As technology grows and the field of artificial intelligence grows more mature every day, people

and more close to these new inventions in their daily life. While people experience the
advantages the technologies bring along, they also are afraid the dooms day the technology
could bring upon them. In some movies, robots have exceeding intelligent and bring trouble. Yet
is it possible to really build AIs that can intimidate human mind? Can scientists make machines
that can think in the same way as human do?
Intelligence machines like Turing machine can imitate human thinking but only superficially.
The Idea of Artificial Intelligence was first put forward by the great scientist Alan Mathison
Turing. As a great scientist and innovator, Turing designed a machine, which he hopes can
imitate human. A Turing machine takes an income statement and judge whether it is true or false
(Zarkadakis 166). This machine can theoretically calculate logical answers mathematically
(Zarkadakis 166). Ideally, a Turings machine can take any income message and process an
outcome eventually. Yet in reality, there will be a point that the Turing machine always have a
new true or false question after the last one and it repeats forever (Zarkadakis 166). Then the
machine cannot tell whether the statement is true or not (Zarkadakis 166). Therefore, the dream
of the ultimate statement answerer, in this situation, is not practical (Zarkadakis 166). There is
also an idea of a sonnet writing machine that Turing imagines, which goes like this:
Interrogator: In the first line of your sonnet which reads "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day," would
not "a spring day" do as well or better?
Witness: It wouldn't scan.
Interrogator: How about "a winter's day," That would scan all right.
Witness: Yes, but nobody wants to be compared to a winter's day.
Interrogator: Would you say Mr. Pickwick reminded you of Christmas?
Witness: In a way.
Interrogator: Yet Christmas is a winter's day, and I do not think Mr. Pickwick would mind the comparison.
Witness: I don't think you're serious. By a winter's day one means a typical winter's day, rather than a
special one like Christmas. (Hey 256)

Yet this machine is a pure imagination and successfully making it does not means it can think as
human do. Beside the machine, Turing also offered the famous Turing test which focuses on
whether or not a machines can act like a human by imitating human behavior (Henderson 274). It
is said that the day AI passes the Turing test will be the doomsday of human being. However, a
computer program posing as a 13-year-old Ukrainian boy passed the Turing Test in 2014 (Hulick
57). Yet its success is not admitted by all people, because when Eugene was asked, Did you see
Jubilee?, he responded, Try to guess! Actually, I dont understand why you are interested. I
know you are supposed to trick me. which can be the answer to any question it cannot answer
directly (Hulick 57). Thus some scientists argue that the Turing test tests AI too narrowly, so
instead, they prefer identifying AI through its logic (Henderson 280). It is unarguable, that the
Turing test cannot help scientists tell whether a machine can think in the exact same process as
human do. Therefore, the Turing's machine and Turing's test are too superficial for creating an
intelligence machine that can think as same as human do.
Despite huge efforts, scientists have not successfully build a machine that reaches the height of
human intelligence. Scientists have been trying to make AI smarter and smarter, but fast and
smart does not necessarily means that the AI thinks the same way human do. Take the chess
playing machines (like Deepblue) as an example. The machines do not think the same way a
human player does (Henderson 32). No human player would calculate every possible step before
they move and no one can do that (Henderson 32). Yet this is the exact way computer does and

