Pre-Analysis

1. Mathematical model
2. Numerical solution procedure
3. Hand-calculations of expected results/trends

Example: Steady One-Dimensional

Heat Conduction in a Bar
y

x
z

We are interested in finding the temperature

distribution in the bar due to heat conduction

Energy Conservation for an

Infinitesimal Control Volume
Infinitesimal
Control Volume

Mathematical Model: Governing

Equation and Boundary Conditions
Governing equation

= 0,

Boundary conditions

0 =

q L = q =

Exact solution is straightforward

Numerical Solution:
Discretization
Reduce the problem to determining temperature
values at selected locations (nodes)
T
1

x
We have assumed a shape for ( ) consisting of piecewise
polynomials

How to Find Nodal

Temperatures ?
System of
Invert
algebraic
equations in nodal
temperatures

Mathematical Model
(Boundary Value
Problem)
Piecewise
polynomial
approximation for T

={ }

Each algebraic
equation will
relate a nodal
temperature to
its neighbors

Nodal
temperatures

Post
processing

( )

How to Derive System of Algebraic

Equations?
Piecewise
polynomial
approximation for T

=0

System of algebraic
eqs. in nodal
temperatures

Piecewise polynomial
approximation for T

Weighted Integral
Form

=0

( ) is an
arbitrary function

=0

(x) is an
arbitrary piecewise
polynomial function

System of algebraic eqs.

in nodal temperatures

How to Derive System of Algebraic

Equations?
Piecewise polynomial
approximation for T

dx = 0

(x) is an
arbitrary piecewise
polynomial function

System of algebraic eqs.

in nodal temperatures

Integration by Parts

w k

=0

w k

dT

1
w

=0

=0

dT

+ 0.5

+ 0.5 +

=0

w k

dT

+w

w k

dT

=0

=0

+ 0.5 +

dT

k
3

dT

w k

1
w

dT

dT

=0

=0

3
+ 0.5

+ 0.5 +

=0

={ }

w k
1

dT

k
3

dT

={ }

dT

w k

1
w

+ 0.5
+

+ 0.5 +

dT

=0

=0

w k

dT

=0

k
2

dT

4
={ }

= 0.5

= 0.5 +

Essential Boundary Conditions

=T

= 0.5 +

= 0.5Q

Comparison of Finite-Element and Exact

Solutions
Nodal temperature values are exact
Unusual property of 1D FE solution

Temperature boundary condition is

satisfied exactly
Flux boundary condition is satisfied
approximately

Comparison of / between FiniteElement and Exact Solutions

Error in / > Error in
Energy is not conserved for
each element

Reaction at Left Boundary

=
=
5.5 W/m
Energy is
conserved for
the bar

10

How to Improve the Polynomial

Approximation?
Increase no. of elements
Increase order of polynomial
within each element

Original Mesh
2

Use more nodes per

element

Refined Mesh
1

Second-Order Element

Error Reduction: Results

3 elements

6 elements

1 element, secondorder polynomial

11

Finite-Element Analysis: Summary of

the Big Ideas
Mathematical model to be solved is usually a boundary value
problem
Reduce the problem to solving selected variable(s) at selected
locations (nodes)
Assume a shape for selected variable(s) within each element
Derive system of algebraic equations relating neighboring nodal
values
Invert this system to determine selected variable(s) at nodes
Derive everything else from selected variable(s) at nodes

Finite-Element Analysis: Summary of

the Big Ideas
Reduce error by using more elements and/or
increasing the order of interpolation
Finite-element solution doesnt satisfy the
differential equation(s)
Satisfies a special weighted integral form

Essential boundary conditions are satisfied

exactly
Natural or gradient boundary conditions are
satisfied approximately

12

Normal Stress
Force
Stress =

Area
y

sz
tzy

tzx
txz

Normal
force on
face

tyz
sy

txy

Normal Stress

tyx

sx

3D

2D

Shear Stress
0, 0

y
sz
tzy

tzx
txz

Rotational
Equilibrium
=

tyz
sy

txy

tyx
sx

x
x

3D

2D

Equilibrium Equations
=

=0

+
+

Force balance in x direction

+

=0
+

+ . . .

+ . . .

