About Kirk-Othmer ECT (CD)

About Kirk-Othmer ECT (CD)

Overview of Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
Introduction
An unrivalled library of information for the chemical industry. The Fourth Edition is a complete revision of the previous edition and includes
many new subjects reflecting the growth and changes in chemical technology through the 1990s. It consists of 27 volumes. In addition to updating
traditional subjects, the new edition includes expanded coverage of biotechnology, materials science, computer technology, energy sources and
conversion techniques, and environmental issues such as pollution control, toxicology, and recycling technology. The Fourth Edition brings
together over 1200 articles by recognized experts in their areas of chemical technology, and deals with industrial products, natural materials, and
processes in such fields as: agricultural chemicals, biotechnology, chemical engineering, coatings and inks, composite materials, computers in
chemical technology, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, dyes, pigments and brighteners, ecology and industrial hygiene, energy conservation and
technology, fats and waxes, fermentation and enzyme technology, fibres, textiles and leather, food and animal nutrition, fossil fuels and derivatives,
glass, ceramics and cement, industrial inorganic chemicals, industrial organic chemicals, metals, metallurgy and metal alloys, plastics and elastomers,
semiconductors and electronic materials, surfactants, detergents and emulsion technology, water supply, purification and reuse, wood, paper, and
industrial carbohydrates. It also includes miscellaneous topics: instrumentation and quality control, information retrieval, maintenance, market
research, material allocation and supply, legal issues, process development and design, product development and technical service, research and
operations management (systems management, networks etc.), and transportation of chemical products.

Original Volumes Fully Accessible

All the information in the print volumes has been carefully converted to electronic format. The text and tables are captured in full-text and are
fully searchable. All of the figures are scanned images, with searchable captions.
In converting this data to electronic format, careful attention was paid to rendering the technical content exactly as it exists in the print volumes.
No significant content revisions have been made, only minor corrections and clarifications. In most instances, the numbering of figures, tables,
equations, and references should match that in the print volumes; however, the numbering may occasionally deviate because of the structural
requirements of the electronic format.
The only significant differences between the print and electronic version are in the function and presentation. The functional features of the
DynaText interface are described in the DynaText Reader Guide. As in the print volumes, the information content is organized alphabetically,
by volume (the primary organizational unit). One major presentation difference between the book and the electronic version is that there are no
pages and page numbers in the electronic version.

Features of the DIALOG OnDisc Books and Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical

Technology
Definitions
DIALOG OnDisc Books is a program which manages your personal library of DIALOG OnDisc Books reference works. DIALOG
OnDisc Books allows you to select, add and remove reference works.
DIALOG OnDisc Books is built on DynaText, which enables you to search and browse your reference works. The reference works are called
collections, and may be viewed in the Collection Window.
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology is a version of the paper copy in an electronic book form, which forms part of your
DIALOG OnDisc Books collection and which benefits from the powerful search capabilities of DynaText.

Cross-Volume Searching and Linking

About Kirk-Othmer ECT (CD)

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology features full text searching over all volumes simultaneously. All 27 volumes have been
compiled into one collection. The collection includes 25 volumes, a supplementary volume, an index and this help file. From the Collection
Window which displays all volumes, you can search across the entire series.
Cross referencing between volumes is enabled through hypertext links. Linking provides navigation between related areas across all the volumes in
the collection, allowing for easy movement between volumes and quick access to related material in this comprehensive body of reference work.

Using Hypertext Links

A hypertext link displays as underlined, blue text. You can use it to jump anywhere in the volumes. To use a hypertext link:

Move the mouse over a hypertext link, the cursor turns into a hand.
Click the link, the browser will either travel to the location of the link within the same window or open a new window to display the linked
item.
If the browser opens another window, either close the window when you no longer need it, or keep the window open and switch between
screens using the Window option.
To return to the source of the link in the same window, click the Prev button on the toolbar.

Comprehensive index to all 26 Volumes

The comprehensive index to all 26 volumes provides a single source, that is a fully searchable aid to all volumes. The index is a completely
compiled set of multi-tiered entries featuring instant point and click location of all the content in the series. A particularly useful feature of the
index is that each term is listed within a relevant context. The same term may be listed several times, but the context will indicate the most
relevant.

Viewing Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology from DIALOG OnDisc

Books Collection Window
Viewing the Collection Window
The Collection Window displays when you start DIALOG OnDisc Books. It is bordered on top by a title bar that shows the currently selected
collection, and on the bottom by the Find Search Panel used to perform word or phrase searches in the collection as well as a search panel
marked Inside to offer more precise searches. The Collection Window itself is split into two frames: by default the left frame contains the
Collection list and the right frame contains the Book list.
DIALOG OnDisc Books will have the following collections:

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

DynaText Reader Guide
Possibly another reference work, e.g. ASM Handbooks Complete Set

Viewing a Single Volume of Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

When you view the Collection Window, click on the collection name Kirk-Othmer ECT (CD) and the volumes appear. Double click on a
volume name in the book list and the Book Window displays. The Book window is bordered on top by a title bar that shows the title of the book
and on the bottom by the Find Search Panel used to perform word or phrase searches in the book. The book window itself contains two frames:
the left frame contains the Table of Contents (TOC) view and the right frame contains the Content view of the text.
The default Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology TOC lists the Article Titles corresponding to the print version. It has the
following characteristics:

About Kirk-Othmer ECT (CD)

Each Article Title can be expanded to a list of Section Titles.

