthereducedworkability,superplasticizersarecommonlyaddedtohigh
strengthmixtures.Aggregatemustbeselectedcarefullyforhighstrengthmixes,asweakeraggregatesmay
notbestrongenoughtoresisttheloadsimposedontheconcreteandcausefailuretostartintheaggregate
ratherthaninthematrixoratavoid,asnormallyoccursinregularconcrete.
Insomeapplicationsofhighstrengthconcretethedesigncriterionistheelasticmodulusratherthanthe
ultimatecompressivestrength.

Stampedconcrete
Stampedconcreteisanarchitecturalconcretewhichhasasuperiorsurfacefinish.Afteraconcretefloor
hasbeenlaid,floorhardeners(canbepigmented)areimpregnatedonthesurfaceandamoldwhichmaybe
texturedtoreplicateastone/brickorevenwoodisstampedontogiveanattractivetexturedsurfacefinish.
Aftersufficienthardeningthesurfaceiscleanedandgenerallysealedtogiveaprotection.Thewear
resistanceofstampedconcreteisgenerallyexcellentandhencefoundinapplicationslikeparkinglots,
pavements,walkwaysetc.

Highperformanceconcrete
Highperformanceconcrete(HPC)isarelativelynewtermforconcretethatconformstoasetofstandards
abovethoseofthemostcommonapplications,butnotlimitedtostrength.Whileallhighstrengthconcrete
isalsohighperformance,notallhighperformanceconcreteishighstrength.Someexamplesofsuch
standardscurrentlyusedinrelationtoHPCare:
Easeofplacement
Compactionwithoutsegregation
Earlyagestrength
Longtermmechanicalproperties
Permeability
Density
Heatofhydration
Toughness

Toughness
Volumestability
Longlifeinsevereenvironments
Dependingonitsimplementation,
environmental[3]

Ultrahighperformanceconcrete
Ultrahighperformanceconcreteisanewtypeofconcretethatisbeingdevelopedbyagenciesconcerned
withinfrastructureprotection.UHPCischaracterizedbybeingasteelfibrereinforcedcementcomposite
materialwithcompressivestrengthsinexcessof150MPa,uptoandpossiblyexceeding250MPa.[4][5][6]

UHPCisalsocharacterizedbyitsconstituentmaterialmakeup:typicallyfinegrainedsand,silicafume,
smallsteelfibers,andspecialblendsofhighstrengthPortlandcement.Notethatthereisnolargeaggregate.
Thecurrenttypesinproduction(Ductal,Taktl,etc.)differfromnormalconcreteincompressionbytheir
strainhardening,followedbysuddenbrittlefailure.OngoingresearchintoUHPCfailureviatensileand
shearfailureisbeingconductedbymultiplegovernmentagenciesanduniversitiesaroundtheworld.

Microreinforcedultrahighperformanceconcrete
MicroreinforcedultrahighperformanceconcreteisthenextgenerationofUHPC.Inadditiontohigh
compressivestrength,durabilityandabrasionresistanceofUHPC,microreinforcedUHPCischaracterized
byextremeductility,energyabsorptionandresistancetochemicals,waterandtemperature.[7]The
continuous,multilayered,threedimensionalmicrosteelmeshexceedsUHPCindurability,ductilityand
strength.TheperformanceofthediscontinuousandscatteredfibersinUHPCisrelativelyunpredictable.
MicroreinforcedUHPCisusedinblast,ballisticandearthquakeresistantconstruction,structuraland
architecturaloverlays,andcomplexfacades.
DuconwastheearlydeveloperofmicroreinforcedUHPC,[8][9]whichhasbeenusedintheconstructionof
newWorldTradeCenterinNewYork.[10][11][12]

