LAMINAR VISCOUS FLOW HEAT TRANSFER UNIT

A heat exchanger is a device inwhich heat is transferred between hot and cold fluid .In our
experiment we used con-current and counter-current flow types heat exchangers.
The aim of the experiment is to investigate the differences between heat transferring with
con-current and counter-current flow heat exchangers in laminar flow.Also calculations of
surface heat transfer coefficients both oil and water side and overallheat tranfer
coefficient.And compairing Nu numbers both theorical and experimental.
EXPERIMENT SET UP:
I mentioned that we used two types of haet exchangers-con current,counter current-.These
excangers are made form of double-tube.It is composed of different diameters.Oil flows in the
inner tube and water is forced through the shell and over the outside of the tubes.Heat tranfer
occurs by conduction and convection from hot fluid to cold fluid.During the experiment,we
measured the temperature at some points are shown below.
T1: Mean oil temperature at inlet
T2: Mean oil temperature at outlet
T3: Core tube metal temperature at upper end of heat exchanger
T4: Core tube metal temperature at lower end of heat exchanger
T5: Water temperature entering or leaving upper end of heat exchanger
T6: Water temperature entering or leaving lower end of heat exchanger
CALCULATIONS
moil = Voil x oil / t = 0.5 (l) x 0.8368 (kg/l) / 5,51 (s)
moil = 0.075 kg/s
Qoil = moil x Cp oil x (T1T2) = 0.075 (kg/s) x 2.08 (kJ/kg.C) x (79-77)C
Qoil = 312 W
Qw = mw x Cp w x (T6T5) = 0,01 (kg/s) x 4.217 (kJ/kg.C) x (20,3-27,2)C x1000
Qw = 290,973 W
ho-t = Qoil /(Ai x Tln o-t)
Ai = x di x L = 3.14 x (11.3/1000) m x (910/1000) m
Ai = 0.0323 m2
Tlno-t=[(T1-T3)(T2-T4)]/(ln[(T1-T3)/(T2-T4)])
= [(79-30,3) (77-28,9)] / (ln [(79-30,3)/ (77-28,9)])
Tln o-t = 48,39C
h o-t = 312 / (0,0323 x 48,39)
h o-t = 199,546 W/.m2.C
h t-w= Qw /(Ao x Tln t-w)
Ao = x do x L = 3.14 x (12.7/1000) m x (910/1000) m
Ao = 0.0363 m2
Tln t-w = [(T3-T5)(T4-T6)] / (ln[(T3-T5)/(T4-T6)])
= [(30,3-20,3) (28,9-27,2)] / (ln [(30,3-20,3)/ (28,9-27,2)])
Tln t-w = 4,684 C
h t-w = 312 / (0.0363 x 4,684)
h t-w = 1834,579 W/.m2.C
U = Qoil /(Am x Tln o-w)
Am = (Ao-Ai) / [ln (Ao /Ai)] = (0.0363-0.0323) / [ln (0.0363 / 0.0323)]
Am = 0.0343 m2
Tln o-w= [(T1-T5)(T2-T6)] / (ln[(T1-T5)/(T2-T6)])
= [(79-20,3) (77-27,2)] / (ln [(79-20,3)/ (77-27,2)])

Tln o-w = 54,128C

U = 312 / (0.0343 x 54,128)
U = 168,2105W/.m2. C
uoil = moil / (oil x Ai)
Ai = .di2 /4 = 3.14 x 11.32 /4 x 1/10002 = 0.0001 m2
uoil = 0.075 (kg/s) / (1000x0.8368 (kg/m3) x 0.0001 m2)
uoil = 0.901 m/s
uw = mw / (w x Aw)
Aw = [.di2/4]o [.dd2/4]i = [.14.42/4]o [.12.72/4]i
Aw = 0,000036 m2
uw = (0,01)(kg/s) / [(1x1000)(kg/m3) x 0,000036 m2]
uw = 0.277 m/s
Nue = ho-t . di / koil
Nue = 199,546 (W/.m2. C). (11.3 m /1000) / 0.129 (W/m. C)
Nue = 17,47969
Re = uoil . di / oil = 0.901 (m/s) . (11.3 m /1000) / 0,00000685 m2/s
Re = 1486,472
z* = (L/di) x (1/ (Re x Proil))
Proil= 90
z* = [(910/1000) m /(11.3/1000)m] x (1/ (1486,472 x 90))
z* = 0.000602
Nu t = 3.657 [ 1- (0.0704/(z*3/4(1+34.5z*2)1/8)) + (0.0861/z*) ]1/3 x ( Pr/Pr wall)0,11
Nu t = 15,17054
These calculations are related to first experiment of con-current flow .The physical properties are
taken at the mean temperatures.
Tables:
Con-current Flow;
Experiment
1
2
3
4
5
6