Click the right-pointing arrow to expand (view) the Section Titles.
Click the downward-pointing arrow to collapse (hide) the Section Titles.
Section Titles can, in turn, be expanded to reveal Subsection Titles within the section.
When you click a TOC entry, the cursor in the Content window is positioned at that place in the book

Searching the Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

Introduction
Please see the ondisc DynaText Reader Guide for detailed explanations of general searching functionalities and techniques. This section
describes techniques specific to searching the DIALOG OnDisc Books Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. The Kirk-Othmer
Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology volumes on this electronic version are fully searchable. All text (with the exception of stop words,
non-keyboard characters, Boolean operators, and some scanned tables and equations), can be searched by using the Find Search Panel at the
bottom of the screen (as described in the DynaText Reader Guide or by using Search Forms).
The collection includes a separate book for the Index. This companion book is a compilation of the index entries (displayed in context) for the
volumes included in the collection.

Searching All Volumes from the Collection Window

Collection Level Search Options consist of the Find panel and the Inside search box, as well as the Index. Volume level search options consist of
Search Forms and a localised Find panel.

Searching for the term beer across all Volumes

To search for all hits of the word beer across all volumes, perform a collection level search. To limit the search to find the word beer in more
specific areas, e.g. just article titles, perform a more precise search.
To perform a collection level search, type the word beer in the Find search panel. A number and date appear by each volume signifying the
number of hits for the term beer in that volume and the date that volume was published.
If you want to search for the term beer within article-titles, click the drop-down arrow on the Inside box, enter the word beer and press return. A
number and date appear by each volume signifying the number of hits where the word beer appears in an article title and the date the volume was
published.
If you want to search the latest information on a subject it is important to do a collection level search so that you search across all volumes in
particular the supplement which contains the latest information.

More Precise Searching Using the Inside Field

From the Inside field you can search for terms in the following fields/concepts.
Menu Option
(All) Default
All Captions
All Headings
Article-Titles
Author Information
Bibliographic Reference
CAS Registry Number

Specific Content Searched

Searches all text.
Searches all captions, e.g. within tables and figures
Searches all headings
Searches all article titles
Searches author name and associated information, e.g. the University/Company of author
affiliation.
Searches bibliographies for such details as author, source, author affiliation, patent number
etc.
Searches CAS Registry Numbers, i.e. unique numerical identifiers relating to numbers in the
CAS registry system, as assigned by the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS).

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Chemical Equation
Chemical Name
Color-Index
Enzyme Commission
Genus Species
Mathematical Equation
Molecule
Patents

Searches all text for all or part of a chemical equation

Searches Chemical Name.
Searches all terms and numbers in the volume which are also registered in the Color-Index,
e.g. acid red.
Enzyme Commission Numbers are unique numbers assigned by the Enzyme Commission to
designate a particular enzyme. Enter all or part of an enzyme commission to search across all
text.
Searches all text for genus species, (group of similar species e.g. bacillus)
Searches all text for complete or part of a mathematical equation
Searches all text for molecule name.*
Searches all text for patent number. The format for the patent is as per the example U.S. Pat.
2,686,145 i.e. the abbreviated form of the country (including full stops), then the patent sign,
space and then the number in groups of three digits, separated by commas

*Note: In some cases formatting instructions, such as superscript and subscript are embedded within the text and can cause searches to fail. This
means that it is not possible to search for H20, although a search on H* would return hits for this and other molecules.

Using the Index

The Index is a volume in its own right and displays entries for all indexed terms, showing them in the context they are displayed in the text.
Users can browse the Index and link to the Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology articles from index entries. A single click on a
link shown next to an index term will display the relevant section of the article containing the term in another window. Because the index entries
do not indicate a specific page or page range within an article (as in a print volume), users may need to navigate using the Table of Contents, use a
Search Form, or use the Find Search Panel at the bottom of the screen to further target needed information.

Using the Index to find hits relating to beer.

You might use the index to search for a particular property or aspect relating to beer by scanning various index entries and then selecting the most
appropriate, e.g. beer foam, beer process etc.
To search the index for information on beer:

Either type the word beer in the Find Search panel to search all data. The cursor moves to the first relevant hyperlink and you can scroll
through references using the DynaText Prev and Next buttons.
Or from the Search Menu, select Search Forms and look for the term beer in a more precise way as shown in the table below.

Standard
Proximity Search
Main Entry
Sub Entry

Searches entire content of the index

Searches for two terms or phrases within a user-specified distance from each other: for
example search for the term beer within four words of the term production.
Searches all main entries of the index
Searches all sub entries of the index

You can then open a volume that has search results indicated. The hits relating to beer are shown against the article titles and the word beer is
highlighted in the text. Use the DynaText Prev and Next buttons to scroll through the relevant references.