3D Differential Equations of Equilibrium

sz

+
+

+
+

+
+

=0
=0

tzy
tzx
txz

tyz
sy

txy
tyx

=0

sx

Governing equations for 3D elasticity

3 equations, 6 unknown functions

Hookes Law in 1D
L

Normal Strain

Normal Stress

: Youngs Modulus

Elastic Range

Hookes Law: Extension to 2D

y

Poissons
Ratio

=
=

Now Pull in Both x and y Directions

Isotropic material

Shear Strain & Shear Stress

=

=
=

Engineering shear strain

: Shear modulus

2(1 + )

2D Hookes Law
=

+
(1

+
(1

2(1 + )

2(1 + )

2D Hookes Law: Matrix Form

+
(1

+
(1

(1

) (1

(1
0

) (1
0

0
0

2(1 + )

3D Hookes Law: Matrix Form

1
=

0
0
0

(1 + )(1 2 )
sz
tzy

tzx
txz

1
0
0
0

1
0
0
0

0
0
0
12
0
0

0
0
0
0
12
0

0
0
0
0
0
12

tyz
sy

txy
tyx

sx

Strain-Displacement Relations: Normal Strain

u

u+u

Similarly:

u
=
=

+ =

+ . . .
2
=

Strain-Displacement Relations: Shear Strain

0
v

v+v

=
1+

x+ u

1+

Strain-Displacement Relations: Shear Strain

u
v

Pre-Analysis

Mathematical model: 3D Elasticity

Numerical solution strategy: Finite-element method
Hand-calculations of expected results/trends

Domain
Model half of a
bolt-and-nut
assuming
symmetry
Four parts

Mid nozzle
Lower nozzle
Bolt
Nut

Mathematical Model: Governing

Equations
Physical principle: Equilibrium of
infinitesimal element
=
or = 0

3D Differential Equations of
Equilibrium

sz
tzx
txz t
xy

tzy

tyz
sy

=0

=0

=0

tyx
3 eqs.: Force balance in x, y, z
6 unknowns: , , ,
,
,

sx

Additional Equations: Constitutive

Model
1
=

(1 + )(1 2 )

0
0
0

12

1
0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0
12
0
0

0
0
0
0
12
0

0
0
0
0
0
12

,
,

0
0
0

Mathematical Model: Additional

Equations
Strain-Displacement Relations

=
=

Mathematical Model: Governing

Equations Summary
Equations
3: Force balance on infinitesimal element in x, y, z
directions
6: Constitutive Model
6: Strain-displacement relations
Total = 15

Unknowns

6 stress components: , , ,
,
6 strain components: , , ,
,
3 displacement components: , ,
Total = 15

,
,

Mathematical Model: Boundary

Conditions
At every point
on the
boundary, the
traction or
displacement
has to be
defined
Normal as well
as 2 tangential
directions

Displacement or Essential
Boundary Conditions (1/2)
Symmetry condition from periodicity

Displacement or Essential
Boundary Conditions (2/2)
Frictionless support at
top surface of mid
nozzle
Normal displacement =
0
Tangential traction = 0

Approximates
connection to upper
nozzle (which is not
included in the model)

Traction or Natural Boundary

Conditions (1/2)
Pressure due to
propellant
Calculated using 1D
gas dynamics
Varies in axial direction
(z)

Force from
regeneration channels
Pulls apart the mid and
lower nozzles

Traction or Natural Boundary

Conditions (2/2)
Traction at contact
surfaces

Undeformed

It is not known a priori

where the parts are
going to come into
contact at the
interfaces
Traction is dependent
on the displacement

Deformed

= ( , , )
Highly nonlinear

Numerical Solution Strategy

Mathematical Model
(Coupled Boundary
Value Problems)

Set of algebraic
equations in nodal
displacements

Piecewise
( ) ={ }
polynomial
approximation for
, ,
System of algebraic equations are nonlinear
Source

={ }

Compare to linear case:

={ }

of
nonlinearity:

Contact

Newton-Rhapson Method for Solving

Nonlinear Algebraic Equations
We need to find
such that

Newton-Rhapson
for single nonlinear
algebraic eq.

=0

Scalar analog:

=0
Eg.
20 = 0
Update eq.

Newton-Rhapson Method for Solving

Nonlinear Algebraic Equations
Need to solve
( )
=0
Initial guess
Update using Newton-Rhapson to get
Update eq.:

+{

Calculate residual:

) { }=

If residual is larger than tolerance, update guess and

repeat
New update eq.:
Solve to calculate

+{

Hand Calculations of Expected

Results
1. Reaction in axial (z) direction where mid
nozzle is attached to top nozzle (not
modeled)
2. Hoop stress
3. Thermal strain and deformation
4. Bolt preload check =

Hand Calculations: Reaction in

Axial (z) Direction
Average gas pressure:

30

Top radius = 41.75 inches

Bottom radius = 69.50 inches
Projected area in z direction = (69.50
41.75 ) = 9699
Net pressure force in z direction = 30 9699
Net reaction force in -z direction on 1/400th model

=
720

Hand Calculations: Hoop Stress

At exit:
= 12.17
= 69.5
= 0. 5

1692

Hand Calculations: Thermal

Strain
Thermal strain = = (700 70 )
Recall that this term appears in the
constitutive model

Hand Calculations: Bolt Preload

F

=
= 2320
= 3.8 10
= 2.9 10
0.5
= 0.001

F
F
F

10

Whats Under the Blackbox?

