Gráficos Con Stata PDF

Introduction to Stata 14 Graphics
Dawn Koffman
Office of Population Research
Princeton University
September 2015
Stata 14 Graphics
Pros:
Many graph types and plot types provided
Multiple plot types may be overlaid
Can easily change overall look of graphs
Same options available for most types of graphs
Very flexible
Cons:
Sometimes slow
Large syntax: 731 page graphics manual!
Stata 14 Graphics Manual is only available on-line:
Help -> PDF Documentation -> [G] Graphics
Stata Graphics References:

http://data.princeton.edu/stata/Graphics.html, by German Rodriguez
A Visual Guide To Stata Graphics, Third Edition, by Michael Mitchell
Stata 14 Graphics Manual (may want to start with graph intro)
2
Stata Graphics Syntax

graph <graphtype>
graph bar
graph twoway <plottype>
graph twoway scatter
graph twoway line
graph twoway lfit
graph twoway lfitci
graphs commands may have options
some options have suboptions or a list of options
graph twoway scatter var1 var2, xlabel(30(10)100, labsize(small))
appearance of graph defined by graph elements:
data - marker symbols, lines
elements within plot region text, marker labels, line labels
elements outside plot region titles, legend, notes, axis labels, tick marks, axis titles
size and shape of plot region and entire graph
3
/* OR */
50
twoway line le year
70
graph twoway line le year
life expectancy
60
sysuse uslifeexp.dta, clear
80
Stata Graphics Syntax: A Simple Example
40
/* OR */
line le year
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
Year
80
40
50
line le year, scheme(s1mono)
life expectancy
60
70
Using Schemes
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
Year
80
line le year, scheme(economist)

/* to see list of
scheme names:
graph query, schemes
to change default scheme:
set scheme schemename
*/
60
life expectancy
70
50
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
40
2000
Year
Multiple Dependent Variables
30
40
50
60
70
80
line le_wmale le_wfemale le_bmale le_bfemale year
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
Year
Life expectancy, white males
Life expectancy, black males
Life expectancy, white females

Life expectancy, black females
6
Adding Text
40
50
60
70
80
line le_wmale le_wfemale le_bmale le_bfemale year ///

, text(32 1920 {bf:1918} {it:Influenza} Pandemic", place(3))
30
1918 Influenza Pandemic

1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
Year
Life expectancy, white males
Life expectancy, black males
Life expectancy, white females

Life expectancy, black females
Overlaying Two-Way Plot Types
scatter le year if year >= 1950 || lfit le year if
year >= 1950
twoway ///
(scatter le year if year >= 1950) ///
(lfit
le year if year >= 1950)
74
72
/* OR */
70
scatter ///
le year if year >= 1950 ///
|| lfit le year if year >= 1950
76
/* OR */
#delimit
twoway
(scatter
(lfit
#delimit
68
/* OR */
1950
le year if year >= 1950)

le year if year >= 1950);
cr
1960
1970
life expectancy
Year
1980
1990
2000
Fitted values

>=
>=
<
>=
1925
///
1925 & ///
1950
///
1950
75
scatter le year if year

|| lfit le year if year
year
|| lfit le year if year
65
60
///
>= 1925) ///
>= 1925 & ///
< 1950) ///
>= 1950)
55
twoway
(scatter le year if year
(lfit
le year if year
year
(lfit
le year if year
70
/* OR */
/* OR */
1920
#delimit ;
scatter le year if year >= 1925
|| lfit le year if year >= 1925 & year < 1950
|| lfit le year if year >= 1950;
#delimit cr
1940
1960
Year
life expectancy
Fitted values
1980
2000
Fitted values

#delimit ;
scatter le_male le_female year if year >= 1950
|| lfit le_male
year if year >= 1950
75
70
65
#delimit cr
80
|| lfit le_female year if year >= 1950;
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Year
Life expectancy, males
Fitted values
Life expectancy, females