Searching a Single Volume of Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

Single-volume searching is performed either by using the Find Search Panel at the bottom of the Book Window or by using the Search Form for a
more precise search.

Searching a Single Volume of Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology for information on Pilsner Beer in
Vol 4 using the Find Panel

About Kirk-Othmer ECT (CD)

To search for information on Pilsner Beer:

Enter the phrase Pilsner Beer in the Find search panel.

The search results are highlighted in the content view.
The number of hits relating to Pilsner Beer are shown next to each relevant Article Title in the Table of Contents view.
Navigate through the references using the Prev and Next buttons.

Using Search Forms

To optimize the search facilities of Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, a set of Search Forms is available to target searching in
key areas of interest. Use of the Search Forms will focus searching on a particular kind of content -- such as tables or section titles -- and return
quicker and more specific results. Search forms search across the current volume only.
To access the Search Forms, choose Search Forms from the Search Menu. The following search form options are available for volumes of
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology:
Search Form

Specific Content Searched

Standard (default)
Proximity Search

Searches entire content of the volume/book

Searches for two terms within a user-specified distance from each other: for example search
for beer within 4 words of production.
All Article Titles
Searches captions in figures and tables
Searches all headers
Searches all name fields.
Searches words in connection with author affiliation, this is useful for identifying research
being done at a particular institution.
Searches all bibliographic references, typical terms include author, source, patent number etc.
Searches all text for patents. The format for the patents as per the example U.S. Pat. 2,686,145
- i.e. the abbreviated form of the country (including full stops), then the patent sign, space and
then the number in groups of three digits separated by commas.
Searches type of information (as shown in the table below)
Searches all text for CAS Registry Numbers, i.e. unique numerical identifiers relating to
numbers in the CAS Registry System as assigned by the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS).
Searches volume for references to relevant molecule.*
Searches volume for chemical name. Alternatively enter the CAS Registry Number to retrieve
the CAS Registry Number and the Chemical name.
Searches volume for genus-species (group of similar species e.g. bacillus)
Searches the volume for a property name and value and unit
Searches the volume for a property name and value, e.g. boiling point and 100

Article titles
Captions in Figures and Tables
All Headers
Contributor
Author Affiliation
Bibliographic References
Patents
Information Types
CAS Registry Number
Molecule
Chemical Name
Genus-Species
Units/Values of Common Properties
Values of Common Properties

*Note: In some cases formatting instructions, such as superscript and subscript are embedded within the text and can cause searches to fail. This
means that it is not possible to search for H20, although a search on H* would return hits for this and other molecules.

Information Types
phys.props
chem.props
mfg.proc
prod.ship
economic
specs.qc

Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
Manufacturing Process
Production and Shipment
Economic Aspects
Specification and Quality Control

About Kirk-Othmer ECT (CD)

test.storage
health.safety
uses
derivatives

Testing and Storage

Health and Safety
Uses
Derivatives

Searching for Information on Pilsner Beer Using Search Forms

When you have selected a volume, search forms are available. From the Search menu, select Search Forms and a search form appears. Select
Type of Search Form. This determines which field type you want to perform your search in, e.g. article type, bibliographic reference, etc. or
whether you want to do a proximity search.
To search all headers for the word Pilsner in volume four:

Select Search Forms from the Search Menu

Select the Search Form All Headers.
Enter the word Pilsner in the All Titles Search Box
Click Find to search or Clear to cancel.
The screen highlights all references to Pilsner within a header and the cursor moves to the first reference.

Examples of other searching strategies

To locate references within the current volume relating to pollutants and pollution quickly:

Select the All Headers option from the Search Form and enter pollut*. The system shows hits relating to pollutants and pollution.
Use the Proximity Search Form to combine the word pollut* within five words of the word air to find information on air pollution/air
pollutants.
Consider alternate terms and phrases for the same process or material: The search argument air pollution or air quality may return a wider array
of relevant results than either phrase by itself.

Searching abbreviated and full names

To obtain more comprehensive results when searching a term or phrase that is often abbreviated, search on both the full and the abbreviated
form of the term. Below is a small selection of abbreviated terms. To view a comprehensive list of abbreviated and full names see the appendix.
COD
ICC
THF

chemical oxygen demand

Interstate Commerce Commission
tetrahydrofuran

Stop List Words

A stop list is a group of words that are not searched due to their excessive frequency. When you enter a phrase with a word from the stop list, the
stop list word is replaced with a space, followed by a *, followed by a space. In other words, it will replace the stop list word with the asterisk
wildcard, which matches any word. Phrases containing a stop word must be enclosed in single or double quotes. Refer to the DIALOG OnDisc
Books User's Guide for more information about Stop List words.

Printing and Viewing Text and Graphics from Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical
Technology
Printing an article from Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

About Kirk-Othmer ECT (CD)

Select Print from the File Menu, the Print dialog box displays. Select an article of the book to print by selecting the appropriate radio button in
the Range section of the Print screen.

To print selected text from the current window, highlight required text and click Print the Selection in Book Window.
To select information manually, click the Print the sections highlighted at Right button, the table of contents are shown in the adjacent
window. Click on required sections.

