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  • Buddhist Remains in Jaffna Peninsula

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    darshanieratnawalli
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    The document summarizes the history of Nagadipa, referring to the area now known as Jaffna Peninsula in northern Sri Lanka, based on passages from the Mahavamsa chronicle. It discusses Nagadipa's importance in Buddhist history since the time of the Buddha, who preached there. It was a major port with an important harbor called Jambukola that connected to the capital. Many Buddhist structures were built there by Sinhalese kings over centuries. By the 15th century, Nagadipa referred to the entire Jaffna Peninsula. Though sometimes controlled by Tamils, Sinhalese kings asserted sovereignty over the area. In the early 15th century, the powerful Ary

    Descrizione originale:

    By P. E. Pieris, D. Litt. (CANTAB.), C.C.S. JOURNAL, R.A.S. (Ceylon) Vol XXVI, No 70, 1917

    Titolo originale

    Nagadipa and Buddhist Remains in Jaffna.

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    The document summarizes the history of Nagadipa, referring to the area now known as Jaffna Peninsula in northern Sri Lanka, based on passages from the Mahavamsa chronicle. It discusses Nagadipa's importance in Buddhist history since the time of the Buddha, who preached there. It was a major port with an important harbor called Jambukola that connected to the capital. Many Buddhist structures were built there by Sinhalese kings over centuries. By the 15th century, Nagadipa referred to the entire Jaffna Peninsula. Though sometimes controlled by Tamils, Sinhalese kings asserted sovereignty over the area. In the early 15th century, the powerful Ary

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Scarica in formato PDF, TXT o leggi online su Scribd
    Segnala contenuti inappropriati
    262 visualizzazioni18 pagine

    Buddhist Remains in Jaffna Peninsula

    Caricato da

    darshanieratnawalli
    The document summarizes the history of Nagadipa, referring to the area now known as Jaffna Peninsula in northern Sri Lanka, based on passages from the Mahavamsa chronicle. It discusses Nagadipa's importance in Buddhist history since the time of the Buddha, who preached there. It was a major port with an important harbor called Jambukola that connected to the capital. Many Buddhist structures were built there by Sinhalese kings over centuries. By the 15th century, Nagadipa referred to the entire Jaffna Peninsula. Though sometimes controlled by Tamils, Sinhalese kings asserted sovereignty over the area. In the early 15th century, the powerful Ary

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Scarica in formato PDF, TXT o leggi online su Scribd
    Segnala contenuti inappropriati
    di 18

    r

    I
    t,
    i,r
    {

    10

    JouRN.A.L, R,.A.s.

    (cErrLoN). [Vor,. XXVI.

    No. 70.-1917.1

    N6GADfPA.

    ll

    Hon. 1\[r. J. If. Meedeniya movod the adoption ol the report.


    Mudaliy6,r R,. C. Proctor seconded. 'Ihe motion was unanimousiy
    carried.
    Ornrcn-Bslnpns.

    1. Sir James T. Broom proposed the election of the follow-

    ing ofifice-beafors:*
    Preaid,ent.-Sir Fonnanrbalam Arun6,chalam.

    Yice-Pres'idenls.-Ilr. C. Hartley and Dr. E. A. Coploston,

    D.I)., I3ishop of Colombo.


    Aowncil.-Mr. C. W, I{orsfall, Dr. Joseph Pearson, tho }Ton.
    1\[r. K. Balasingham, Sir S. C. Obeyesekero, Mr. E. B. I]enham,
    I)r. Andreas Nc,li, X{r. R. 1'v-. [3vrde, Mudaliy6,r A. ]\[. Gunas6kara, l\{essrs. W. A.. de Sih'a, J. A. Anthonisz, F. Lerwis and
    F. 14'. t,irrnawar'tiLana.
    qt

    reasurer.-NIr. Gerard A. Joseph.

    lY. Codrington and Ger:ard A, .Ioseph.


    Mudaliy6,r .I" i:'. Obcyesekere seconded*carried.
    6. 'Ihe Chairnran in introducing the lecturer, gaicl:-

    $e6vs{&y'iss.-,Merssrs. F[.

    Tho ncxt it'enl on bhe agenda is a Faper by NIr. PauI


    Pieris. il{r. Fioris scarcoly nereds an introcluction {rom rne
    bo you. You all know hinr &s & distinguished Civil
    Serrvant,, who has for nrany years devoted his scanty leisure to
    historical research and has lry his Iabours thrown much iight,
    especially on fher history of Co;rle1 in tlie nriddle ages" IIe
    has nor,v turnecl to tho fi<-rld gf arcli:eological exploration, anci
    v,ith characteristic insighl aird enelgv he has nrade discoveries
    wirich aro of bhe very greatest inbolest, Of these dlgcoveries ho
    Lras hindly consented to let us have glimpses to-night. I have
    rnuch ploasure in calling upon hirn to {avour us with his lecturo.
    . 6. I\[r. j'. E. Fioris, D. Litt., ]I..{., O.C.S., road t'ho following
    Faper:-

    NAGADIPA AND BUDDHI$T REMAINS

    IN
    Bv P. E. Prnnrs, D.

    JAFFIIIA.

    Lrrr. (Canral.), C.C.S.

    CHAPTER I.
    The connection of North Ceylon \t'ith Gautama
    Buddha dates back to a period ante::ior to the Vijayan
    settlement, for it r'vas at Nrigadipa that the Buddha
    preached his sernron on reconciliation during his second
    visil to Laik5, lJlahdoapsa i.1
    In Nrigadipa, moreover., there was an irnportant
    harbour, Jambukola; this communicated with Anur6dhapula by the trunk road which ran from the northern gate
    of the Capital, and its distance therefrom may be calculated from th.e fact that a g.reat relig,ious procession
    starting florn the port $ras foulteen da;'s 6r the road
    before it reachcd the Capital (tU. xix.). It was flom
    ,fambukola that Dev6na piya Tissa's a rrbassadors
    started for Aq6ka's Court, PS,faliputta, and it was here
    they landed on their return (/1. xi.). Its chief claim to
    be remembered by buddhists arises from the fact that it
    was here that Safrghamitt:i, accompanying the 86 Tree,
    disembarked (/1. xix.); in commemoration of this important event one out of the eight shoots which sprang from
    the first fruit borne by the Bd was planted at Jambukola
    Pattanarna, and Tissa, not long befole his death, erected
    " in N6,gadipa the Jambukola Yihdra at this landing
    place, the Tissamahd \rihdra and the PAcindrltn:a."
    (J1, xx.).
    All tliis rvas prior to 200 8.C., and for the next three
    and a haif centuries, rvhich \4rere marLed b5' ths turm,oil
    cansed by various Dravidian invasions, the Mahd,oarl,sa
    gives us no further information regarding Ndgadfpo.
    .

    12

    JouRNAL' R.A.s.

    (cEYLoN). [Vor'' XXVI'

    The Sinhalese r{,-ere fighting for existence in the South,


    and no Tamil record of the events which took place in the
    I{orth has yet been found. Ilorvever, by the middle of
    the seeond century of the Christian Era, circumstances
    had altered to such an extent that Mahailaka Nriga
    (whence the name Nriga ?) was able to found the Sd'li
    iabbata Yihr{ra in l{6gadipa (,41. xxxv'), anil a generation
    later Kanilfha Tissa repaired the "temple" at Nd'gadipa
    (M. xxxvi.). This example was followecl by Vohr4rika
    ii..u, rvho ascended the Throne in 215 A'D', and who
    built n,alls round the Vihri,ra named Tissa in Nr{'gadipa
    (,41. xxxvi.).
    Tlie Sinhalese power was once more firmly
    established in the North, and though succeeding waves of
    invasion drenched the province n'ith blood and no doubt
    added considerably to the Tamil-speaking inhabitants
    who were already there, the Sinhalese Kings who from
    time to tiime were powerful enough to hold the flood in
    check, consistently asserted their supremacy over lfrigaclipa. Thus in the sixth century Agrab6clhi built the
    ,"ii" hoor" R6,jri,yatana in Nr{gadipa (M' xlii'), and when
    four centuries later Yallabha, King of Cola,* "sent forth
    an army to l{r{gadipa to conquer this co:uttLt-v"-' ^'i'e',
    Lahk5,, Mahinda-IY' despatched there his General Sena
    and compelled the inl'adlr to sue for peace (M' Iiv');
    while in the eleverith century Yijaya Bri'hu the First, in
    the course of his long reign of fifty-f.ve years, once again
    repaired Jambukola Vihr{,ra (M . Ix'). This supremacy
    rnust have been more than maintained during the efficient
    rule of Pard,krama Brihu the Great; it is hard to imagine
    that the Yihriras of N6gadipa did not receive a share
    i4 the attention which under him t'as so freely^bestoweil
    on religiotls buildirigs ; so numerous, however, rvere his
    works of piety that the Sinhalese Chronicler had at last
    to content himself by g'iving only their numbers'
    "The words "King of Cola" are not in the Pali text (J.R.A.S.,
    1913,

    p. 52D.-nd.

    No. 70.-1917.1

    NLeeoipe.

    13

    CHAPTER II.
    The above brief sketch will have made it clear that
    in the fifteenth century a Sinhalese scholar could have
    been no more ignorant of the positiou of a spot so sacred

    as Ndgadipa, than he could have been, for instance, of


    the position of Mahiyangana. Fortunately such a scholar
    has left to us a very clear indication at any rate of his
    belief. This information is contained in the Nam Pota,
    which is a list compiled in that century, of the most
    importarit religious centres in Lafik6. This contains a
    section rvhich begins : "In tho Demala Paltanama," which
    is, of course, Jaffnapatam. It continues as follows :" N5,ga" K6vila
    Kadurugoda \rihriraya
    Te,lipoIa

    Mali6gama
    Minivangomu Vihriraya

    Tanni Divayina
    Nriga Divayina
    Puvangu Divayina
    Krira Divayina"

    It is not difficult to identi{y

    these under their present


    names, which are:-Nd,gar K6vil, in Va{amarS,chchi ;
    Kantar6{ai, Tellipalai, Mallikam, and VimairkS,mam, in
    \ralik6mam; and the Islands Tana Tivu (Kayts), Analai
    Tivu, Nayin6' Tivu, Punku{u Tfvu, and Krira Tfvu.
    It rvill be a perverse mind which is able to believe
    that the author of the Nam Pota, when he spoke of Nriga
    Divayina, referred to anything else,than the small Island
    of Nayin6, Tfvu. The religious associations of this Island
    are probably much earlier than the date of the Buddha;
    the alleged snake or N5,ga rvorship of the place was a
    source of irritation to the Portuguese and their successors
    the Dutch during their ternporary occupation of the
    Kingdom of Jaffnapatam; and to-day it is the scene of
    one of the most important pilgrimages in the Northern
    Province. At the same time it is obvious that the Ltahdoarg,sa could, not, under the description N6gadipa, have

    lil

    rl,
    l'.

    tl

    ,t

    rouriNArr, n.e..s.

    (cnn,oN).

    LVoi,. XXV{"

    Ir

    referred exclusively to this Island. Great Kings with


    their armies would have hardiy crossed over there to flght
    battles such as the l]uddha carne to prevent. The Choliyan* Yallabha would liardly have sent forth liis arrny 1o
    NayinJ, Tir,'u for the purpose of conquering Lallkd, nor
    rn'ould a Sinlialese army have consiilered it necessary to
    follorv tire errernr, tirere; and finallv, NayinS, Tivu has no
    harbourage'
    I have ver;'' little tloul-rt that the name N6ga Dipa, as
    nsed in tfte tX[,thd,ua1asa, refers to the same t]rirg as lJornala
    FaNfanama arrtl Yiipri Paluna, that is, to the entire Peninsula with its Islands, extending roughlv from Nrigar
    K6viI to Nayin6, Tivu. It might be urged tliat Nd,ga Dipa
    rnust necessariiy be an Island, l)'utpa; the ansrver to that
    objection is, that Jaffna is -rnole of arr Islarrd than is
    ,)'arnbudrvipa, Iudia. I r'vould further suggest, for t'lie
    colsideration of those lnore cornpetent than I arn to
    decicle a phiiological poirit, that the origin of the name
    Yaplr,patuna is to be sought in the I'laltd't;arysa name of
    Jambrikola Patf:rnama.

    Let us turn once again to the story of Sinhalese


    supr'ernacy in the North. After the death of Pardklama
    Bnho attother selies of ferocio'us Dravidian incursicns

    ended in the establishnent witliin the Patta,narn of a Tamil


    Principality n'hich even threatened the complete erxtinc-

    tion of Sinha,lese po$rer'. The Budilhist sacred places I'ere


    destloyed or given over to private parties, and the Is1and,
    north t{ a hne from Polnnnaruw-a to i\{ann6'r, was largelv
    in Tamil hands. The success of Paldita Par6krama
    B6hu servecl, after a ti?ne, to keep the enemv in check,
    but it is cloubtful if he was able at any time to en{orce his
    supremacy bevond the Yanni. At anv rate the dawn
    of the fifteenl,ir centul'v once again found the Tamils
    so tlireatening' in the South, that it was only the genius
    and military capacitrv of Alak6swara Mantri which prepared the wa.,, foL the peaceful ilccession to the throne of
    Rukul6 Par6krama B6hu, who commenced his long reign
    of fifty-two yeals in 1415 A.ll.
    "See note on page

    12.-Dd.