Fitted values
10
Adding a Title and Removing the Legend
75
80
#delimit ;
scatter le_male le_female year if year >= 1950
|| lfit le_male
year if year >= 1950
|| lfit le_female year if year >= 1950
,title("US Male and Female Life Expectancy, 1950-2000")
text(75 1978 "Female", place(3))
text(68 1978 "Male", place(3))
legend(off);
US Male and Female Life Expectancy, 1950-2000
#delimit cr
70
Female
65
Male
1950
1960
1970
1980
Year
1990
2000
11
Showing Confidence Intervals, Labelling Axes, Modifying Legend

sysuse lifeexp.dta, clear
#delimit ;
twoway
(lfitci lexp safewater if region == 2) /* North America */
(scatter lexp safewater if region == 2)
,title("Life expectancy at birth by access to safe water, 1998")
ytitle("Life expectancy at birth")
xtitle("Percent of population with access to safe water")
legend(ring(0) pos(5) order(2 "Linear fit" 1 "95% CI"));
#delimit cr
Life expectancy at birth

60
70
80
Life expectancy at birth by access to safe water, 1998
50
Linear fit
20
40
60
80
Percent of population with access to safe water
95% CI
100
12
Markers Labels and Subtitles

twoway
(scatter lexp safewater if region == 2, mlabel(country))
subtitle("North America")
legend(ring(0) pos(5) order(2 "Linear fit" 1 "95% CI"));
80
North America
Canada
CubaPuerto Rico
Jamaica

60
70
Panama
Trinidad and Tobago
Mexico
Dominican Republic
El Salvador Honduras
Nicaragua
Guatemala
Haiti
50
Linear fit
20
40
60
80
95% CI
100
13
Position of Marker Labels

80
North America
Canada
Cuba
Panama

60
70
Jamaica
Trinidad and Tobago

Dominican Republic
Honduras
El Salvador
Puerto Rico
Mexico
Nicaragua
Guatemala
50
Haiti
Linear fit
generate pos = 12 if country == "Panama"

20
40
60
80
replace pos = 12 if country == "Honduras"
replace pos = 10 if country == "Cuba"
replace pos = 9 if country == "Jamaica"
replace pos = 9 if country == "El Salvador"
replace pos = 9 if country == "Trinidad and Tobago"
replace pos = 9 if country == "Dominican Republic"
#delimit ;
twoway
(scatter lexp safewater if region == 2
, mlabel(country) mlabvposition(pos))
subtitle("North America")
legend(ring(0) pos(5) order(2 "Linear fit" 1 "95% CI"))
plotregion(margin(r+10));
#delimit cr
95% CI
100
14
Position of Marker Labels

#delimit ;
twoway
(scatter lexp safewater if region == 2 | region == 3
,mlabel(country))
subtitle("North and South America")
plotregion(margin(r+10));
#delimit cr
80
North and South America

60
65
70
75
Canada
CubaPuerto Rico
Chile
Panama
Uruguay
Argentina
Venezuela
Trinidad and Tobago
Mexico
Dominican Republic
Ecuador Colombia
El SalvadorHonduras
Peru
Nicaragua
Brazil
Jamaica
Paraguay
Guatemala
55
Bolivia
Haiti
20
40
60
80
100
15
and
Legend Display

80

60
65
70
75
Position of Marker
Labels
Canada
Puerto Rico
Cuba
Jamaica
Chile
Panama
Uruguay
Argentina
Venezuela
Trinidad and Tobago
Mexico
Dominican Republic
Paraguay
Ecuador
Colombia
El Salvador
Honduras
Peru
Nicaragua
Brazil
Guatemala
Bolivia
55
North America
replace pos = 9 if country == "Argentina"
South America
Haiti
replace pos = 9 if country == "Canada"
replace pos = 9 if country == "Cuba"
20
40
60
80
100
replace pos = 9 if country == "Panama"
replace pos = 9 if country == "Venezuela"
replace pos = 9 if country == "Jamaica"
replace pos = 9 if country == "Dominican Republic"
replace pos = 9 if country == "Ecuador"
replace pos = 9 if country == "El Salvador"
replace pos = 12 if country == "Puerto Rico"
#delimit ;
twoway
,mlabel(country) mlabvposition(pos))
,mlabel(country) mlabvposition(pos))
legend(ring(0) pos(5) order(1 "North America" 2 "South America") cols(1));
16
#delimit cr
Marker Size and Symbol, Line Color

twoway
,mlabel(country) mlabvposition(pos) msize(small))
,mlabel(country) mlabvposition(pos) msize(small) msymbol(circle_hollow))
(lfit lexp safewater if region == 2, clcolor(navy))
(lfit lexp safewater if region == 3, clcolor(maroon))
legend(ring(0) pos(5) cols(1) order(1 "North America" 2 "South America"
3 "North America linear fit" 4 "South America linear fit"));