Selfconsolidatingconcrete
ThedefectsinconcreteinJapanwerefoundtobemainlyduetohighwatercementratiotoincrease
workability.Poorcompactionoccurredmostlybecauseoftheneedforspeedyconstructioninthe1960sand
1970s.HajimeOkamuraenvisionedtheneedforconcretewhichishighlyworkableanddoesnotrelyonthe
mechanicalforceforcompaction.Duringthe1980s,OkamuraandhisPh.D.studentKazamasaOzawaat
theUniversityofTokyodevelopedselfcompactingconcrete(SCC)whichwascohesive,butflowableand
tooktheshapeoftheformworkwithoutuseofanymechanicalcompaction.SCCisknownasself
consolidatingconcreteintheUnitedStates.
SCCischaracterizedbythefollowing:
extremefluidityasmeasuredbyflow,typicallybetween650750mmonaflowtable,ratherthan
slump(height)
noneedforvibratorstocompacttheconcrete
easierplacement
nobleeding,oraggregatesegregation
increasedliquidheadpressure,whichcanbedetrimentaltosafetyandworkmanship
SCCcansaveupto50%inlaborcostsdueto80%fasterpouringandreducedwearandtearonformwork.
In2005,selfconsolidatingconcretesaccountedfor1015%ofconcretesalesinsomeEuropeancountries.
IntheprecastconcreteindustryintheU.S.,SCCrepresentsover75%ofconcreteproduction.38
departmentsoftransportationintheUSaccepttheuseofSCCforroadandbridgeprojects.
Thisemergingtechnologyismadepossiblebytheuseofpolycarboxylatesplasticizerinsteadofolder
naphthalenebasedpolymers,andviscositymodifierstoaddressaggregatesegregation.

Vacuumconcrete
Vacuumconcrete,madebyusingsteamtoproduceavacuuminsideaconcretemixingtrucktoreleaseair
bubblesinsidetheconcrete,isbeingresearched.Theideaisthatthesteamdisplacestheairnormallyover
theconcrete.Whenthesteamcondensesintowateritwillcreatealowpressureovertheconcretethatwill
pullairfromtheconcrete.Thiswillmaketheconcretestrongerduetotherebeinglessairinthemixture.A
drawbackisthatthemixinghastobedoneinanairtightcontainer.
Thefinalstrengthofconcreteisincreasedbyabout25%.SufficientdecreaseinThepermeabilityof
concreteissufficientlydecreased.Vacuumconcretestiffensveryrapidlysothattheformworkscanbe
removedwithin30minutesofcastingevenoncolumnsof20ft.high.Thisisofconsiderableeconomic
value,particularlyinaprecastfactoryastheformscanbereusedatfrequentintervals.Thebondstrengthof
vacuumconcreteisabout20%higher.Thedensityofvacuumconcreteishigher.Thesurfaceofvacuum
concreteisentirelyfreefrompittingandtheuppermost1/16inchishighlyresistanttoabrasion.These
characteristicsareofspecialimportanceintheconstructionofconcretestructureswhicharetobeincontact
withflowingwateratahighvelocity.Itbondswelltooldconcreteandcan,therefore,beusedfor
resurfacingroadslabsandotherrepairworkSeemoreat:http://civiltoday.com/civilengineering
materials/concrete/27vacuumconcretedefinitionadvantages#sthash.c17jlbZ8.dpuf

Shotcrete
Shotcrete(alsoknownbythetradenameGunite)usescompressedairtoshootconcreteonto(orinto)a
frameorstructure.Thegreatestadvantageoftheprocessisthatshotcretecanbeappliedoverheadoron
verticalsurfaceswithoutformwork.Itisoftenusedforconcreterepairsorplacementonbridges,dams,
pools,andonotherapplicationswhereformingiscostlyormaterialhandlingandinstallationisdifficult.
Shotcreteisfrequentlyusedagainstverticalsoilorrocksurfaces,asiteliminatestheneedforformwork.It
issometimesusedforrocksupport,especiallyintunneling.Shotcreteisalsousedforapplicationswhere
seepageisanissuetolimittheamountofwaterenteringaconstructionsiteduetoahighwatertableor
othersubterraneansources.Thistypeofconcreteisoftenusedasaquickfixforweatheringforloosesoil
typesinconstructionzones.
Therearetwoapplicationmethodsforshotcrete.
drymixthedrymixtureofcementandaggregatesisfilledintothemachineandconveyedwith
compressedairthroughthehoses.Thewaterneededforthehydrationisaddedatthenozzle.
wetmixthemixesarepreparedwithallnecessarywaterforhydration.Themixesarepumped
throughthehoses.Atthenozzlecompressedairisaddedforspraying.
Forbothmethodsadditivessuchasacceleratorsandfiberreinforcementmaybeused.[13]

