See

discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286446221

A Review on Dynamic mechanical analysis of

natural fibre reinforced polymer composites
Article in Construction and Building Materials December 2015
DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.075

CITATIONS

READS

409

4 authors:
Naheed Saba

Mohammad Jawaid

Universiti Putra Malaysia

Universiti Putra Malaysia

23 PUBLICATIONS 96 CITATIONS

182 PUBLICATIONS 1,788 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

SEE PROFILE

Othman Y Alothman

Paridah M. Tahir

King Saud University

Universiti Putra Malaysia

42 PUBLICATIONS 128 CITATIONS

189 PUBLICATIONS 1,314 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

All in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate,

letting you access and read them immediately.

SEE PROFILE

Available from: Mohammad Jawaid

Retrieved on: 20 July 2016

Construction and Building Materials 106 (2016) 149159

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Construction and Building Materials

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat

Review

A review on dynamic mechanical properties of natural fibre reinforced

polymer composites
N. Saba a, M. Jawaid a,b,, Othman Y. Alothman b, M.T. Paridah a
a
b

Biocomposite Technology Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

h i g h l i g h t s

DMA is one of the most powerful tools to study behaviour of polymer composites.

DMA study will help utilisation of natural fibre composites in construction field.

Natural fibre composites can be used for replacing steel, wood and concrete.

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history:
Received 1 April 2015
Received in revised form 8 November 2015
Accepted 10 December 2015

Keywords:
Natural fibre
Composite
Dynamic mechanical analysis
Loss modulus
Storage modulus
Tan d

a b s t r a c t
Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) is a versatile technique that complements the information provided
by the more traditional thermal analysis techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and thermal mechanical analysis (TMA). The dynamic parameters such as
storage modulus (E0 ), loss modulus (E00 ), and damping factor (Tan d) are temperature dependent and provide information about interfacial bonding between the reinforced fibre and polymer matrix of composite
material. The dynamic parameters were ominously influenced by the increase in fibre length and loading
but not in a geometric progression. Dynamic loading conditions are frequently stumble in civil infrastructure systems due to sound, winds, earthquakes, ocean waves and live loads. Vibration damping parameters shows prime importance for structural applications in order to enhance the reliability,
performance, buildings comfort and in the alleviation of bridges hazards. DMA also predicts the effects
of time and temperature on polymer sealants viscoelastic performance under different environments.
Present review article designed to be a comprehensive source of reported literature involving dynamic
mechanical properties of natural fibre reinforced polymer composites, hybrid and nano composites
and its applications. This review article will provides a perfect data to explore its industrial application
primarily as cheaper construction and building materials for doing further research in this topic.
2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Glass transition temperature (Tg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dynamic mechanical properties of natural fibre reinforced thermoset composites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dynamic mechanical properties of natural fibre reinforced thermoplastic polymer composites . . . . . .
Dynamic mechanical properties of natural fibre reinforced bio-polymer composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dynamic mechanical properties of nanocomposites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dynamic mechanical properties of natural fibre reinforced hybrid thermoset composites. . . . . . . . . . .
Dynamic mechanical properties of natural fibre reinforced hybrid thermoplastic polymer composites
Dynamic mechanical properties of natural fibre reinforced hybrid Biopolymer composites . . . . . . . . .
Dynamic mechanical properties of hybrid nanocomposites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

Corresponding author at: Biocomposite Technology Laboratory, INTROP, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
E-mail addresses: jawaid@upm.edu.my, jawaid_md@yahoo.co.in (M. Jawaid).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.075
0950-0618/ 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

150
150
151
151
153
153
154
154
155
156
156

150

12.
13.

N. Saba et al. / Construction and Building Materials 106 (2016) 149159

Applications . . . .
Conclusion . . . . .
Acknowledgments
References . . . . . .