    No. 70.-*1917.1

    Ndeanfpe.

    l5

    CHAPTER III.
    Ep ervitnesses arid contemporary writel,s
    have
    to us a vir.,id lecolcl of the event.s which tnok plu""left
    io
    Ja#na iit tlris time.
    Chakravarti,
    p-owerful
    a
    -Arya
    C_anarese (.Ko,uttl gunttdsaia,
    the K6rala
    (1l.S. 251) Clan, rvas stijl the i"a"p""a"rt
    ". ZSe)- of .,;iu,
    ;ffi;
    North, and it appealecl to parrikrarlia Bdhu
    ,ot
    .."_ly
    that another should.exercise king.lv po$rel,
    in any part of
    Kins's ow-n .o,,.'',f," s.ailani S;p;_;i
    I.::i::^.
    -I,,:
    r\nrnrrala.
    u as selecied lor llre lask of
    u.ipiug. og f ti.
    tt"-the royll honoul, ancl lie advanced northrvalds
    :1"11
    uL
    tre tlead ()t atr anny cornposed, not onlV of .,Si{rhala"
    Malala,. D.oluwara,,, b.,t ul.o-, ii
    ; i"i;;rting to note, of
    " Demala," or Ta,mils, (I{.,g. zbl). Thu pu..nge
    of t}ie
    Lunu Oya ol tr-ppu A1o .n,ns, strongly lielcl
    bv tlr; ;;.;;
    at Jdvaka K6dd&i, a spot lr"t.re"o N6;;k,,ii-'";1#+
    statiol and the Aru; butlhey \rrere ilriven awav
    with loss
    and the Pr.ince puslied on to Nalhir, the
    Cupiiat, *fli"f,
    was carried b;,- storm. An eJ.ewitness
    has pr.";";;;';
    iively account, rvhich is no tloubt familial to
    students of
    Ihe Rtijtir^a.l.iya, rt1r this incident. ..The
    S6n6n6vaka Sapu
    I(umd,rayd, mounted on his-sable
    I"al"ti.' g:;;;
    "hu"g",
    rvithin y6p6,patuna Nurr,ara.
    hio*
    a powerful
    ""T{racJakka,ra,
    a L[oor, u,as lying in ambush, determinetl
    to cut dorvn and hill t,he prince and his horse;
    urhereupon

    the Prince rode liis horse at the Moor and ran liim
    through
    the breast, so that the spear_head protr"rderd
    {rom his
    back. fnstead, horvever, of shaking off the body, ire
    secured it on tlre prongs of his spear, which
    t u *.,pport"a
    under his arm like a banner., and in'this
    fashion f* g"f_
    Ioped round the four streets. After this
    he captured the
    Arvas tliere in nets like to a herd of deer,,
    and won for
    himself the uame of Ari5,a V6ddaiy6,rum plrum{I.,,
    Ai'-va Chakravar,ti fletl to the opposite
    coast (K..$.
    263) and the victor.ious Sapumal toot ,rf t i.
    residence at
    Nalhir- as srrb-King. T; him the Fresident
    of the
    I^rgallirln Tituka C",,t1eg.. .u. piri""n..';; ;i,;i #",lili
    and histolic spot, Mrrlgirigala, sent u-_"..ug.u.
    It rvas
    a beautiful messag,e, glowing
    imagery,
    ".itl, "*.rb.r.ant

    flil

    llL
    iiill

    ilr
    \"ii

    it,

    li
    rtll

    l,'\

    16

    JouRNAr',

    n'a's' (cnvr'oN)' fVor'' XXVI'

    rich n'ith \varrn appreciation o{ the beauties of nature'


    as
    weighty rvith rlignified learning, and of infinit'e t'alue

    tLscription of the countr'v traversed on the


    ".ir.t"rrr1,orary
    roacl
    from Deyi Nlwara-the Cii;' of the Gods-in the
    This
    South, to Nalhir-the City Fair-in the North'
    lretses'
    a poem of 288
    -"..og'. is tlie KouttltheSand'!'saya,
    to his chosen mespriest
    learned
    says
    "Beloveil,"
    Paluna''
    sergel', tlie Kohil6, "n'ing t"lr1. rvay to Y6p6
    King
    there --Our
    from
    uwav
    n"-.7"1 pt'i"ce Sapurnal tt"t ait""tt
    I'arlihe
    in
    himself
    established
    eti"'Cf."f.t,.-rn"ti, anil has
    t" him offer tliis rnv dutiful message" (-''as8)'the
    rlriifrt.
    ''----iiAryo
    Cliakravar.ti heheld his glorv. dazzling
    rvhich rvas noised
    .,lolv of ilt" S.to.
    -*; He'beheld liis rnight'
    Eighteen -Rafias' -.Thereupon grief
    it";i;nr*.
    ;;;t"t into his lt"o,i'; he abantloned his realm and fled
    l-reyond
    '"u the Sea" (v' 263)'
    "Lo, he sits upon the Lion Throne' our Prince
    rtith t'isdom' goodSapurnal ; htl, tlte stailless one, giftetl
    the
    ,r".., una fntitlto"; he, for ever tlie lor-irig Defender of
    Faith of the Buddha" (v' 266)'
    l(6tt6' arid of
    Not lon;4 after ihe Prince'returned to
    Parive46dipati
    the
    than
    greater
    his retur:il ttu. .o,.g uoe
    TotagoTijoya Bdliri Safghl R1j1, -$ri Rahu1a of
    literature'
    -th"
    in
    Sinhalese
    narne
    lnu\{a, tlie'greatest
    the
    'iDnu" one, beliold, here cornes Prince Sapumal'
    rides
    he
    Patuna;
    Captain of our host, Conqueror.of -Ydp6
    se'saf' ancl his
    white
    the
    is
    him
    steecl;'oboo"
    il'.i;;;y
    of the Lord of the Dav"
    i"."<-.11"d .pi"ndntt" is as that

    (Sblali'hini SanddsttYa,

    v.

    28)'

    there;
    The Prince left Jaffna, but he is not forgotten
    roval
    his
    under
    him
    erelytl"ly the gods al'e reninded of
    at
    K6vil
    ,rorrr" ni Blnl'anaiha Brihu at the Kandasrvdmi

    Naihir'

    CHAPTER IV.
    have suffrciently outlined the intimate concenturies betn''een
    nsqtioir rvhich oxistetl througli eight'een
    North o{ Ceylon"
    the
    iir" il"l,"f"te and tlieir religio., and

    I tliirli I

    No.70.-l9l7.l

    N.ieaofpa.

    17

    Abundant evidence of the Sinhalese occupation is available on all sides in the place names. Y6lik6mam (Weli
    gama), the main division of the Peninsrrla, still preserves
    their political, just as KodikS,mam, (Godigomuwa) does
    thcir viJlag'e, divisions: Udwil ancl Kat Pokkanai (Gal
    IrokuTa) their system of ilrigation ; K6vilkantla (kanda),
    'Ielliyta,lai (pola), U{upiti (pitiya) ard Am,panai, their
    geographical tlistinctions ; Putar6,nai (Buddha Arrima)
    and Saikrivattai (SarighavS, watta) a1d the numero's
    sites known as Puttar K6vii (Buddhist Temple), their
    religion ; Talu, vattai, Tampald vattai and Pol vattai,
    the rrature of their cultivation ; Kammalti vattai and
    Vadtttd, vattai their occupations ; ayanai their flower.
    gardens; Ki,ri,yri vattai and Wilryamasihlca Patixiyan
    (Pa,tirennehb) their nlures ; and perhaps Puvanihka
    (Bhuvanaika) vattai, Ativfra Yri,ku (B6hu) t6van Chimri,
    and Sihka V6,ku t6van Kurichchi, the names of the South
    Intlian Generals employed by the Sinhalese Kings. This
    opens up a large field for inqluiry, rvhich has 1'ecently been
    recei.i'ing attention and is, I am glad to say, being
    e,xhaustively dealt with by a competent Tamil student,
    Mr. Coomarasrvami, o{ the Police Office, Ja1fna. I need
    only add that the Sinhalese torm (]ama, was officially used
    in Dom Philippe Mascarenhas' Iorsl, ol Jaf a,napo,td,o
    1645 A.D., to describe the lands in the Yanni which were
    a,liotted to the Tamils for purposes of cultivation.
    'What
    then .rvas the port in l[6gadipa u,here the 86
    fNlee was landed ? It is obvious irorn the Xlahd,uary,sa
    riarrative that it lvas the chief centre for communication
    rvitii North fndia, in the same $ray as Mahd,tittha or Mantota was the port for South fndia. It was a seven davs,
    journey by watel from Tdmralipti at the mouth of the
    Ganges, and a verv easy fourteen days, journey from
    the \rorther,n gate of Anurridhapura. A glance at i.lie
    inap rvill show tirat either Kr{,hk6santurai or Paruttitturai
    rnust have been the place in question, and there is one
    irnportant consideration which u,ill assist us in arriving
    at a decision.
    . Long before the arrival. of Yiiava there were
    rn
    Lahk6" five recognised Isoaram of Siva which

    t{
    t8

    il
    lr

    li

    rouRNAL, R.A.s. (cD]rLoN).

    [Vol. XXVI.

    claimed &nd receivod tho adora,tion of all India. These


    were Tiruirk6tfsvaram near MahS,tiftha, Munnissarain
    dominating Saldwata and the Pearl Fisherv, Tarrd6svararn near lfantota, Tiruklron6svaram opposite the great
    Bay of Ko{{iy6r and Nakul6svaram near K6,hk6santurai.
    Their situation close to those ports cannot be the
    result of accident or caplice, and rvas probably determinerl by the concourse of a rrealthy mercantile population whose religious rvants callecl for attention. The
    temples in Sea Stleet in Colombo are a modern illustration
    of the opelation of the same principle. The presence of
    Nalcul6svaram anrl of tihe temple at Mrividdapura,m, now

    the holiest in the Peninsula, near

    KS,fk6santurai,

    immediatel;. point to this latter as having been the chief


    port in the Peninsula in very earh,- times. It will be
    urged, and rvith much reason, that frS,turai, the modern
    Kayts, is a better harbour than KSrfk6santurai, and that
    it affords safe anchorage all the vear througir, whicli
    Kd,irk6santurai does rrot. It rnav be also conceded that
    in Portuguese times Urd,turai u'as the port for the Kingdorn of Ja.ffnapatam, though this might have been
    influenced by the fact that tlieir Custom llouse, u'here
    all goods had to be landed, was at the present town of
    JaItna, commandedl by the guns of their fort of ATo.ssa
    Senhora d,os XIila(lres. Prior to the arrival of the
    Portuguese also frritupai \4,as a port of importance, as
    is proved by a Tamil stone inscription at Nayinr{, Tivu,
    though there again convenience of communication u'ith
    the later cap tal of Nalhir, b)' *a.y of Kolumputturai, no
    rloubt affected its position. Against this contentiol,
    however, must be urged the fact that Urd,turai is on an
    island, Tana Tivu, and that to reach the Peninsula from
    that port two arms of the soa have to be crossod fir-st :
    wlrereas in the n[ahd,uar.tsa naruative there is no hint that
    the great procession which escorted lhe Bd Tree began
    its march by being rowed over two sheets of water. Such
    a port would not have been selected so long as another,
    whieh did noi necessitate conveyance by water, u'as available. f am inclined to the opinion that K6hl<6santurai
    was the chief port of the Peninsula at the time, ancl lhat

    No. 70.-1917'l

    NAGADiPA.

    t9

    it was at I{6,fk6santurai that Safghamittri landed.*


    It appears {rom the Ma'hduar.tsa that the 86 Trce

    procession ori the frrst day of its progr,ess halted for the
    rnolning meal at a spot which wouid command the utmost
    vpnelation of a]l Buddhists, being none other than the
    place where the Ruddha alighted on his visit to N6gadfpa. This was tire site of the future Pricfna vihri,ra
    and here Tissa erected numerous monuments to mark the
    srlte,s connected rvith the visit of the Buddha (lf. xix).
    Iu vier- of the refection hour of the priests the pror-,ession must have haited at about 10.80 a.m., and it can
    liardiy be e.xpected that u,ith all the delays inciclental to
    g'ettirg a great bod5' of men started on the 1oad, the distance coveled on that morning n'as much more than six or
    seven miles. Ilere r,vas, in the eyes of the Buddhists, the
    sacred spot in N6gadipa; it was here that one would
    naturallv expect great religious buildings to be erected.
    llhroughout the centuries of Sinhalese influence, this
    spot must have loomed large as the Burtdhist
    r:c'ntre in N6gadipa. The text, of the n[ah(r,uar.tsa is
    still too uncertain, and our knorn,ledge of the application
    of early place narnes still too meagre, to allorv of any dogrnatising based on its somewhat inconsistent narrative
    ;
    but teritatir-el-v I aclvance the three following suggestions :(,1) l{6g'adipa is the peninsula of Yripd,patuna;
    (.tt) ?he Bd Troe was landed at K6L,fk6santurai;
    (c) The site of the Buddha,s second visit to Lafkr{,
    should be looked for at the distance of a com_
    fortable morning''s stroll from Kd,frk6santurai
    on the road to Anurddhapura.

