Title: Tarbela Dam

Group Members:
Feroz Karim

FA14-EPE-086

Aezaz Ahmed Khan Baloch FA14-EPE095

Submitted To: Sir Khurram Jahangir

Date: 17/12/2016

Tarbela Dam:
Tarbela Dam (Urdu/Pashto: ) is an earth fill dam located on the Indus River in
Pakistan. It is the largest earth-filled dam in the world and fifth-largest by structural
volume.[2][3][4] It is named after the town Tarbela, in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, about
50 kilometres (31 mi) northwest of Islamabad.

The dam is 485 feet (148 m) high above the riverbed. The dam forms the Tarbela
Reservoir, with a surface area of approximately 250 square kilometres (97 sq mi).
The dam was completed in 1976 and was designed to store water from the Indus
River for irrigation, flood control, and the generation of hydroelectric power.[5]

The primary use of the dam is for electricity generation, the installed capacity of the
3,478 MW Tarbela hydroelectric power stations will increase to 6,298MW after
completion of the ongoing fourth extension and the planned fifth extension financed
by Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and the World Bank.[6]

Tarbela Dam During 2010 Floods 1

Project Description:
The project is located at a narrow spot in the Indus River valley, at Tarbela between
Haripur District and Swabi District, approximately 60 kilometers northwest of
Islamabad.

The main dam wall, built of earth and rock fill, stretches 2,743 metres (8,999 ft)
from the island to river right, standing 148 metres (486 ft) high. A pair of concrete
auxiliary dams spans the river from the island to river left. The dam's two spillways
are located on the auxiliary dams rather than the main dam. The main spillway has
a discharge capacity of 18,406 cubic metres per second (650,000 cu ft/s) and the
auxiliary spillway, 24,070 cubic metres per second (850,000 cu ft/s). Annually, over
70% of water discharged at Tarbela passes over the spillways, and is not used for
hydropower generation.[7]

Five large tunnels were constructed as part of Tarbela Dam's outlet works.
Hydroelectricity is generated from turbines in tunnel 1 through 3, while tunnels 4
and 5 were designed for irrigation use, although both tunnels are to be converted to
hydropower tunnels to increase Tarbela's electricity generating capacity.These
tunnels were originally used to divert the Indus River while the dam was being
constructed.

MA hydroelectric power plant on the right side of the main dam houses 14
generators fed with water from outlet tunnels 1, 2, and 3. There are four 175 MW
generators on tunnel 1, six 175 MW generators on tunnel 2, and four 432 MW
generators on tunnel 3, for a total generating capacity of 3,478 MW.

Tarbela Reservoir is 80.5 kilometres (50.0 mi) long, with a surface area of 250
square kilometres (97 sq mi). The reservoir initially stored 11,600,000 acre feet
(14.3 km3) of water, with a live storage of 9,700,000 acre feet (12.0 km3), though
this figure has been reduced over the subsequent 35 years of operation to
6,800,000 acre feet (8.4 km3) due to silting.

The catchment area upriver of the Tarbela Dam is spread over 168,000 square
kilometres (65,000 sq mi) of land largely supplemented by snow and glacier melt
from the southern slopes of the Himalayas. There are two main Indus River
tributaries upstream of the Tarbela Dam. These are the Shyok River, joining near
Skardu, and the Siran River near Tarbela.

Background:
Tarbela dam was constructed as part of the Indus Basin Project after signing of the
1960 Indus Waters Treaty between India and Pakistan. The purpose was to
compensate for the loss of water supplies of the eastern rivers (Ravi, Sutlej and
Beas) that were designated for exclusive use by India per terms of the Treaty.[8] The
primary objective of the dam was to supply water for irrigation by storing flows
during the monsoon period and subsequently releasing stored water during the low
flow period in winter.

By the mid 1970s, power generation capacity was added in three subsequent hydroelectrical project extensions which were completed in 1992, installing a total of
3,478 MW generating capacity on respectively Tunnel 1 (four turbines), Tunnel 2 (six
turbines) and Tunnel 3 (four turbines).[9]

Construction:
Construction of Tarbela Dam was carried out in three stages to meet the diversion
requirements of the river. Construction was undertaken by the Italian firm Salini
Impregilo.[9]
Salini Impregilo S.p.A. (Italian pronunciation: [salni imprelo]) is an Italian
industrial group specialised in the construction and civil engineering business
headquartered in Milan.

Stage 1
In the first stage, the Indus river was allowed to flow in its natural channel, while
construction works commenced on the right bank where a 1500 feet (457 meters)
long and 694 feet (212 meters) wide diversion channel was being excavated along

with a 105 feet (32 meters) high buttress dam that was also being construction.
Stage 1 construction lasted approximately 2.5 years.[10]

Stage 2
The main embankment dam and the upstream blanket were constructed across the
main valley of the river Indus as part of the second stage of construction. During
this time, water from the Indus river remained diverted through the diversion
channel. By the end of construction works in stage 2, tunnels had been built for
diversion purposes. Stage 2 construction took 3 years to complete.[10]

Stage 3
Under the third stage of construction, works were carried out on the closure of
diversion channel and construction of the dam in that portion while the river was
made to flow through diversion tunnels. The remaining portion of upstream blanket
and the main dam at higher levels was also completed as part of stage 3 works,
which were concluded in 1976.

Re-settlement of people affected by Tarbela Dam

It has a reservoir area of about 260 square kilometers and about 82,000 acres
(33,000 ha) of land was acquired for its construction. The large reservoir of the dam
submerged 135 villages, which resulted in displacement of a population of about
96,000 people,[11] many of whom were relocated to a series of townships
surrounding the Tarbela reservoir or in adjacent higher valleys.[12]

For the land and built-up property acquired under the Land Acquisition Act of 1984,
a cash compensation of Rs 469.65 million was paid to those affected. In the absence
of a national policy, resettlement concerns of the affectees of Tarbela Dam were
addressed on an ad hoc basis.