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

1. Introduction
The growing interest in proper utilisation of natural fibres, paralleled to glass and carbon fibres are chiefly due to their low cost,
high specific modulus, light weight, lower energy requirementsless wear and tear in processing, wide availability, biodegradability, resistance to deforestation along with other usual advantages.
The incorporation of natural fibres as reinforcing agent in both
thermoset and thermoplastic polymer composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and
Technology [1]. A variety of natural fibres based polymer composite materials have been developed using modified synthetic strategies to extend its application from automotive to biomedical fields
[2]. Natural fibres such as coconut, sisal, jute, ramie bast, eucalyptus pulp, malva, banana, hemp, kenaf bast, flax, pineapple leaf, sansevieria leaf, abaca leaf, bamboo, date, palm, sugarcane fibre and
cotton are being commonly reinforced in the polymer system to
complement the certain specific properties in the final products
[3,2]. These cellulosic natural fibres have a wide range of physical
and mechanical properties that is related to the original source
such as diameter, length, specific gravity, methods of processing,
treatment etc. governing its wider applications [4]. Among different natural fibres, hibiscus sabdariffa, henequen, pines, esparto,
sabai grass and banana fibres are still some of the unexplored high
potential fibres having similar chemical constituents (cellulose,
hemicellulose and lignin), mechanical properties and thermal
resistance to other natural fibres such as jute, sisal, hemp, bamboo,
oil palm [5].
Construction and building materials are the most interesting
application area, which relates to enhancing the functional properties of concrete, steel, wood, and glass, as the primary construction
materials [6]. They are used as a structural component (construction material), for improving the properties of the polymer composites, and shows costs effectiveness, when compared to the
total cost of the composites especially when high percentage of
fibres involved compared to steel fibre [3]. The reuse and recycling
for a sustainable development are the major issues of government
policy around the globe. In response to this the use of natural fibres
will ensure more greener, sustainable and smart construction
development as compared to polymer/steel/synthetic fibres [7].
Thus a huge possibility of replacing the traditional structural component with natural fibres, currently get highlighted and inveterate by the many researchers [8].
Natural fibre (such as kenaf, jute, hemp) reinforced polymer
composite reflects outstanding and comparable mechanical and
dynamic mechanical properties to steel and aluminum, leading to
extend its applications for special engineering materials such as
automotive, aerospace industry and construction structures [6].
Currently cellulosic or natural fibres as reinforcements for cement
mortar composites and Portland cement masonry blocks reinforced with lechuguilla natural fibres constitute a very interesting
option for the construction industry in ecofriendly manner [9,7].
However, before their applications in structural fields, some testing
techniques are required to prompt to investigate the composite
structure and performance under periodic stress such as damping
behaviour.
DMA technique which is useful in characterising composite
structure and damping as a function of frequency, temperature,
time, stress, atmosphere or a combination of these parameters

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

156
157
157
157

[10]. The dynamic mechanical response of the multi-component

systems like composites is highly complex and involves the theories of constitutive equations and micromechanics. DMA also
depends on the physical or structural arrangement of phases such
as interface, morphology and the nature of constituents [11,12].
Researchers elaborated that the presence of the compatibilizer,
additives like filler, fibre content, fibre orientation and the mode
of testing governed the dynamic mechanical properties of a composite material [13].

2. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA)

Dynamic mechanical analysis is an indispensable and effective
tool for determining the morphology and viscoelastic properties
of crystalline polymer and composite materials related to primary
relaxations and other valuable parameters, such as crosslinking
density [14], dynamic fragility [15], dynamic/complex viscosity,
storage/loss compliance, creep compliance/stressrelaxation modulus and the non-Arrhenius variation of relation times with temperature [16]. The storage modulus (E0 ) or dynamic modulus
typically related to the Youngs modulus. It often associated with
stiffness of a material and determine how stiff or flimsy a sample.
E0 regarded as a material tendency/ability to store energy applied
to it for future purpose [17]. Loss modulus (E00 ) or dynamic loss
modulus, is a viscous response of the materials and regarded as
materials tendency to dissipate energy applied to it [17]. The
dynamic loss modulus is often associated with internal friction
and is sensitive to different kinds of molecular motions, transitions,
relaxation processes, morphology and other structural heterogeneities. Thus, when ball is allowed to bounced, it results some
energy to be dissipated and some energy save for future as illustrated in Fig. 1.
Tan d is expressed as a dimensionless number and regarded as
the mechanical damping factor defined as the ratio of loss and storage modulus (Tan d = E00 /E0 ) shown in Fig. 2. The relationship
between loss, storage modulus and Tan d in the DMA graph versus
temperature are shown in Fig. 3. The resultant component
obtained from the plot are called as complex modulus (shear modulus), denoted by (E). A high Tan d value is indicative of a material
having high, non-elastic strain component while a low value indicates high elasticity. Increase in the fibre/matrix interface bonding
results reduction in damping factor since mobility of the molecular
chains at the fibre/matrix interface decreases. Thus, lower the
energy loss in relation to its storage capacity greater the Tan d