    CHAPI]ER Y.
    Sorne months ago, r,vhile on mv way

    _l. ehanced
    .

    to

    Kr4,fikdsanturai

    to looh out of the window Lf


    -o railwav carriage n-hen approaching Chunnd,kam (Si,ni.
    Ilunugama)
    Ntarlon, rrlieu nry
    attention .w,as drav,n by the appealance
    or er monrrd close b1, and to the rvest
    of the rail track.
    I or another identification of .. Jambukola
    ",

    soo

    p. 85

    infra._Ed.

    i
    il

    ii
    lt

    It

    ''l
    li

    20

    rounNAL, R.A.s. (cEYLoN). [Vor''

    XXVI'

    Every mound is an object of interest in a couritry where


    the greatest natural elevation is only thirty feet, and in
    acldition there was something peculiar about the shape of
    this mound. Some months later I rvent and inspected
    \he tumttlus, ancl thus discoverecl the first ciri'goba in
    Jaffnapatam.
    O" ttils second oocasion I learnt flom a villager that
    about'fi{ty yssls ago a carved stone had been found in
    rligging a well in the same village, and had been removed
    to- the once royal village of K6pp5'y' I therefore
    went to K6ppriy and traced the stone anil dliscovereil that
    it was a perfectly preserved limestone terminal of a
    tl6goba spire. The stone is a sugar-loaf twenty-one inches
    hig'h and deeply grooved into six parallel diminishing
    Uu"a.. The base is twelve inches in diameter and is
    hollowed out to be fixecl into another stone below, rvhile
    the top is prepared for a metal finial. It is shown standing
    on a perlestal in Plate II. llhe o\vner rvillingly
    sulrenilered the precious stone whc'n I pointed out to hirn
    its significance, and it was rernoved in triumph to Jaffna
    Fort.
    Hidilen arva--v in the comfoltable garden which the
    generosity of Mr. Dyke had provided for the tlelectation
    of those who from time to time should be his successol:s
    in the ofrce of Governmeut Agent of this out of the way
    Province, is a fin,e image of the Buddha, also of }imestone, dug up in 1902 at Ko{{iyri Vattai, once a
    Sinhalese Woito, and now a hamlet of Chu4n6'kom' I
    visited the spot where the image had been founil, ancl
    discovered close by a structure of large ancient bricks'
    I reporteil matters to this Society, and throug'h its
    assistance obtained from Government a sum of Rs. 150
    for test excavations. I commenced at Ti{al as the spot
    is locally called, fo,- tidnl in Tamil means a mound;
    antl four days work, in rvhich I l'as greatly :rssisted iry
    Proctor llr. T. Coomaraswami, revealed all that I desired
    -We
    uncovered the brick platform of a d6goba,
    to kno'lv.
    measuring roughly forty feet a side. The space within
    was built up with large blocks of hard rough stone, lino'nn

    No. 70..-1917'l

    NLeenipe

    2I

    locally as Ktiddukkal or l'a'ira,kkal, set in lime plaster.


    The iarhlta or bell had consisted of the same material,
    flced with stlong lime cement three inches thick' The
    basal rings and the hato'res lcotuwa, etc., had been faced
    rvith coral stone, hanilsomely moulded in various designs;
    this and the plastering irad either fallen dorvn or been
    brolien don'n and quantities of the coral stone, rvhite and
    clear cut, rvas founcl among' the debris' TiII six years
    ago the gal$ha had risen about trvelve feet above the
    platforrn; and then came the usual vanclal, w-ho has done
    so much stupidlv ignorant rnischief to valuable ant{quities, and cartloads of the d6g'oba stones rvere dug out
    r,vith pickaxes and removed for use on the railway line.
    Ilortunately the coral mouldings hidden in the earlier
    dt-'blis, escaped. l'urids 'were short, ancl I stopped the
    s,orh here at this point (see Plate I.). There are brick
    foundations on the same land on the other side of tlie
    raihvay al'aiting excavatiorr. Mr. Coomaraswami irindly
    obtained for me a frion }Iassa of Pardkrama Bd,hu said
    to have been found in the village, but he was unable to
    be positive as to the locality.
    On certain information leceived I next. visited the
    yiilage of I{antar6dai, rvhich, as a}reaclv pointed out,
    is the Sinhalese lfadurugoda. The intermediate stage
    in the development of the name appears in }lascarenhas'
    tr'oral, rvhere the village Candaracudde is assessed for the
    f,ancl Tax a.1,37 Ttardtios, I chaua.n, 17$ fcr,na,ms; and for

    tlie Poll Tax at 6. 1. 10. At the last Census the


    poprrlation consisted of 444 males and 437 females.

    The termination goila, being pronounced by the Tamil


    (cudde), soon cleveloped into ocla and the Tarnil
    6Q'ai, s1l that in deeds of tlie miildle of the last certurv
    the village even appears as 6d"i Kurichchi' Ihe
    descriptive natrre godct can be rvell applied to the village,
    as the unclulating nature of the ground is very noticeable
    in this flat countrv. It is situated six miles south bv
    n-est of K6hk6santurai, and adjoins lJ{uvil, a village
    which is entitled to much more attention than it has yet
    received, if it be only by virtue of its important tank'
    a-q kod.,'t,

    JoURNAL, R.A.s. (cErrLoN).

    ll
    11

    fVol. XXVI.

    The size and massive construction of its bund, a portion of


    which is now converted into a coconut garden, as well as
    the large stretches of rice frelds rvhich are adjacent, indicate an extensive scheme of irrigation. The tank itself
    is connected with three others, and a large channel leading
    from it still suryives in spite of aII the encroaching
    activity of adjoining landowners. Kantar6Q.ai and
    U{.uvil, rvith Chunnrikam, form the centre of the solid
    u'estern chunk of the Peninsula which bears the Sinhalese
    name of Y6,Iikr{mam, and they are links in thochain of
    Sirrhalese names, incluiling Tellipalai, VimahkS,mam,

    Mall6kam, Chunn6,kam, Uduvil, Inuvil, KoldS,vil,

    Kokkuvil, u'hich connect Kdr,ik6santurai with

    and

    the

    Capital.

    was fortunate enough on ml' first expedition to

    meet Mr. Proctor Y. S. Ponnambalam, who very kindly


    accompanied me through the village. I found a new.
    rreil being opened, and on looking down into it my
    attention r'vas attracted by some blue specks. I therefore
    descended into the well and found there so much of

    interest that the next week I opened a pit for the purpose
    of frlrther investigation. The spot is a palmyra garden,
    and quite fl6{, and at a depth of three or four feet the
    debris of buildings sras encountered. This corisisted
    primarily of roofing tileg mixed rvith large fragments of
    strong' lime plaster about three inches in thickness. For
    a rvidth of aboutr six feet the tiles found were glazed or
    enamelled on the upper surface, n'hich rvas gtrooved, in a
    rich blue colour laid orr verv thicklv and fired. There is
    grooving not onl5,- on the upper surface but also on the
    under surface, to arlmit of the tiles fitting into each other.
    Below these tiles was a large deposit of slabs of coral stone
    moulded and otherwise, and all n'edge-shaped, having
    manifestly been used in a d6goba or other circular buiidiog. It is not possible to ascertain at present the
    origin of these beautiful triles. The Superintendent

    of the l{adras Museum infolms me that

    such
    are on

    files are unknoq'n there and no similar tiles


    vierp at our Museum; but a lump of " enamel " o{ the

    No. 70.-1917.1

    N,(eepfrn

    same colour, found at Anurddhapura, is shoqrn. I found,


    however, on examining the store-room here a couple of
    fragments of similar tiles brought from Tissamahrirrima,
    and dating about the first century before Christ. App;;ently what f had found had been used as a roof oo"" u
    ddgoba, and f had aiighted upon the site of a drigoba of
    special importance.x
    f now began a more methodical examination of tlre
    village, visiting a large number of the carefully screened
    dwelling compounds. I was accompanied by Rasana_
    vagam Mudaliyrir, the Secretary of the District Court of
    Jaffna, to whose persistency, *idu and accurate information, and intelligent co-operation, f am uncler a deep
    obligation. What we discovered fillecl me rvith astonishment; r'e had discovered a village scattered all over with
    broken tiles. ft, does not require much hnov,ledge of
    ancient sumptuary laws to know trrat tiles indicite
    a
    palace or a temple, and here there is no tradition
    of a
    p_olu:u_. Tiles lay about in profusion on
    every side, in
    thick layers. Ilere and there masses of brickwork were
    seen, but bricks are much in demand in a country
    where
    bricks t'orth the name cannot be produced for lack of
    suitable clay. ft r.as, hou.ever, tlre wells which soon
    beg,an to attract our attention; their number
    is great anil
    tli_e majority of them are built up of wedge-shaped
    coral
    blocks taken from d6gobas, while set in the plasier works
    are ancient roofing tiles. At one of .these wells was
    half a sione kota, ancl low down in another was a portion
    +,IIr. \\'. N. Rae, Acting Government
    .,
    Analyst, lias kindly furrrrshed
    me with tho following 6port :_
    " I'he glaze r,vas about ialf 'a millimetre thick and was vory muoh
    orackedI-t."" easily soparatod from tho substance of tho tile and rras

    ^__ to powder.
    cesy

    orr oxamination under tho microscopo appeared


    , Small pieces
    Ira'sparont
    and contained gas bubbles, gos t ob'". ut oJ, irr.,1m.lort

    heating.

    A qualitative examination.of a portion of the glaze showed


    tho
    : Ferric

    i;:-"diil:Jt

    iron,

    A tumirr

    ium, Leo,-I, carciuml

    socriil,

    dp;;;

    giaze thorofore is
    glass, tho oolouris duo f,othopresenoe
    ^Jhu and is modified atosoft
    or
    ^" copper
    sorio extent by

    tton ."

    the presenco of lerric

    JouRNAL, R.A.s. (cEYLoN).

    . [Vor,. XXVI

    of a stone frieze, pointed out, to me by a little boy who


    knew it as the "Briile and Bridegroom." It should be
    noted that coral stone is not to be found in the neighbourhood, and that all the immense cprantity of dressed coral
    which littered the village, had at one time been employed
    for buildings, mainly of a circular sh.ape.
    The presence of several artificial mounds of a
    moderate size, for the largest of them probably ditl not
    exceed sixty feet in diameter, explainedl the abundance
    of the coral blocks. These mounds are the remains of
    d6gobas, and it seems strange that so large a number
    strouta be founcl in one small village. There were, I
    should think, quite a ilozen of them, ancl so far we have
    found the sione kotas of sixteen of them; a few of these
    kota,s at:e shor,vn in Plate II. There lvas no necessity to
    spend much out of the scanty stock of money available, in
    order to ascertain what these moundslvere. The largest,

    or one of the largest, is knorvn as the Turumpa Tidal, the


    Mound of the Turumpas, a very low caste equivalent to the
    These have
    Sinhalese Apullann6s, rvho live round it.
    been utilising the material of the dd,goba for many years,
    and when I visited the spot a }arge collection of the
    Ta'irakkal fro n the gu't'bhcr' had been ilug up and rn'as lying

    ready for removal. In various parts the sites of buildings were indicateil by rows of the stone bases of columns'
    These bases consist of large blocks of Vai'rahkal, sometimes three feet a,cross, roughly rounded, and showing
    on the top a cleep socket of about six inches square' r'vhich
    liad been meant to receive a column. Some of these
    bases stancl clear above ground, and some were founcl
    under a couple of feet of earth.
    The Tamil villager is intensely religious and frequently seehs a remedy for the ills of this life by erecting
    a Yayilavn" shrine, a remnant apparentLy of ancient llero
    rvorship. Often the shrine corsists of nothing more
    than an iron trident fixed on a stone or log of wooil and
    plaied undler a tree. Opposite this is set up a block of
    hard stone against rvhich on solemn occasions coconuts are
    broken to the honour of the ileitv' ancl several of the

    No. 70.--19l7.l

    Nl.eeofra.