To print TOC section(s):

Expand or collapse the TOC as necessary

Click the title of the section(s) that you want to print.
Ensure the Section Title is collapsed (the right-pointing arrow) from the TOC to print the entire section, because an expanded Section Title
(downward-pointing arrow) will print only the title.

Print Formats:

Click the Standard Content checkbox to print all content. The output is suitable for a medium quality laser printer.
Click the Colour Print checkbox to print in colour. The output is suitable for an inkjet printer.
Click the Text Only checkbox to print text only without graphics.

Print Options:

Click the Print notes checkbox to print notes with the text.

Note: Because of the methods used to display mathematical expressions and other symbols, it is necessary to select Print graphics to ensure that
the entire textual content with those symbols are printed.
Changing Printer Setup:

Click Setup and select relevant printer.

Select the paper source.
Select the page orientation, either Landscape or Portrait. Landscape printing may be desirable for some wide figures and tables.
Click the Print button to print the text you specified, or click Cancel to close the Print dialog box.

Viewing and Printing Graphics

All graphics (which include photos) can be enlarged by double-clicking on the nearby graphic icon. The graphic will come up in a Windows
secondary window scaled to fit the size of the graphic which you can enlarge or minimise as required. To print the graphic select File, Print from
the DynaText menu.

Technical Information
Minimum System Requirements for Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology on CD-ROM
The minimum equipment configuration for using DIALOG OnDisc Books and Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology on
CD-ROM is as follows:

An IBM PC or a compatible personal computer with Pentium II or better processor recommended.

Windows 95 Release B, 98, Me, NT or 2000.
32 Mb of RAM or more recommended.

About Kirk-Othmer ECT (CD)

8.5 Mb hard disc storage required to install software.

SVGA graphics card with compatible monitor.
CD-ROM drive.
Optionally, sufficient disc space to copy the reference data to your hard disc. 530 Mb of available space is recommended.

Open Windows
Clicking on a hyperlink or graphic will open an additional window on the host PC. These windows can be left open, but a large number of open
windows may degrade system performance by depleting available memory. To optimize performance on PCs having the minimum amount of
memory necessary to use this product, users may want to limit the number of pop-up windows open at any given time.

Exiting Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

To exit Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
Either from the DynaText menu select File, Exit, Or click the Windows Close box on the DynaText window.
A dialog box appears asking you if you want to exit DynaText
Click Yes to exit DynaText

Technical Support
If you have questions or need help using Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, contact the Dialog Technical support service at the
following locations:
For Europe, the Middle East and Africa contact:
The Dialog Corporation
2 Des Roches Square
Witney
Oxfordshire, OX28 4BE, UK
Telephone:
Fax:
Email:

+44 (0) 1993 899300

+44 (0) 1993 899333
ondisc@dialog.com

For the Americas contact:

The Dialog Corporation
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Cary, NC27511
USA
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For Asia/Pacific contact:

The Dialog Corporation (Asia/Pacific)
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Central Hong Kong

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Hong Kong
Telephone:
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+852 2530 5778

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ondisc@dialog.com

More Information about Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

Ordering the Printed Version of Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
For reprint requests for material contact:
Jacqueline Kroschwitz
Telephone:
Fax:
Email:

+1 (212) 850 6187

+1 (212) 850 6088
jkroschw@wiley.com

Statistics for Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

The Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology contains over 1200 separate in-depth articles, over 16000 images, photos and
illustrations, approximately 6000 tables and more than 8,300 chemical and mathematical equations.

Copyrights and Trademarks

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology Fourth Edition copyright 1991-1998 John Wiley & Sons Inc. All rights reserved. Access to,
use, and reproduction of any data or material contained herein are permitted only pursuant to express license during the term of such license. No
permission is granted to store any information contained herein or to retransmit any information, data, or materials contained herein. No part of
this product may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without the written permission of the copyright owner. Great care was taken in the compilation and production of this product, but it should be
made clear that NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, ARE GIVEN IN CONNECTION WITH THIS PUBLICATION.
No claim of any kind, whether as to products or information in this publication, and whether or not based on negligence, shall be greater in
amount than the purchase price of this product or publication in respect of which damages are claimed. THE REMEDY HEREBY PROVIDED
SHALL BE THE EXCLUSIVE AND SOLE REMEDY OF BUYER, AND IN NO EVENT SHALL EITHER PARTY BE LIABLE FOR
SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES WHETHER OR NOT CAUSED BY OR RESULTING FROM THE
NEGLIGENCE OF SUCH PARTY. Nothing contained in this publication shall be construed as a grant of any right of manufacture, sale, use, or
reproduction, in connection with any method, process, apparatus, product, composition, or system, whether or not covered by letters patent,
copyright, or trademark, and nothing contained in this book shall be construed as a defense against any alleged infringement of letters patent,
copyright, or trademark, or as a defense against liability for such infringement.

