String Quantum model based on generalized special relativity

Haj H. Diab Aljaly1, M. Dirar A.Allah2, Zoalnoon A.Abeid Allah3, AbdelElah

Musa4 , Lutfi M. A. Algadir5
1,4

Nile Valley University, Atbara, Sudan

Sudan University of Science & Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
3
Shendi University, Shendi, Sudan
5
Al Zaeem Al Azhary University, Bahry, Sudan
Email: Zooalnoon@yahoo.com , zoalnoon84@gmail.com

Keywords: generalized special relativity, friction, perturbation, string, harmonic oscillator

Abstract
High speed relativistic micro particles can be described by quantum relativistic equations.
Most of these particles moving in a medium suffers from friction. This friction affect the
spatial evolution of the quantum system.
In this work effect of friction on spatial evolution through momentum is found by
using generalized special relativistic quantum equation .this equation shows that friction
affect energy as well as wave function.
The frictional energy is shown to be quantized by treating particles as oscillating
string. The wave function obtained can explain scattering as well as lasing process.

1. Introduction
The discovery of Max plank that light and electromagnetic waves are quantized opens
a door to understand the nature of atomic world. This understands is based on the laws of
quantum mechanics [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].
The so called Schrodinger equation is one of the fundamental equations that describe
the behavior of atoms and elementary particles. This equation is based on the wave nature of
particles beside the classical expression of energy. Later on the need to describe relativistic
particles leads Klein and Gordon to abandon the classical energy expression and replacing
with the relativistic energy expression [6, 7, 8, 9, 10].
The equation was named after the physicists Oskar Klein and Walter Gordon, who in
1926 proposed that it describes relativistic electrons. Other authors making similar claims in
that same year were Vladimir Fock, Johann Kudar, Thophile de Donder and Frans-H. Van
den Dungen, and Louis de Broglie. Although it turned out that the Dirac equation describes
the spinning electron, the Klein- Gordon equation correctly describes the spinless pion, a
composite particle. On July 4th, 2012 CERN announced the discovery of the first spin- zero

elementary particle, the Higgs boson. Further experimentation and analysis is required to
discern if the Higgs Boson found is that of the Standard Model, or a more exotic
form[11,12,13,14,15].

2. Harmonic Oscillator Energy and Friction:

The laws of quantum are based on the wave-particle duality. This duality can be
described by considering particles as wave backers since wave backers as wave group. This it
is natural to treat particles oscillatory [16,17,18,19,20].
The harmonic oscillator can be defined by the displacement and velocity of the form
[21,22,23,24,25]:

Where

stands for frequency, while

and

describes the displacement and

velocity respectively.
The total energy

Where

is given by:

stands for the kinetic energy which is given in terms of the mass

and

velocity as:

is the momentum.
The potential energy

can also be expressed in terms of the force

as:

Where the comparison of equation (2.2) and (2.3) gives:

Thus according to eqn. (4.2.1) the energy

Thus for harmonic oscillator the energy is given by

and stiffness

Thus the momentum takes the form:

The change of the energy of the system can be described by the uncertainty principle.
Where this change

is related to the relaxation time

according to the relation:

Where the relaxation time is usually defined to be:

Thus according to:

This energy change can be found from eq. (2.7) to be:

Thus from eqns. (2.7) and (2.11), one gets:

In view of eqns. (2.10) and (2.12) one gets:

But according to Newtons laws

In one set

Where
Change of momentum due to friction
Thus

Where one neglect higher order terms in

by assuming it to be small compared to

the original momentum.

Thus inserting eqns. (2.10), (2.16) in (2.14) yields

Multiplying both sides by

gives:

But since the wave function is given by:

Thus inserting equation (2.20) in (2.18) yields:

This relation resembles that obtained by some authors [

].

3. Relativistic Klein-Gordon Friction Equation:

In SR energy and momentum are related through the relation

Differentiating w.r.t.x to P yields

Thus

Where the rest mass term is neglected by assuming small mass.

But uncertainty relation gives

Where the new energy

is given by:

From (3.3) and (3.4)

Where the new momentum in the presence of friction takes the form:

But the wave function is given by

Thus

To find Klein-Gordon equation for resistive medium insert equations (3.5, 7) in (3.1)
to get

Substituting (3.6, 4, 9) in (3.10) yields

Thus the Klein Gordon equation becomes

4. Generalized Special Relativistic Quantum Equation

According GSR equation the energy is given by:

Thus

Since

Thus one can write this equation as

Therefore

This expression is very complex. Thus one needs approximation.

Consider first the case when the rest mass is very small, i.e.

In this case equation (4.3) becomes

Thus

For very fast particles

This relation does not conform with Newtonian one, where

Thus one needs to redefine V in (4.2) to be

Then substitute this relation in (4.1) for

To get

For very fast particles equation (4.9) becomes

Which conforms with Newton energy relation.

Since the potential depend on r only. Thus

Thus according to relation (2.10)

Equation (4.11) gives

As in (2.15) let

Thus equation (4.10) reads

Inserting (4.12) and (4.13) yields

Thus

Unfortunately this expression does not recognize friction. This is natural since the rest mass
which causes friction is neglected. Also we assume the particles are very fast which also
automatically means friction is neglected. Let us no consider only the
(4.3) to get

Bearing in mind that

depend on only,

Inserting equation (4.12) yields

Since friction affect P and E only. Thus

Thus eqn. (4.11) becomes

For simplicity neglect higher order terms like

Thus equation (4.19) reduces to

A direct substitution of (4.12) and (4.17) yields

is small in equation

Let the wave function be (4.21)

Thus:

Multiplying (4.21) by

and substitute (4.22) yields

5. Harmonic Oscillator Solution:

Consider the solution:

Sub. (5.1) in (4.23) to get:

Thus:

Let:

For:

Multiplying to sides by
One gets:

Comparing the above equation with the harmonic oscillator equation:

One gets:

Where:

On the other hand:

Thus substituting equation (5.3) in (5.2) yields:

Thus:

Inserting equation (5.3) and (5.6) in equation (5.4) yields:

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Squaring both sides, one gets:

Cancellation of similar terms on both sides yields:

Thus the energy of particles is given by:

6. Discusion:
This work is mainly concern with the effect of friction on changing momentum in
quantum equations. The effect of friction on changing momentum in sch.eqn (2.21). Lead to
adding constant friction term depending on relation time which reflects friction effects , and
depending on h which reflect quantum nature.
This sch.equ (2.21) resemble that found by M.Dirar and others. The friction effect on
momentum in Klein-Gordon equations leads to the term (3.6) which depends on h ,

as

before, beside the appearance of the term c which reflects relativistic effects. The friction
effect on K.G eqn adds to it first order time and first order spatial term beside constant term
dependent on

and .

A generalized special relativistic equation is derived in section (5.4).

This equation (4.23) does not have term feeling the effect of friction. The solution of this
equation for particles in the form of string shows energy quantization as eqn (5.7) indicate.

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