    found utilised for this purpose, being fixed in


    the ground with the base uppermost. The most interest.
    ing of the coral stone finds, namely, the miniature dri,goba
    which is shown in Plate II. rvas also being similarly
    lsed. Numerous temples in the District, f was informecl,
    have drawn upon the ruins at Kantar6dai for limestone.
    On reaching one portion of the village, all interest
    in tiles, bricks and coral stone disappeared in the discovery of limestone remains. This iimestone, r,vhich
    is simiiar to what is frequentlv seen in Anurridhapura,
    is not to be obta,ined in the Peninsula, and along with
    granite had ail been imported from elsewhere. In this
    portion of the villapie'nearly every dwelling compound
    yielded some interesting specimen. The large fragment
    of the torso of u'hat must have been at one time a
    gigantic statue (see Plate IY.) rvas bein61 used at a weII
    for u.'ashing clothes on. A drain bv another well yielded
    the tallest of the iolas shorvn in Plate II., the base of
    the circular column in Plate III. and the mtrssive block
    of limestone on which the head is shorvn in Plate I\r.
    This last bloch is a coping stone, one of sever.al found
    at various spots., and is semicircular above with a flat
    base grooved dorvri the middle for setting in the plaster.
    Another rvell ;'ielded the specimen of Buddhist railing
    ornament shorrn to the right of Plate III. A fine specimen
    of this type, complete with a handsome projecting moulding on one side, is being used at a Kr4,li K6viI. These
    slabs were no doubt used in the ornamentation of drigobas,
    though f cannot suggest, the use of the similarly ornamented cylindrical block on the ieft of Plate III. and .which
    has a sochet at the top, unless it be the top of a pillar
    prepared to receive the capital. Tlie slab by the side of this
    last was found at an old woman's hut;it rn'ill be seen that
    it once formed part of a circle, the diameter of which Mr.
    Baker, Superintendent of Surveys at Jaffna, estimates
    at approximately 60 feet. This must have fo,rmed part of
    one of the basal rings of a dri,goba. A portion of a gianite
    pillar, buried as the door step of another hut, was the
    only specimen of granite found.
    hota,s were

    1,,
    \

    26

    JouRNAL, n.e..s. (cnvr,oN)

    [Vor,. XXVI.

    'What rvas perhaps of as much interest as anything


    else were the great fragments, sometimes nearly three
    feet across, of lime concrete' rvhich rvere found used as
    stepping stones and at rvells. This concrete is from five
    to six inches thick, and freely mixed with shells. I
    was tnlcl that there is an entire roadway paved with this
    concrete, but have not excavated for it yet. Some iittle
    distance a\rray, at the PillaiySr K6vil at Mhkayappi{dianother Sinhalese name-is the pretty sheet of rvater
    shown in Plate YI. On either side of the flight of steps is
    set up a blocir of ancient stonework; that appearing in the
    iilustration once formed the {eet of a gigantic statue oI
    either a loyal personag'e or of the Maitreva Buddha, as
    appeals from the Il|rakkal,tl on the ankles.
    Among the most valuable of the finds are the two
    portions of the body of an image of Buddha found
    separately iri a field lvhere there are some stone pillar bases
    ,in si.ttt,. The feet of this had been formed of a separate
    block or hail been broken off and subsequently fastened
    to the body by nreans of iron rods, the hollorvs for wliich
    may be seen. Similarly the right arm had been formed of
    a separate piece. The same field yielded the second
    largest kota in Plate II., as t'ell as the liead of a Buddha of
    heroic size shou'n in Plate T\'. The head had been broken
    off florn the body ancl the fracture had been repaired in
    the same fashion as in the case of the feet of the other
    Budrlha. 'Ihese seem to indicate a period of foreign
    invasion followed by a Buddhist revival.
    At the edge of this field is a dr{,goba, to u'hich the
    lrotahad probably belonged. A trench rvas sunk across a
    portion of this and revealed the fact that it was similar
    in its construction to the one at Chunnr{kam though of
    much greater size. There 'was horn'ever a striking }ack
    of the remains of plaster rvork. About ten yards
    be-vonil, amongst numerous stone pillar bases, Rrisa-

    lr
    It

    rl

    tl
    t

    n6yagam Mudaliyar detected a projecting piece


    of limestone which he insisted on my digging up'
    A lvhole clay was occupied in the task, the excitement of the workmen increasing with the increase

    No. 70.-1917

    -l

    rl,eaofpe.

    trhe block; at last with a shout of


    tr-iumpli they turned over what was found to be the body of
    an immense Buddha, the fragment weighing nearlv three
    quarters of a ton (Plate Y.). Ilere again the right arm
    had originally been formed of a separate block and has not
    5.et been traced. The left arm had been smashed in the
    fall arid nurnerous small fragments, including the portion
    shown in the illtistration, rvele dug up. It is quite easr-,
    hon'bver, to calculate frorn u'hat is left that the figure when
    cornplete must ]rave measuled nearly frve and a half feet
    across the shoulders. The image had forturiatelv fallen
    flom its tisarya on its face, and t,he folds of the clraperv

    in the apparent size of

    in beautiful preservation. tr'urther digging revealed


    a great block of a special quality of Va,ircr,khal, which
    appears in the middle of the Plat,e, lr'ith a raised circular

    are

    disc, on rvhich the image, which must have been sedent,


    $/as no doubt originally fixecl. At the same spot was
    founcl the slab of limestone appearing in the background; tlris is moulded dolrn one side and is marked by
    a fairlv deep large hollon' rvith a smaller and shallolver
    hollorr to the rig'ht o{ it. The corresponding portion on
    the le{t is broken. Mr'. Nathanielsz, D.8., Pallai, to whom
    I arn indebted for the photographs, suggested the explanation that this stone formed part of the flooring in front of
    lho d'sar.ta, and that the hollows had been formed where the
    knees and the hands respectively of hneeling worshippers
    rested on the ground. I think the explanation is hig.hly
    probable. The size of this image can leave little doubt
    as to the high degree of sanctity which once attached to
    the piace. The building in which it had been placed, so
    far as one can judge at present, consisted of a central

    nave mnning east and west, with aisles to north and


    soutlr. The dsana is at the s'estern end, and the image
    rvas placed facing the east, with a verandah or passage
    behind it. The floor was reached at the depth of four
    feet and rvas found to be of thick concrete. So far as
    tle excavation has gone this floor measures 56 feet
    from east to west, and 36 feet from north to south. 'Io
    the south of lhe d,satta and about ten feet from it we found

    1r

    ll

    ilf
    i

    !tl

    irlil

    JouRNAL, n.e.s. (cnvr'oN)'

    28

    [Vor. XXVI.

    is, rorrglr.ly, five feet sqrrare,'and


    s'hich
    nine inches thick. O; ti "'" ti* ilepressions
    the
    think
    to
    requile explanation, tt-ogft I -arn inclinecla hand'rt qaltt''
    or.
    d'so2za
    stone rvas rised either-ut i t'"2
    is si'gular'}v :1111'
    *'itli
    ;;l
    it;;"i
    tiles
    o{
    'I'he quantity
    horv the building
    to
    as
    and there is no certai" i"tcli"utioo
    of metal was
    came to be destloyed' Not a fragment
    anYrvhere.
    found
    -"---fft"
    a verY promrsrng
    *rJ*field acljoirliug on the east is-thick
    among stone
    up
    the iiles 'i'" }t""p"d
    .it",
    establishment
    tiiat a religious
    Uiii" f,".".. It is obvious
    one time occupieil these three
    at
    h'n'cl
    of great importance
    of i'he
    o'hi"i' are rvithin a shout's ilistance
    "i'iL""*l";,1*,
    1:4tuvil 'la nk.

    a fine slab of stone whiclr


    iliit
    11ii

    lti

    \\)

    rii

    Mr'.V.Mucllr'MuttuveluPillai'orieofthemost
    been of very
    lanclorvnels of Jaffna' s'ho ha'd
    nlorninorit
    tj'l'l"t ""t-t.a"**
    ini'quiries'
    our
    .f
    ltt trt" course
    well
    a
    while
    formetl mtl ttt"t to'o" years . back'
    llumerous lands in
    was being dt'g it orie of his at a depth of about
    the village, ttl" -"o'Lrnen found'
    to be a piece of scprare
    sixteeu feet, rvliat he consiclelerl
    preouori ."t io .ro1,p"r; this_he_ s.bsequently
    ;;;
    no
    can
    article
    the
    sented to n Catholic llr';"tt and
    otnament
    of crvstal
    lc-rnger be t.u""a' 'i specirnen at Anur6'dhapura
    {ouncl
    and
    descript-iorl
    to this
    me that in
    informecl
    I[" "1'u
    "t.lteri"*
    is
    on vierv at this il:;Jil'
    cores of
    the
    of
    oi millions
    orie triamlet tft""" l'l a"fosit
    of
    purposes
    for
    chank shells *'U"ft ttua been cut altl he himself
    of them'
    or''namert ; tt" tttutJ"i *" tn'rrt
    lime' was

    J
    utiliseit .".'",.I "*rtloacls for bulning a' i*il.strv
    of
    ancient-centre
    it'i*
    .nable to in'estigat"'
    Tle further told
    whiclL iu tto 1nog"1:'f"tt"a in Ceylon'
    b'v several others' that
    me, anrl in this tt" *uu "uonrmerl
    of gold are founcl
    neat sonre of the -"ttotlt fragments
    shorvets' anil I rvas
    iri the rl'aterr chan""it "fttt h"uoy
    the ancient beails' etc"
    able to c,btain u f"*-to"tples of
    t;t fv tlhe village trchins anil
    rn hich hail been ;;kn
    found- at Anur6'dhapura'
    w-liich are similar t" tft" u'ti"ltt
    cornelian seal engra'ec1
    He finallv p,"ttotnll ;;it;-;

    trrail

    No. 70.-1917.1

    lr-,(oenfpa.

    29

    vrith a \r-oman's head, and mounted in silver, ryhich had


    also been dug up in the village. The seal itself might be

    of an;' I{uropean agc, but the metal work is probably


    Portuguese; I find from the lloral that in 1645 among

    the lanrlonners of Candarcudde \4rere Izabel Soares, n,ife


    cla Sylveila Coutinlio; Mar.tirn Car:valho, and
    I,'rancisco Srtevro cle Ares.
    Kantar6dai appears to me to be a niiriiature
    Anurd,dhapura bur.ietl in the Tamil countly. Nothing
    gave rne more pleasule than to rvitness the intelligent
    interest with n'hicli my inr.estig'ations were {ollou,ed by
    tho villagers. Not one grudgecl to surrender his pro_
    pelty rvheu he rvas assured that they lrere being collected
    fol the benefit of his owu people, to be kept in a centlal
    place rvhere all could see tliern. Only n,her,e any masonry
    rvor'l< had to be destroyed u.as it found necessary to pay

    of Nanoel

    srne little .'r*pr-'.satio' t. assist iri


    tlie sarne.
    Mr. K. Thiyagalaja l,i1.lai, the on,ner of'estor:ing
    the land rvliere the
    chief excavations u'ere carried on, not only u-illirigly
    acquiesced in oril tlt-'spass, but, also rendered *. g.*ui
    assistance securirrg. the necessarv labour. Ali the i,orlc
    at Kantar6dai cost lerss than Rs. 100.
    I finallf ilvestig,ated Vimafkri,mam the uther
    Yihdla ruentionecl in the Nrt jtt, Ptttrr,. I liad no difficultv
    in traciug. tlie site of the building, and a moming's n,ori<
    iaid bare tl.o small <_,lrarnbers on an extensive site. I
    ex.rni'ecl tlie
    and peered down everv one of the
    'illag'e
    numerous rvells
    lr.hich l passed; in not a single other
    place did I find a fragment of coral or lirnestone.
    .. I had prefacecl this account bv the remarli that at the
    distarice of a rnolrling's stroll frorn K6,fk6sa,nturai TJud-

    dhist lernains $,e1re to be looked for, and. such remains have


    bcen discovered at the prtiper distance in ovelu,hehnirrg
    cluilltitv in a. coultr.r- sripposed to be clevoid of thern.
    I sug'g'est that Kantnr6dai is the scene of tlie Bur,lcllin's
    visit to Nrigadipa. Ale then the numerous /colrzs the
    lelics of I)evdnampiya Tissa,s ,,monuments,, ?
    I have done rny little, in a line of inquiry which is
    not farniiiar to me, to place before the public facts which

    ili
    'lii

    (cnvr,or). fVor" XXVI'


    seem to me to be of gleat intelest and which I think are
    of value to the stuilent; and I hope that this Society will

    30

    JouRNAr,, n.,r.s.

    be able, in the absence of an Archreological Commissioner,

    to take action to organise a systernatic investigation'

    'ili
    \\\rl

    rii

    No

    Plt,ocEEIrtNGs.

    70

    j
    -1917
    i " Mlclaiiy6r $. Vytliianathan read tire follorving
    sent in by J\4udaliy6,r C. RAsall,lYAeAM:-

    3t
    nobo

    ..N;iC+,\DII,A '' IN THE TAM{L CI,ASSICS.