80

Canada

60
65
70
75
Puerto Rico
Cuba
Chile
Panama
Uruguay
Argentina
Venezuela
Trinidad and Tobago
Mexico
Dominican Republic
Paraguay
Ecuador
Colombia
El Salvador
Honduras
Peru
Nicaragua
Brazil
Jamaica
Guatemala
55
Bolivia
Haiti
20
North America
South America
North America linear fit
South America linear fit
40
60
80
100
17
Marker and Marker Label Color, Line Style

twoway
,mlabel(country) mlabvposition(pos) msize(small) mcolor(black) mlabcolor(black))
,mlabel(country) mlabvposition(pos) msize(small) mcolor(black) mlabcolor(black)
msymbol(circle_hollow))
(lfit lexp safewater if region == 2, clcolor(black))
(lfit lexp safewater if region == 3, clcolor(black) clpattern(dash))
,title("Life expectancy at birth by access to safe water, 1998", color(black))
legend(ring(0) pos(5) cols(1) order(1 "North America" 2 "South America"
3 "North America linear fit" 4 "South America linear fit"));
80

Canada

60
65
70
75
Puerto Rico
Cuba
Chile
Panama
Uruguay
Argentina
Venezuela
Trinidad and Tobago
Mexico
Dominican Republic
Paraguay
Ecuador
Colombia
El Salvador
Honduras
Peru
Nicaragua
Brazil
Jamaica
Guatemala
55
Bolivia
Haiti
20
North America
South America
North America linear fit
South America linear fit
40
60
80
100
18
By-Graph: Separate Graphs for Each Subset of Data
60
50
Total
60
70
80
S.A.
50
70
80
#delimit ;
twoway scatter lexp safewater, by(region, total)
,ytitle("Life expectancy at birth")
xtitle("Percent of population with access to safe
water");
#delimit cr
Eur & C.Asia
N.A.
20
40
60
80
100 20
40
60

Graphs by Region
80
100
19
By-Graph Options
twoway scatter lexp safewater
,by(region,total style(compact)
title("Life expectancy by access to safe water") note(""))
xtitle("Percent of population with access to safe water");
Life expectancy by access to safe water
N.A.
S.A.
Total
60
50
80
70
60
50
70
80
Eur & C.Asia
20
40
60
80
10020
40
60
80
100
20
Axis Scale, Ticks and Labels

twoway scatter lexp safewater
, by(region,total style(compact)
title("Life expectancy by access to safe water") note(""))
xscale(range(20 100))
xtick(20(10)100)
xlabel(30(10)100, labsize(small))
ylabel(55(5)80, angle(0));

Eur & C.Asia
N.A.
S.A.
Total
80
75
70
65
60
55
80
75
70
65
60
55
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
21
Storing Graphs in Memory

twoway
(scatter lexp safewater if region == 2,
mcolor(black) msize(small)
mlabel(country) mlabvposition(pos) mlabcolor(black))
,name(north_america, replace)
subtitle("North America", color(black))
ylabel(,angle(0))
legend(off);
North America
80
Canada
Puerto Rico
Cuba
75
Jamaica
Panama
Trinidad and Tobago
Mexico
Dominican Republic
70
El Salvador
Honduras
65
Nicaragua
Guatemala
60
55
Haiti
20
40
60
80
100
22
Storing Graphs in Memory

twoway
(scatter lexp_sa safewater if region == 3,
mcolor(black) msize(small)
mlabel(country) mlabvposition(pos) mlabcolor(black))
,name(south_america, replace)
subtitle("South America", color(black))
ylabel(, angle(0))
legend(off);
South America
75
Chile
Uruguay
Argentina
70
Paraguay
Venezuela
Ecuador
Colombia
Peru
Brazil
65
Bolivia
60
40
50
60
70
80
90
23
Combining Graphs
graph combine north_america south_america
,title("Life expectancy by access to safe water", color(black)) col(1);

