Optical Communication and

Networks-ECE 401
G.Aarthi
Asst Prof ( SG ) / SENSE
VIT University
Email: aarthi.g@vit.ac.in
Room No. 132-A TT Ist floor.

Optical Communication and Networks

Objectives:
To provide an in depth knowledge on various types of fibers, their
transmission characteristics, geometrical, optical, mechanical
characteristics,
techniques
to
compensate
transmission
impairments, power launching and coupling schemes.
To describe the construction, working principle and characteristics
of LEDs, LASERs, photo detectors and external modulators to suit
the low loss wavelength optical communication system
establishment and also to analyse noise performance at the
receiver section.

To introduce the concepts of optical network architecture, routing

algorithms
and
intelligent
optical
networks.

Optical Communication and Networks

Expected Outcome:
Demonstrate the transmission, geometrical and optical and
mechanical characteristics of fiber.
Choose fiber, optoelectronic components to design, analyse
and evaluate various optical communication systems.

Establish optical communication systems and integrate it as

part of the telecommunication system to speed up the
transmissions.

Unit I- Fibre Optic Systems

Analog and Digital fiber optic systems and associated
Sources/Transmitters
Optical Modulators
Receiver -pin Receivers - APD Receivers.
Fibers- Non dispersion-Shifted Fiber Dispersion Shifted
Fiber- Nonzero Dispersion-Shifted Fiber
Link impairment considerations and system design.
Regenerators Optical amplifiers- Optical Amplifiers Stimulated Emission -Spontaneous Emission - Erbium-Doped
Fiber Amplifiers - Raman Amplifiers -Semiconductor
Optical Amplifiers -Crosstalk in SOAs.

Unit II -SONET-SDH
Fiber networks evolution as SONET/SDH
Multiplexing - SONET/SDH Layers -SONET
Frame Structure -SONET/SDH Physical Layer
Elements of a SONET/SDH Infrastructure
Network Survivability - Basic Concepts Protection in SONET/SDH - Point-to-Point Self
Healing Rings -Unidirectional Path-Switched Rings
- Bidirectional Line-Switched Rings

Unit III -WDM Light Wave System

WDM -WDM Components -Tunable Optical FiltersMultiplexers and Demultiplexers - Add
Drop Multiplexers - Star Couplers- Wavelength RoutersOptical Cross-Connects
Wavelength Converters- - WDM Transmitters and receivers
- Nonlinear Raman Crosstalk - Stimulated
Brillouin Scattering - Cross-Phase Modulation - Four-Wave
Mixing
Dispersion Management, Precompensation Schemes- Post
compensation Techniques -Fiber Bragg Gratings- Optical
Phase Conjugation- PMD Compensation.

Unit IV -Single Wave Length Systems

Optical Time-Division Multiplexing Bit
interleaving-Packet Interleaving- Subcarrier
Multiplexing -Analog SCM Systems- Digital
SCM Systems - Code-Division Multiplexing Direct-Sequence Encoding - Spectral Encoding.

Unit V All Optical Transport and

Access Networks:
The Optical Transport Network - Introduction OTN Network Layers - FEC in OTN - OTN
Frame Structure - OPU-k - ODU-k - OTU-k
The Optical Channel - Optical Channel Carrier
and Optical Channel Group Non associated
Overhead
Mapping GFP -frames in OPU-k OTN and
DWDM Access WDM Systems
The General PON CWDM PON- TDM PON,TDM
PON Versus WDMPON.

Textbooks
Rajiv Ramaswami, Kumar N.Sivarajan, Galen H.
Sasaki Optical networks -3rd edition
Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 2010.
Ghatak K. Thyagarajan, Introduction to Fiber
Optics, Second Edition, Cambridge
University Press, 2002

Reference Books
John M. Senior, Optical fiber communication
principles and practice, 3rd edition, PHI, 2009.
Govind P.Agrawal, Fiber optic communication
system, 3rd edition John Wiley and Sons, 2002.
Gerd Keiser, Optical Fiber Communications
McGraw-Hill, 4th Edition, 2008.
Djafar k.mynbaev and Lowell.l.scheiner, Fiber optic
communication Technology, Pearson education,
2006.

Quick History of Optical Networking

1958: Laser discovered
Mid-60s: Guided wave optics demonstrated
1970: Production of low-loss fibers
Made long-distance optical transmission possible!

1970: invention of semiconductor laser diode

Made optical transceivers highly refined!

70s-80s: Use of fiber in telephony: SONET

Mid-80s: LANs/MANs: broadcast-and-select architectures
1988: First trans-atlantic optical fiber laid
Late-80s: EDFA (optical amplifier) developed
Greatly alleviated distance limitations!

Mid/late-90s: DWDM systems explode

Late-90s: Intelligent Optical networks

Communication Types

BW demands in communication systems

Type &
applications

Format

Uncompressed

Compressed

Voice, digital
telegraphy

4 kHz voice

64 kbps

16-32 kbps

Audio

16-24 kHz

512-748 kbps

32-384 kbps
(MPEG, MP3)

Video conferencing

176
144 or 352
288 frames @ 1030 frames/s

2-35.6 Mbps

64 kbps-1.544
Mbps (H.261
coding)

Data transfer, Ecommerce,Video

entertainment
Full-motion
broadcast video
HDTV

1-10 Mbps

720480frames @
30 frames/s
1920 1080
frames@ 30 frames
/s

249 Mbps

2-6Mbps (MPEG-2)

1.6 Gbps

19-38 Mbps
(MPEG-2)

Simple Fibre Transmission System

Fibre
Glass cable which
guides the light
between source and
destination

Transmitter
Converts electrical
signal into modulated
optical signal

Receiver
Converts modulated
optical signal back
into electrical signal

What is Optical Communication?

to transport information from one

place to the other by Optical means.
Major building blocks of optical
communications:
Source, Channel, Detector
+ some active/passive components.

Five Generations

Advantages of Optical Comm.

Merits of a Fiber Optic

Communication System
Wide Bandwidth

order of Tbps

Low Loss

0.15 dB/Km

Free from EMI / RFI

No Crosstalk

Bit Error Rate

10-12

Interference free / Radiation free

Heat resistance / No sparking

Tapping free

Light weight Small size Less Power

Abundant natural resource

Hazardous envir.
Secure

Silica

Satellites