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Submitted BY:
Submitted TO:
MD.Taslim Arefin
163-31-216
Assistant Professor
Department of ETE
Daffodil International University
December, 2016
The base station at the center of each group of cells functions as the hub for those cellsnot of
the entire network, but of that individual piece of the network. RF signals are transmitted by an
individual phone and received by the base station, where they are then re-transmitted from the
base station to another mobile phone. Transmitting and receiving are done over two slightly
different frequencies.
Base stations are connected to one another via central switching centers which track calls and
transfer them from one base station to another as callers move between cells; the handoff is
(ideally) seamless and unnoticeable. Each base station is also connected to the main telephone
network, and can thus relay mobile calls to landline phones. In figure show that the element of
GSM architecture
Coverage Planning
We can calculation of number of sites required in a whole region by using coverage area 50000
km2 and in the BTS 3-sectored k-factor will be 1.95. The base stations to be used are 3-sectored
(each sector covers 1200).
A network is to be designed to cover Hiran Region, Somalia. The area of Hiran region is
approximately 50000 km2. We can divide this area into three category: Urban area (density of
human structures such as houses, commercial buildings, roads, bridges, and railways), Suburban
areas (a residential district located on the outskirts of a city) and Rural Area (low population
density and small settlements).
My network Urban Area is approximately: 126 km2
Each sector (cell) covers a range of 1.25 km (radius of Cell)
Thus, area covered by each site = k * R2
Where: k = 1.95
=> Area covered by each site 1.95 * 1.252 3.0 km
Thus: total number of sites = 126/3.0 = 42 sites
In the region of Sub-Urban Area, my network will cover roughly: 180 km2
Each sector (cell) covers a range of 2.5 km
Thus, area covered by each site = k * R2
Where: k = 1.95
=> Area covered by each site 1.95 * 2.52 12.0 km
Thus: total number of sites = 180/12= 15 sites
Capacity Planning
Frequency Reuse
The frequency band I used in my network the uplink range will be 892-912MHz and downlink
range is 937-957MHz. the bandwidth between uplink ranges and also downlink ranges is 20MHz,
this is my Total Bandwidth (BW) of my network. There is carrier space between each channel to
separate channel, the GSM carrier space is 200 KHz.
Total available channel = 20MHz/ (200 kHz) =100 channels
I manage these channels in best way to get high capacity and also to reduce channel interference
by using best frequency reuse techniques. Using frequency reuse is not easy task there are a lot
of obstructs, keep in your mind these question to build best design, what is minimum distance
between very two same channel , what is size of the cluster and also what types of interference
your dealing with?. There are tradeoff between capacity of system and interference which mean
small number of cluster size your system became more capacity and high interference.
In
channel There are two major types of interference:1. Adjacent Channel Interference: is caused due to the signals that are adjacent in
frequency. Adjacent channel interference can be reduced or minimized:
Careful filtering and
Careful channel assignment.
2. Co-channel Interference (CCI): is caused due to the cells that reuse the same frequency
set. These cells using the same frequency set are called co-channel cells. My networks the
maximum co-channel interference that allowed is S/N=15dB. The cluster size controlled
by areas of the networks: I use suitable approximations Path loss for urban and suburban
[1].
Urban area: path loss is equal to n=4
First try N=4
D
3.46
S 1
I 6
3N
1
4
3.46 24.0 13.80 dB
6
Since this is less than the desired 15 dB, we must move to the next higher reuse distance.
First try N=7
D
4.58
S
1
I
6
3N
1
4
4.58 73.5 18.66 dB
6
This is greater than the desired 15 dB, the required reuse factor N=7.
Sub-Urban and Rural area: path loss is equal to n=3
First try N=12
D
S
1
I
6
3N
1
3
6 36 15.56 dB
6
This is greater than the desired 15 dB, the required reuse factor N=12.
Figure 2. Cluster 12
Figure 1. Cluster 7
Channel Assignment:
In Urban areas, my control channel will be 14 channels and for voice or traffic channel will be
84 channel and last channel I used as grant channel.
Total number of traffic channels available per cell = 84/7 = 12 channels.
In Sub-Urban and rural areas, my control channel will be 24 channels and for voice or traffic
channel will be 72 channel and last channel I used as grant channel.
Total number of traffic channels available per cell = 72/12 = 6 channels.
