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Dr. Rahul Dubey
Subhransu Samantaray
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www.ietdl.org
Published in IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution
Received on 28th August 2013
Revised on 19th March 2014
Accepted on 24th April 2014
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2014.0066
ISSN 1751-8687
Abstract: This study presents an analytical approach for nding the possible impacts of exible AC transmission system
(FACTS) devices such as unied power ow controller (UPFC) and off-shore wind penetration on distance relay
characteristics. Generating relay tripping characteristics is one of the challenging issues for transmission line distance relays as
the present day transmission systems is subjected to a more stressed environment with respect to power system operation.
Moreover, inclusion of FACTS devices such as UPFC in the transmission system seriously impacts the performance of the
distance relays as the apparent impedance changes. Furthermore, the reach setting of the relay is signicantly affected as the
relay end voltage uctuates continuously when off-shore wind-farms are connected to power transmission systems. Thus,
generating tripping characteristics for appropriate operating conditions is a demanding concern and the same has been
addressed in the proposed research work. Extensive testing is carried out in generating relay tripping characteristics with
possible variations under the operating conditions of UPFC and wind-farm and it is observed that the characteristics are
signicantly affected for different operating conditions. Furthermore, the performance of the derived relay characteristics is
validated on possible transmission line fault events and is found to work effectively.
Introduction
www.ietdl.org
of the relay are signicantly affected when the loading level,
source impedance, voltage level, frequency and so on varies.
Thus, there is a need to develop an effective protection
scheme for transmission networks which include
appreciable penetration of wind-farms and FACTS (UPFC)
together to meet the operational requirements.
Considering the aforementioned protection issues with
UPFC and wind farms in transmission lines, there is a
strong motivation to focus on the impact of UPFC and
wind farms on distance relay tripping characteristics. The
proposed paper focused on the simultaneous impacts of
both UPFC and wind farm [doubly fed induction generators
(DFIG)] on distance relay performance. The analytical
approach calculates the correct impedance to the fault point
including wide variation in system parameters and UPFC
such as the degree of compensation, power transfer angle,
fault resistance and fault location, at different wind
penetration levels with variation in different loading levels,
source impedance, voltage amplitude and so on. Moreover,
the UPFC and its inuence on distance relay performance
including the impact on the third zone of protection are
analysed. The method uses relaying end voltage and current
information for generating tripping boundaries and thus
facilitates easy implementation. In the present paper, only
lineground fault (mostly occurred) is considered for
quadrilateral characteristics of distance relay and for the rest
fault offset Mho relay characteristic.
Fig. 2 Transmission system with wind farm and UPFC with all
parameters
IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., 2014, Vol. 8, Iss. 11, pp. 18691880
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2014.0066
www.ietdl.org
Similarly, the positive and zero sequence impedances from
N side are
and
Vafd = 3Rf + Z I0af
3Rf
= Z1wf + DZ (1)
Gld + 2G1 + G0 (1 + K0 )
where DZ = 3Rf / Gld + 2G1 + G0 (1+ K0 ) is the error term
due to fault resistance, K0 = (Z0wf Z1wf )/Z1wf =
(Z0wn Z1wn )/Z1wn , G1 = Z1snf /(Z1swf + Z1snf ) is the
positive sequence distribution factor, G0 = Z0snf /(Z0swf +
Z0snf ) is the zero sequence distribution factor and G1 = G2
are the negative sequence distribution factors.
Calculation of Gld: The pre-fault voltage at W without
including UPFC is given as
Eaw Z1swf Ild = Vafd
(2)
where Vafd is the phase-a voltage at the fault is point and Ild is
the pre-fault current in the line.