Fig. 1. Illustrations of the loss modulus and storage modulus.

N. Saba et al. / Construction and Building Materials 106 (2016) 149159

Fig. 2. Relationship between E0 , E00 and Tan (d).

Fig. 3. Relationship between E0 , E00 and tan delta Vs temperature in the DMA.

(E00 /E0 ) value in the system. The damping factor is related to molecular movements, viscoelasticity besides the certain defects that
contribute towards damping such as dislocations, grain boundaries, phase boundaries and various interfaces [18].
3. Glass transition temperature (Tg)
The dynamic Tg is defined as the temperature where (i) the
middle point of E0 vs. temperature curve or (ii) the region where

151

E0 increases with increasing frequency at constant temperature or

(iii) maximum of the Tan d occurs or (iv) maximum of the E00 occurs
[19]. Thus glass transition temperature is the temperature range
where a thermosetting polymer changes from a glassy, rigid or
hard state to a more compliant, pliable or rubbery state. It is
quite different from melting temperature (Tm), as at melting point
the materials begin to melts while at (Tg) the materials get softer.
Fig. 4 shows the plot of heat amount added to the 100% crystalline
polymer/100% amorphous polymer on the y-axis and the temperature on the x-axis, showing first order transition (melting), and a
second order transition (the glass transition). If the polymer has
both crystalline and amorphous form, melting temperature of crystalline form is always higher than the Tg. Moreover, it is the temperature above which the polymer is in the rubbery stage and
below to this temperature the polymer is in the glassy or in brittle
stage. The glass transition is a transition which happens to amorphous polymers at Tg. Some polymers are used above their glass
transition temperatures, and some are used below. Rubber elastomers like polyisobutylene and polyisoprene are used in the rubbery state, i.e. above their Tg where they are flexible and soft. Hard
plastics like poly (methyl methacrylate) and polystyrene are used
in glassy state below their glass transition temperatures as their
Tg are around 100 C well above room temperature. Higher the
Tg, greater the cross-linked density which then leads to higher
polymer modulus value of the system. The effects of crosslinking
on the various regions of the DMA curve are visible in rubbery
and glass transition region. However, in the glassy region, both
the loss and storage moduli are independent of the degree of
crosslinking (Fig. 5). Thus, highly cross-linked thermoset polymer
has much larger loss and storage moduli indicating the tighter network structure and higher stiffness while the polymer of lightly
cross linked shows considerable smaller storage and loss modulus.
4. Dynamic mechanical properties of natural fibre reinforced
thermoset composites
Recently comparative study were reported on mechanical and
damping properties of unidirectional (UD) and flax fibre (FF) reinforced thermoplastic (polypropylene (PP), thermoset (epoxy) and
polylactic acid (PLA) composites having 40 vol.% of fibres, with
those of carbon (CF) and glass (GF) fibre reinforced epoxy composites[20]. The composites DMA analysis reinforced with flax fibre
displayed improved damping compared to composites reinforced

Fig. 4. Comparison between Tm and Tg.

152

N. Saba et al. / Construction and Building Materials 106 (2016) 149159

Fig. 5. The effects of crosslinking in DMA.

Table 1
Reported dynamic mechanical analysis work of natural fibres based reinforced
thermoset polymer composites.
Reinforcement

Matrix

Refs.