Sector 1
Sector 2
Sector 3
1,3,5,7
9,11,13,15
17,19,21,23
2,4,6,8
10,12,14,16
18,20,22,24
31,33,27,29
35,39,41,37
43,45,47,49
28,30,32,34
36,38,40,42
44,46,48,50
53,55,57,59
61,63,65,67
69,71,73,75
54,56,58,60
62,64,66,68
70,72,74,76
79,81,83,85
87,89,91,93
95,97,99,25
Sector 1
Sector 2
Sector 3
1,3
9,11,
17,19
5,7
13,15
21,23
2,4
10,12
18,20
6,8
14,16
22,24
31,33
35,39
43,45
27,29
41,37
47,49
28,30
36,38
44,46
32,34
40,42
48,50
53,55
61,63
69,71
10
57,59
65,67
73,75
11
54,56
62,64
70,72
12
58,60
66,68
74,76
Table 1 and Figure 3 show that how base station are interconnection together in different areas
and How many channels are assigned in each base station and also each sector. In urban areas
its more populated than rural and sub-urban areas we can use difference cluster size. In my
network GSM, I uses re-use patterns of 4/12(4/4/4 configuration) and 2/6 (2/2/2 configuration)
in urban and rural areas as respectively. 4/12 refers to 12 channels and each of BTS sector has 4
channels, it same 3/6 refer to 6 channels and each sector has 2 channel. Furthermore frequency
reuse in control channel is twice greater than frequency in traffic channel because the co-channel
interference in control channel is high impact than traffic channels.
In default GSM all TCH channel are in full rate so to increase capacity of the channel we can use
GSM allowed half rate 75%, if and only if the full rate channel are occupied.in urban areas, The
first 63 TCH out of 84 TCH full rate will change into half rate. The result of this 63*2 = 126 TCH in
term of half rate but the total TCH will be 126 + 21 is equal to 147 TCH channel. In addition rural
areas its some procedure like we do in urban areas, the total TCH will be 126 TCH channels.
LINK Budget
Link budget calculations give the loss in the signal strength on the path between the mobile
station antenna and base station antenna at radio wave or two microwave antenna. There are
two types of Link budget 1. Radio wave link budget 2. Microwave link budget.
In Radio wave Link budget: These calculations help in defining the cell ranges along with the
coverage thresholds. Coverage threshold is a downlink power budget that gives the signal
strength at the cell edge (border of the cell) for a given location probability. Link budget
calculations are done for both the uplink and downlink [3].
Uplink Parameter
As the power transmitted by the mobile station antenna is less than the power transmitted by
the base station antenna, the uplink power budget is more critical than the downlink power
budget.
Thus, the sensitivity of the base station in the uplink direction becomes one of the critical
factors as it is related to reception of the power transmitted by the mobile station antenna. In
my Uplink calculation will be:
PLU= EIRPm Prb =[Ptm Lcm Lom +Gm] - [BS Gb Lcb - Lob]
=[37 - 0 - 0 - 0] - [(-102) - 16 - 2 - 0]=157dB
Downlink parameter
In the downlink direction, transmitted power and the gains of the antennas are important
parameters. Combiner loss comes only in the downlink calculations while the cable loss
has to be incorporated in both directions. This downlink calculation is my network it helps me to
get path loss of the system [3].
PLD= EIRPm Prb =[Ptb Lcb Lob +Gb] - [MS Gm Lcm - Lom]
55dBm
m
TR Power: 43dBm
RX Sensitivity: -106dBm
configuration = 20 cells, each having 12 TCH Air interface blocking = 3%. Using Erlang B tables,
12 TCH support = 7.14 Erl of traffic.
Traffic offered to the BSC = 20 x 7.14 = 142 Erl.
If Ater blocking probability is 0.2%, then the number of traffic channels supported =116.3
If the number of traffic channels that can be multiplexed on the Ater = 120
Then Ater interface capacity would be = 116.3/120=0.97 ~ 1 El
System capacity
In Urban areas, Consider my network each cluster (7 BTS) has 147 Traffic channel. During busy
hour 80% user is active. If the average call holding time is 1.5 minutes with call blocking rate 1.3%.
Maximum Number load the cluster can support at time
From Erlang Table, A =130.5 Erlang
Maximum capacity during busy time
Au=th = 1.5 min * (1/ (60)) = 25mErlang
Active user: U = A/ (Au) = 130.5/ (25m) = 5220 users
Total number user in each cluster will be 6525 users
Utilization the cell tower
= /c = 130.5/ (147) = 0.887=88.7%
Conclusion
In conclusion, I design cellular network that can be used in home town Hiran region-Somalia.
Designing is not easy task especially GSM Network because there a lot of parameter that
influence your network. Path loss effect your coverage planning, interference effect your
capacity planning and cost is another parameter you must consider in your network. In this
design, its easy to implement because its only needs the implementation cost, I make it my
network to implement and also improve minimum cost as soon as possible. If I had chance to
implement this design I will implement to my home town Hiran region-Somalia.
Reference
1. Theodore S.Rappaport, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Pearson
Education LTD.
2. Sara Bavarian, Symbol by Symbol Soft-input Soft-output Multiuser Detection for
Frequency Selective MIMO Channels, Simon Fraser University fall, 2008
3. Ajay R. Mishra , Fundamentals of Cellular Network Planning and Optimisation, John Wiley
& Sons, Ltd