Post-processing
User inputs

Mathematical Numerical
Solution
Model

Selected
variables at
selected points

Physical principles
Assumptions
Physical
Problem

Color pictures
& other results
Blackbox

Hand calculations
Experimental data

Fundamental Laws of Fluid Flow

Conservation of mass
Conservation of momentum
=

Conservation of energy

Governing Equations: Differential and Integral Forms

Apply laws to
infinitesimal fluid particle

Apply laws to finite

volume in flow domain

y
x

Eulerian and Lagrangian Frames of Reference

y
x

At time

, particle P is at (

(t ) =

( )=

( )=

Differential Form of Mass Conservation

= constant (Incompressible)
Volume cannot change

y
x
x+ u t

x
u

u+u
+ =
t

+ . .
2

t+t

Differential Form of Mass Conservation

t+ t
t

.
y

y+ v t

x+ u t
+

=0

Change in Volume:
= + +
= + + . . .
=

+ . . .

Pressure Force on Infinitesimal Fluid Particle

=

p+ =

+ . . .
2

Net pressure force =

in x direction

(1)

=Constant
Net pressure force =
per unit vol.
p

p+p
x

Viscous Forces on Infinitesimal Fluid Particle

Net viscous force in x dir. per

unit volume
+

=
Net shear force in x dir.
(1)

Newtonian Fluid
Net viscous force/vol =

Acceleration
=

( )
=
( , )

+ . . .

+
( + , )
+

+ ,

Lagrangian
,

Eulerian

Acceleration
=

Differential Form of Momentum Conservation

( )

Integral Form of Mass Conservation

Mass flow rate:

Steady flow

Scenario 1: Uniform velocity at outlet & inlet

Scenario 2: Non-uniform velocity at outlet & inlet

Integral Form of Momentum Conservation

Momentum =
=

Net mass outflow rate through

Net momentum outflow rate through

Pre-Analysis

1. Mathematical model
2. Numerical solution procedure
3. Hand-calculations of expected results/trends

Reynolds Number
Reynolds number

= 6 10

Flow is turbulent for airfoils at this Reynolds number

Turbulent Flow
Turbulent flow: Fluctuating but
not about the laminar solution
Reynolds decomposition:
=

From ANSYS training documentation. Used courtesy of ANSYS, Inc.

Reynolds-Averaged Continuity Equation

+

=0

=0
+

=0

Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes Equations (RANS)

+

+
+

=
+

Eddy-Viscosity Turbulence Models

Viscous Shear Stress
+

Turbulent Shear Stress

+

 Eddy-Viscosity Turbulence Model

k: Turbulent kinetic energy

Measure of how much energy is
contained in the fluctuations

: Turbulent dissipation
Measure of the rate at which
turbulent kinetic energy is
dissipated

Two additional conservation

equations: one each for and

Governing Equations Summary

=0

Conservation equation for

Conservation equation for

Domain and Boundary Conditions

Pre-Analysis: Numerical Solution Strategy

Divide flow domain into
control volumes or cells
Derive algebraic equations
relating ( , , , , ) at each
cell center to neighboring cell
center values
Linearize algebraic equations
about guess values
Solve iteratively to get cell
center values
Derive all other quantities of
interest such as lift from cell
center values

Expected Results

Thin airfoil theory

Lift coefficient:

( )

=2

=1.1

Experimental Data

See NASA webpage on NACA 0012

airfoil validation
http://turbmodels.larc.nasa.gov/naca0
012_val.html

. : Gregory and O'Reilly (1970)

(deg.)

10.12-10.18

1.07-1.08

0.012

Ladson (1988)

Expected Results

0.5

Thin airfoil theory

Lift coefficient:

( )

=2

=1.1

Verification Steps
1.
2.
3.

Sanity checks
Does the CFD solution honor the
boundary conditions in the mathematical
model?
Does the CFD solution honor the
physical principles in the mathematical
model?

4.
5.

Is the linearization error acceptable?

Is the discretization error acceptable?

6.

Check mass and momentum

conservation in the domain

Perform mesh refinement studies

Does the CFD solution match hand

calculations?

Structure of Turbulent Boundary Layer

From ANSYS training documentation. Used courtesy of ANSYS, Inc.

yplus
Dimensional velocity profile

Non-dimensional velocity profile

Sublayer Log-layer

High gradients close to the wall

+= /
=

+=
Friction Velocity

Images from ANSYS training documentation. Used courtesy of ANSYS, Inc.

yplus