Limecrete
Limecreteorlimeconcreteisconcretewherecementisreplacedbylime.[14]Onesuccessfulformulawas
developedinthemid1800sbyDr.JohnE.Park.[15]WeknowthatlimehasbeenusedsinceRomanTimes
eitherasmassfoundationconcretesoraslightweightconcretesusingavarietyofaggregatescombinedwith

awiderangeofpozzolans(firedmaterials)thathelptoachieveincreasedstrengthandspeedofset.This
meantthatlimecouldbeusedinamuchwidervarietyofapplicationsthanpreviouslysuchasfloors,vaults
ordomes.Overthelastdecade,therehasbeenarenewedinterestinusinglimefortheseapplicationsagain.
Thisisbecauseofenvironmentalbenefitsandpotentialhealthbenefits,whenusedwithotherlimeproducts.
EnvironmentalBenefits
Limeisburntatalowertemperaturethancementandsohasanimmediateenergysavingof20%
(althoughkilnsetc.areimprovingsofiguresdochange).Astandardlimemortarhasabout6070%of
theembodiedenergyofacementmortar.Itisalsoconsideredtobemoreenvironmentallyfriendly
becauseofitsability,throughcarbonation,toreabsorbitsownweightinCarbonDioxide
(compensatingforthatgivenoffduringburning).
Limemortarsallowotherbuildingcomponentssuchasstone,woodandbrickstobereusedand
recycledbecausetheycanbeeasilycleanedofmortar/limewash.
Limeenablesothernaturalandsustainableproductssuchaswood(includingwoodfibre,woodwool
boards),hemp,strawetc.tobeusedbecauseofitsabilitytocontrolmoisture(ifcementwereused,
thesebuildingswouldcompost!).
HealthBenefits
Limeplasterishygroscopic(literallymeans'waterseeking')whichdrawsthemoisturefromthe
internaltotheexternalenvironment,thishelpstoregulatehumiditycreatingamorecomfortable
livingenvironmentaswellashelpingtocontrolcondensationandmouldgrowthwhichhavebeen
showntohavelinkstoallergiesandasthmas.
Limeplastersandlimewasharenontoxic,thereforetheydonotcontributetoindoorairpollution
unlikesomemodernpaints.

Perviousconcrete
Perviousconcrete,usedinpermeablepaving,containsanetworkofholesorvoids,toallowairorwaterto
movethroughtheconcrete
Thisallowswatertodrainnaturallythroughit,andcanbothremovethenormalsurfacewaterdrainage
infrastructure,andallowreplenishmentofgroundwaterwhenconventionalconcretedoesnot.
Itisformedbyleavingoutsomeorallofthefineaggregate(fines).Theremaininglargeaggregatethenis
boundbyarelativelysmallamountofPortlandcement.Whenset,typicallybetween15%and25%ofthe
concretevolumeisvoids,allowingwatertodrainataround5gal/ft/min(70L/m/min)throughthe
concrete.

Installation
Perviousconcreteisinstalledbybeingpouredintoforms,thenscreededoff,tolevel(notsmooth)the
surface,thenpackedortampedintoplace.Duetothelowwatercontentandairpermeability,within515
minutesoftamping,theconcretemustbecoveredwitha6milpolyplastic,oritwilldryoutprematurely
andnotproperlyhydrateandcure.

Characteristics

Perviousconcretecansignificantlyreducenoise,byallowingairtobesqueezedbetweenvehicletiresand
theroadwaytoescape.ThisproductcannotbeusedonmajorU.S.statehighwayscurrentlyduetothehigh
psiratingsrequiredbymoststates.Perviousconcretehasbeentestedupto4500psisofar.

