DETERMINING THE LEVELS OF GLUCOSE IN THE URINE BY

TITRIMETRIC
A. OBJECTION
After following this experiment, students are expected to:
1. Understand the basic principles of analysis procedures and levels of
glucose in the urine.
2. Skillfully measure glucose levels in the urine analysis using titrimetric
method.
B. BASIC THEORY
Urine or water the art or urine are liquids the rest of which is
excreted by the kidneys that then be brought to the body through the
process urination. Expenditure urine required to remove molecules the rest
in the blood sifted by the kidneys and to keep homeostasis bodily fluids.
Urin dibentuk oleh penggabungan 3 proses tersebut di atas. Unit anatomi
yang melakukan fungsi ini adalah nefron. Tiap-tiap ginjal memiliki sekitar
1 juta nefron. (Poedjati Anna, 1994)
Blood conducted from the aorta through an artery renal and
branches arteria renal to arterioli afferen .Arteriole efferen immediately
divides another into capillary second around the other part of nefron .Tufts
the glomerulus located in kapsula bowman , sacs epithelial walled copies
that is part of a system tubules most proximal. Capsula bowman instantly
be tubules kontortus proksimalis and from here into components the next
one: tubules rectus proxcimalist and arch henle own, consisting of the pars
descendens, the pars decendens a thin, and the pars decendens thick. The
last located in the medulla and the cortex of the kidney. The pars
ascendens thick of the henle turned into tubules kontortus distalis, tubules
kolligens cortical, and tubules kolligens the medulla and papill. Every
components of the system tubular has fungsiyang specific. (Poedjati Anna,
1994)
The first step the formation of urine is filtration blood plasma.
Volume blood besai, about 1 liters per minute (or 25 % of all cardiac a
break), flows through the kidneys. So, in 4 5 minutes volume blood equal
measure to the volume of blood total through circulation the kidneys. This
is possible by the system circulation that very broad in this organ. With a
statement same, the kidney especially easy damaged by the spreading
vascular disease. (Sri Retno, 2010)
The formation of filtrat the glomerulus is prose who especially
arranged by the amount of algebra from the difference of hydrostatic
pressure and pressure onkotik trans capillary. The possibility of last has
enabled the measurement of directly hidrostatikyang responsibility of

forces. Are regulated by the state of hidropenic, hydrostatic pressure

capillary the glomerulus the average 45 mmHg or about 40 % of pressure
the aorta the average. Hydrostatic pressure tubules the average 10 mmHg
so there is hydrostatic pressure by 35 mmhg that seems unchanged
throughout the entire capillary. Pressure oncotic in capillaries up from
about 20 mmHg in the beginning to 35 mml ig at the end of glomelurus.
So advantage pressure filtration 15 mmHg out on the beginning capillary
and reduced when blood flow through glomelurus. (Sri Retno, 2010)
Setting filtration is considered to have a relationship with the
plasma flow because it affects the way the increasing pressure of the
onkotik glomerulus. In addition, it is thought that the modification of the
surface area for filtration can occur by increasing or a reduced number of
cappiler passed by blood flow. (Subroto, 1989)
Factors affecting filtration is the obstruction of the arterial road
leading into the glomerulus, the increase in the pressure of the interstitial
as can be caused by an inflammatory process, and increase resistance to
flow in a system of tubules such as obstruction by tubules or kolligens,
ureters, urethra. Membrane glomerulus can also be damaged by disease
and therefore cannot serve as a filter for the blood. Eventually the
capillaries can be blocked completely unused and therefore in circulation.
During the disease, blood cells and proteinplasma will seep through the
damaged capillaries and will diekskresi into urine. (Subroto, 1989)
Analysis titrimetri considered better in show process of titrating
compared with volumetric analysis. (Pudjaatmaka and Setiono, 1994).
Titrimetri analysis is examination of amount of substance based on
the measurement of volume solution reagent required to react in
stoichiometry with a substance specified. (Rivai, 2006)
Analysis urine physically covering observation color urine, heavy
of liquid urine and ph and temperature urine itself. While analysis
chemical could cover glucose analysis, analysis protein and analysis bile
pigment. For analysis the womb proteinm there are so many method
offered, starting from tested methods millon until cuprisulfate and sodium
bases. The latter is analysis in microscopic, urine sample directly observed
under a microscope so that it will known substances anything that is
contained in the urine, for example calcium phospat, a plant fiber, even
bacteria. (Wirahadi Kusumah, 1997)
In general urine yellow. Dilute urine a pale yellow color (clear
yellow), urine a thick yellow concentrated, and urine new/fresh colored
clear yellow. Urine which was somewhat long it will yellow turbid. Urine
smelling typical if its left somewhat long smelling ammonia. pH urine
ranged from 4.8-7.5, urine will be more acid if we included many proteins,
and urine will be more bases if we included many vegetables. The specific
gravity of urine 1,002 - 1,035. (Wirahadi Kusumah, 1997)