Many affectees of the Tarbela Dam have still[when?] not been settled and have not
been given land as compensation by the government of Pakistan, in accordance
with its contractual obligations with the World Bank.[13] However, some of the
affectees have been settled at Khalabat Township and other places across Pakistan.

Tarbela Dam Sattelite View 1

Lifespan:
Because the source of the Indus River is glacial meltwater from the Himalayas, the
river carries huge amounts of sediment, with an annual suspended sediment load of
200 million tons.[14]
Live storage capacity of Terbela reservoir had declined more than 33.5 per cent to
6.434 million acre feet (MAF) against its original capacity of 9.679 MAF because of
sedimentation over the past 38 years.[15] The useful life of the dam and reservoir
was estimated to be approximately fifty years. However, sedimentation has been
much lower than predicted, and it is now estimated that the useful lifespan of the
dam will be 85 years, to about 2060.[16]
Pakistan also plans to construct several large dams upstream of Tarbela, including
the Diamer-Bhasha Dam. Upon completion of the Diamer-Bhasha dam, sediment
loads into Tarbela will be decreased by 69%.[17]

Project benefits:
In addition to fulfilling the primary purpose of the dam, i.e. supplying water for
irrigation, Tarbela Power Station has generated 341.139 billion kWh of
cheap[clarification needed] hydro-electric energy since commissioning. A record
annual generation of 16.463 billion kWh was recorded during 199899. Annual
generation during 200708 was 14.959 billion kWh while the station shared peak
load of 3702 MW during the year, which was 23.057% of total WAPDA system peak.
[18]

Tarbela-IV Extension Project:

In September 2013, Pakistan's Water and Power Development Authority signed a Rs.
26.053 billion contract with Chinese firm Sinohydro and Germany's Voith Hydro for
executing civil works on the 1,410 MW Tarbela-IV Extension Project.[19]

Construction commenced in February 2014,[20] and is expected to be completed by

June 2017.[21] Upon completion, the project will augment the Early Harvest Project
of the ChinaPakistan Economic Corridor.

The project is being constructed at tunnel 4 of the dam which was originally
intended for irrigation, but was later taken up for power generation as countrys
electricity demand increased.[15] As much of the infrastructure for the project
already exists, conversion of the irrigation tunnel into a hydroelectric tunnel was
regarded as a cost-effective way to ease Pakistan's energy shortfall.[22]

Annual benefits of the project were estimated at about Rs. 30.7 billion.[23] On an
annual basis, over 70% of water passing through Tarbela is discharged over
spillways, while only a portion of the remaining 30% is used for hydropower
generation.[7]

As of February 2016, the Government of Pakistan states that 49% of works have
been completed on the 4th phase extension project.[24]

Financing
The project's cost was initially estimated to be $928 million,[23] but the cost was
revised downwards to $651 million.[25] The World Bank had agreed to provide a
$840 million loan for the project in June 2013.[26] The loan had two components:
The first component is a $400 million International Development Association loan,
[27] which will be lent as a concessional loan at low interest rates.[28] The second
portion consists of a $440 million from the World Bank's International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development.[27] Pakistan's Water and Power Development
Authority was to provide the remaining $74 million required for construction,[29]
before the project's cost was downwardly revised by $277 million. Interest costs for
the loans are estimated to cost $83.5 million.[30]

Because of revised lower costs to $651 million from $928 million, the World Bank
permitted Pakistani officials to expedite completion of the project by 8 months at a
cost of an additional $51 million.[31] Pakistani officials were also permitted to divert
$126 million towards the Tarbela-V Extension Project.[31]

Tarbela Dam Befor Extension 1

Tarbela Image of Running Extension 1

Tarbela-V Extension Project:

The Tarbela Dam was built with five original tunnels, with the first three dedicated to
hydropower generation, and the remaining two slated for irrigation use; the fourth
phase extension project utilizes the first of the two irrigation tunnels, while the 5th
phase extension will use the second irrigation tunnel.[32] Pakistan's Water and
Power Development Authority sought expressions of interest for the Tarbela-V
Extension Project in August 2014,[33] and was given final consent for construction
in September 2015.[32]

Construction is yet[when?] to begin, but will require an estimated 3.5 years for
completion.[32] The project will require installation of three turbines with a capacity
of 470 MW each in Tarbela's fifth tunnel which was previously dedicated to
agricultural use.[34] Upon completion, the total power generating capacity of
Tarbela Dam will be increased to 6,298 MW.[34]

The hydro power project of tunnel no. 5 has two major components: power
generation facilities and power evacuation facilities. The major works included
under the project are: modifications to tunnel no. 5 and building a new power house
and its ancillaries to generate about 1,800GWh of power annually, a new 50 km of
500kV double-circuit transmission line from Tarbela to the Islamabad West Grid
Station for power evacuation, and a new 500kV Islamabad West Grid Station.

Financing:
In November 2015, the World Bank affirmed that it would finance at least $326
million of the project's estimated $796 million cost[32] which includes $126 million
of funding that was diverted from the $840 million fourth phase extension project
after costs for that project were revised downwards.[32] On September 2016, the
World Bank approved an additional financing of $390 million for the fifth extension
hydropower project of Tarbela dam that will support the scaling up of the power
generation capacity by adding 1,410 megawatts to the existing tunnel no. 5 of the
dam. The project will be financed by the International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development (IBRD), with a variable spread and 20-year maturity, including a sixyear grace period. This will be the first World Bank-supported project in South Asia
to be jointly financed with the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) which will
be providing $300m and the Government of Pakistan $133.5m. The total cost of the
project is $823.5m.