APPENDIX
NOTE ON CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS SERVICE REGISTRY NUMBERS AND NOMENCLATURE
Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry Numbers are unique numerical identifiers assigned to substances recorded in the CAS Registry System.
They appear in brackets in the Chemical Abstracts (CA) substance and formula indexes following the names of compounds. A single compound
may have synonyms in the chemical literature. A simple compound like phenethylamine can be named -phenylethylamine or, as in Chemical
Abstracts, benzeneethanamine. The usefulness of the Encyclopedia depends on accessibility through the most common correct name of a
substance. Because of this diversity in nomenclature careful attention has been given to the problem in order to assist the reader as much as
possible, especially in locating the systematic CA index name by means of the Registry Number. For this purpose, the reader may refer to the CAS
Registry HandbookNumber Section which lists in numerical order the Registry Number with the Chemical Abstracts index name and the
molecular formula; eg, 458-88-8, Piperidine, 2-propyl-, (S)-, C8H17N; in the Encyclopedia this compound would be found under its common name,
coniine [458-88-8]. Alternatively, this information can be retrieved electronically from CAS Online. In many cases molecular formulas have also
been provided in the Encyclopedia text to facilitate electronic searching. The Registry Number is a valuable link for the reader in retrieving
additional published information on substances and also as a point of access for on-line data bases.

In all cases, the CAS Registry Numbers have been given for title compounds in articles and for all compounds in the index. All specific substances
indexed in Chemical Abstracts since 1965 are included in the CAS Registry System as are a large number of substances derived from a variety of
reference works. The CAS Registry System identifies a substance on the basis of an unambiguous computer-language description of its molecular
structure including stereochemical detail. The Registry Number is a machine-checkable number (like a Social Security number) assigned in
sequential order to each substance as it enters the registry system. The value of the number lies in the fact that it is a concise and unique means of
substance identification, which is independent of, and therefore bridges, many systems of chemical nomenclature. For polymers, one Registry
Number may be used for the entire family; eg, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate has the same number as all of its polyoxyethylene
homologues.
Cross-references are inserted in the index for many common names and for some systematic names. Trademark names appear in the index. Names
that are incorrect, misleading, or ambiguous are avoided. Formulas are given very frequently in the text to help in identifying compounds. The
spelling and form used, even for industrial names, follow American chemical usage, but not always the usage of Chemical Abstracts (eg, coniine is
used instead of (S)-2-propylpiperidine, aniline instead of benzenamine, and acrylic acid instead of 2-propenoic acid).
There are variations in representation of rings in different disciplines. The dye industry does not designate aromaticity or double bonds in rings.
All double bonds and aromaticity are shown in the Encyclopedia as a matter of course. For example, tetralin has an aromatic ring and a saturated
ring and its structure appears in the Encyclopedia with its common name, Registry Number enclosed in brackets, and parenthetical CA index
name, ie, tetralin [119-64-2] (1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene). With names and structural formulas, and especially with CAS Registry Numbers, the
aim is to help the reader have a concise means of substance identification.

DERIVED UNITS AND OTHER ACCEPTABLE UNITS

These units are formed by combining base units, supplementary units, and other derived units (24). Those derived units having special names and
symbols are marked with an asterisk in the list below.

*absorbed dose
acceleration

Quantity

*activity (of a
radionuclide)
area
concentration (of amount
of substance)
current density

Unit

Symbol

gray
meter per second
squared
becquerel

Gy
m=s2

square kilometer
square hectometer
square meter
mole per cubic meter

km2
hm2
m2
mol=m3

ampere per square

A/=m2

Bq

10

J=kg

Acceptable
equivalent

1=s
ha (hectare)

density, mass density

dipole moment (quantity)
*dose equivalent
*electric capacitance
*electric charge, quantity
of electricity
electric charge density
*electric conductance
electric field strength
electric flux density
*electric potential,
potential difference,
electromotive force
*electric resistance
*energy, work, quantity
of heat

energy density
*force
*frequency
heat capacity, entropy
heat capacity (specific),
specific entropy
heat-transfer coefficient
*illuminance
*inductance
linear density
luminance
*luminous flux
magnetic field strength
*magnetic flux
*magnetic flux density
molar energy
molar entropy, molar
heat capacity
moment of force, torque
momentum
permeability
permittivity
*power, heat flow rate,
radiant flux
power density, heat flux
density, irradiance
*pressure, stress
sound level
specific energy
specific volume

meter
kilogram per cubic
meter
coulomb meter
sievert
farad
coulomb

kg=m3

g=L; mg=cm3

Cm
Sv
F
C

J=kg
C=V
As

coulomb per cubic

meter
siemens
volt per meter
coulomb per square
meter
volt

C=m3
S
V=m
C=m2

A=V

W=A

ohm
megajoule
kilojoule
joule
electronvolty

MJ
kJ
J
eVy

V=A

kilowatt-houry

kWhy

joule per cubic meter

kilonewton
newton
megahertz
hertz
joule per kelvin
joule per kilogram
kelvin
watt per square
meter kelvin
lux
henry
kilogram per meter
candela per square
meter
lumen
ampere per meter
weber
tesla
joule per mole
joule per mole kelvin

J=m3
kN
N
MHz
Hz
J=K
J=(kgK)

newton meter
kilogram meter per
second
henry per meter
farad per meter
kilowatt
watt
watt per square
meter
megapascal
kilopascal
pascal
decibel
joule per kilogram
cubic meter per