Now
Vas1
= h1 ejd1
Eaw
(3)
(5)
Eaw
2.2 Apparent Impedance calculation for fault
before UPFC (050% length of transmission line)
(4)
3Rf + Z I0f Z1swf + Z1s1f
=
Z1s1f + Z1swf h1 ejd1
(6)
(7)
where
3Rf + Z 1 h1 ejd1
Gld =
Z1s1f + Z1swf h1 ejd1
(8)
(9)
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Eaw 1 h1 ejd1
Eaw Vas1
=
Z1sw + Z1ws1
Z1sws1
Ild =
Is1 =
Ild
(13)
(14)
= Ild Is1
(15)
Vaw = Vas1 + I1wf Z1ws1 + I2wf Z2ws1 + I0wf Z0ws1 + Ild Z1ws1
= Cs1 Vf + I1wf Z1s1f + I2wf Z2s1f + I0wf Z0s1f + Ild Z1s1f
+ I1wf Z1ws1 + I2wf Z2ws1 + I0wf Z0ws1 + Ild Z1ws1
(11)
Now the apparent impedance (ZAPP) for fault after the UPFC
can be obtained as (see (12))
Eaw =
Gvs1 I0f
h1 ejd1
jd
Eaw 1 h1 ejd1
Gvs1 I0f 1 h1 e 1
Ild =
=
Z1sws1
Z1sws1
h1 ejd1
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
Gvs1 1 h1 ejd1
Gld =
h1 ejd1
Z1sws1
(22)
where
Vaw
Iaw + K0 I0w
Cs1 Vf + I1wf Z1s1f + I2wf Z2s1f + I0wf Z0s1f + Ild Z1s1f + I1wf Z1ws1 + I2wf Z2ws1 + I0wf Z0ws1 + Ild Z1ws1
=
I1wf + I2wf + I0wf + Ild + K0 I0wf
G0 Z0ws1 + Cp Z0s1f Z1ws1 + Cs1 Z1s1f 1 + K0 + Cs1 Z1pf Gldd Gld + 3Rf
= Z1ws1 + Cs1 Z1s1f +
Gld + 2G1 + G0 1 + K0
ZAPP =
V
3Rf + Z I0f = as1 Z1s1f Ild Is1
Cs1
Eaw 1 h1 ejd1
Eaw h1 ejd1
Eaw h1 ejd1 Esh
I0f =
Z1s1f
3Rf + Z
Z1sws1
Cs1
Zs1
1
1 h1 ejd1
1
1
jd1
I0f = Eaw h1 e Z1s1f
3Rf + Z
h1 ejd1 Z1sws1 Zs1
Cs1 Z1s1f
Zs1 Iaw h1 ejd1
3Rf + Z I0f
Eaw h1 ejd1 = Vas1 =
Z1s1f (1/Cs1 Z1s1f ) + (1 h1 ejd1 /h1 ejd1 Z1sws1 ) (1/Zs1 ) + (1/Zs1 Iaw h1 ejd1 )
3Rf + Z I0f
=
Z1s1f (1/Cs1 Z1s1f ) + (1 h1 ejd1 /h1 ejd1 Z1sws1 ) (1/Zs1 ) + (1/Zs1 Csh )
(12)
(16)
= Gvs1 I0f
Gvs1 =
3Rf + Z
Z1s1f (1/Cs1 Z1s1f ) + (1 h1 ejd1 /h1 ejd1 Z1sws1 ) (1/Zs1 ) + (1/Zs1 Csh )
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& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2014
(17)
IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., 2014, Vol. 8, Iss. 11, pp. 18691880
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2014.0066
www.ietdl.org
the trip boundaries
Vas1
= h1 ejd1 = 0.9565ej11.225 ,
Eaw
Ild =
= Gldd I0f
where
Gldd =
(24)
Here, Ild and Ild are the pre-fault currents in the line, assuming
that the UPFC is placed between S1 and S2 with a shunt
current of Is1. Vafd is the phase-a voltage at the fault point,
Esh is the voltage of the shunt source with impedance Zs1
and Csh is the ratio between phase-a voltage magnitude
|Vas1| and the magnitude of shunt voltage |Esh|. The
impedances Z1sws1 and Z1sns1 are the net positive sequence
impedances between W S1 and N S1, respectively.
Z1sn = 10ej85 ,
Z0wn = 111.8ej83 ,
Z1sw = 20ej85 ,
Z0sn = 1.5 Z1sn
Vas2 = (1 + reju )Vas1 ,
Zs1 = 0 + j0.1
Fig. 6 Trip boundaries for wind farm with no-effect of UPFC 1 = 20, h1 = 0.9565
IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., 2014, Vol. 8, Iss. 11, pp. 18691880
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2014.0066
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Fig. 7 Trip boundaries for varying wind farm loading levels 1 = 20, 11.255 and 8 with h1 = 0.9565
Fig. 8 Trip boundaries for varying wind farm voltage levels h1 = 1.05, 0.9565 and 0.9 with 1 = 11.255
Fig. 9 Trip boundaries for varying source impedance of wind farm as depicted in Table 1
Z0sw
Z1sw
h1ej1
30ej85
180ej85
20ej85
120ej85
0.9565ej11.225
0.9565ej11.225
IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., 2014, Vol. 8, Iss. 11, pp. 18691880
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2014.0066
www.ietdl.org
Fig. 10 Trip boundaries for varying the position of UPFC as depicted in Table 2 with detailed parameters
Positions of UPFC
rej
Csh
at relay point
at middle point
0.2ej0
0.2ej0
1.002
1.002
Fig. 11 Trip boundaries for variation in UPFC shunt part parameter with series parameter being constant and Csh = 0.998, 1.0, 1.002 with
rej = 0.2ej0 with UPFC placed at middle of the line
Fig. 12 Trip boundaries for variation in UPFC series part parameter with shunt parameter being constant rej = 0.2ej120, 0.1ej0 and 0.4ej270
with Csh = 1.001 with UPFC placed at middle of the line
IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., 2014, Vol. 8, Iss. 11, pp. 18691880
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2014.0066
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Fig. 13 Trip boundaries for variations in wind farm loading level and UPFC series element parameter as depicted in Table 3 with UPFC
placed at middle of the line
3.5
h1ej1
rej
Csh
1
2
1.1ej15
0.9ej15
0.1ej50
0.1ej50
0.998
1.002
= 90
= 270
Ra ,
Xa,
Ra ,
Xa,
Ra,
Xa,
8.2912
7.9395
7.5999
7.2772
6.9732
6.6883
8.7389
8.4818
8.2132
7.9437
7.6792
7.4232
8.2912
8.5395
8.8009
9.0786
9.3632
9.6378
8.7389
8.3953
8.0608
7.7127
7.3318
6.9074
8.2912
8.0394
7.7587
7.4229
7.0130
6.5224
8.7389
9.1098
9.5143
9.9439
10.3773
10.7869
h1e
j1
0.985ej4
0.985ej25
re