Cellularconcrete
Aeratedconcreteproducedbytheadditionofanairentrainingagenttotheconcrete(oralightweight
aggregatesuchasexpandedclayaggregateorcorkgranulesandvermiculite)issometimescalledcellular
concrete,lightweightaeratedconcrete,variabledensityconcrete,FoamConcreteandlightweightorultra
lightweightconcrete,[16][17]nottobeconfusedwithaeratedautoclavedconcrete,whichismanufacturedoff
siteusinganentirelydifferentmethod.
Inthe1977workonAPatternLanguage:Towns,BuildingsandConstruction,architectChristopher
Alexanderwroteinpattern209onGoodMaterials:
Regularconcreteistoodense.Itisheavyandhardtowork.Afteritsetsonecannotcutintoit,ornail
intoit.Andit's[sic]surfaceisugly,cold,andhardinfeelingunlesscoveredbyexpensivefinishesnot
integraltothestructure.
Andyetconcrete,insomeform,isafascinatingmaterial.Itisfluid,strong,andrelativelycheap.Itis
availableinalmosteverypartoftheworld.AUniversityofCaliforniaprofessorofengineering
sciences,P.KumarMehta,hasevenjustrecentlyfoundawayofconvertingabandonedricehusks
intoPortlandcement.
Isthereanywayofcombiningallthesegoodqualitiesofconcreteandalsohavingamaterialwhichis
lightinweight,easytowork,withapleasantfinish?Thereis.Itispossibletouseawholerangeof
ultralightweightconcreteswhichhaveadensityandcompressivestrengthverysimilartothatof
wood.Theyareeasytoworkwith,canbenailedwithordinarynails,cutwithasaw,drilledwith
woodworkingtools,easilyrepaired.
Webelievethatultralightweightconcreteisoneofthemostfundamentalbulkmaterialsofthefuture.
Thevariabledensityisnormallydescribedinkgperm,whereregularconcreteis2400kg/m.Variable
densitycanbeaslowas300kg/m,[16]althoughatthisdensityitwouldhavenostructuralintegrityatall
andwouldfunctionasafillerorinsulationuseonly.Thevariabledensityreducesstrength[16]toincrease
thermal[16]andacousticalinsulationbyreplacingthedenseheavyconcretewithairoralightmaterialsuch
asclay,corkgranulesandvermiculite.Therearemanycompetingproductsthatuseafoamingagentthat
resemblesshavingcreamtomixairbubblesinwiththeconcrete.Allaccomplishthesameoutcome:to
displaceconcretewithair.

DryDensity
(kg/m3)

PropertiesofFoamedConcrete[18]
Thermal
7dayCompressive
ModulusofElasticity
Drying
Conductivity*
Strength(N/mm2)
(kN/mm2)
Shrinkage(%)
(W/mK)

400

0.51.0

0.10

0.81.0

0.300.35

600

1.01.5

0.11

1.01.5

0.220.25

800

1.52.0

0.170.23

2.02.5

0.200.22

1000

2.53.0

0.230.30

2.53.0

0.180.15

1200

4.55.5

0.380.42

3.54.0

0.110.19

1400

6.08.0

0.500.55

5.06.0

0.090.07

1600

7.510.0

0.620.66

10.012.0

0.070.06

Applicationsoffoamedconcreteinclude:
RoofInsulation
BlocksandPanelsforWalls
LevellingFloors
VoidFilling
RoadSubBasesandmaintenance
BridgeAbutmentsandrepairs
GroundStabilisation

Corkcementcomposites
WasteCorkgranulesareobtainedduringproductionofbottlestoppersfromthetreatedbarkofCorkoak.[19]
Thesegranuleshaveadensityofabout300kg/m,lowerthanmostlightweightaggregatesusedformaking
lightweightconcrete.Corkgranulesdonotsignificantlyinfluencecementhydration,butcorkdustmay.[20]
Corkcementcompositeshaveseveraladvantagesoverstandardconcrete,suchaslowerthermal
conductivities,lowerdensitiesandgoodenergyabsorptioncharacteristics.Thesecompositescanbemade
ofdensityfrom400to1500kg/m,compressivestrengthfrom1to26MPa,andflexuralstrengthfrom0.5
to4.0MPa.

Rollercompactedconcrete
Rollercompactedconcrete,sometimescalledrollcrete,isalowcementcontentstiffconcreteplaced
usingtechniquesborrowedfromearthmovingandpavingwork.Theconcreteisplacedonthesurfacetobe
covered,andiscompactedinplaceusinglargeheavyrollerstypicallyusedinearthwork.Theconcretemix
achievesahighdensityandcuresovertimeintoastrongmonolithicblock.[21]Rollercompactedconcreteis
typicallyusedforconcretepavement,buthasalsobeenusedtobuildconcretedams,asthelowcement
contentcauseslessheattobegeneratedwhilecuringthantypicalforconventionallyplacedmassive
concretepours.