Nm
kgm=s

11

Nm

kgm=s2
1=s

W=(m2K)
lx
H
kg=m
cd=m2

lm=m2
Wb=A

lm
A=m
Wb
T
J=mol
J=(molK)

cdsr

H=m
F=m
kW
W
W=m2
MPa
kPa
Pa
dB
J=kg
m3=kg

Vs
Wb=m2

J=s

N=m2

kilogram
newton per meter
watt per meter
kelvin
meter per second
kilometer per hour
pascal second
millipascal second
square meter per
second
square millimeter
per second
cubic meter
cubic diameter
cubic centimeter
1 per meter
1 per centimeter

surface tension
thermal conductivity
velocity
viscosity, dynamic
viscosity, kinematic

volume
wave number

N=m
W=(mK)
m=s
km=h
Pas
mPas
m2=s
mm2=s
m3
dm3
cm3
m1
cm1

L (liter) (5)
mL

This non-SI unit is recognized by the CIPM as having to be retained because of practical importance or use in specialized fields (1).

In addition, there are 16 prefixes used to indicate order of magnitude, as follows:

Multiplication
factor
1018
1015
1012
109
106
103
102
10
101
102
103
106
109
1012
1015
1018

Prefix
exa
peta
tera
giga
mega
kilo
hecto
deka
deci
centi
milli
micro
nano
pico
femto
atto

Symbol
E
P
T
G
M
k
ha
daa
da
ca
m

n
p
f
a

Note

Although hecto, deka, deci, and centi

are SI prefixes, their use should be
avoided except for SI unit-multiples
for area and volume and nontechnical use of centimeter, as for body
and clothing measurement.

For a complete description of SI and its use the reader is referred to ASTM E380 (4) and the article U NITS AND CONVERSION FACTORS
which appears in Vol.24.
A representative list of conversion factors from non-SI to SI units is presented herewith. Factors are given to four significant figures. Exact
relationships are followed by a dagger. A more complete list is given in the latest editions of ASTM E380 (4) and ANSI Z210.1 (6).

ABBREVIATIONS AND UNITS

A
A
A
a
AATCC

ampere
anion (eg, HA)
mass number
atto (prefix for 10 18)
American Association of
Textile Chemists and

AOAC
AOCS
APHA

12

Association of Official
Analytical Chemists
American Oil Chemists'
Society
American Public Health
Association

ABS
abs
ac
a-c
acacac
ACGIH
ACS
AGA
Ah
AIChE
AIME

AIP
AISI
alc
Alk
alk
amt
amu
ANSI
AO

C
C
Cc
c
ca
cd
CFR
cgs
CI
cis-

cl
cm
cmil
cmpd
CNS
CoA
COD

Colorists
acrylonitrilebutadiene
styrene
absolute
alternating current, n.
alternating current, adj.
alicyclic
acetylacetonate
American Conference of
Governmental Industrial
Hygienists
American Chemical
Society
American Gas Association
ampere hour
American Institute of
Chemical Engineers
American Institute of
Mining, Metallurgical,
and Petroleum
Engineers
American Institute of
Physics
American Iron and Steel
Institute
alcohol(ic)
alkyl
alkaline (not alkali)
amount
atomic mass unit
American National
Standards Institute
atomic orbital

API

coulomb
degree Celsius
denoting attachment to
carbon
centi (prefix for 10 2)
critical
circa (approximately)
candela; current density;
circular dichroism
Code of Federal
Regulations
centimeter-gram-second
Color Index
isomer in which
substituted groups are
on same side of double
bond between C atoms
carload
centimeter
circular mil
compound
central nervous system
coenzyme A
chemical oxygen demand

DIN

aq
Ar
arasASHRAE

ASM
ASME
ASTM
at no.
at wt
av(g)
AWS
b

bbl
bcc
BCT
Be
BET
bid
Boc
BOD
bp
Bq

dl-; DLDMA
DMF
DMG
DMSO
DOD
DOE
DOT
DP
dp
DPH
dstl(d)
dta
(E)
e
ECU
ed.

13

American Petroleum
Institute
aqueous
aryl
aromatic
asymmetric(al)
American Society of
Heating, Refrigerating,
and Air Conditioning
Engineers
American Society for
Metals
American Society of
Mechanical Engineers
American Society for
Testing and Materials
atomic number
atomic weight
average
American Welding Society
bonding orbital
barrel
body-centered cubic
body-centered tetragonal
Baume
Brunauer-Emmett-Teller
(adsorption equation)
twice daily
t-butyloxycarbonyl
biochemical (biological)
oxygen demand
boiling point
becquerel

Deutsche Industrie
Normen
racemic
dimethylacetamide
dimethylformamide
dimethyl glyoxime
dimethyl sulfoxide
Department of Defense
Department of Energy
Department of
Transportation
degree of polymerization
dew point
diamond pyramid
hardness
distill(ed)
differential thermal
analysis
entgegen; opposed
dielectric constant
(unitless number)
electron
electrochemical unit
edited, edition, editor

coml
cp
cph
CPSC
cryst
cub
D
Dd
d
d
dda
dB
dc
d-c
dec
detd
detn
Di
dia
dil

FAO
fcc
FDA
FEA
FHSA
fob
fp
FPC
FRB
frz
G
G
g
(g)
g
gc
gemglc
g-mol wt;
gmw
GNP
gpc
GRAS

commercial(ly)
chemically pure
close-packed hexagonal
Consumer Product Safety
Commission
crystalline
cubic
debye
denoting configurational
relationship
differential operator
day; deci (prefix for 10 1)
density
dextro-, dextrorotatory
deka (prefix for 10 1)
decibel
direct current, n.
direct current, adj.
decompose
determined
determination
didymium, a mixture of all
lanthanons
diameter
dilute