Csh
0.1ej120
0.4ej120
1.001
1.001
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Fig. 14 Trip boundaries for variations in wind farm voltage level and UPFC shunt element parameter as depicted in Table 4 with UPFC
placed at middle of the line
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& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2014
IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., 2014, Vol. 8, Iss. 11, pp. 18691880
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2014.0066
www.ietdl.org
Table 6 Apparent impedance calculation for fault at 75% of the line with RF = 10 with UPFC installed at middle point of transmission
= 0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
= 90
Ra,
Xa,
Ra ,
Xa,
Ra,
Xa,
16.3411
15.4694
14.6774
13.9588
13.3063
12.7125
19.7495
20.1085
20.3557
20.5246
20.6379
20.7109
16.3411
15.8793
15.3887
14.9073
14.4531
14.0279
19.7495
18.9158
18.2294
17.6620
17.1803
16.7560
16.3411
16.7187
16.9500
16.9819
16.7834
16.3523
19.7495
20.7417
21.8763
23.1094
24.3769
25.6082
RF = 5
ZAPP,
RF = 50
ZAPP,
0
60
120
180
240
300
7.3384 + 21.0856i
7.5332 + 20.1031i
7.8072 + 19.6519i
9.6016 + 16.9870i
11.2852 + 22.5030i
8.1128 + 22.4261i
49.9177 + 18.8469i
51.9941 + 9.9386i
61.7751 + 4.0433i
75.9319 + 12.3815i
68.0891 + 30.1250i
54.4740 + 27.4714i
Table 8
0
5
15
25
35
45
65
75
85
90
= 270
RF = 5
ZAPP,
RF = 50
ZAPP,
3.7517 0.1120i
4.0335 + 1.6817i
4.3291 + 3.4717i
4.6406 + 5.2573i
4.9703 + 7.0379i
5.3211 + 8.8127i
5.6964 + 10.5808i
6.1007 + 12.3410i
6.5393 + 14.0917i
7.0189 + 15.8312i
31.9333 0.1283i
33.1621 + 1.4198i
34.4750 + 2.9483i
35.8822 + 4.4552i
37.3952 + 5.9382i
39.0279 + 7.3945i
40.7964 + 8.8211i
42.7199 + 10.2144i
44.8214 + 11.5704i
47.1289 + 12.8842i
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Fig. 16 Ra and Xa at the reach point for variation in wind farm loading level
Fig. 17 Impact of wind farm on apparent impedance trajectory for faults after UPFC
Fig. 18 Impedance trajectory for faults after UPFC with and without voltage compensation
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& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2014
IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., 2014, Vol. 8, Iss. 11, pp. 18691880
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2014.0066
www.ietdl.org
Fig. 19 Impedance trajectory for faults before UPFC for different fault resistances
Discussion
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including wide variations in the operating parameter of wind
farm and UPFC. It is observed that in the case of wind farms
only, one trip boundary is generated whereas two trip
boundaries are generated for UPFC placed at the middle of
the transmission line to accommodate faults before and after
the UPFC on the transmission line. This includes different
test conditions such as (i) variation in wind parameters
while removing the effect of UPFC, (ii) variation in UPFC
parameter keeping wind parameters unchanged and (iii)
varying the parameters of both wind farm and UPFC
together. It is observed that the trip boundaries are
signicantly affected when the wind farm and UPFC (shunt
and series) parameters are changed.
It is further observed that the proposed relay is highly
reliable and effective for generating tripping characteristics
of distance relay including both UPFC and wind farms in
the transmission line. The performance of the relay during
power swings and faults during power swings denitely
enhances the ability to handle other conditions which may
be close to fault situations. The proposed approach uses the
relaying end voltage and current information, and therefore
is simple and easier to implement on the digital signal
processing/eld-programmable gate array board for
developing the distance relay module. Furthermore,
penetration of inverter-based distributed resources (solar
farms) limits the fault current level and needs different relay
settings compared with the induction generator-based wind
farms. The proposed paper is extensively focused and tested
for phase-earth (lineground) fault situation, which is most
likely to occur on the transmission system. However, the
future paper will include the phasephase faults along with
ground-fault situations to build a comprehensive distance
relay module. Furthermore, online adaptive relay setting of
distance relays for FACTS-based transmission systems with
a high penetration of both wind and solar farms is being
considered and will be reported separately.
Conclusions
1880
& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2014
Acknowledgments
References
IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., 2014, Vol. 8, Iss. 11, pp. 18691880
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2014.0066