    Abour the beginning of ,!h9 Iludrilhist era, Ceylon was
    peopleti by two races, the Yakkhas and Nd,gas, the fornlor
    occupyin.g tirrr oontre of tho Island, and the latter Nriqadipa
    in tiro north and l(alyrini (I{elaniya) in tlre rvest. -Theige
    t,wo r&ceFi ircca,nre oxtinct, centur:jes ago with the excoption of
    a fer,v s{,r'uggling survivors who wero absorbed into lho pe"-

    manoni; liopulation.
    Several a,t,ternpts havo been rnado to locate tho ancient
    N6,ga,clipa,, somo identifying it with tho srnall island of Nayin-

    d,fivu and obhers looating it near I{alpitiya.

    'flte ,ttfcr,ltd,uansa rela,tee how t,wo Nriga kings, Mahodara anti


    Cuiotl,r,ra, woro _preparing .rvith thoir armies io wage a war at
    N6gaclipra for the_ possession of a gern-set throno left by a
    Nh,ga quccn. Rucldha,_took cornpassion on thcrn anil appeared
    beforo thein and preachod to them a serrnon on reconcillation.
    'I'he_N6,ga iiings thereupon gladly gav,, up tLe genr_sot throno

    io tho tlivino sag_e, and {rorn that s"at he lBuddha) convertod


    eighty kolos of_ N6,gae to his faith_ ancl presented the precious
    thr,,9r1" to tho N6ga kings as an object bf worship.
    'lhis version of ihe second rzisit of Buddha io Ceylon is
    con'oboi:atocl in q,lrnost evury dctail by an ancient Tarrril
    Sariglranr work callotl Manimikalai
    Maryimdkal,ai, is a Tarnil poerri, written about tho middle of
    tho socond ce.n!u1y_ after Christ, by Chittalaich-Ch6,ttan6,r,
    a- poot of the third Tamil Safigham and a Butldhist. It treats
    about tho life of Maniui6kalai, the daughter of the famous
    dancer for rvhorq Koval::4, the hrlsband?t'kanlat<i, (k;;;
    as Fat,tini Dewiy6. in Sinhaleso) abandoned t i, f"ltfrfrri *iiu,
    a,nrl of her rernunciation of tho worlc{ and becoming a Bud,lhisi
    recluse. ITonco the Litle l[aryim6,kalai, Turaat, o, ihu .,Iionun_
    ti;ltion of Ma,nirndkalai,,'
    l{aniur6l<alai in the courso of her wandorings is ropresentecl
    to havo visited the island of Manipallavam, iohich iras then
    an important pJace of pilgrimage ior the Bucldhists. The
    place waJ_ due to" the presence of a gem_set
    l1o:tily__"t_lfe
    Ruddha. wliich had the inherenf,virrue of entigitening
    :li,J1
    Yn.'-belrolder about his previous births, and to the fict, thai
    Iluddha visited the isls,rid to s_et,tle a disp.,iu t ut*oun
    two Nr4ga
    kings, eaoli of whom claimecl the geat as'his.
    .rn 'J-'he 11or5i of Bucldha'svisit, to l\{anipu,llu,-,u,m is thus describod
    lIa,ni,nrlralar, Canto VIII. (l Z. ,$-6f
    ;:-

    '( @6r5nacdt

    p ^^lfi u ul:uJ et ! @ ao t!
    6a ;6 u n G at r Gt att ai;r
    F (pG or r ain 19 atr atr i
    otr b

    gFt aor qG,o

    aQ firi

    @;,tw

    a,^QGts.o o,fr*e

    pa gta@n us.J

    il

    ;t
    i)
    iil

    JouRNAL' n.e.s' (cnvr-ox)

    32

    qoarGttLgtt

    ,\\'
    "l

    ilj

    [Vor'' XXVI'

    (9^(9lP 8^'l8aos G^utnG p


    ratr

    6n n$66t

    gt

    in Canto VI. :p4nGtanq pdinZ;trtL

    8p;ior

    tiQaat-

    .oartfl3.a ao'snGt
    nomflu6,,s '.,tr,r
    a saitr p
    u9^ 1g .o ai;r%r aaor

    ^*afi

    piLat

    -2L0-2L4.

    ., The goddoss Manim6kalai+held thegirl in a close ombrace


    and beraring her southwards, thirtv go,janas through tho air,

    doposited her in wavo-girt Malipallavam and departed."

    to l3 rniles.
    ig, howevcr, usually caiculatod at 4 milers and tho distance
    of Manipallavam from the mouth of the K6rv6ri can bo safely
    sot down in nrileg as I20.
    In Canto Xtr, ooour tho following lilres :"tn'ard,s aaruetap Pr$$t atr fiat7i
    A.31ofana is a nreasuro of distanco varying from 3

    1,i,

    effulgent' ondowed
    }{i* i*"tni- seat of Dharma ofitssplendour
    boholders of -their previous
    enlightening
    of
    virtuo
    tr,r"
    -itr,
    two N6'ga- kings- fro-m tho
    tittfrt, there appeared' in contest
    himself' Ilnable
    th-e
    claiming
    t"gionu,'iu"it
    i;;;;
    -seat.for
    weretliey'tolenloveibnorc,ouldt,hoyridthemgelvesoft'heir
    otronq ctrJsire to possess it' 'Ihoro' while- with mighty armies
    if",'"".-"-"n"a a fiirce sirife with blood-shot eyes and hearts
    bade thern cease
    *iitt rage, the austero Nluni (Buddha)
    he pr-eached
    thereon
    seabed
    "nrL"
    Being_
    an?'rivalry.
    irr"i"'_i"ir"
    so rvorthv _of r,everence -even by tho
    i."tr,"* rri, Dharma.'excellence
    is tirat eeat' of Dharma which
    ;";;;; of matcliless

    rgvilngq9j-q{'"49t'-"k491lower " ig meant the countrios lying towards tho


    ;;;
    land.s were callod GroaOrS] aurb ancl those

    9t\ArBp e6g)

    rA| atfl t"p,@ GuLre%atr!


    ftaa+ ng,'ad fu G,ea;n g @aar q@!p

    ." pr

    ., ln tlie soa-girb iand of Marlipallavam


    there appeared
    Butoiu ;il; ;t"; of her thus wandering- alone'the King of
    the sreat, gem-seb e''al , placod. thete-by. (lndra)
    efful"
    spr"ading
    sple'rdour'
    beconiing
    o{
    soaL
    iir" 6"r".,iiit-a
    to
    t'he
    standard
    grouncl
    the
    frorrrB'ising
    light,.
    of
    rowards all direrotione
    "".t"r"""
    ili;;;-;i tlrroe"cubits and exrending
    set' all round with crystal glass
    il;3'-; *iair' or nine cubits,
    and exhibititg- *qtatu
    ; aiffututtt forms and shapes'
    ;;
    '
    "#tin""e"ii"
    (lotus) closign, stooil t'he seat of Buddha' IIere
    nor tho
    flowors'
    fragrant'
    but,
    any
    daie not, shecl"
    thi trees
    fluttoring plumes,
    bi".l_ d;." make noiso even with their

    word "

    33

    describod

    ,ACt@d*A Gt'"^''PQ Gaorn$ GPeirGP


    Qu-C, ctu- 1Pltfl 6t *fr(ry'p p lgtaarti5Sn
    Gu7q5-g,' @ Pu'7 P t1"rGu r. 9' , tu
    pg5i ,9,Yr"a G Prah fiuL Pr aGtaat "

    f,he

    PII,OCEED lNCS

    Sinhalerse chroniclo; and thero is sufficient material in Manimakalai to onable us to locato the oxact position of Malilallavarrt.
    ' It" dirt',,tr"e frorn I(6,viripprimpaddinam, tho ancionf capital
    of tho Ch6la oountrv, at the mouth of the rivor I(6,v6ri, is thuir

    LDt5

    eouth.' Tho northorn


    routh G $8 our;.

    No. 70.-1917 'l

    It js thorefore evident that the island of Manipallavarrl


    mentioned in Malt'imdkalai' is no other than N6gadipa of the

    (,9ots1
    n glt G nr
    @,ara'G
    '^98^rpgryug;a
    att-tm 19'Ea;rgt
    u gtlr, '+ gr 8t&av'r" &at nG
    . pe*n p a,6,, P; atn+ atr ^GnanG gt
    r g;t
    6 g)tu)Gn td6n gt B gtntgg 8e tr tfiu
    uia65G*';"
    P@o'g
    Jrt ^,6ryfin@aoP
    G'prr,iG*,r- *fi'_.- rcT L,,aarfrrt E'Yeas
    ,9ipu q^9* n a&Grro'ft uL pp paaa u t saar n
    G p$a nq5bd gr6t5r t-:W^
    ,AG^i ^#'.^, Gonq5^'fr P GP;T a;rfl
    8,J^S Gt,*'ai'r3P GuLGaa; !: Pgi
    6,nG'L-t6,m uPEt En'rgt Eaati
    Go,h*X, @atbga Gngrya;4ana qffii igtP
    s^Gur6@b Ge%orGur@ Gatggdao i t1E at
    an tL

    lit

    '

    to tho

    Gprn;guLi ennp;! geA SrArae

    ,u paQuL n G pGa,t natr q&2aoor nL r}u-t


    Epa?t Gue&rgutL Gttq5nsr-eu a9@ea r a'ttr u n rh gon p;r,a e9 p
    ^ p&

    G Cf

    (g

    gJ

    art ar>

    a G a,r ain @

    ar C G

    otf

    g', -21

    -26.

    to this (Matipallava,m) is Ratnadipa. In i0


    lofty peak Sanranta on whose summit are the foet
    of .Buddha, a ship of righteousness bo cross the ocean of birth.
    llhem have I worshippod and returnod hither."
    Again in Canto 28, f07-f09.
    " @ w a,r S ar $ gt e e n G g S 8,u aitr gtryS @ at kE %r
    orattatGanairrGSgr; p;q5Lnerramri.,'
    lCuiJg
    "

    Adjacent,

    sfands tho

    e,r>

    " T1." preachols of Dharrna who wore returning after worship.


    ping tire peaF. Samanoli in Lahk6,dipa,"
    Sarnanta and Samanoli both rofor to Adam's peak, for the
    sanctitv of the peak is duo to the presonce of Buddha's
    root-plints on it, and the samo is said to be at Ratnadipa
    or Larik6,dipa, thus proving that Ceyion was then known Lv

    borh tlrese narnes.


    ft should be noted here that, tho pilgrims who worshipped
    Adam's peak went to Manipallavam ior" the purposo of ciJing

    'fnu

    rouRNAr,, B,.A.s. (cEYr,oN)'

    34

    [Vor'' XXVI'

    to tho gem-sei seat of Bucldha on their way baclt


    to India.
    to tho Island o{ Lafik6' and
    As Manipallavam is adjacent
    '"t"tft
    t'he mout'h of the K6'v6ri'
    of
    tntl
    to
    as it is I20 miles
    tho. peninsula of Jaffna'
    with
    ib
    -i.t't["
    it is not difficult t. ia""tilyislhmus connecuing- it
    *rl*rr'rt ;".-l-lr"j-rr,t,"nt.r,t"f narrow
    days Llro }ll''tho
    in
    iy
    mainland.
    lh,'
    with
    ^early
    thus making
    Bengat'
    of
    euy
    lo-it't"
    u*rut'a"O
    phant-pass laeoon
    Jaffna an island'
    Manimd'kalai
    T'he closcription of the island as contained in even to-day'
    bo
    seen
    may
    what'
    oi
    ,".oo,'l
    is an oxcoll"rtt
    'Ihus in Canto VIIL, Iines 28-35:'-

    roverenco

    " G.a,r6at61r

    LJ

    paoattqn 'a9fr@u'pu IJpaaatul

    g;, g aQ I A n%'tu1 Gt ^' 6 nt rg G aa y' rg: gg at 9r


    aa's'L
    ,n dt k e Ge "''r
    ^'s'r't'
    aitt tyu
    ,-t ain a$l pu L1.ar^ft^n' n u naG p rq5b G
    u
    rr'7,GL'I'^
    ur&6ap naoran i
    oEolu Lro-uLq G*@Gt$t frAeg'
    ^f
    gtaa p46 g^a p(g^l' GnGnw p gair plgan
    -Q,

    uJr tha@nh $tfrG^""' ^"'


