MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

Aeronautical
Engineering Design I
Study Assignment 6
Ilda HYSA
Enis KRASNIQI
Daniyal AHMED
RAHEEM ADEWALE ONIFADE 2189389

2001634
1787035
2107621

FUEL VOLUME
From the fuel weight fraction analysis in study assignment 5, the fuel weight
fraction is estimated to be as follows:
Wf
=0.111
W0
The estimated gross weight is also estimated to be 39993.4lb. Using the
gross weight estimate and the fuel weight fraction, the fuel weight is
calculated to be as follows:
W f =0.111 39993.4=4439.27 lb

The fuel type chosen for our design is Jet A-1 fuel which is commonly used
for various propeller engines.
From statistical data, fuel density of Jet A-1 is given as 6.7lb/gallon. Using the
fuel density total fuel volume is calculated below.
f =

4439.27
3
=662.57 gallons=88.523 f t
6.7

The total fuel volume calculated above is assumed to be stored in equal

volume in fuselage and wing i.e. 50% of the fuel volume is stored in the
fuselage and wings.

Wing fuel volume

f , wing integral tanks=88.523 0.5=44.2615 f t 3

The convention used in fuel systems enumerates that 85% of the volume
measured to the external skin surfaces is useable for the wing integral
volume. Hence, the volume of fuel stored in the wings is corrected as follows.

f , wing=

44.2615
=52.0724 f t 3
0.85

Accounting for the 5% expansion of the fuel in hot days, the wing fuel
volume is also corrected below.
f , wing=52.0724 1.05=54.676 f t 3
Fuselage fuel volume

f , fuselage bladder tanks=88.523 0.5=44.2615 f t 3

The convention used in fuel systems enumerates that 83% of the volume
measured to the external skin surfaces is useable for the wing integral
volume. Hence, the volume of fuel stored in the wings is corrected as follows

f , wing=

44.2615
3
=53.327 f t
0.83

Accounting for the 5% expansion of the fuel in hot days, the wing fuel
volume is also corrected below.
f , wing=53.327 1.05=55.993 f t

FUSELAGE LENGTH
From the historical trend obtained from statistical data, the fuselage length is
estimated by using the formula below.
l f =a W oc

Where a and c are constants obtained from table 6.3 in Raymers book.
Using table 6.3 a and c are obtained as 1.05 and 0.4 respectively for
amphibian aircrafts.
Hence,
l f =1.05 39993.40.4 =72.775 ft

Using the fuselage length for the competitors, the fuselage is evaluated as
follows.
lf =

41.67+51.75+38.09+65
=49.1275 ft
4

Since our Aircraft is relatively heavier than the competitors and it carries
more passengers, the value of the fuselage length obtained from historical
trend will be chosen for our design.
l f =72.775 ft

WING SIZING AND PLANFORM

From the previous study assignments (study assignment 3), the wing loading
W0
( S ) is estimated to be 1547.64N/m2 (32.323lb/ft2).
The planform area, S can be calculated using the wing loading and gross
weight estimate as evaluated below.

S=

39993.4
2
=1237.305 f t
32.323

Using the estimated value for the aspect ratio calculated in study
assignment 3 (AR=8.32), the wing span is evaluated using the formula
below.
b= AR S
b= 8.321237.305=101.461 ft

From study assignment 3, the quarter chord sweep is estimated to be about

10o.

From fig 4.24 in Raymers design book, the wing taper ratio is obtained using
the Quarter chord sweep as follows.
=0.32

The root chord, cr and tip chord, ct are estimated using the formulas below.
c r=

2(1237.305)
2S
=
=18.477 ft
b (1+ ) 101.461(1+0.32)

c t = c r =0.32 18.477=5.912 ft

The mean aerodynamic chord,

and its distance from the root,

are

also estimated using the formulas below.

2

2
1+ + 2 2 18.477 (1+ 0.32+ 0.32 )
c= cr
=
=13.274 ft
3
1+
3 (1+ 0.32)

y=

b 1+2 101.461 (1+2 0.32 )

=
=21.01 ft
6 1+
6 ( 1+ 0.32 )

WING SIZING AND PLANFORM SHAPE

The T-tail shape wing is used for this design tail configuration.
Horizontal tail Wing
From the historical trend, the moment arm for the horizontal tail wing, LHT is
given by the formula below.
l HT =0.65 l f
Where

l f is the fuselage length.

