CHEM:Pracs

Testtube:2030mL
Beaker:50500mL
Measuringcylinder:50500mL

Volumetricflask:250mL
Pipette:25mL
Conicalflask:250mL

ProductionofMaterials

IDENTIFYDATA,PLANANDPERFORMAFIRSTHANDINVESTIGATIONTOCOMPARETHEREACTIVITIESOF
APPROPRIATEALKENESWITHTHECORRESPONDINGALKANESINBROMINEWATER

Notespg4forequation
Pg13:
Method:
1) 3mLofbrominewaterwasaddedtoeachof2testtubes
2) 1mLofcyclohexeneC6H10wasaddedtoonetesttube,and1mLofcyclohexaneC6H12addedtothe
other
3) Testtubeswereshakenandcolourchangeobservationsrecorded

Results:
Alkenes(cyclohexene)reactwithbrominewatertoform2bromocyclohexanoland1,2dibromocyclohexane,
causingsolutiontodecolourisefromorange,tocolourless/clear,whereasalkanes(cyclohexane)donot.
*Notethatcyclohexane/hexaneareinliquidstate,notaqueous

DEFINETHEMOLARHEATOFCOMBUSTIONOFACOMPOUNDANDCALCULATETHEVALUEFORETHANOL
FROMFIRSTHANDDATA
and
IDENTIFYDATASOURCES,CHOOSERESOURCESANDPERFORMAFIRSTHANDINVESTIGATIONTO
DETERMINEANDCOMPAREHEATSOFCOMBUSTIONOFATLEASTTHREELIQUIDALKANOLSPERGRAM
ANDPERMOLE

Pg17:
Method:
1) Setuptheapparatusasshowninthefigureinafume
cupboard,usinga250mLmetalcan.
2) Addexactly100mLofdistilledwaterinthecan.
3) Weighandrecordthemassofthelampwithethanolinit
4) Recordwatertemperatureusingathermometer
5) Lightthelampswick,andplaceitquicklyunderthecanto
heatthewater.

6) Stirthewaterwiththethermometer.
7) Whentemperaturehasrisentoabout43C,putouttheflame,andnotethehighestreadingonthe
thermometer.
8) Reweightheethanollamp

9) Repeatsteps18,formethanol,propanoland
butanol.

Conclusion:
Butanolhadthehighestmolarcombustionof601.85
kJ/mol,andmethanolhadthelowestof170.46kJ/mol.
However,propanolhadthehighestheatofcombustion
pergramof9.58kJ/g,andmethanolthelowestof5.32
kJ/g.Trendscomparingheatofcombustionperunitmass
ofeachalkanolarenotverycertain,asitisthenumberofatomsandbondswhichdeterminethequantityof
energyreleased,andequalmassesofdifferentalkanolswillhaveapproximatelyequalnumberofmolecules.
Thisisalsothereasonwhyheatofcombustionpermoleincreasesasmolarmassofthealkanolincreases.A
largermoleculewillhavealargemolarheatofcombustionbecausetherearemorebondswhichcanbe
brokentoreleaseenergy.

Theresultsofthisexperimentcouldbeimprovedbyinsulatingthesystemmoreeffectivelytopreventheat
lossestotheenvironment.Alowheatcapacitycontainerwouldalsoabsorblessheatfromthewater.Inall,
thispracticalcouldbemademoreaccuratebyusingabombcalorimeter,whichminimisesheatlosses.

SOLVEPROBLEMS,PLANANDPERFORMAFIRSTHANDINVESTIGATIONTOCARRYOUTTHE
FERMENTATIONOFGLUCOSEANDMONITORMASSCHANGES

Pg18:
Method:
1) Place10gofglucose,60mLofwaterandaspatulameasureofyeastinaflask.
2) Covertheflaskwithastopperandshaketomixthecontents.
3) Positionthedeliverytubeunderthesurfaceoflimewaterinanotherbeaker.
4) Usinganelectronicbalance,determinemassoftheflask.
5) After3daysandthen6days,measurethemassoftheflask.
6) Filterthecontentstoremoveanysolids.
7) Setupanapparatusforfractionaldistillation,anddistilanyfiltratebelowaboilingpointof90
degrees.
8) Dipapieceofstringinthedistillateandtestitsflammability.

Results:MassdecreasedovertimeasCO2wasreleasedfromfermentation.Thelimewaterturnedmilkydue
tothisCO2.Thedistillatewasflammableandburnedwithacolourlessflame,showingthatethanolhadbeen
produced.