ED
EDTA

Food and Agriculture

Organization (United
Nations)
face-centered cubic
Food and Drug
Administration
Federal Energy
Administration
Federal Hazardous
Substances Act
free on board
freezing point
Federal Power
Commission
Federal Reserve Board
freezing
giga (prefix for 109)
gravitational constant =
6:67 1011 Nm2 =kg2
gram
gas, only as in H2O(g)
gravitational acceleration
gas chromatography
geminal
gasliquid
chromatography

hyd
hyg
Hz
i
(eg, Pri)
iIACS

gram-molecular weight
gross national product
gel-permeation
chromatography
Generally Recognized as

emf
emu
en
eng
EPA
epr
eq.
esca
esp
esr
est(d)
estn
esu
exp
ext(d)
F
F
f

ibp
IC
ICC
ICT
ID
ip
IPS
ir
IRLG
ISO
ITS-90
IU
IUPAC
IV
iv
J
K

14

effective dose
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
electromotive force
electromagnetic unit
ethylene diamine
engineering
Environmental Protection
Agency
electron paramagnetic
resonance
equation
electron spectroscopy for
chemical analysis
especially
electron-spin resonance
estimate(d)
estimation
electrostatic unit
experiment, experimental
extract(ed)
farad (capacitance)
faraday (96,487 C)
femto (prefix for 10 15)

hydrated, hydrous
hygroscopic
hertz
iso (eg, isopropyl)
inactive (eg, i-methionine)
International Annealed
Copper Standard
initial boiling point
integrated circuit
Interstate Commerce
Commission
International Critical
Table
inside diameter; infective
dose
intraperitoneal
iron pipe size
infrared
Interagency Regulatory
Liaison Group
International Organization
Standardization
International Temperature
Scale (NIST)
International Unit
International Union of
Pure and Applied
Chemistry
iodine value
intravenous
joule
kelvin

grd
Gy
H
h
ha
HB
Hb
hcp
hex
HK
hplc
HRC
HV

LED
liq
lm
ln
LNG
log
LOI
LPG
ltl
lx
M
M
Mw
Mn
m
m
mmax
MCA

MEK
meq
mfd
mfg
mfr
MIBC
MIBK
MIC
min
mL
MLD
MO
mo
mol
mol wt

Safe
ground
gray
henry
hour; hecto (prefix for 10 2)
hectare
Brinell hardness number
hemoglobin
hexagonal close-packed
hexagonal
Knoop hardness number
high performance liquid
chromatography
Rockwell hardness
(C scale)
Vickers hardness number

k
kg
L

light-emitting diode
liquid
lumen
logarithm (natural)
liquefied natural gas
logarithm (common)
limiting oxygen index
liquefied petroleum gas
less than truckload lots
lux
mega (prefix for 106);
metal (as in MA)
molar; actual mass
weight-average mol wt
number-average mol wt
meter; milli (prefix for
103)
molal
meta
maximum
Chemical Manufacturers'
Association (was
Manufacturing Chemists
Association)
methyl ethyl ketone
milliequivalent
manufactured
manufacturing
manufacturer
methyl isobutyl carbinol
methyl isobutyl ketone
minimum inhibiting
concentration
minute; minimum
milliliter
minimum lethal dose
molecular orbital
month
mole
molecular weight

N-

L
l(l)
LC50
LCAO
lc
LCD
lcl
LD50

n (as n20
D )
n

(as Bun),
nn
n
na
NAS
NASA
nat
ndt
neg
NF
NIH
NIOSH
NIST

nmr
NND
no.
NOI-(BN)
NOS
nqr
NRC

15

kilo (prefix for 10 3)

kilogram
denoting configurational
relationship
liter (for fluids only) (5)
levo-, levorotatory
liquid, only as in NH3(l)
conc lethal to 50% of the
animals tested
linear combination of
atomic orbitals
liquid chromatography
liquid crystal display
less than carload lots
dose lethal to 50% of the
animals tested

denoting attachment to
nitrogen
index of refraction (for
20C and sodium light)
normal (straight-chain
structure)
neutron
nano (prefix for 10 9)
not available
National Academy of
Sciences
National Aeronautics and
Space Administration
natural
nondestructive testing
negative
National Formulary
National Institutes of
Health
National Institute of
Occupational Safety and
Health
National Institute of
Standards and
Technology (formerly
National Bureau of
Standards)
nuclear magnetic
resonance
New and Nonofficial Drugs
(AMA)
number
not otherwise indexed (by
name)
not otherwise specified
nuclear quadruple
resonance
Nuclear Regulatory
Commission; National

mp
MR
ms
MSDS
mxt

N
N

NTSB
OoOD
OPEC
o-phen
OSHA
owf

P
p
pp
p.
Pa
PEL
pd
pH
phr
p-i-n
pmr
p-n
po
POP
pos
pp.
ppb
ppm
ppmv
ppmwt
PPO
ppt(d)
pptn
Pr (no.)
pt
PVC
pwd
py

melting point
molar refraction
mass spectrometry
material safety data sheet
mixture
micro (prefix for 10 6)
newton (force)
normal (concentration);
neutron number

