Eastern Mediterranean University

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Laboratory Handout

COURSE: Fluid Mechanics (MENG353)

Semester: SPRING (2015-2016)
Name of Experiment: Impact of a jet
Instructor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hasan Hacevki
Assistant: Amir Teimourian
Submitted by:
Student No:
Group No:
Date of experiment:
Date of submission:
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EVALUATION
Activity During Experiment & Procedure

30 %

Data , Results & Graphs

35 %

Discussion, Conclusion & Answer to Questions

30 %

Neat and tidy report writing

5%

Overall Mark

Honor Pledge:
By electronically submitting this report I pledge that I have neither given nor received
unauthorized assistance on this assignment.

__________
Date

______________
Signature

1.

Introduction
In this experiment, the force generated by a jet of water will be measured as it strikes a flat

plate or a hemispherical cup, and compare the results with the computed momentum flow rate
in the jet.

2.

DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS & EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

Figure 1 shows that the arrangement in which the bench supply is led to a vertical pipe

terminating in a tapered nozzle. This produces a jet of water which impinges on a vane in a
form of a flat or a hemispherical cup. The nozzle and the vane are contained within a
transparent cylinder at the base of the cylinder where there is an outlet by which the flow may
be directed to the weighing tank.
The vane is supported by a lever which carries a jockey weight, and which is restrained by
a spring. The lever may be set to a balance position (as indicated by the tally suspended on it)
by placing the jockey weight at its zero position, and adjusting the knurled nut above the
spring. Any force generated by the impact of the jet on the vane may now be measured by
moving the jockey weight along the lever until the tally shows that the lever has been restored
to its original balance position.

Fig.1 Arrangement of the Impact of a Jet Apparatus

3.

Description of Apparatus
Figure 2 shows the arrangement, in which water supplied from Hydraulic Bench is fed to a

vertical pipe terminating in tapered nozzle. Consider a symmetrical vane about the x-axis as
shown in Fig.2. A jet of fluid flowing at the rate of m (kg/s) along the x-axis with velocity

u 0 (m/s) strikes the vane. Because of the vane, flow is deflected through angle so that the
fluid leaves the vane with velocity u1 (m s) as shown. For convenience, changes in elevation
and also changes in piezometric pressure (in the jet) from striking the vane to leaving it are
neglected.
The rate at which momentum in the x direction entering the system is mu0 (kg. m s 2 ) . The

u1 cos (kg. m s 2 ) in the direction of x. The

rate at which momentum leaving the system is m
net force on the jet in x direction is equal to the rate of momentum change; therefore:

F mV mV
x

out

in

Vout u1 cos , Vin u0

F mu1 cos mu0

is the momentum-flux correction factor , assume, it is equal to one, thus:

F mu1 cos mu0 N

(1)

Fig.2 sketch of Flow over Vane

For the case of flat plate instead of a vane, we may assume that 90 , so cos 0 , then the
force exerted from plate to fluid is:

FP mu0 N

(2)

Which is independent of u1 .
For the case of hemispherical cup, we may assume that 180 , so cos 1 and

Fh m u0 u1 N

(3)

Since changes in the piezometric pressure and elevation are neglected, the maximum value of
u1 can be u 0 (where there is no energy loss) so that the maximum possible value of the force

on the hemispherical cup is

Fh 2mu0 N

(4)

It means twice the force on the flat plate.

4.

Results and Calculations

Diameter of nozzle

= 10 mm

Cross-sectional area of nozzle (A)

78.5 mm2 7.85 105 m2

Mass of jockey weight

0.600 kg

Distance from the center of vane to pivot of lever

0.150 m

Height of vane above nozzle outlet s

= 35 mm=0.035 m

Weight of jockey weight, W=Mg

=0.600 9.81=5.89 N

When it is moved a distance y (m) from its zero position, the corresponding force Fw (N)
on the vane is obtained by taking moments about the pivot, as:

L Fw W y

0.150 FW 0.6 g y

FW 4 gy
The mass flow rate is calculated as

m uA kg s
Where the velocity u (m s) at the exit of the nozzle is given by:

(5)

u0

m
A

(6)

The velocity u1 m s , of the jet as it strikes the vane, is less than the velocity u0 m s at the
exit of the nozzle because of the deceleration due to gravity, and u 0 may be calculated from
the expression

u12 u02 2 gS

(7)

S 35 mm is the height of vane above nozzle tip.

u1 u0 2 0.687

(8)

Recorded values of quantity collected, measured time, and jockey displacement y should be
presented in Table 1 and Table 2, together with the ensuing calculations.
Table 1 Results for flat plate
Mass of
Water(kg)

u0

u1

FP

Fw

(s)

(mm)

(kg/s)

(m/s)

(m/s)

(N)

(N)

Table 2 Results for hemispherical cup

Mass of
Water(kg)

5.

u0

u1

Fh

Fw

(s)

(mm)

(kg/s)

(m/s)

(m/s)

(N)

(N)

Questions for Further Discussion

1- Plot Fw and Fh against time for the hemispherical and flat plate cups. Discuss
and comment on the results.
2- What would be the effect on the calculated value of Fh , if 180, (assume a
between 165 and 180 and then find the relative error for Fh )
3- Drive an expression for percentage error, and order of accuracy for Fh , if each
consisting parameter has an exact error value ( u 0 u 0 u , ,
D D D ).

4- Show a sample calculation for the results.

5- Specify the error sources in this experiment.
6- Write your own conclusion about this experiment.