Ramie fibre
Cellulose micro fibres
Banana fibre
Untreated and alkali-treated jute fibre
Sansevieria cylindrical fibre
Eucalyptus wood cellulose fibre
Oil palm empty fruit bunch fibre
Phormium tenax leaf fibre
Untreated and treated coconut sheath fibre
Treated and untreated agave continuous fibre
Untreated and alkali-treated jute fibre
Piassava fibre
Jute fibre
UD and twill 2/2 flax fibre
Sisal fibre
Pultruded kenaf fibre

Epoxy
EVA
Polyester
Vinyl-ester
Polyester
Phenolic
Epoxy
Epoxy
Epoxy
Epoxy
Vinyl-ester
Polyester
Polyester
Epoxy
Epoxy
Unsaturated
Polyester

[24]
[25]
[26]
[27]
[28]
[29]
[17]
[30]
[31]
[32]
[27]
[33]
[34]
[35]
[36]
[23]

Unidirectional (UD), Poly (ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA).

with synthetic CF and GF. In this case researchers find the best
compromise between stiffness and damping with flax fibre reinforced in semi-crystalline renewable and biodegradable PLA. In
other study the dynamic mechanical properties at 1 Hz of 0
60 wt.% randomly oriented kenaf fibre reinforced poly lactic acid
(PLA) composites were made [21]. The composites containing more
than 50 wt.% kenaf fibres displayed a decrease in damping peak
(Tan d) amplitude with regard to neat PLA.
The damping properties of the flax fibre reinforced composites
at room temperature were found better as compared to glass and
carbon fibre reinforced composites [22]. Researchers also investigate the degradation of dynamic mechanical properties after
immersion in various solutions of pultruded kenaf fibre reinforced
unsaturated polyester composites (PKRC) [23]. The dynamic
mechanical properties of PKRC are highly affected by the presence
of absorbed water in the specimens. But PKRC properties such as
storage modulus, loss modulus and Tan d get reduced after immersion in different pH. PKRC immersed in sea water (pH 8.9) displayed the highest reduction, followed by distilled water (pH 7)
and acidic raining water (pH 5.5).
Some of the reported work on DMA is tabulated in Table 1.
Recently DMA analysis were carried out to investigate the viscoelastic property of celluloses microfibres (CMF) reinforced poly
(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) composite [25]. DMA results
showed that damping and stiffness properties decreased while
storage modulus increased with CMF loading. The reinforcement

of EVA with CMF consents increases the modulus increases up to

7.5% due to transfer of applied stress at the interface level. However the storage modulus gets decreased at higher filler loading.
In other work, with special reference to the effect of frequency,
fibre loading and high temperature dynamic mechanical analysis
of banana fibre reinforced polyester composites was carried out
by the researchers [26]. DMA results show that at lower temperatures (in the glassy region), the E0 values are maximum for the neat
polyester whereas at temperatures above Tg, the E0 values are
found to be maximum for composites with 40% fibre loading. They
explored that morphology of the system, intrinsic properties of
components and the interface nature between the phases chiefly
governed the dynamic mechanical properties of the composite. In
other work, vinyl ester-resin-matrix composites reinforced with
untreated and 5% NaOH treated jute fibres for 4 and 8 h with different fibre loading were subjected to DMA in order to determine
their dynamic properties as a function of temperature [27]. All
composites shows a decreasing trend in storage modulus, E0 , with
increase in temperature. Addition of the fibres evidently lowered
the high tan delta value of the resin within the composites, thus
lowered the damping factor of the composites. Increase of the jute
fibre content in the composite, increases the E0 values after reinforcement in the matrix, as result of more interfacial stress transfer. Finally decreased in the tan delta, values are observed after
the incorporation of the reinforcing fibres.
Researchers reported influence of fibre length, fibre loading and
chemical treatments of SCFRPCs (Sansevieria cylindrical (SC) fibre
reinforced polyester matrix composites) over the mechanical and
thermal stability were analysed at different temperatures [28].
The dynamic characteristics such as E0 , E00 and damping were significantly influenced by the increase in fibre length and fibre loading
but not in a geometric progression. Study implies that the reinforced fibre can increase the E0 due to the stiffening effect of fibre
with matrix and finally decreased the damping curve of polyester
matrix. They further declared that damping property of fibre reinforced composite materials depends upon the various factors such
as fibre/matrix interface, frictional resistance, interphase zone,
fibre breakage and matrix cracking. Recently the dynamic mechanical properties of treated coconut sheath fibre and untreated (raw)
(UTCSE) reinforced epoxy composites (TCSE) were conceded [31].
From DMA results the damping parameter (Tan d) was decreased
and the storage modulus (E0 ) value increased for TCSE composite,
indicating higher adhesion between treated coconut sheath fibre
and epoxy resin than untreated (UTCSE) composite. Research
investigation were made to analyze the properties of interface
and the impact of the fibre treatment on the fibre matrix adhesion
of alkali treated (TCEC) and untreated (UTCEC) agave continuous