PERFORMAFIRSTHANDINVESTIGATIONTOIDENTIFYTHECONDITIONSUNDERWHICHAGALVANICCELL
ISPRODUCED


Pg6:
Method:
1) Aclean5centpiecewasplacedontopofa10centpieceandeachcoinwasconnectedtothe
terminalsofavoltmeter(diagram).
2) Anyvoltmeterreadingwasnoted.
3) Thecoinswereseparated,asmalldiscoffilterpaperwasinsertedbetweenthemandagainany
voltmeterreadingwasnoted.
4) Step3wasrepeated,withfilterpaperdiscssoakedindistilledwater,sucrosesolution,NaClsolution
andsulfuricacidsolution.
5) Step3wasagainrepeated,usingNaClsolution,butthistimewithtwo10centpieces.

Conditionsunderwhichagalvaniccellisproduced:
o Saltbridgewithconductiveelectrolytesolution(withmobileions)
o 2metalsofdifferentactivity,incontactwiththeelectrolyte
o Anexternalwireconnectingthetwometals.

AlternativeMethod:
1) Constructacellconsistingofastripofcopperrestinginabeakerhalffilledwithasolutionof
coppersulfate.
2) Setupanothercell,thistimeusingazincstripandzincsulfatesolution.
3) Foldapieceoffilterpaperintoastrip.Immerseitcompletelyintoasolutionofpotassium
nitrate.Thisbecomesthesaltbridge.Placeoneendofsaltbridgeintothefirstcellandthe
otherendintotheothercell.
4) Connectalligatorclipstothemetalstripsandconnecttheotherendofthewirestoavoltmeter.
(diagram)

Conditionsunderwhichagalvaniccellisproduced
o Thetwometalsneedtobeofdifferentstandardpotentials,andincontactwiththeelectrolyte
o Electrolytewithmobileionsneeded
o Asaltbridgewithconductiveelectrolytesolutionisneededifanodeandcathodeareseparated
intwobeakers
o Electrodesmustbeconnectedbyanexternalwire

PERFORMAFIRSTHANDINVESTIGATIONANDGATHERFIRSTHANDINFORMATIONTOMEASURETHE
DIFFERENCEINPOTENTIALOFDIFFERENTCOMBINATIONSOFMETALSINANELECTROLYTESOLUTION

Pg810:

1) AZn|Zn2+||Cu2+|Cugalvaniccellwassetup(methodintheexperimentabove)(diagram),andthe
voltmeterreadingnoted.
2) Step1wasrepeated5moretimes,forZn||Fe,Fe||Cu,Zn||Pb,Mg||Pb,andMg||Cucells

Thisexperimentshowsthatmorereactivemetalstendtodisplacelessreactivemetalsoutofsolution.
Whenthedifferenceinreactivityofthetwometalsislarger,thepotentialdifferenceisalsolarger.

Note*:zinc,magnesium,iron,lead,andcopperhalfcellsused
Eventhough0.1Mconcentrationswereusedinsteadofthe1Mstandard,voltagesproduced
approximatedtheorderofvoltagespredictedbystandardreductionpotentials

AcidicEnvironment

PERFORMAFIRSTHANDINVESTIGATIONTOPREPAREANDTESTANATURALINDICATOR

Pg22:
Method:
1) Chopredcabbageintosmallpieces
2) Placepiecesofcabbageintoabeakerofwater
3) Boilwaterinthebeakeruntilcolourofcabbageisvisibleinthewater
4) Filter.
5) Take15testtubesandplacesomeofthefiltrate(indicator)ineach
6) Poursome1MHClintesttube1
7) Usingameasuringcylinder,take1mLof1MHCl,andfillupto10mLwithdistilledwater
8) Poursomeofthis0.1MHClintotesttube2
9) Repeatthedilutionuptotesttube8
10) TakesomeNaOHandputintesttube15
11) DilutetheNaOHinsamewayasHClacid,backtotesttube9
12) Observeandrecordcolours

Discussion:
Thisindicatormixturehadanthocyaninandflavanolpigmentsasindicators,causingmultiplecolour
changesoverawidepHrange.
Anthocyanin:obtainedbyboilingredcabbageleavesandpouringoffred/purpleliquid
o Redinacidicsolutions,violetinneutral,greeninmildlybasic,yellowinverybasicsolutions

IDENTIFYDATA,PLANANDPERFORMAFIRSTHANDINVESTIGATIONTODECARBONATESOFTDRINKAND
GATHERDATATOMEASURETHEMASSCHANGESINVOLVEDANDCALCULATETHEVOLUMEOFGAS
RELEASEDAT25CAND100KPA

Pg28:
Method:
1) Openthecapofasoftdrinkbottle(withsoftdrinkinside)toreleasepressurisedCO2gas,andputthe
capbackon.
2) Weighwithelectronicbalancethesoftdrinkbottlewiththecapon.
3) Uncap,thenaddabout5gofsaltveryslowlytothecarbonateddrinksothatthewaterdoesnot
degastooquickly
4) Reweighbottleandcapaftersalting.
5) CalculatechangeinweightduetolossofCO2gastotheair.