It is chemically association of ingredients urine of them is garbage

nitrogen (ureum, creatinin and uric acid), hippuric acid digestion substance
the rest of fruits and vegetables, ketone bodies substance the rest of fat
metabolism, ions of electrolytes (Na, Cl, K, ammonium, sulphate, Ca and
Mg), hormone, a substance toxin (medicine, vitamins and a chemical
substance foreign), abnormal substance (a protein, glucose, cell blood
crystals lime and etc) the volume of normal urine per day is 900 - 1200
mls, volume was influenced a lot of factors temperature of them,
substances diuretika (tea, alcohol, and coffee), the number of drinking
water, adh hormone, and emotions. (Wirahadi Kusumah, 1997)
C. MATERIAL AND EQUIPMENTS
Materials:
1. Glucose 0.5 %
2. Urine mixed with a ratio of 0.5 % glucose urine: glucose (2:1; 3:2;
4;3)
3. CuSO4 solution (35 grams of CuSO4 + 5 ml concentrated H2SO4 per
liter)
4. Potassium ferro cyanide 5 %
5. Signette solution (150 g K.Na tartrate + 90 grams of NaOH per
liter) as the catalyst maker.
6.
7.

Equipment:
a.
b.
c.
d.

Bunsen burner
Feet three + screens
Pasteur Pipette
Test tube
i.

e.
f.
g.
h.

Buret
Buffer buret
Erlenmeyer
Beaker glass

j.
D. PROCEDURE
a.
b.
c.
Pipette 250 mld.
CuSO4 enter in erlenmeyer (for one class)
e.
Add 250 ml signatte
(for one class)
f.
g.
Add 150 ml ofh.potassium ferro-cyanide(for one class)
i.
Take 60 ml of j.
the mixture and the 4th erlenmeyer with each volume of 15 ml.
k.
l.
Heat until boilm.
n.
2 erlenmeyer was
o. titrated with a solution of glucose 0.5% and 2 erlenmeyer
again titrated with
p. a solution of a mixture of urine and glucose (2: 1)
Titration until q.
the color of the solution changed to brown
r.
s.
Record the volume of titrant and calculate glucose levels
t.
u.
v.
w.
x.
y.
z.
aa.
ab.
ac.
ad.
ae.
E. OBSERVATION DATA
a.
b.

Titran

VolumeErle

f.

Glucos

g.

4,4 ml

h.

4,2 ml

eaverage
i.
4,3ml

j.

e 0.5%
Urine:

k.

5,1 ml

l.

5,3 ml

m.

c.

nmeyer1

Glucose(2:1)
n.
o.
p.
q.
r.

VolumeErle e.

d.
nmeyer2

Volum

5,2 ml

Percentage of Glucose
Mass of glucose in solution glucose = 5,0114 grams
Volume of titran results 5 % glucoce = 4,3 ml
Volume of titran results 5 % glucoce + urine = 5,2 ml

1. Mass glucose required =

5,0114 grams
500 ml

2. Urine + glucose (2:1)

s. Volume of glucose 0,5 % =

1
3

t. Mass of glucose 0,5 % = 1, 733 x

x 4,3 ml = 0,04309 grams

. 5,2 ml = 1, 733 ml
5,0114 grams
500 ml

= 0,0174 grams

u. The volume of urine in a mixture = Vtotal - Vglucose

v.
= 5,2 ml 1,733 ml
w.
= 4, 467 ml
0,043090,01733
x 100
x. Glucose levels in the urine = (
4,467 ml
y.

F.
G.
H.

I.

= 0,5751 %

z.
aa.
ab.
ac.
DISCUSSION
CONSLUSION
SUGGESTION
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
REFERENCES
a. Poedjati, Anna. 1994. Dasar-dasar Biokimia. Jakarta : UI press
b. Sri Retno D.A. 2010. Biokimia I. Surakarta:UNS Press
c.
Subroto Ganda.1989. Petunjuk Laboratorium Klinik. Jakarta.Jakarta: PT Dian
d.
Pudjaatmaka, A.H. dan L. Setiono. 1994. Buku Ajar Vogel: Kimia Analisis
Kuantitatif Organik. Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC, Jakarta
e.
Rivai, H. 2006. Asas Pemeriksaan Kimia. Penerbit Universitas Indonesia,
Jakarta.
f. Wirahadi Kusumah. 1997. Biokimia.Bandung: ITB Press
g.