N. Saba et al. / Construction and Building Materials 106 (2016) 149159

fibre reinforced epoxy composites [32]. The storage modulus values of the UTCEC found to lower than the TCEC, indicating the
superior interfacial bond strength and adhesion between the agave
fibre and resin matrix. The incorporation of treated fibre increases
the loss modulus (E00 ) of the composites compared to untreated
fibre, consequently increases the structural mobility of the polymer within the composite.

5. Dynamic mechanical properties of natural fibre reinforced

thermoplastic polymer composites
Researchers elaborated the fabrication work for thermoplastic
polymer composite using natural fibre as reinforcement. Some of
the important reported studies on dynamic mechanical analysis
of natural fibres based reinforced thermoplastic polymer composites were tabulated in Table 2. DMA results of wood flour
polypropylene (PP) composites, shows that the storage modulus
improved and loss factor decreased in the presence of maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MA-PP) [40]. The result depicts positively much better interfacial adhesion between the PP matrix and
wood flour (WF) filler than in the absence of compatibilizer. As the
incorporation of modified MA-PP WF in the PP matrix, amended
the stiffness of the composites. In other study the (Tan d) and E0
of matrix modified composites displayed improved value compared to non-modified polypropylene with the same fibre content,
for both aged and prepared samples [44]. The reduction in (Tan d)
at the same temperature, shows increase in E0 with increasing fibre
content far greater than E00 value [46]. Viscoelastic properties of
jute/polypropylene nonwoven reinforced composites were investigated using DMA. DMA result shows that the magnitudes of peak
loss modulus and storage modulus of nonwoven composites get
improved with an increase in the jute fibre content.
In other study the dynamic mechanical properties of microfibres
of oil palm-reinforced acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) composites were investigated as a function of frequency, temperature, treatment and fibre content by the researchers [47]. The storage modulus
increases with weight fraction of microfibrils due to the increase in
stiffness conveyed by the strong adhesion between the polar matrix
Table 2
Reported work on dynamic mechanical analysis of natural fibres based reinforced
thermoplastic polymer composites.
Reinforcement

Matrix

Refs.

Short coir fibre

Kenaf fibre
Short hemp fibre
Short sisal fibre
Wood flour
Pineapple leaf fibre
Short hemp fibre
Hemp fibre
Jute fibre
Sisal fibre
Short jute fibre
Oil palm microfibril

Natural rubber
HDPE
Polypropylene
Polystyrene
Polypropylene
Polypropylene
Polypropylene
Polypropylene
Polypropylene
Rubber seed oil polyurethane
Polypropylene
Acrylonitrile butadiene
rubber
Natural rubber
HDPE
Polypropylene
Poly(methyl methacrylate)
Polyvinylchloride
Polyethylene
Polypropylene
Polypropylene
LLDPE
HDPE
Polyethylene

[19]
[37]
[38]
[39]
[40]
[41]
[42]
[43]
[44]
[45]
[46]
[47]

Oil palm microfibril

(MAPE) modified jute fibre
Doum palm fibre
Chicken feathers
Alfa fibre
Short henequen fibre
Unidirectional and twill 2/2 Flax fibre
Modified jute fibre
Oil palm fibre
Treated argan nut shell particles
Pineapple fibre

[48]
[49]
[50]
[51]
[52]
[53]
[20]
[54]
[55]
[56]
[57]

High-density polyethylene (HDPE), Linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), Maleic

Anhydride grafted Polyethylene (MAPE).