Results:
Whensaltwasadded,itboundupsomeofthewatermoleculeswithdipoledipoleforcestobe
dissolvedinsolution.TheremovalofwatercausedashiftintheCO2/H2CO3equilibriuminthe
directionfavouringtheproductionofCO2gasandwater,toopposethedecreaseinH2O
concentration.

PLANANDPERFORMAFIRSTHANDINVESTIGATIONTOMEASURETHEPHOFIDENTICAL
CONCENTRATIONSOFSTRONGANDWEAKACIDS

1) Determinethemassofcitricacidneededtomakea0.1Msolutionofcitricacid.
2) Makethe0.1Msolutionofcitricacid.
3) Pourapproximately25mlofthiscitricacidand0.1Mhydrochloricacidintotwoseparatebeakers.
4) UseapHprobe(oruniversalindicator)torecordthepHofeachsolution.Comparetheresults.

SOLVEPROBLEMSANDPERFORMAFIRSTHANDINVESTIGATIONTOUSEPHMETERS/PROBESAND
INDICATORSTODISTINGUISHBETWEENACIDIC,BASICANDNEUTRALCHEMICALS

Pg30:
Method:
1) CalibratethepHmeter.
a. Washsensitiveendoftheprobewithdistilledwater
b. PlaceprobeinstandardsolutionofknownpH
c. AdjustmetertoreadpHofstandardsolution
d. RepeatforanotherstandardsolutionofdifferentpH
2) Washsensitiveendofprobewithdistilledwateragain
3) ImmersepHprobeinsolutionstobetested(listedbelow),andrecordpHreadings.
4) TestthepHofthesamesolutionsbyaddinguniversalindicator,andcomparingcoloursof
solutionswiththepHcolourchart.
Results:
HCl,H2SO4,CH3COOH,NaOH,NH4Cl,Na2CO3,andNaHCO3werethechemicalstested
pHmeterwasmoreaccuratethantheuniversalindicator
__________
UsingapHmeterorprobeisanondestructivewayoftesting.ProvidedthepHmeterelectrodeor
probeiswashedwellwithdistilledwaterbetweenmeasurements,thesolutionstestedshouldbe
unaffected.

Usingindicatorsolutionorindicatorpaperisadestructivewayoftesting,astheindicatorwill
contaminatetheportionofsolutiontested.

CHOOSEEQUIPMENTANDPERFORMAFIRSTHANDINVESTIGATIONTOIDENTIFYTHEPHOFARANGEOF
SALTSOLUTIONS

Pg30:
Method:
1) Add10mLofNH4Cl,NaCl,Na2CO3,andNaHCO3into3testtubes.
2) Toeachtesttube,addafewdropsofuniversalindicator.
3) ComparecoloursofsolutionswithpHcolourchart.

Results:
NH4ClwasslightlyacidicbecausetheNH4+istheconjugateacidoftheweakbaseammonia,whileCl
istheweakconjugatebaseofthestrongacidHCl.Asaresult,ammoniumchlorideisslightlyacidic.
SodiumcarbonateNa2CO3isbasicbecausethecarbonateionCO32istheconjugatebaseoftheweak
acidHCO3
SodiumhydrogencarbonateNaHCO3isbasicbuthasalowerpHthanNa2CO3becauseitdoesnthave
CO32ionstoreactwithwaterandproducebasichydroxideions.