Glassconcrete

Theuseofrecycledglassasaggregateinconcretehasbecomepopularinmoderntimes,withlargescale
researchbeingcarriedoutatColumbiaUniversityinNewYork.Thisgreatlyenhancestheaestheticappeal
oftheconcrete.Recentresearchfindingshaveshownthatconcretemadewithrecycledglassaggregates
haveshownbetterlongtermstrengthandbetterthermalinsulationduetoitsbetterthermalpropertiesofthe
glassaggregates.[22]

Asphaltconcrete
Strictlyspeaking,asphaltisaformofconcreteaswell,withbituminousmaterialsreplacingcementasthe
binder.

Rapidstrengthconcrete
Thistypeofconcreteisabletodevelophighresistancewithinfewhoursafterbeingmanufactured.This
featurehasadvantagessuchasremovingtheformworkearlyandtomoveforwardinthebuildingprocessat
recordtime,repairroadsurfacesthatbecomefullyoperationalinjustafewhours.

Rubberizedconcrete
While"rubberizedasphaltconcrete"iscommon,rubberizedPortlandcementconcrete("rubberizedPCC")
isstillundergoingexperimentaltests,asof2009.[23][24][25][26]

Polymerconcrete
Polymerconcreteisconcretewhichusespolymerstobindtheaggregate.Polymerconcretecangainalotof
strengthinashortamountoftime.Forexample,apolymermixmayreach5000psiinonlyfourhours.
Polymerconcreteisgenerallymoreexpensivethanconventionalconcretes.

Geopolymerconcrete
GeopolymercementisanalternativetoordinaryPortlandcementandisusedtoproduceGeopolymer
concretebyaddingregularaggregatestoageopolymercementslurry.Itismadefrominorganic
aluminosilicate(AlSi)polymercompoundsthatcanutilise100%recycledindustrialwaste(e.g.flyash,
copperslag)asthemanufacturinginputsresultinginupto80%lowercarbondioxideemissions.Greater
chemicalandthermalresistance,andbettermechanicalproperties,aresaidtobeachievedforgeopolymer
concreteatbothatmosphericandextremeconditions.
SimilarconcreteshavenotonlybeenusedinAncientRome(seeRomancement),butalsointheformer
SovietUnioninthe1950sand1960s.BuildingsinUkrainearestillstandingafter45years,sothiskindof
formulationhasasoundtrackrecord.

Refractorycement

Hightemperatureapplications,suchasmasonryovensandthelike,generallyrequiretheuseofarefractory
cementconcretesbasedonPortlandcementcanbedamagedordestroyedbyelevatedtemperatures,but
refractoryconcretesarebetterabletowithstandsuchconditions.Materialsmayincludecalciumaluminate
cements,fireclay,ganisterandmineralshighinaluminum.

Innovativemixtures
Ongoingresearchintoalternativemixturesandconstituentshasidentifiedpotentialmixturesthatpromise
radicallydifferentpropertiesandcharacteristics.
Oneuniversityhasidentifiedamixturewithmuchsmallercrackpropagationthatdoesnotsuffertheusual
crackingandsubsequentlossofstrengthathighlevelsoftensilestress.Researchershavebeenabletotake
mixturesbeyond3percentstrain,pastthemoretypical0.1%pointatwhichfailureoccurs.[27]
Otherinstitutionshaveidentifiedmagnesiumsilicate(talc)asanalternativeingredienttoreplacePortland
cementinthemix.Thisavoidstheusualhightemperatureproductionprocessthatisveryenergyand
greenhousegasintensiveandactuallyabsorbscarbondioxidewhileitcures.[28][29]

Gypsumconcrete
Gypsumconcreteisabuildingmaterialusedasafloorunderlayment[30]usedinwoodframeandconcrete
constructionforfireratings,[30]soundreduction,[30]radiantheating,[31]andfloorleveling.Itisamixtureof
gypsum,Portlandcement,andsand.[30]

Seealso
Engineeredcementitiouscomposite
Ferrocement
Readymixconcrete
Reinforcedconcrete
handmixconcrete

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