Hence,
l HT =0.65 72.775=43.304 ft

From table 6.4 in Raymers book, the horizontal tail volume coefficient, VHT is
obtained as 0.70.
Using the formula for horizontal tail volume coefficient, the planform area of
the horizontal tail can be evaluated as follows.
V HT =

S HT =

l HT S HT
cS

V HT c S 0.7 13.274 1237.305

=
=243.04 f t 2
l HT
47.304

The aspect ratio, taper ratio and sweep angle of the horizontal tail are
obtained from historical trend. Using table 4.3 in Raymers book, the
following aerodynamic parameters of the horizontal tail are estimated. The
horizontal tail estimated to have a lesser aspect ratio and a slightly higher
wing sweep angle
A RHT =7.0( Aspect ratio)
HT =0.45(taper taper ratio)
0

, HT =10 (sweep angle)

Using geometry parameters above, other aerodynamic geometries such as
horizontal tail wing span ( b HT ), root chord ( c r , HT ), tip chord ( c t , HT ), mean
aerodynamic chord

( C HT )

, distance of the mean aerodynamic chord from the

aircraft fuselage line of symmetry

(Z HT )

are calculated as follows.

b HT = A R HT S HT = 7 243.04=41.25 ft

c r , HT =

2 S HT
2(243.04)
=
=8.13 ft
bHT (1+ HT ) 41.25(1+0.45)

c t , HT = HT c r ,HT =0.45 8.13=3.66 ft

1+ HT + HT 2 2 8.13(1+ 0.45+ 0.452)
2
c HT = c r , HT
=
=6.177 ft
3
1+ HT
3(1+ 0.45)

y HT =

b HT 1+2 HT 41.25 ( 1+ 2 0.45 )

=
=9.01 ft
6 1+ HT
6 ( 1+ 0.45 )

Vertical tail Wing

From the historical trend, the moment arm for the horizontal tail wing, Lvt is
given by the formula below.
l VT =0.6 l f
Where

l f is the fuselage length.

This allows the horizontal tail to mounted behind the vertical tail to prevent
masking of rudder by the wake of the horizontal tail.
Hence,
l VT =0.6 72.775=43.665 ft

From table 6.4 in Raymers book, the vertical tail volume coefficient, VVT is
obtained as 0.06.
This tail volume coefficient is corrected for the end plate effect.
V VT =0.95 0.06=0.057
Using the formula for Vertical tail volume coefficient, the planform area of the
vertical tail can be evaluated as follows.
V VT =

S VT =

l VT S VT
bS

V VT bS 0.057 101.4611237.305
=
=163.88 f t 2
l VT
43.665

The aspect ratio, taper ratio and sweep angle of the vertical tail are obtained
from historical trend. Using table 4.3 in Raymers book, the following
aerodynamic parameters of the vertical tail are estimated.
A RVT =1.5 (Aspect ratio)
VT =0.45(taper taper ratio)

,VT =10 (sweep angle)

Using geometry parameters above, other aerodynamic geometries such as vertical
tail wing span ( hVT ), root chord ( c r , VT ), tip chord ( c t , VT ), mean aerodynamic

( C VT )

chord

, distance of the mean aerodynamic chord from the aircraft fuselage

(Z VT )

line of symmetry

are calculated as follows.

hVT = A R VT S VT = 1.5 163.88=15.68 ft

c r , VT =

2 SVT
2(163.88)
=
=14.42 ft
hVT (1+ VT ) 15.(1+0.45)

c t , VT = VT c r , VT =0.45 14.42=6.489 ft
1+ VT + VT 2 2 14.42( 1+ 0.45+0.452 )
2
c VT = c r ,VT
=
=10.96 ft
3
1+ VT
3 (1+0.45)

Z VT =

hVT 1+2 VT 15.68 (1+ 2 0.45 )

=
=3.42 ft
6 1+ VT
6 ( 1+ 0.45 )

ENGINE DIMENSION AND WEIGHT

From the previous study assignments, the power-to-weight ratio has been estimated
to be