PERFORMAFIRSTHANDINVESTIGATIONANDSOLVEPROBLEMSUSINGTITRATIONSANDINCLUDINGTHE
PREPARATIONOFSTANDARDSOLUTIONS,ANDUSEAVAILABLEEVIDENCETOQUANTITATIVELYAND
QUALITATIVELYDESCRIBETHEREACTIONBETWEENSELECTEDACIDSANDBASES

Pg33:
Methodtomakestandardsolution:
1) Weighonanalyticalbalanceexactamountofsolidonwatchglass[2.65gofNa2CO3tomake0.1M
solution]
2) Transfertobeaker,dissolveindistilledwater
3) Usingafunnel,transfertovolumetricflask
4) Washoutbeakerwithdistilledwaterandtipintoflask
5) Usingdistilledwater,makeupthevolumeintheflaskuntilthebottomofthemeniscusislevelwith
etchedmarkontheflask.
6) Stoppertheflask,thenshaketoensurethoroughmixing
7) Labelsolution,givingnameandconcentration.[0.1MNa2CO3]

Methodfortitration:
1) Makea0.1MHClstandardsolutionasoutlinedabove
2) Washburettewithdistilledwater,andthenwithsomeofthe0.1MtitrantHClsolution
3) Setupburettewithretortstand
4) Carefullypour0.1MHClsolutionintoburetteuntilbottomofmeniscusislevelwiththezeromark
5) Washpipettewithdistilledwater,andthenwithsomeoftheNaOHsolutionstobetitrated
6) Filla25mLpipettetoetchedmarkwithNaOHsolution
7) Washaconicalflaskwithdistilledwater

8) Emptythesolutionfromthepipetteintoaconicalflask,andadd3dropsofphenolphthalein
indicator
9) Positionconicalflaskunderburette
10) Usingburette,slowlyadd0.1MHClsolutionintotheconicalflaskonedropatatime,swirlingthe
flaskallthewhile,untilcolourchangesfrompinktoclear
11) RecordamountofHClsolutionusedupinburette

Results:
25mLNaOHofunknownconcentrationwastitratedagainst0.1MHCl,anditsconcentration
determinedtobe0.07molL1

PERFORMAFIRSTHANDINVESTIGATIONTODETERMINETHECONCENTRATIONOFADOMESTICACIDIC
SUBSTANCEUSINGCOMPUTERBASEDTECHNOLOGIES

VinegarcontainsaceticacidwhichcanbetitratedagainststandardisedNaOH(aq)usingapHprobeattached
toadatalogger.Thedatarecordedcanbeusedtodrawagraph.TheendpointiswherethepHchanges
mostrapidly

IDENTIFYDATA,PLAN,SELECTEQUIPMENTANDPERFORMAFIRSTHANDINVESTIGATIONTOPREPAREAN
ESTERUSINGREFLUX

Method:
1) 10mLpentan1ol,12mLethanoicacid,andafewdropsofconcentratedsulfuricacidwereadded
intoroundbottomflask.
2) Theroundbottomflaskwasattachedtoacondenser,andsuspendedwithinaheatedwaterbath
usingaretortstand(diagram)
3) After10minutesofheating,themixturewasallowedtocool.
4) Themixturewastransferredtoaseparatingfunnel
5) 100mLofwaterwasadded,theflaskwasshaken,thenthelowerlayerwasdiscarded
6) 50mLof1MNa2CO3wasaddedtoremovetheextraacid.Thelowerlayerwasdiscarded
7) Thecontentsoftheflaskweretransferredintoatesttube.
8) AfewpelletsofanhydrousCaCl2wereaddedtoremoveextramoisture.
9) Themixturewasfiltered,andthenfractionaldistillationwasusedtoremovetheester

Explanation:
.

pentan1ol+ethanoicacid

Awaterbathandrefluxingwereusedbecausethecontentswereflammableandvolatileliquids
Theconcentratedsulfuricacidcatalystlowersactivationenergy,andabsorbswater,shiftingthe
equilibriumtotheright

pentylethanoate+water

MonitoringandManagement

PERFORMFIRSTHANDINVESTIGATIONSTOCARRYOUTARANGEOFTESTS,INCLUDINGFLAMETESTS,TO
IDENTIFYTHEFOLLOWINGIONS:


PHOSPHATE

SULFATE

CARBONATE

CHLORIDE

BARIUM

CALCIUM

LEAD

COPPER

IRON

Method:
1) Afewdropsofsilvernitrate,bariumnitrate,anddilutehydrochloricacidwereaddedto3samples
respectivelyofeachof4unknownsolutions(16teststotal).Theseunknownsolutionscontained
carbonate,phosphate,sulfateandchlorideanions.Anyprecipitates/bubblingwereobservedand
recorded.
2) Asinflametestprac,theflamecoloursof3unknownsamplescontainingbarium,calcium,and
coppercations,wereobservedandrecorded.
3) AfewdropsofKI,K3(Fe(CN)6),KSCN,andwereaddedto3samplesrespectivelyofeachof3
unknownsolutions(9teststotal).Theseunknownsolutionscontainedlead,iron(II)andiron(III)
cations.Anyprecipitateswereobservedandrecorded.
a. AlternativelyNaCl,NaSO4andNaOHcouldbeused