    .. Sho (Manirn6kalai) 1ys,1i6rod everywhere over the hacl<',;;t" throngcd witlr Lirtls.floating on lire wave*"t";;'r"tl;ii-*o"tittg
    aloit "wit'h outstrot'ched wings' Ilere tho
    creJ;;; ot
    again; yottd:l^j"
    cittl]ti liscs in it,u "it only lo dash-dow^n
    nue wrtrcrt'
    t,ho Muluua,l *;5h {sld' d wings-birtls ol evPrY
    themselvls
    ranging
    roo:t
    l<ings,
    as
    bhcir
    *fin'i#;-^Jfu'"*urr"

    t"

    ro

    enc&mp"cl'
    rosemblt, thc opposing hosls of kings aL wa'r

    "=
    iotg *"ttay do'tls "titrtd these back-waters'"
    *SuJh
    ;;";
    a {amiliar sight to a sportsman
    i"a3"a

    who

    ""oota"f'u in Jaffna'
    freouents the back-rT-atcrs
    A'n,l again in C"nto XI.' lines 2'5:-

    6BaaL- ,o*,frG^ s2atp,rd&r


    }'artafu.l,aa:r p geir p1y;6 ^9 fr ug G+r%'>qt p t ga p at' Gg:r96Gd
    q6dr p' alr,;t
    p
    "'*'aa
    ^;\r
    a r a,tr pti @ rP,w '"
    t(naarfitL6,.s

    "

    aoat

    At Malipallavam. when Ma4im6tr<a1a had slowly -wandoretl


    kdtsaiam,* looking at tho rvfrit'e sand duneg' blossominq

    ,Uolrf

    orowes" &nd nonds of cool waters"'


    .'Tl;
    *Lit,i-t."a dunes are still familiar
    IandscaPe.
    ^-i;-i"'th*reforc

    features

    of

    our

    to by the Sinis identical i'ittt- th" J:lftna peninsula' It


    as N6,gadipa to those-in South Cevlon' as it wag
    clear that N6'gadipa referred

    frr^fu*u- chooniclu"s

    ;;tl";;;

    -* A r;;;r.te o{ distance, said to be about ten rniles' or 7\ nd'likui


    {si"h-;;;;J' t"alkilg clist'ance' Is the word kd'aatarn derivod frorn
    iintr. fl"tl,'o ot t'ice rersa ? -F,'1"

    35
    Pn0clilrDlNGS.
    No.70.--1917'l
    nonrrlated bv iho tribe of N6,gas, and known by the beautiful
    lfanipallavarn+ fo the Buddhist pilgrims of South
    I"ir"

    i;;i". "iWhether

    the latter namo owed its origin to tho presence


    of goms Qr.aarfl mor.ti') or to sand (rcomrat mana!'), it is now
    difficult to saY'
    As Jambukola, in N6,g:r,dipa was tho northeln port, of the
    Island of Ceylon in ancionb times, and as N6,gadipa was an
    imoorf,anb centre of pilgrimage to the Buddhists, settlers from
    hriia and South Ceylon no doubt crowded into the country,
    and the N6,gas, either by subjugation or by absorption, becamo
    extinot; whiie tho Tamils and Sinhalese lived side by sido in
    ueaco and harmony for soveral centuries, as is evident, from
    iho .,nr.ro" of viliages and lands still found in tho poninsula.
    flnless the Tamils and Binhalese livsd side by side at the
    same tirne-at one titne under the yoke of thc Tamil kings,
    and at another under that of the Sinhaleso kings-theso nam6s
    rvould not have survived at all.
    llhat the N6,gas lvero olborved

    out can be soen frorn tho


    f:rct that a villago by the narno o{ N6,gar-k6vil is in the
    oxtreme east, and an island by the namo of N6gativu is in
    the extreme west. This island, 'rvhich at, the timo of the
    anthor of t}:a Nampota was known as N6gativu, has lost that,
    namo and is now called Nayin6,tivu, as a .Brahmin called
    Naiynd,pattar settled at the place and robuilt the temple
    that was in ruins at the tirrte of his arrival.
    'lhat the Ndgas wero absorbed into the lator settlors of
    North Ceylon is evidence<i by the presence of such namos a,s
    l{rigan, N6ganrma, N6,gi, N6,gama4i, N6,gamuttu, N6,galihgam,
    N6g6ndran, &c., and by tlie worship of N6,gatarabir6,n and

    N6,gamm6i.

    ilho pott, of Jambukola was probably what is no.rv known as


    Janrbu-turai or Sambal-turai, three miles west of tr{irimalai.
    rhmbukola,, or, more correctly, Jarubuk6la, is more a Ta.mil
    na,rrre than a Sinhalese one. It is akin to Jambuk6lam or
    .Ianrbuk6va]arn (k6aalctm-s, cape or head-land), a namo givon

    to the head-land over the harbour, to distinguish it from


    I(6valam on the extreme west and Kat-k6valam on the
    cxt'renre east (noar Foint-Pedro), on the northern coast of
    bire Feninsula. If Mr4tota nea,r Mann6r could havo et one
    tilno servecl as a chief port where Greek and Roman ships
    ';ode af anchor, Jambu-turai could certainly havo sorved as
    tho landing placo of Safrgamitt6, and her B6-fioe.
    It is stated in the Mahductr^tsa, that, D6v6nampiya Tissa
    planted at Jambukola one of the plants obta,ineh irom the
    original B6-tree. IIe erected also a Vih6,ra at the port of
    in Nrigadipa; likewise the Tissamah6,vih6,ra and
    {"*bokol"
    the
    Priein6,vihrira at the same port. The ruins of a vihr4ra
    and a d6,goba, e.t a spot still called by the villagers Gothu,r."rj::O"."

    ihis nanle rvith l\'Iani-n6gadipa of some of tho Sinhaleso

    36

    t,

    JouRNAL. R.A.s.

    (cnvr,on). [Vor,. XXVI.

    p16trrw6-6 corruption of B odhi,maluua-wilhin a hundrod yards


    of Jambuturai, frobabty mark the spot- whete tho Bd-troe was
    plantod; and adextensive tract of land in Chulipuram, about
    half a mile to the south of Jambuturai, called Tissamaluwa,
    D6v6,nampiya 'Iissa's viait'
    probablv proserves the memory
    'Atof Tissamaluwa
    as well as at
    iud of "his Tissamahtivih6,ta,.
    Bodhimafuwa c&n even now bo seen tho bases of pillars, such'
    as &re so frequent at Kantar6dai.
    The Buddhlstic importance of Jambukola can be also seon
    from the existenco Uy tfre sea-ghore of a spot called Tiruvadi
    Nitai (pqpa+fol%n, the place o{ the sacred foet ) within a
    quarter'ofi mile oI the port. This is norv usod by th.e Til{":.

    tbr the putposo of perlorming their funeral and Antiydshdd


    at ono time have con4nfrGuai4ty rites; but it must
    l3uddha, as thr: Tamil namo

    tained an impression of the ieel, of


    implies. The ioot-print, must, have been an object of worship
    foithe Tamil tsuctdirists and takesus back to the time whon thtr
    majority of the Tamils too were Buddhists'
    From the extensive Buddhistic ruins that can be found
    over a large area of the village of Kantar6dai, one is led to
    think that" specinl Royal favour was bestowed on it for the
    erection of Vil'r6,ras and D6,gobas; and as many suoh acts are
    rnentioned. in the Ma'htiua4,sa., I(antar6dai mB,rks the spot
    whero Buddha landed and preached his Dharma on hig second
    visit to Coylon, and where MaTim6kalai saw tho wonderful
    gem-set selt, which made her conscious of hor previous
    births.

    8. Mn. W. F. Gulrlw.tnDrrANA, Mudaliy6,r, expressed his


    great appreciation or' Mr. Pieris' Paper, which openetl-up quite
    a no* fiuld of research in connection r'vith tho history of Ceylon'
    IIe hoped tho work initiated by Mr. Pieris rvould lead to greab
    resulisl With rrrgarcl to arr incidental point, however, he had to

    oxpress his disagrr'.ement. Sapumal tr{um6ray6, was not tho son of


    Paid,krama B6r[u VI., but oniy his adopbed son. Tlne Selalihi,r.t'i'
    Sancl'd,saga makes this plain. 'llhat, rvork r,r'as composed- to pray

    fo the tirtelary god of i(elaniya {or a son to tho I(ing's daughter


    Ulakudaya D6vi, to succeed to the throne; and in the samo
    r.vork, m-ention is made of Sapumal Kunr6,ray6, as alroady a sucoessful general just then returning frorn the conquest of Jaffna.

    If he was the King's

    own son, there 'lr'oulcl have been no occasion

    for a daughter's son to succeed to the throne.


    9. Ms,. R,. C. I'nocron-a,rter introductory remarks-Baid:-

    In tho Tamil books of 1,800 years ago, the aubhols allude to


    the sinking of a'r island between India and Ceylon owing to an

    earthquake. That

    a portion of our

    v'estern coast' was en-

    croacded upon by the sea is also attestectr by historians' If wo


    B,ssumo thai the" harbour " Jambukola " referred to in the 2nd
    century B. C. still exists, then the argumente advanced by -the
    lecturdr identifying it rvith I(6,irk6santu4ai rnay be -accepted -as

    worthy of consideiation. Buddhism prevailed in South India

    No

    " 70.-1917 .l

    PR,OCEEDINGS,

    37

    to reviv.o'
    till the l0th century A.D., since when $aivism bogan
    s"l.itu I{ines, hoivover, were tolorant onough to patronise
    of tho
    The
    b"iafri** b*otn ;n Ceylon and South India.
    -object
    grant
    of-a
    record
    tho
    to
    plato
    was
    Leydon
    on
    the
    Inscription
    by a Saivite King (Ii,bja R6,ja I.) to a Buddhist templo
    '
    Nigapatarn.
    s,t,
    -"iir"ei
    ftt iho roiqn of Bhuvan6ka B6hu I. (L272-1288) a lfamil Commander, AriJra Chakravarti, captured tho city Subhagiri (Y5'pahu)
    and carried away the venerablo Tooth'relic to .laffna.* It was

    the Sinhaleso King aftor many years. Thero woro


    butidhist ternples in Jaffna during this period. According to
    iltu vai,pararrZloi', in 1380 (Saka) tne Jaffna King had arnisundorstanding with Bhuvan6ka B6hu, tho Sinhalese I{ing,
    rlsarding th6 pearl fishory and vanquished the latter' Tho
    wfiole o"t trlafi<ai (Ceylon) carqo under the flag of Jaffna
    ("Gemini" holdingalyro) for 12 yoars. Through thointeriuru*"u of the Pdnlyttt King, who-porsonally guaranteed tho
    duo payment of a tribute, which was settlod, t'he Kandyan
    Kingdoin was rostored to PardLkrama B6,hu. Wo know what
    followed when a successor of the Sinhaleso l(ing rofused to pay
    the tribute and caused the agents of the Jaffna King, who woro
    sent to clemand the payment, of thetribute, to be hanged.- .It is
    said that a general of Lhu Jafftt" King comnrandod the Chinose
    army, who captured the Sinhalose King who was carriod away
    as captivo to China.
    Ac'oording to bina Vai'pattamtilai and some Portuguese w-riters,
    tho wictory-of Sapumal Kum6ray6, was not, easily won. fn t'-w.o
    ur.gu,gurn"ittr thd Sinhalese army had been worsted. At this
    poiiid *utty Sinhalese lived in Jaffna as subjects of the Jaffna
    king. Thelo took up arms, joining the enemy' What tho
    vaio-ur of the Sinhalese a,rmy had failed to accomplish, -that
    the trait'or's arms and disloyalty among ths Sinhalese inhabi'
    tants of Jaffna securod for Sapumal Kum6ray6,. Ths section of
    peoplo referrecl to in the Paper s"s Dol'uuct'ra,s fighting.on the sido
    bt ino Sinhalese, perhaps] if the suggestion implied ly.tho
    rvord bo accep.ted, don6ted a people-who were "Religious
    Metayers " livihg on the lands which were the gifts of the Jaffna
    I(ing to BuddhiJt temples. llowever that nray be'- tho Jaffna
    King had to flee the country with his Queen and two sons'
    Jaffna fell into the hand.s of tire Sinhalese. Sapumal Kum6'rayd'
    ruleci Jaffna for two years and departed to I{6tt6. leaving tho
    principalitv to bo ruied by his brother, who rvas known os
    Punchi Baa{6 alias Jaya Wira al,ias Jaya R6,hu. The latter

    restorod to

    a Tirre Mahauarpsc distinctly statog that Arya Chakravarti was " a


    great Ministor " sont bv "the hve brethrsn n'h6 governed tho Pandian

    f,ingdom." He carrie"cl away the Tooth-relic a--nd " roturnod to ths


    Paridian country. And there he gave tho Tooth-relic unto the king
    Kulasekhara " (Mnu. xc., 43-47).. -Thut" is not a word oI Jaffns'
    Arya Chakravarli figuros in tho Tiruppull6r.ri inscript,ion of the
    37bh vear {A.D. 1305) of lldqa*arman Kulasokharal. (Anntol Ireport
    on Epigraphg, No. ll0 of f 903).-.Od.

    JouRN,{I,, R.A.s. (cEYx,oN). [VoL.