beats the human players (Henderson 32). There is also a famous thought experiment "Chinese
Room". This experiment locks a person, who does not speak Chinese at all, into a room with a
database of Chinese symbols and instructions (Hey 58). It says that by following the instructions,
the person will be able to give right answers to questions in Chinese, which are given from a
person out of the room (Hey 58). In this case, one can pass a Chinese understanding Turing Test
without understanding Chinese at all (Hey 58). With larger and larger memories, computers can
store more and more data in them as knowledge (Hey 67). Therefore, letting the computer
programs to be more capable of imitating the decision making process of human (Hey 67). In
2007, Ferrucci's team started building a machine for the game Jeopardy! (Hey 295). Yet it is hard
for them to let the computer recognize where to search (Hey 295). The questions have all the
different points to start with and the computer do not know how to judge which one is the one it
should search with (Hey 295). Therefore, the computer has to search though a lot of things for
possible answers (Hey 295). Although searching through from all the different starts takes a lot
of time (Hey 295). The team finally found a way to reduce the time, which is to let the computer
do all the different search in the same time (Hey 295). The machine Watson won the game
against human, used more than 100 different technologies to understand every single clue, decide
how to find the answer, and list all the answers (Hulick 8). Watson used more than 100,000
sample questions to train for its Jeopardy! competition (Hulick 8). Yet this is not how human
think. So some scientists looked into exactly how human think. Neurons, being in charge the
human thinking process, handle information by deciding whether the incoming signals pass a
certain requirement or not (Hey 89). Deep learning is the best technology today for computer
learning (Hulick 17). Stimulating neurons in human brain, Artificial neural networks (ANNs)
takes input and form output from them (Hulick 17). There are more than a billion connections in
the biggest ANNs in AI today (Hulick 17). By processing huge amount of data, it can find
patterns and combine them together into higher level meaning (Hulick 17). But does any human
need a ton of data to learn to make a simple decision? Probably not. Therefore, even though
scientists try to make their machines think like human by every conceivable means, the current
existing machines still cannot reach the height of human intelligence.
Machines do not learn as efficiently or effectively as humans. What makes machines intelligence
unable to reach human intelligence? If scientists want to build machines that can think the same
as human do, first they need to know how human think (Stuart 2). If people can understand a
human mind through introspection, psychological experiments, or brain imaging, it will be
possible to compare the input and output of the machines (Stuart 2). Yet it is hard for machines to
think rationally since the information they obtain is not 100% certain as well as formal (Stuart 2).
Also, they difference between "principle" and "real life" makes it even harder to solve
question rationally (Stuart 2). Minsky offered that human thinking can be divided into 6 levels:
Inborn, Instinctive Reactions, Learned Reactions, Deliberative Thinking, Reflective
Thinking, Self-Reflective Thinking, and Self-Conscicous Emotion (130). Animals, including
human, of course, are born with "instincts" like dodging and seeking food in order to survive
(Minsky 133). Yet if the environment changes, they may need to adopt new habits and change
their reactions to certain things (Minsky 133). And when there is a bran-new thing happening,
animals try random actions, and then they know which is the right reactions for this situation,
thus this reaction get reinforced (Minsky 133). Therefore, when the same thing happens again,
it is likely the animal will have the same reaction, again (Minsky 133). Then the mind rethink
what it has done or what it is going to do (Minsky 142-143). Thus letting the individual have the

idea of if he or she is doing a right or wrong thing (Minsky 142-143). Am I confused (Minsky
142-143)? Am I on the right track (Minsky 142-143)? Even further, when people are asking
themselves even more complicated questions like "What would he have thought of me after I do
that?, they are in the sixth level of the mind, the level of Self-Conscious Reflection (Minsky
146). They set a goal of what they "should be", did what they have done, and then examine and
reflect on whether they met the goal (Minsky 146). As Human beings, people can think back and
forth about what they were thinking earlier; they can make random decision which they who
decided it cannot even tell why. However, every brain activity people go through daily,
everything they take normally, are not so easy for a machine to accomplish. As Lake says that
For most interesting kinds of natural and man-made categories, people can learn a new concept
from just one or a handful of examples, whereas standard algorithms in machine learning require
tens or hundreds of examples to perform similarly (1332). Even a children can learn a bran-new
concept by comparing and generalising the new idea with known ones (Lake 1332). Yet manmade machines, especially the most frontier ones like the "deep-learning" ones, requires a ton of
data to learn new things (Lake 1332). Furthermore, people learn a wider range of things than
machines do when they are given the same material to learn from (Lake 1332). Human can
create new ideas based on the given one, and probably some other information they gathered in
their mind through life (Lake 1332). Human has the ability to learn a rich number of information
from only small amount of data (Lake 1333). However, learning a more complicated model, in
any learning theory, requires more instead of less data (Lake 1333). Machines under current
technology can do no more than storing new concepts, and deal with them exactly as same as
programmed. Therefore, as Lake mentioned in his article, A central challenge is to explain these
two aspects of human-level concept learning: How do people learn new concepts from just one
or a few examples? And how do people learn such abstract, rich, and flexible representations? An
even greater challenge arises when putting them together: How can learning succeed from such
sparse data yet also produce such rich representations (1333)? People always take their ability
of "thinking smoothly" for granted (Minsky 216). Yet they overlooked the past they have been
through (Minsky 216). Back when they were infants, people learnt how to pick up things,
recognize what is edible, how to talk, and how to make decisions (Minsky 216). Their ability of
thinking humanly is built bit by bit in their infancy (Minsky 216). Comparing to human mind,
the man-made machines are too far behind on the depth and efficiency.
Therefore, building machines that can achieve human thinking is highly impossible. It is true,
that there is still chance that machines can beat human using their vast space of memory and
incredible speed in calculation and acquiring information. However, human mind works in a far
too delicate way for man-made machines to imitate. No matter if it is the way human learn new
knowledge, process them, or make decisions and do further thinking based on the knowledge,
there is no chance that it is possible for machines to work the same way.