Results:
Refertopracbook

IDENTIFYDATA,PLAN,SELECTEQUIPMENTANDPERFORMFIRSTHANDINVESTIGATIONSTOMEASURE
THESULFATECONTENTOFLAWNFERTILISERANDEXPLAINTHECHEMISTRYINVOLVED
and
ANALYSEINFORMATIONTOEVALUATETHERELIABILITYOFTHERESULTSOFTHEABOVEINVESTIGATION
ANDTOPROPOSESOLUTIONSTOPROBLEMSENCOUNTEREDINTHEPROCEDURE

Method:
1) 1.0goffinelygroundammoniumsulfatefertiliserwasweighedoutusinganelectronicbalance,ina
250mLbeaker,anddissolvedin100mLofdistilledwater.
2) 10dropsconcentratedhydrochloricacidwasadded
3) Thesolutionwasbroughttoagentleboilinawaterbath,and0.5MBaCl2solutionwasadded
dropwisewhilestirringuntilprecipitatestoppedforming.Thesolutionwasremovedfromheat.
4) Afilterpaperwasweighedonanelectronicbalance.
5) Thesolutionwasfilteredintoanother250mLbeakerthroughfilterpaper(diagram).Smallamounts
ofwarmdistilledwaterwasaddedtotransferalltheprecipitatefromthefirstbeakerintofilter
paper
6) Thefiltrationprocesswasrepeatedthefiltratedidnotappearcloudy
7) ThefilterpaperwithBaSO4precipitatewaslefttodry,andthenweighed.

Results:

(NH4)2SO4(aq)+BaCl2(aq)BaSO4(s)+2NH4Cl(aq)
MassofBaSO4precipitatewas0.55g.%SO42intheoriginalsamplewascalculatedtobe21%

Explanation:
Ifwateroranyexcessbariumchloridewasnotcompletelywashedoutofthefilterpaperandthe
precipitatewasnotcompletelydry,theprecipitatewouldhaveweighedmore.
o Thiscouldhavebeenalleviatedbyaddingethanoltodrytheprecipitate.Leavingthe
precipitateina100Covenovernightwouldhavebeenevenmoreeffective.
BaSO4formsaveryfineprecipitatewithsmallcrystalsize,whichmayhavegonethroughthefilter
paperintotheclearsolution,andsoescapedweighing.
o Thiswasreducedbyrepeatedfiltrationsuntilfiltratewasnolongercloudy(containing
precipitate)
o Addingacetonewouldhaveclumpedtheprecipitate,decreasingthechancesthatitwould
gothroughthefilterpaper.
o Thiserrorcouldbefurtherreducedbyusingasinteredglassfilter
Othersubstancese.g.calciumsulfate,andotherphosphates,mayalsoformprecipitates
Otherionsmayadheretotheprecipitateandmakeitheavier.
Ifnotenoughbariumchloridehadbeenadded,notallthesulfatewouldhaveprecipitatedout

Safety:
Bariumchlorideistoxic
2Mhydrochloricacid
Hotwater

PERFORMFIRSTHANDINVESTIGATIONSTOUSEQUALITATIVEANDQUANTITATIVETESTSTOANALYSE
ANDCOMPARETHEQUALITYOFWATERSAMPLES

Method:
1) 4watersampleswereobtained:riverwater,seawater,tapwater,anddistilledwater(control).For
eachsample:
2) Thecolourandodourofthesamplewasobservedandrecorded.
3) Hydrocarbons:Thesamplewasvisuallyinspectedforasurfacelayeroffilmcausedbyhydrocarbons,
andtheresultsrecorded.
4) Detergent:Aconicalflaskhalffilledwiththesamplewasstoppered,andthenshakenfor1minute.
Astopwatchwasusedtodeterminethetimetakenforanybubblestodisappear.Slow
disappearanceofbubblesindicatespresenceofdetergent
5) Turbidity:Thesamplewasaddedtoaturbiditytubeuntilthecrossonthebottomjustdisappeared.
Thereadingonthetube(NTU)wasrecorded.
6) pH:ApHprobewasinsertedintothewatersample,andthepHrecorded.Universalindicatorwas
alsoused.
7) Cl:Watersampleswereacidifiedwithafewdropsofdilutenitricacid,andthenafewdropsof0.1M
AgNO3wasaddedtoeach.MorewhiteprecipitatesignifiedhigherClconcentration