    B8

    XXVL

    rulod Jafina for l5 years, compelling the Jaffna people to adopt


    tho Sinhaleso dross, manners &lrd cust'oms ancl severely punishing thenr if t'hey followed their own usages. The Jaffna King
    roturned with an army from India and drovo out the Sinhalese.
    Parar6,sa S6karam, the eldcst son of the King, assumed tho
    Crown, ancl punished the Sinhalese for their traitorous conduct.
    I suggest, that tho ruins cliscoverod of Buddhist ternples,
    bolong to this date. In South Ccylon about fhis time, the Buddhist priesthoocl was actively participating in Court intrigues
    and political murders, and encouraging r.var and plunder.* It,
    would not bo strango, ttren, if Parar6sa S6kararar ordered tho
    expulsion of tho Buddhist priests from Jaffna.
    The referenco 1,o " Turumpars," a kind of low caste poople,
    boing near tlte Tid,al (mound of ruins) as its custodians, was to
    a people analogous to whose caste thero w&s nono in India
    to-day.
    Till recent times, they wero peoplo consignerl to livo away
    from the rest, and whonever they went out they were expected
    to trail a sheaf of palmyrah olao behind, so that the noise of the
    trailing olas would notify to the other class of pcople that
    "'Turumpars" wore about, and those who coutrcl notheartho
    sound saw the traco of the olas on the sand. Thoy were not
    allowed to leavo thoir: hamlct oxcopt after dusli. Thc irnplication o{ the custom is that this people wr:ro such an aooursed lot
    that the rest of the people were providccl against the rnisfortune
    of boholding their faces and the chanco of t'reading on their
    foot-prints. Tlowever, the " Turumpars " of to-clay are reputed
    to be well versed in the blacl< art of Chtiniyam, Pelli', &c. I
    suggest that these people are tho clescendants of the lay custodians of the Budrlhist tornples, when they existed, and that today they bear silent testimony to the terriblo punishments inflicted on their forefathers for disloyalt'y to the T(ing and tho
    State (Rdiad,rolta).
    Sapumal was a Tamil. Ilis name being Senpaka Perum6,1,

    probably a, Vishnuvite by religion. His fathor was a South


    Indian adventurer who was received at the Court of K6tt6 with
    greab marks of favour, for he was versed in the military scienco
    of the day, being a Panikkan bv caste.*
    The namo "Bhuvan6ka B6hu" of which "the gods are reminded

    " at the Kandasw6,mi tr(6vil at Nalhir has no reto Prince Sapumal. It reaily refers to Bhuvan6ka

    overy day

    forence

    first,Iaffna King who occupied


    Nalhir. It was he rvho had the temple built and the same
    dedicated to the god Kandasw6,mi in 870 Saka according to the
    Br4hu, the Frime Minister of the

    Kag'il,tig

    amdlai a,nd

    aipa,ttamdlai,

    10. Mn. D. S. \{rrnvpsrucgn, said:It was only in Soptember last that Mr. A. Mendis Gunasekara
    published ln " Ceglon Notes and' Querdes " an account' of N6rga-

    dipa, and tho learned author locates it, in Put,falam and Chilaw
    + Mr. Proctor should givo his roforences for these statemente.-Zd

    No.

    70.

    PR,OCOi'DINGS.

    39

    -1917'l
    rlistricts. Tho learnod author of to-da'y's Paper means to locato
    if in J,,ffna. Now, it is not a question of finding out' who has
    iri proving this seerning difference. Irrobably both
    ".."oeodu.t
    rieirt lrecause our ancienb lluddirist and historical wotks
    *ro
    g,,eali"of tlrro" N6gadipas, and, I tirink I am not wrong in
    a'sserting that, the thircl Nrigadipa is whlt ris known as I(glairiva; Ioi' wo lind. in the first clrapter of the Mahtiuaryso' thab fir

    tirlo confli,rt betwi:en the N6,ga kings Mahodala and Culodara,


    the maternal unclo oI }lahodara tho N6,ga king of Keialiya,
    i\ianiairichiktr by narnc, proceecled tliero to engtrge in that war

    nn,[ ho having hearcl t]re aermon preached by Budd]ra supplioated hirn to visit hisplace of residonce,I(elaniya. 'Ihe Saman

    tok&la War\Landu;a al}udos to this visit.

    N6,gndipa noed not nocessarily bei an iglet,. Di'pa,need not bo


    a plau,, entilely strrrounded. by water. A portion of land somowl-rat dctachod from the mainland may bo a' d,i'pa. The term
    tl,6pa is used to give some importance to t,he place.
    'lhe oxisience of Budcihist, ruins in Jaffna is not strange. Wo
    Iind in tlr:.o Yd,lpd,na Vai,pala Md,lai or the history of the
    l<ingdorn of Jtr,fftra at page 19. bhat in tho Sal<e, year 870 in tho
    a gleat disturbanco arose
    rerign of ViltirrrLruasihkai Ariyan'F,
    'Y6,1p6,narn
    between tho Sinhalese of
    n'ho r'verer lJuddhists and

    the llamils in nrabbers connected with religion. The lliLrg inquiret'l into the rnatter and executecl Punchi Rand6L, 1,he ringieader of the Sinhalese. L.lntii an expert can undertake to say
    tho probablo ago of these irnages, it, is urrsafe to eonolurlo that
    thoy wero eroctcd in comlnemonation of ttro event referred to in
    t,he presont Paper.

    tl. Ifuhandirarrl l4lar,rsn Saltenasrwcss offered the following corrtrnents:Ife was of opinion t'hat the theory advanced by the last

    speaker (Mr. n{rijeyesinghe), viz., that Kelaliya rnight be tho


    NS,gadipa referred to was negatived by the detaiis of the stoly
    as appea,ring irrti:le lValtd,uo,tpsa, which shorved thal tho King of

    Kelaliya had travelled to the scene of the battlo from his own
    seat to Bupport one of tho combatants, and that, he thore, in
    N6gaciipa, had invited the Buddha to {avour him also with a
    visit to llelaniya, which the Buddha did on liis third visit, to
    the Island. This makes it impossible that the N6gadipa of the
    eecond visib was also Kelaniya.

    Another point to be observt:d was that the narrafor of the


    story in tho Mahtira1tsa referred to those N6,gas in conflict as
    " hill N6gas," so that it suggestod itself to one to locato the
    scene of the conflict in tho hill countrv. In this connoction it
    was intoresting to note that, the Nrigadipa visited by pilgrims
    was in the tTva Digtricb, not far from Mahivafigana, and that

    ,builrling
    ] The date Saka 870 occurs only on p. l? with referonee to tho
    of the' Kandasv6,mi templJ at Naitrir ny this king's grantl-

    fathor.---E'd.

    40

    JouRNAL, n,.A.s.

    (cEyLoN). fVor,. XXVI.

    this idontification seemed to be in pursuance of traditiontradition which, in theso matters, not infroquently proved to be
    more reliablo than findings based on Archeological research.
    It might also be montionoil that there was a gd,thlr, familiar to
    the worshippors of the Budclha, rvhioh rnentioned ail the sixteen
    sites supposed to have been visited by the Buddha. AII the
    other fi{toen wero particular spots guch as Mahiyahgana, or Sri
    P6da, or Kelaliya and a whole peninsula such as suggested by

    the learned lect,urer would not fittingly find a place in such a


    category. It suggested Nd,gadipa as a spot of small area, rather
    than an extonsive tract of country. It was not clB,imed thet
    those facts altogother outweighed the other facts from which
    the learnedllcturer had derived his conclusion, but the Bpeakor
    considered that they might merrely be added to the body of

    fact's upon which speculation could bo based.

    Mudaliy6r tr-iasanayagarn, in tho courso of his Papor, had


    also raised tho intoresting theme of the probablo amalgamabion of t'ho original Sinhalese inha,bibants of the Jaffna peninsula,
    and of thc N6,gas with tho Tamil invaders, as ovidonced by the
    survival of the Sinhalese place nanros and of the term N6,ga in
    the names of porsons. Thero were many incidents oven in ther
    Mahdaa,r.tsa nan'ative which went t,o show that the aboriginos,
    the Yakkhas and Nrigas, were not completely wiped out but
    coalescr,d

    with the racos which

    succeeded

    them. One

    such

    roference r'vas the assistanco received from certain Y:r,l<khas,


    with wirom he subsequently sharod the sovereignty, by Panduk6bhayr, the first I(ing to roign at, Anur6,dhapura. Tihough it
    may rlisappoint those'who are weddcd bo notions of raco puriry,
    the fact seemL.d to be that, the Tamils of the North absorbed
    tho N6,ga ancl Sinhalese population whom thoy subduod, just as
    the Sinhalose absorbed the Yakkha, N6,ga and Tamil elements
    they touncl in their nridst. As a S.inhalese tho spcaker took
    pricle in tho reflection that, the Sintralese had contributed to the
    evolution of the enterprising race of the Jaffneso.
    L2, Itn,. F. LE\r.rs, the next speakor, produced a ma,p, a copy
    of an old map which is in tho British Museum. It 'lvas nrado
    by Ptolemy in tho {irst century. Listening to the most excelIont Pa,per read by Mr. Pieris, he found certain spots rxren.tioned
    in the Faper on that map. He might mention one spot. He

    would speil tho narne and leave its pronunciation to his


    hearerg. It x'as Nanaga Diba. The spot on the map was north
    o{ thc. l\{ahaweligaTga on tho eastern side of the country. It
    wes not exactly noar .Iaffna, buf not, \rory farfrom it. It rvas

    shown as approxirnately oast of Anur6Ldliapura. R,eferring to


    tho map Mr. Lewis said that there was another Bpot on it which
    oould be recognizrd as Trinconralio, imrnodiately south of it was
    thr-. Ganges, the namo given by Ptolemy to the Mahaweliga4rga.
    Then there was anothor place markod l3okana, tho Okanda of
    to-da;r. Then again therer was Baracas Fluvius, which was tho

    Iiumbukktr,n

    River. He (Mr. Lewis) said ho would present

    copv of this map to t'ho Museum.

    No" 70.-1917

    +l

    PIiOC]I]XI)INGS.

    lroro ol T'rr,rxxs 'r'o 'r'tln Lncrunl:n.


    13. Dn. Nolr, said that he felt sule h.o was spes,king on
    belialf oi all present, in asking tho Chairrnan to B,ocord a vot of
    thanks to NIr. Pir.lr'is fol tho very inboresting Paper. He pleaded
    guiltv to Lawing taken down a fow notcs while tho Paper was
    Leing re,L.l. but did not' do so to raise any discussion. Mr.
    Pieris had broken new ground. Thero w&s no doubt it was
    most vB,luable that there shouid be new facts. Mr. Pieris had
    drar.vn inferences which wor6 very strongly supported by facts.
    I{e was porfectly certain that, tho best solution would bo to visit
    Jaflna ancl see the ruins. Speaking entirely for hirnsolf, he w:is
    convinoecl of the justice of the inferences NIr. Pieris had drawn.
    FIe ploposod a hoarty voto of thanks to 1\{r. Pieris for t.he excoptionally intoresting and vory oarefully prepared Paper.
    (Applause.)

    14. Thc Cu.rrnltrr.N:-l bake it, gontlomon, you all agree with
    rnotion of Dr. Nell. I will not, detain you at, fhis lato hour,
    but I should like to rnention, with loferonce to the suggestion
    nrtlder i.ry Mr. Pieris at the conclusion of his l,aper, that this
    Society will not bo able to orgarLize a systematic exploration
    ther

    as suggested, as our resoui'ces are vervlirrrited, and Governrnent


    itsclf is not in a position to help us; in fact, it has withdrawn
    t'r'orrt us tho grant to rvhich r,ve have been accusi,omod for yoars.

    1 rvould soggest that Sinhalose gontlemen, spi:cially .tsucidhlsts.l sel sorue of thern hero, gentiemer of considerable wealth,-

    I wurrltl >uggosl, Lhat tlrey lr,.ip LILc Society witL iunds to c&rrv
    on this_mosl proruising inverstigation. 'Ihey.rvill be ioliowing the

    cxarnple of r.vealthy mon in other cou rtries. ltrr. Ratan ;lata


    oI liombay, e.g., has contributed twenty-thousand rupees yea,r
    for sonro yoars to carry out the exploration of t6e ruins at,
    T'atalaputra near' IJucldha-Gaya. I cio not, asl< tor.so rnuch.
    \4rlra,tever is given, the Society will see it uscd to the best
    aclvantage under the dirsction of Ntrr. Picris and ll,ith the
    co-opcrs,tion of the Govornment Agent, Nor.thorn provinco. I
    havo. rrruch_ pleasure in conveying to Mr. Pieris our hearty
    thrnks for his most intlresting Ie,;lure. (Loud applauso.)
    15, Mr. Pieris in acknowledging the vote of thanksclesireclto
    ,'xflrrbs his gralifi,.aliun, nor indei.tl as tlre autirol of that little
    ['aper, but as the Vico-President of the Socieiy, a,t the resulf of
    that' night's debate, {or he anticipated sevela"l paper:s from tho
    biil"* speakers. Her hopecl Guiau,ardhana Mucialiy6r would
    settle 1or thern once and fc,r all whethor Sapumal i{um6,ray6,
    was sorl or gttrndson or adopted son or gon-in-la,rv of par6,krama
    t{e_hoped Mr. Proctor would give them a Papor on the
    ]]Pnl,.
    nuntyclm chalnrs of tho Turumbar, a subject ho rvi,s so weil
    r_r,

    clualifiod to cleal with. l'here had been nrany referernces


    niqlrt to the Vaiprtua Mdtai, 'Ihat is a moau.r, compilation,that
    of
    no authority as it stands. Tliere are uncloubtedly to bo
    11,_11",.,.
    lound
    in if valunble traditions and importanf, cluos, but the
    !^"-":"tt texb is very corrupt, and he liopecl 1t[r. proctor wouid
    serrously
    take u1, the question of editing the text and preparing

    "io{tRNAL, F,.r4,.s. (cEYLon). [Voi,' XXVI.