153

and the hydrophilic micro fibrils. Furthermore, the increase in fibre

content, decreases the damping nature of the composite as the
amplified stiffness imparted by the natural fibres. The experimental
study on the viscoelastic behaviour of jute fibre reinforced high density polyethylene (HDPE) composites by DMA was carried out [49].
Variations in mechanical strength, (E0 ), (E00 ) and damping parameter
(Tan d) with the addition of fibres and coupling agents were investigated. DMA data showed an increase in the storage modulus of the
treated composites. A prominent increase was observed in the modulus of virgin matrix with the incorporation of jute fibres. Reduction
in damping properties of the untreated and treated composites values compared to the virgin matrix also found significant. A novel
work by researchers on the evaluation of dynamic mechanical thermal behaviour of doum fibres reinforced polypropylene composites
for both binary and ternary composites were reported. Remarkable
increase in the viscosity and glass temperature for ternary composites were noted compared to the binary composites [50]. Recently
DMA analysis of keratin fibres from chicken feathers used as
short-fibre reinforcement for a poly (methyl methacrylate) matrix
also been conveyed by the researchers [51].
The influence of stacking sequence of preferentially and nonpreferentially aligned nonwovens on viscoelastic properties of
composites was also investigated [54]. Result analysis revealed
that by increasing the jute fibres content in composites can minimised the reduction in storage modulus (E0 ) due to the strengthening imparted by the jute fibres. The dynamic mechanical properties
of oil palm fibre (OPF) linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE)
composites in terms of (E0 ), (E00 ) and damping parameter (Tan d)
in a temperature range of 150100 C were analysed [55]. The
effect of fibre content, fibre size and fibre surface treatment on
the dynamic mechanical properties is determined. The E00 values
increased with increase in both alkali treated fibre and fibre content. However the (Tan d) peak values get decreased upon fibre
addition whereas alkali treatment increases the (Tan d) peak at
all frequencies signifying better impact properties after alkali
treatment. Research study on high density polyethylene (HDPE)
composites reinforced with treated bio-filler from argan-nut shell
(ANS) at various filler contents, fabricated by extrusion and injection moulding processes are evaluated [56]. They found that damping factor decreases with the increase in bio-filler content. An
increase in E0 and reduction in the viscous elastic lag between
the stress and the strain were also evident from DMA analysis.
The effect of coir fibre chemical treatment on damping of composites was studied in another work. Result of DMA showed that as
frequency increases the values of E00 and (Tan d) decreases whereas
E0 values get increases both in gum and in composites [19]. Fibre
incorporation increases the E00 , which indicates the higher heat dissipation (heat build-up) in the short coir fibre reinforced natural
rubber composites compared to that of gum. This study explore
that, good interfacial bonding composite dissipate lesser energy
compared to composite with poor interfacial bonding. Salleh and
their coworkers study the effects of extrusion processing temperature on the rheological, dynamic mechanical and tensile properties
of kenaf fibre/high-density polyethylene (HDPE) composites for
low (LPT) and high (HPT) processing temperatures [58]. At high
processing temperature an increase in loss and storage modulus
and a decrease in mechanical loss factor were observed for
17.5 wt.% composites. The incorporation of the kenaf fibre at
(HPT) reduced the magnitude of (Tan d) maximum values with
the increasing fibre loading.
6. Dynamic mechanical properties of natural fibre reinforced
bio-polymer composites
Some of the reported work on the study of dynamic mechanical
analysis of natural fibres based reinforced bio-polymer composites

154

N. Saba et al. / Construction and Building Materials 106 (2016) 149159

Table 3
Reported work on dynamic mechanical analysis of natural fibres based reinforced biopolymer composites.
Reinforcement

Matrix

Refs.