ChemistryofArt

PERFORMFIRSTHANDINVESTIGATIONSTOOBSERVETHEFLAMECOLOUROFNA+,K+,CA2+,BA2+,SR2+,
ANDCU2+

Method:
1) Apieceofnichromewirewascleanedbydippingindistilledwater,thenconcentratedhydrochloric
acid(toavoidcrosscontamination,especiallybysodium)
2) ThewirewasheatedoveraBunsenflametovaporiseanyimpurities
3) Thewirewasagaindippedintoconcentratedhydrochloricacid,thenintoasolutioncontainingNa+
ions.
4) ThewirewiththetestsolutionwasplacedintoahotnonluminousBunsenflame,andtheflame
colourwasnoted.
5) PreviousstepswererepeatedforK+,Ca2+,Ba2+,Sr2+,andCu2+
Results:
1) Na:yellow
2) K:violet
3) Ca:brickred
4) Sr:crimson
5) Ba:applegreen
6) Cu:bluegreen
o ThetestforNa+shouldbedonelasttoavoidcontaminationofothersamplesbysodium
ions.Sodiumionsproduceadistinctorangeflamewhichcouldmaskouttheflamecoloursof
otherelements

CHOOSEEQUIPMENT,PERFORMAFIRSTHANDINVESTIGATIONTODEMONSTRATEANDGATHERFIRST
HANDINFORMATIONABOUTTHEOXIDISINGSTRENGTHOFKMNO4

Method:
1) Equalamountsof0.01MpotassiumpermanganateKMnO4and1Msulfuricacidweremixedina
beakertomakeacidifiedKMnO4
2) Usingpipettes,about5mLof0.5MKCl,KBr,andKIwasaddedinto3separatetesttubes
3) Afewmagnesiumribbons,somezincpowder,andanironnailwereaddedinto3moretesttubes
4) Toeachtesttube,about5mLofthepurpleacidifiedKMnO4solutionwasaddedusingpipettes
5) Observationswererecordedoverthenext5minutes

Results:
o MnO4(7+)ispurple,MnO42(6+)isgreen,MnO2(4+)isabrownprecipitate,Mn2+(2+)is
colourless
o *Seestandardpotentialsforequations
7) KCl:remainedpurple
o ClandMnO4havesimilaroxidationstrengths.Observablereactionwouldhaveoccurred
overmoretime.
8) KBr:purplecolourless

9)
10)
11)
12)

KI:purplecolourless
Mg:effervescence,purplecolourless
Zn:effervescence,purplelightpink
Fe:weakeffervescence

Method2:
1) PurpleKMnO4wasaddeddropwisefromapipetteintoaniron(II)sulfateFeSO4solution.Upon
mixing,thepurplecolourofKMnO4changedtogreen

PERFORMAFIRSTHANDINVESTIGATIONTOOBSERVETHECOLOURCHANGESOFANAMEDTRANSITION
ELEMENTASITCHANGESINOXIDATIONSTATE

Method1:
1) Add3gammoniumvanadate[NH4VO3](weighedoutonelectronicbalance)and100mL1MNaOH
intoaconicalflask
2) Swirltodissolve,thenacidifybyadding75mL2MH2SO4
3) Add8granulesofzinc,andthenstoppertheconicalflask
4) Gentlyswirl.Observeandrecordcolourchanges

Results1:

o YellowBlueGreenViolet
o Oxidationreactionisalways: Zn(s)Zn2+(aq)+2e
o Note*:allequilibriumsigns

Yellow(+5)Blue(+4)
o VO3(aq)+4H+(aq)+eVO2+(aq)+2H2O(l)

Blue(+4)Green(+3)
o VO2+(aq)+2H+(aq)+eV3+(aq)+H2O(l)

Green(+3)Violet(+2)
o V3+(aq)+eV2+(aq)

Method/Results2:
1) 1mL0.1MMnSO4and1gKIO4wereaddedto10mL3Msulfuricacid,andheated
o ColourlessPurple
o Mn2+MnO4
2) Onedropof1MNa2SO3and4mL1Msodiumhydroxidewereaddedto5mL0.001MKMnO4
o PurpleGreen
o MnO4MnO42
3) 5mL2MNa2SO3and5mL0.1Msodiumhydroxidewereaddedto5mL0.02MKMnO4
o PurpleBrown
o MnO4MnO2

13) 5mL2MNa2SO3and5mL3Msulfuricacidwereadded5mL0.02MKMnO4