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This is the theory that prokaryotes ate other prokaryotes but instead of dying
these eaten prokaryotes developed a mutualistic relationship with the
prokaryote that ate them. They became organelles. AND now that the
prokaryotes had organelles they are Eukaryotes.
Proofthe mitochondria and the chloroplast have their own DNA separate
from the nuclear DNA. Also they will reproduce themselves.
Darwin developed this theory when he traveled to the Galapagos islands. He studied
finches and was able to see that perhaps they had a common ancestor even though they
had different beaks.
Darwin was able to show that either a species will adapt to its environment or it will die.
And that the organism with the best adaptation will reproduce the most to pass this
adaptation on to future generations.
A population can change due to natural selection. Classic example is of the dark and light
moths. At first there were more light colored moths on light trees. But when pollution
came and changes the trees the light ones were eaten and the dark ones survived. As the
trees got darker so did the moths.
Due to natural selection our pests are becoming resistant to pesticides and our
bacteria are becoming resistant to antibiotics (medicines). Only the weak ones
were killed off which left the strong and resistant ones to reproduce which is now
all we have.
Sometimes a part of a species is separated from the rest of the group either by a
highway, mountains, ocean, or any other physical barrier. This is called
geographic isolation.
Once they have been separated for a long time each group will change with their
environmentnatural selection again.
This will result in them being so different that even if they were to come back
together again they could not mate. This is called reproductive isolations. This
can be because their bodies no long match up or perhaps their social behaviors are
now different (mating seasons or mating rituals).
When the two can no longer mate they are now two different species and this
creation of a new species is called Speciation.
(remember the mice on the video and the M&Ms)
Divergent Evolution- this is when changes cause species to branch off from each
other. Results in different species from a common ancestry.
For both adaptive radiation and divergent evolution the closer they are together on the
map the closer related they would be. The oldest species branched off first.
Classification
First classification system was developed by Aristotle, but it had a few problems.
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
The naming system we use today was also developed by Linnaeus. It is called
Binomial Nomenclature= the 2 name naming system. It is written in Latin.
Common names can often be confusing so scientists use the
scientific name. This name has two parts = the genus and species.
Genus is always capitalized. The species in not capitalized.
The whole thing is in italics or underlined.
If two organisms are in the same genus it means they are related.
The tiger, house cat, and lion
are closely related. We can tell
because they all have the same
Genus.
Dichotomous Keythis is like scavenger hunt to find out the scientific name of
an organisms
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Dallus
There are 6 kingdoms and you must know the characteristics of each:
Domain:
Eukarya
Bacteria
Archae
Kingdom:
Animal
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Cell type
Prokaryote
Prokaryote
Movement?
yes
no
no
yes
yes
yes
Uni or Multi
Multi
Multi
Uni
Hetero
Auto
no
Yescellulose
Sexual
asexual
Multi
Uni
Hetero
Auto
sometimes
Uni
Hetero or
Auto
Cell wall
Multi
Uni-yeast
Heteroabsorb
Yeschitin
asexual
Hetero
Auto
Yespeptidoglycan
Asexualbinary fission
Hetero
Auto
Yes- cellulose
Reproduction sexual
Plant
Fungi
Protist
asexual
Animal Kingdom:
AsexualBinary fission
Insects- an arthropod with three body parts and 6 legs (remember the song)
AmphibiansReproduction- sexual
Circulatory system- closed.
First they have 2 chambers in their heart and then three
They have moist skin which they partly breathe through it. Have lungs
Their eggs are moist and must be kept in or near water. They have no shell.
Ex. Salamander and frogs
Ectothermsmeaning cold blooded
They have a backbone so they are vertebrates and Chordates.
Mammals
Reproduction-- sexual
Circulatory systemclosed
They have 4 chambered hearts.
They have hair or fur, give live birth and feed their young milk.
Endothermswarm blooded
Ex. Human or dog
Placenta- when the baby is in the womb of a mammal it is attached to the
mother through a placenta. This provides the baby with nutrients and
oxygen from the mother and gets rid of the babys waste.
Protists Kingdom:
There can be animal or plant like protists
The Animal like protists (protozoans)amoeba
paramecium
Pollination- when pollen lands on the female part of the flower. Often a pollinator (bird
or insect) helps with this.
Fertilization- when the sperm of plant reaches the plants ovary. This results in a seed.
Germination- when a seed begins to grow into a seedling.
Cuticle
Cotyledons
or
Mesophyll
Vascular
Bundle
Viruses
They are not thought to be alive because they do not carry out all life functions.
Lysogenic cycle- in this cycle the virus DNA is inserted into the host DNA and then just
waits. It could stay in the lysogenic cycle for a short or long time. Eventually this will
turn into the lytic cycle when the cell starts to make new viruses.
HIV- this virus is different than any other. Normally our immune system can fight back
and eventually get rid of the virus. But HIV actually attacks the immune system and
destroys it. So then the body has no defense.
Immune System
Active immunity- this is immunity or resistance that a person has because they
have actually had the disease. You can also get this from a vaccine.
Ex. You have had chicken pox so now you have active immunity against it or
you get a vaccine against chicken pox.
Passive immunity- this is when you are immune from a virus that you never
actually had. Mothers can pass this on to their children when they breastfeed
them.
Animal Behavior
Taxes (taxis)- this movement. Positive taxes is moving towards and negative taxes is
moving away. Ex. Euglena have a positive phototaxismeaning they move towards the
light.
Imprinting- this happens mainly in birds. The first animal or object that the new born
bird sees, the bird forever sees as its mother.
Habituation- becoming so used to something that you cease to be bothered by it or
notice it.
Ex. not noticing your ceiling fan anymore or a train that passes by your house
Classical conditioning- this is making unrelated things become associated. Pavlov rung a
bell every time he fed his dogs. So then the dogs learned to associate bell ringing with
food even if no food as around. Ex. can opener with your cat or dog
Trial and error- trying something over and over again and learning from your mistakes.