North America
80
75
Canada
Puerto Rico
Cuba
Panama
Trinidad
Mexico and Tobago
Jamaica
70
El Salvador
Dominican Republic
Nicaragua
Honduras
Guatemala
65
60
55
Haiti
20
40
60
80
100
South America
75
Chile
Argentina
70
Paraguay
Venezuela
Ecuador
Uruguay
Colombia
Peru
Brazil
65
Bolivia
60
40
50
60
70
80
90
24

North America
80
Canada
75
Jamaica
Dominican Republic
70
Puerto Rico
Cuba
Nicaragua
Honduras
graph combine north_america south_america

,title
("Life expectancy by access to safe water",
color(black))
xcommon ycommon
xsize(7) ysize(10.5)
col(1);
Guatemala
60
55
Haiti
20
Graphs
Panama
Trinidad and Tobago
Mexico
El Salvador
65
Combining
40
60
80
100
South America
80
75
Argentina
70
Paraguay
Venezuela
Ecuador
Chile
Uruguay
Colombia
Peru
Brazil
65
Bolivia
60
55
20
40
60
80
100
25
Saving and Including Stata Graphs

save graph in portable format (format determined by filename extension)
vector formats contain drawing instructions (.wmf .emf .ps .eps .pdf)
resolution independent
work well if graph my be resized
graph export north_america.wmf
raster formats save graph pixel-by-pixel (.png)
use current resolution
work well if including graph on web pages
graph export north_america.png
include "portable-format-graph" in Windows application (Word, Powerpoint):

Insert -> Picture -> From File
26
Using Mata Functions to Add Graphs to Word Document*

create Stata graphs and and use graph export to save graphs in portable format
sysuse uslifeexp
line le year
graph export us_lifeexp_overall.emf, replace
line le_wmale le_wfemale le_bmale le_bfemale year
graph export us_lifeexp_race_gender.emf, replace
use Mata functions to:
create Word document
add Stata graphs
save Word document
mata:
dh = _docx_new()
_docx_image_add(dh, us_lifeexp_overall.emf)
_docx_image_add(dh, us_lifeexp_race_gender.emf)
rc = _docx_save(dh, us_lifeexp_graphs.docx)
end
* Functions available starting with Stata 13

27

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Introduction to Stata 14 Graphics

Stata Graphics References:

Stata Graphics Syntax

twoway line le year

graph twoway line le year

sysuse uslifeexp.dta, clear

Stata Graphics Syntax: A Simple Example

line le year, scheme(s1mono)

line le year, scheme(economist)

Multiple Dependent Variables

line le_wmale le_wfemale le_bmale le_bfemale year

Life expectancy, white females

line le_wmale le_wfemale le_bmale le_bfemale year ///

1918 Influenza Pandemic

Life expectancy, white females

Overlaying Two-Way Plot Types

scatter le year if year >= 1950 || lfit le year if

year >= 1950

le year if year >= 1950)

Overlaying Two-Way Plot Types

scatter le year if year

Overlaying Two-Way Plot Types

year if year >= 1950

|| lfit le_female year if year >= 1950;

Life expectancy, females

Adding a Title and Removing the Legend

Showing Confidence Intervals, Labelling Axes, Modifying Legend

Life expectancy at birth

Life expectancy at birth by access to safe water, 1998

Markers Labels and Subtitles

Life expectancy at birth

Position of Marker Labels

Life expectancy at birth by access to safe water, 1998

Life expectancy at birth

Trinidad and Tobago

generate pos = 12 if country == "Panama"

Position of Marker Labels

North and South America

Life expectancy at birth

Life expectancy at birth by access to safe water, 1998

North and South America

Life expectancy at birth

Marker Size and Symbol, Line Color

Life expectancy at birth by access to safe water, 1998

North and South America

Life expectancy at birth

Marker and Marker Label Color, Line Style

North and South America

Life expectancy at birth

By-Graph: Separate Graphs for Each Subset of Data

Life expectancy at birth

Percent of population with access to safe water

Life expectancy at birth

Eur & C.Asia

Percent of population with access to safe water

Axis Scale, Ticks and Labels

Life expectancy by access to safe water

Life expectancy at birth

Percent of population with access to safe water

Storing Graphs in Memory

Life expectancy at birth

Storing Graphs in Memory

Life expectancy at birth