Electrical and Computer

Engineering Department

Using Optimization in Smart Grid

Applications

Dr. Abdalkarim Awad

Several tools
GAMS+Solver
CONDOR
Joptimizer
NLOPT
.

Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad

Nlopt
+

What is Optimization?
Optimization is the mathematical discipline which
is concerned with finding the maxima and minima
of functions, possibly subject to constraints.

Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad

What do we optimize?
A real function of n variables

f ( x1 , x2 , , xn )
with or without constraints

Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad

Unconstrained optimization

min f ( x, y) x 2 y
2

Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad

Optimization with constraints

min f ( x, y ) x 2 2 y 2
x0

or
min f ( x, y ) x 2 2 y 2
2 x 5, y 1

or
min f ( x, y ) x 2 2 y 2
x y 2
Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad

Nloptr Package
We are going to use a package called nloptr to
solve non-linear optimization problems.

Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad

Example1

Max=120 Mvar

GA

GB

LB=300

LA=300

C A (PG A ) 399.8 11.69PG A 0.00334PG A Euro/hr

2

C B (PG B ) 616.9 11.83PG B 0.00149PG B Euro/hr

2

Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad

Example1

Total Hourly Cost : 8459 $/hr

Area Lambda : 13.02

Bus A

Bus B

300.0 MW
199.6 MW
AGC ON

Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad

300.0 MW
400.4 MW
AGC ON

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Generator cost curves

C A (PG A ) 399.8 11.69PG A 0.00334PG A Euro/hr

2

C B (PG B ) 616.9 11.83PG B 0.00149PG B Euro/hr

2

PGA+PGB=600

Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad

11

Generator cost curves

How much each generator should produce to cover
the 600MW demand
The Problem can be written as:
MINIMIZE (CA(PGA)+CB(PGB))
Subject to
PGA+PGB=600
PGA>=0
PGB>=0

Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad

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Code

Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad

13

Code

Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad

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Example2
Add constraints to generator 2
0<PGB<250
What is the total costs now?

Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad

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Example3
Max=50 Mvar
Z=0.1j
A

GA

GB
LA=300 MW

LB=300 MW

Write R script to find P1 and P2 that minimizes the operation

costs and takes into considerations line limitations
Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad

16

Including power Flow

N

Pi ( Bik ( i k ))
k 1

P1=(B12)(1-2)
P1=(B12)1-B12(2)
P2=B21(2- 1)
P2=-B21(1)+(B21)(2)

Z=0.1j y=-10jB=-10

PA 3 10 10 1
PB 3 10 10 2

Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad

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 PA 3 10 10 1
PB 3 10 10 2

Solve with respect

to bus #1. i.e 1=0
(Slack bus)

PB-3=-(10)2

P12=B12*(1-2)

-PB+3-(10)(2)=0

|P12|=|-10(1-2)|<0.5
-0.5<10 2<0.5
-0.05<2<0.05

Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad

18

Example
P1

P2

BUS2

BUS3
1MW
Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad

500 MW

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Generator cost curves

C1(P1) = 561 + 7.92 x P1 + 0.001562 x (P1)2
100 MW P1 600 MW
C3(P2) = 78 + 7.97 x P2 + 0.004820 x (P2)2
50 MW P2 400 MW

Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad

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Optimization Problem
Minimize (C1(P1)+C2(P2))
Subject to:
100 MW P1 600 MW
50 MW P2 400 MW
P1+P2=500-100=400

Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad

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Example4
Write R script to find P1 and P2 that minimizes the
operation costs

Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad

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Solution
7.92 + 2*0.001562 x (P1)=
7.97 + 2*0.004820 x (P2) =
P1+P2=500-100=400
P1=306.0169
P2=93.98
Minimum Cost = 4000.55

Do they satisfy all constraints?

Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad

23

P1=306MW
P1

94MW

SB=100 MVA

P12=71

BUS1

BUS2

y12=-10j

P13=235MW

P2

P13<200=2 pu
y13=-10j

P23=165
y23=-10j

BUS3
1MW= 1 pu
Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad

500= 5 pu

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Example4
Write R script to find P1 and P2 that minimizes the
operation costs and takes into considerations line
limitations

Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad

25

Including power Flow

N

Pi ( Bik ( i k ))
k 1

P1=(B12)(1-2)+B13(1-3

P1=(B12+B13)1-B12(2)-B13(3)
P2=-B21(1)+(B21+B23)(2)-B23(3)
P3=-B31(1)-B32(2)+(B31+B32)(3)
B12
B13
P1 B12 B13
P 2 B 21
B 21 B 23
B 23

P3 B31
B32
B 21 B32

1
2

3

Compare to Y matrix!
Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad

26

10
P1 20 10
P 2 10 20 10

1 5 10
10 20

singular

1
2

3

SB=100 MVA
P1
BUS1

P2
y12=-10j
P13<200=2 pu
y13=-10j

BUS2
y23=-10j
BUS3
500= 5 pu

Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad

1MW= 1 pu

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0 1
P1 20 10
Solve
with
respect
P 2 10 20 10 2

to bus #1. i.e 1=0
4 0
10 20 3 (Slack bus)

P 2

4

20 10 2
10 20 3

|P13|<200 |B13(1-3)|<2 (pu) -0.2<3<0.20

(B13=-10)
Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad

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Optimization Problem
Minimize (C1(P1)+C2(P2)) (in pu)
Subject to:
1 pu P1 6 pu
0.5 pu P2 4 pu
P1+P2=4

P 2

4

20 10 2
10 20 3

-0.2<3<0.20
Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad

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Solution (using R)

1 0
2 0

3 0.2

P1=200 MW
P2=200 MW

P13=-B13(1-3)=-10*(0-0.2)=2 pu=200 MW
Costs=4072.28>4000.55 Euro
Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad

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Optimization Problem
Minimize (C1(P1)+C2(P2)) (in pu)
Subject to:
1 pu P1 6 pu
0.5 pu P2 4 pu

P 2

4

20 10 2
10 20 3

|P13|<170 |B13(1-3)|<1.70 -0.17<3<0.17

Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad

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P1

P2

BUS2

BUS1

-10j

P13<1.7

-10j

-10j

BUS3
1

Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad

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Solution (using R)

P1=110
P2=290
2=-0.06
3=0.17

The total generation cost becomes: 4245.76>

4000.55
Here, we had to sacrifice cost for implementation.

Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad

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