National Transportation
Safety Board
denoting attachment to
oxygen
ortho
outside diameter
Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries
o-phenanthridine
Occupational Safety and
Health Administration
on weight of fiber
ohm
peta (prefix for 10 15)
pico (prefix for 10 12)
para
proton
page
pascal (pressure)
personal exposure limit
based on an 8-h
exposure
potential difference
negative logarithm of the
effective hydrogen ion
concentration
parts per hundred of resin
(rubber)
positive-intrinsic-negative
proton magnetic resonance
positive-negative
per os (oral)
polyoxypropylene
positive
pages
parts per billion (10 9)
parts per million (10 6)
parts per million by
volume
parts per million by weight
poly(phenyl oxide)
precipitate(d)
precipitation
foreign prototype (number)
point; part
poly(vinyl chloride)
powder
pyridine

NRI
NSF
NTA
NTP

qv
R
(R)r
rad
RCRA
rds
ref.
rf
r-f
rh
RI
rms
rpm
rps
RT
RTECS
s

(eg, Bus);
secS
(S)Sss
(s)
SAE
SAN
sat(d)
satn
SBS
sc
SCF
Sch
sem
SFs
sl sol
sol

16

Research Council
New Ring Index
National Science
Foundation
nitrilotriacetic acid
normal temperature and
pressure (25C and 101.3
kPa or 1 atm)

quod vide (which see)

univalent hydrocarbon
radical
rectus (clockwise
configuration)
precision of data
radian; radius
Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act
rate-determining step
reference
radio frequency, n.
radio frequency, adj.
relative humidity
Ring Index
root-mean square
rotations per minute
revolutions per second
room temperature
Registry of Toxic Effects of
Chemical Substances
secondary (eg, secondary
butyl)
siemens
sinister (counterclockwise
configuration)
denoting attachment to
sulfur
symmetric(al)
second
solid, only as in H2O(s)
Society of Automotive
Engineers
styrene-acrylonitrile
saturate(d)
saturation
styrenebutadiene
styrene
subcutaneous
self-consistent field;
standard cubic feet
Schultz number
scanning electron
microscope(y)
Saybolt Furol seconds
slightly soluble
soluble

soln
soly
sp
sp gr
sr
std
STP
sub
SUs
syn
t
(eg, But),
t-, tertT
t
t
TAPPI
TCC
tex
Tg
tga
THF
tlc
TLV

solution
solubility
specific; species
specific gravity
steradian
standard
standard temperature and
pressure (0C and 101.3
kPa)
sublime(s)
Saybolt Universal seconds
synthetic
tertiary (eg, tertiary
butyl)
tera (prefix for 10 12); tesla
(magnetic flux density)
metric ton (tonne)
temperature
Technical Association of
the Pulp and Paper
Industry
Tagliabue closed cup
tex (linear density)
glass-transition
temperature
thermogravimetric
analysis
tetrahydrofuran
thin layer chromatography
threshold limit value

trans-

TSCA
TWA
Twad
UL
USDA
USP
uv
V
var
vicvol
vs
v sol
W
Wb
Wh
WHO
wk
yr
(Z)-

isomer in which
substituted groups are
on opposite sides of
double bond between C
atoms
Toxic Substances Control
Act
time-weighted average
Twaddell
Underwriters' Laboratory
United States Department
of Agriculture
United States
Pharmacopeia
ultraviolet
volt (emf)
variable
vicinal
volume (not volatile)
versus
very soluble
watt
weber
watt hour
World Health
Organization (United
Nations)
week
year
zusammen; together;
atomic number

BIBLIOGRAPHY
N.B. This appendix contains edited extracts from the preface to the printed volumes of the Encyclopedia
1. The International Bureau of Weights and Measures, BIPM (Parc de Saint-Cloud, France) is described in Appendix X2 of Ref. 4. This bureau
operates under the exclusive supervision of the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM).
2. Metric Editorial Guide (ANMC-78-1), latest ed., American National Metric Council, 5410 Grosvenor Lane, Bethesda, Md. 20814, 1981.
3. SI Units and Recommendations for the Use of Their Multiples and of Certain Other Units (ISO 1000-1981), American National Standards
Institute, 1430 Broadway, New York, 10018, 1981.
4. Based on ASTM E380-89a (Standard Practice for Use of the International System of Units (SI)), American Society for Testing and Materials,
1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 19103, 1989.
5. Fed. Reg., Dec. 10, 1976 (41 FR 36414).
6. For ANSI address, see Ref. 3.
R. P. LUKENS
ASTM Committee E-43 on SI Practice

17