    42
    a nelv

    translaiion. Lastly, ho expocted from UIr. Lewiu a Paper

    on the valuable l\{ap which ho hacl presentecl to t'ho Society'

    As {or N5,gadipa, t}re eviConce of Xlar1,i,mdtcala'i, t'a'ken rvit}r the


    Mahduat.nil. nlrrativ,r, placed it be;rond doubb that in t'he
    seconcl century of the Chlistian era, tho site of 1,he Buddha's
    seeond v:isiL was believod to be in Jaffna; the doscription in
    Mat"timdkal,ai is unrnistakahle. IIe concluded by stal,ing that
    a Membel of the Society's Council had placcd a sum of money
    at his clisposal for continuing tho work of excavation,

    16. Vorn ol Tuaxrs ro rHE Csern.


    Mn. Lowrs proposed a hr:arty vote of thanks bo tho
    Chairman.
    Mr. C. P. \Mr,lprrnn.lrr'rs seconded-Carried.
    llhe meeting terminated at I1-45 p.m.

    1?. NOTII ON MIi. PII]RIS' PAPER,.

    llv 1\{n. Joux i{. Srn.q.vnne.lrNn.


    'I'ire Pa,por is undoubtedl;z a valuable contriilut'ion, nob so
    much lor tho light-consitlerable though it be-rvhich it' throws on
    * matier- hitheito cornparatively little hnown, a,s for the ileid of
    activity i'u opens up in a direction {uil oi. vast possibilities'
    Mr. Pieris; discolsel'ies sorve to confirm what was for a' long
    time suspe'cteci and more iecently placccl beyond all tloubt by
    the valui,ble resealches of Mr. B. I{orsburgh' C.C.S. :i'nd }Ir'
    J. I'. Les'is, C.l{.C}., C.C.S. (Retd.,) viz., a Sinhalese Ruddhist

    No. 70. -1917.i

    PR,OC}'E

    A'

    D IN GS

    iine stan<iing Buddha image-the Valliprrrarn Buddha-set up


    in th,: Old Park at Jaffna. trt' was dug up a' long timo :-lgo at
    |h. villag.. of Vallipuram and, according to 1\{r' Lewis, romainod
    in tho lurnber-room of thc Vailipuraur femplc for yoars until,
    it over to
    in 1902, ho tr'sked the Manager of tho tempie to hantl
    .b]re
    in
    Old Park
    trn'd
    it
    set,
    up
    Lewis
    Mr.
    done.
    rvas
    w]ricll
    frirn,
    r,L once,

    but in 1906 the image " wlrs Drcrilntecl

    b5r Governor

    Sir Henry lllake to thc .iiing of Siarn' who was particularly


    ,n*i,rnn do have it, as itwas supposed to be of an archaic type"'
    I anncx print$ of pliotographs of the Cliurlnrii<anr and Vaili-

    puram Bucldhas. E
    In vierv of the intere,sting discoveries marle by Mr. Pietis ncar
    oboui thc spot rvhere the Chunn6,iram Budclha was unotr'rthed,
    it seorns aimosb certain that, sinriiar-or even botter-results
    wiil be obt:rined fi:orrr oxcavation work at Vallipuram, " for it is
    grirl to bc the site of a city, long ago buried in the sa,nd heaps."
    Ycars aqo Mr. X-owis found it strewn with r'vhat, at ilrst sight,
    appeare<.I to be rnasses of coral rock, bub on exam.ination it r,vas
    found that, the seoming rochs r.ve;e not rocks at all, but v'ere
    fornro<l of a species o{ cetnent u'hich irlohe in1,o pioces on being
    sl,rucl<. The ext'ent, o{ tho sand heaps containing these nl&sses
    of brol<en cement blocks is said 1,o bo tl,roe nriles in length, from
    rrorth-lvest to south-cast, and one mile in width. Ai one spot
    bhero was a dense heap of broken pots, tiles, et,c., showing that
    lhoro rnusb have been a settlement of potters there. Arnong

    tho other "finds" a't VallipuralTr was a,n.[raka or l)aralta

    Siniralose coin of very debasecl gold.


    The three suggostions which l\[r" Pieris advances tent'atively
    (pago f 9) havo an air o{ plausibility whieh rerakes thern interest'
    i"g. il'ho eviclonce we have, howeverr, is'too contraclictory to

    occupation od the Peninsula betore the Tarnils.


    Mr'. Iforsbutgh wroto in July' 1916:" That the Sintrralcse ocoupied the nolthern portion of the
    rnainlancl, whicir is raorv Ta,rnil country, -uhcre is ample evidence

    justify any dogmatising at presc'nt,. They aro a,t, least worth


    testing, but thin cannot, very well be undertaken at such short

    evidence furnisiretl i:y tlio place names they havc leit behind
    them, corroboratcti Oy ttre very ferv stonc relics that have beon
    found."* And this evidence of place-names he has discussedt
    with an insight and scholarship which oannot but ptove helplul
    to a due appreciation of tho results' no\'v befole ug, of Mr.

    Peninsula of Y6,p6patuns-Mr. A. Mendis ()unas6kara, l\fuda1iy6r, has-to mv nrind, verry forcibly-derrronstlatedf rocently
    (l) tirat thi: name N6,eadipa was originallv applicd to an island
    and ai.terwarcls to the mainland cornprising at, ieast the maritime part,s of Fut,talarn and Chilaw distlicts, (2) that in course
    of birne, orving to natural changes, N6gadipa irecarne a part of

    carvod in stone all ovol the l\fannar and l{ullaittivu Districts,


    but, the faot lhai they wo're setbled also in tho Jaffna Pcninsula
    beforo the 'Iarnils canie, deponds for its proof mainly on tho

    Pieris'labours.

    Mr. Lewis too has given us

    sonee interest'ing in{ormat'ion

    about Buddhist remainsln the J'affna Perninsulaf and it is to his


    efforts, I think, tha't we owe the discovery of the " fine imago
    of the Buddha" from Chunndkaru, rvhich Mr. Pieris rofers to on
    page 20 of his Paper. Thele was, till eleven ye&rs ago' anot'her

    " Ceylon Antiquary, Vol. II., P. 54.


    t lbid, Vol. IL, PP. 54-58; i67-174
    I lbid. Vol tl., PP. 96-97.

    notico and within the limitations irnposed on a Note such as this.


    In regarcl, however', to tho suggest'ion-that Nd'gadipa is tho

    the nrainland and included both Periyanrigavila a'ncl Sinnan6gavila of the presenf day, and (3) that tho name N6,Eadipa is
    iot connecterl wittr the -iYrigo.s, whether regarrk,d as snakes oi as
    a class of peoplt:.

    ll'hele are just two minor points I wotld lil're to note


    e,fl

    :pa8a;Ant:-

    '3 (Not reproducod, See Ceylon Ant'tEnry, Vol. II.' Part


    p. 96-EiI.)
    i Ceylon I'Iotes a'nd Qu,eries, l.t'. V.l.l. (Sept. l9l6)' pp. 120-124.

    2,

    44

    JouRNAL, R.A.s.

    (cEyLoN). fVor,. XXVI.

    No.70.-1917.1

    NOTES AND QUEIiIES.

    45

    (f) Mr. Pioris places Voh6rika Tissa's accession at 215 A.D.


    2), This is not correct. Soholars* are now agreed that' up
    to the llth century at least,t, tho era current, in Ceylon was

    (p.

    reckoned fronr 483 8.C., which was the date for tbe Parinibbdna of the Buddha; and the Ndlcrfula Sa,ngraho,un tells us that'
    Voh6rika Tissa ascended the throne " 752 vears, 4 mont'hs and
    10 days after the death ofBuddha."I lTis accession, therefote,
    took place in 269 A.D. (i,.e., 752 minus 483).
    (2) The 52 years which Mr. Pieris assigns (p. f4) to R,ukul6
    Par6krama B6hu represents" it is true, the generally 6,sg1,pted

    it must not be forgotten that


    the colophon to ltis Kd'agcr, Lakskana Manimd'lti,
    says that the work " was composed i'n the 54th gear" ol tl.le

    NOTES AND QUERIES.


    SYRIAC WORDS IN TAMIL.
    Bv H. W. ColnrNer:ox, C.C.S.

    extenf of this king's roign; but


    Vid6,gama, in

    sarno King's reign.

    In conclusion I should like to congratulate both Mr. Pieris


    and the Ceylon Asiatic Society on this valuable Papor. Mr.
    Pieris has placed students o{ Ceylon Tlistory under a debt' of
    gratitude to him, and the Socioty cannot do better than give
    effect to the hope he expresses and take action t'o orgqnise a
    systematic invostigation without delay. Mr. Fieris' offorts, as
    illustrated in his P;rper, are full of promise and guatantee a rich
    and valuable harvesb of archa:oJogicaland historical treasuro.

    The Sinhalese Catholics ca,ll ,, cross', and ,, bishop', by


    the names r268m hurusi,ya anctr Sdg bispu, obviously the

    Port,ugueso " craz " and " bispo." The Tamils uso (g(g4.
    lcu,r,ttsu 6y @g1ma silu,aai for the first, and dan4 u6spu or Gap

    fir,r*'fi-,r,r metti,rd,niydr for the second. This without tho


    honorific termination would be mittird,ni,.
    Popo has rocognized the origin of si,luaai in tho Syriac
    sl6ad,, the usual word for ,, cross ,, in that

    language. In

    Malayalam lL is slibd.

    Tho r,r'ord for ,,bishop" in Malayalamismetrd,n,or mdtrd,n


    (Gundort) the Syriac mdtrdn and Arabic mutr(in, both of

    'which, though otymologically,, metropolitan,,, aro

    used

    indifferently of any bishop. Can tho Timil mhtti,rriqtiyd,r be


    originally the samo ? Its present form may woll be tho

    * Fleet, Geiger, Wickremasinghe and others. (Dr. Fleet, in his


    Orig'in ol the Budilhaaarsha (J .R.A.S., 1909) ascribes the establishment
    of the era of 644 B.C. to tho roign of Parrikrama B6hu L, and
    statos: " In any cas, no further uso of a reckoning from tho death
    of Buddha is tracoable in Coylon aftor the year 236, until wo como to

    the Buddhavarsha" \ib. p.326). As far asthotenthandelevonth


    centuries aro concorned, t'he argumont adduced by Wickromasingho

    result of " striving after moaning,, on tho part of the


    loarned, who make it Groo + prrmft,,,high authority.,,
    It is noticeable that it retains the hard I of tho Syriac, now
    a,bsont in the Malayalam.
    I am indebted to Dr. C. G. Kurien for the Malavalam

    lvords.

    to prove tho existenco of an era caiculat'ed from 483 8.C.. is based


    on an interpolation by \Ir'ijesinha in his translation of Mctfuitayt'aa,

    PALIK,IDA OR IIf,LIKADA

    liii.,44, and on the consequont erroneous synchronis:.n hstweon


    Udaya trII. and R,6j6ndra Ch6la I. Wickremasinghe has been
    followed blindly by Geiger. Sae Contri,butions to Sinhal'ese Chrono-

    logy,by Dr. Hultzsch in J.8.,4.8., 1913, pp,. 525 and 527-9.-Ed.)


    f My Paper on '' T'he l)ate of Buddha's Dsath and Ceylon Chronologv" (C.B.R.A S. Journal, 1914, Vol. XXilI., No.67, pp. I4f-230)
    sought to exfond the period to tho 15th century.
    I Mudaliyd,r W. tr'. Gunawardhana's Edition (1908), p. f 2.

    Bv A. Mtwors Guxlsfxena
    One

    of the proper

    Vessagiri

    in

    names occurring

    Anur6,dhapura

    is

    1\{utar,ry,{n.

    in the inscriptions at

    deciphered in the Epigragthia

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