T1
79
79,3
79,5
79,5
78,9
79,2

T2
77
76,9
77,2
77,2
76,5
77

T3
30,3
30,3
30,4
30,4
27,7
29,9

Experiment moil(kg/s)
1
0,075
2
0,071
3
0,065
4
0,065
5
0,065
6
0,065

mw(kg/s)
0,01
0,01
0,01
0,01
0,02
0,015

Qoil(w)
312
354,432
310,96
310,96
324,48
297,44

Experiment
1
2
3
4
5
6

uw(m/s)
0,2777778
0,2777778
0,2777778
0,2777778
0,5555556
0,4166667

Re
1486,472
1407,193
1288,276
1288,276
1288,276
1288,276

uoil(m/s)
0,901091
0,853033
0,780946
0,780946
0,780946
0,780946

T4
28,9
28,7
28,5
28,5
25,1
26,3

T5
20,3
20,3
20,2
20,2
20
20,2

Qw(w)
-290,973
-286,756
-278,322
-278,322
-328,926
-303,624

z*
0,000602
0,000636
0,000695
0,000695
0,000695
0,000695

T6
27,2
27,1
26,8
26,8
23,9
25

ho-t(w/m2.s)
199,5469292
225,7546567
196,8467935
196,8467935
195,7948989
184,1569014

Nu e
17,47969
19,77541
17,24317
17,24317
17,15103
16,13157

T5
20,3
20,3
20,2
20,2
20
20,2

T6
27,2
27,1
26,8
26,8
23,9
25

ht-w (w/m2.s)
1834,575916
2129,722284
1805,391347
1805,391347
2555,855894
1960,065936

Nu t
15,17054
14,88814
14,44418
14,44418
14,44418
14,44418

U(w/m2.s)
168,2105
190,5872
165,8077
165,8077
170,0306
156,6046

Counter-Current Flow;
Experiment
1
2
3
4
5
6
Experiment
1
2
3
4
5
6

T1
64
74
77,5
77,5
77,7
78

T2
62,2
72,1
75,4
75,4
75,4
74,5

moil(kg/s) mw(kg/s)
0,069631 0,015
0,072017 0,015
0,064441 0,015
0,064441 0,015
0,064441 0,02
0,064441 0,025

Experiment uoil(m/s)
1
0,836584
2
0,865256
3
0,77423
4
0,77423
5
0,77423
6
0,77423

T3
30,1
31,2
28,7
28,7
27
25,6

T4
25,7
25,3
22,4
22,4
22
21,7

T5
27,2
27,3
24,5
24,5
23,5
22,8

Qw(w)
Qoil(w) ho-t(w/m2.s)
-170,789 258,1913227,1573134
-234,044 281,8759 194,894231
-240,369 278,7717 169,6320119
-240,369 278,7717 169,6320119
-253,02 305,3214181,6202291
-253,02 464,6196273,4286999

uw(m/s)
0,416667
0,416667
0,416667
0,416667
0,555556
0,694444

Re
1181,675
1222,174
1093,599
1093,599
1093,599
1093,599

z*
0,00062
0,000599
0,000669
0,000669
0,000669
0,000669

T6
24,5
23,6
20,7
20,7
20,5
20,4
ht-w (w/m2.s) U(w/m2.s)
3691,125924 202,2822
2930,229573 172,832
2777,808854 151,0847
2777,808854 151,0847
3562,619544 163,339
6545,639682 248,1095

Nu e
17,34523
19,62329
17,11053
17,11053
17,0191
16,00748

Nu t
15,05183
15,22673
14,65735
14,65735
14,65735
14,65735

For con-current ;
oil=0,83kg/l
cp oil=2,08 kj/kgCo
oil=0,00000685m2/s
Proil=90
Prwall=500
koil=0,129
w=1 kg/l
cp w=4,217kj/kgCo
For counter-current;
oil=0,83kg/l
cp oil=2,06 kj/kgCo
oil=0,000008m2/s
Proil=110
Prwall=600
koil=0,130
w=1 kg/l
cp w=4,217kj/kgCo

Resuls:
I found the Nue(experimental value) higher than the theorical Nusset number (Nu t),
because The heat transferred from oil (Qoil) is not equal to the heat transferred to water (Qw).It

means that some amount of heat losses during the experiment.Q oil is a function of ho-t and ho-t
is afunction of Nue.In addition, experimental errors can effect our resuls.
The differences between con-current and counter-current is flowing directions.In concurrent flow,the hot and cold fluids get in the same end of the heat exchanger , flow through
in the same direction and leave together at the other end. But, in the counter-current flow , the
hot and cold fluid enter in the opposite ends of the haet exchanger,flow through opposite
direction and leaves opposite ends.In addition,in the con-current flow, the temperature
differences between oil and water is higher than the counter-current flow.So the efficiency of
counter-current flow is better than the con-current flow.

References:
1- Ylmaz,Tuncay. :Is Transferi,Papatya Yay.1999.
2- Kreith,Fank. , Bohn,Mark.S.: Principles of Heat Transfer,PWS Publishing Company,
Boston,1997.
3- Holman, J.P.:Heat Tranfer,McGraw-Hill Book Company,1981.