Modified jute fibre

Kenaf fibre
Woven hemp fibre
Short ramie fibre
Wood-fibre
Cotton stalk bast fibre
Mercerised kenaf fibre
UD and twill 2/2 Flax fibre

Biopol
Poly (lactic acid)/Thymol
Poly(lactic acid)
Poly(lactic acid)
Polylactide
Poly(butylene succinate)
Polylactic acid
Polylactic acid

[59]
[60]
[61]
[62]
[63]
[64]
[21]
[20]

Unidirectional (UD).

are tabulated in Table 3. A new work by the researchers was made

on the investigation of dynamic mechanical properties of surface
modified jute fibre reinforced biopol nano-phased green composites [59]. Treated jutebiopol composites with/without nanoclay
exhibited better loss and storage modulus compared to untreated
jutebiopol composites. Moreover, the properties of the jute based
biocomposites get increased with the increase percentage of nanoclay. Recently research work was made to study thermal and viscoelastic behaviour of woven hemp (twill and plain weaves types)
fibre reinforced PLA composites [61]. The study shows that composites embedded by twill woven hemp fabrics showed better
thermal, mechanical and viscoelastic behaviour compared to composite reinforced by plain woven hemp fabrics. In other work short
ramie fibre reinforced poly (lactic acid) (PLA) composites with and
without maleic anhydride (MA) was fabricated and their dynamic
mechanical properties were investigated [62]. Increase in the storage modulus with the addition of fibre increases due to the
enhanced interfacial adhesion supported by the maleic anhydride,
which acts as a plasticizing agent. The dynamic mechanical thermal properties of poly (butylene succinate) composites reinforced
with cotton stalk bast fibres (CSBF) were studied [64]. The result of
analysis revealed that the storage modulus of CSBF/PBS composites
is higher than that of pure PBS (Degradable poly (butylene succinate) over the entire temperature range.

pure epoxy. In another research study the nanocomposites with

distinct nano reinforcement contents (1, 2 and 5 wt.%) in epoxy
were studied. They observed that by the incorporation of epoxycyclohexyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (Tg) of the system
decreases subsequently, indicating that mobility within the
nanocomposite is comparatively higher [15]. DMA analysis of
epoxy nanocomposites reinforced with nano-Al2O3 particles, specified that the (Tg) of the nanocomposites is higher than that of the
pure epoxy resins. Moreover, the E0 in the glassy region gets
decreased with increasing nano-Al2O3 content, whereas the E0 in
the rubbery region increased with increasing nano-Al2O3 content
[65]. A comprehensive investigation were also carried out in tensile mode of DMA on the effect of interface of polycaprolactone
(PCL) diol based polyurethane (PU) or bio-based PU, reinforced
by cellulose nanofibres obtained from the rachis of date palm tree
[66]. The DMA of cellulose nano-fibre (CNF) reinforced (PLA) fabricated by twin screw extrusion were made to evaluate the viscoelastic properties. They revealed, that the E0 value of PLA get
increased with increased nano-fibre content, in rubbery as well
as in glassy state compared to pure PLA [67]. The increase in modulus along with positive shift in (Tan d) peak position, attributed to
physical interaction between the reinforcements and polymer
which perfectly restrict the segmental mobility of the polymer
chains in the vicinity of the nano-reinforcements. In other interesting study, the effects of c-Al2O3 nanoparticles on dynamic mechanical and tensile properties of epoxy/c-Al2O3 nano-composites
were analysed [68]. One of the important study on the effect of
chemical treatment of filler on dynamic mechanical and mechanical properties of composites investigated by Rath and their
coworkers [70]. DMA of different clay composites provide idea
about the difference in the degree of polymerfiller interaction
due to chemical treatment of filler.

8. Dynamic mechanical properties of natural fibre reinforced

hybrid thermoset composites
Several research works has been reported for the analysis of
dynamic mechanical properties of hybrid fibres/fillers reinforced

7. Dynamic mechanical properties of nanocomposites

Polymer nanocomposites are indispensable engineering materials, tailored by adding nanoscale fillers in polymer matrix to meet
the growing demands of the specific properties in the versatile
industrial and practical applications. Several research work has
been conveyed, some of the important research work on DMA
studies of nanocomposites are tabulated in Table 4. Pistor and their
coworkers study the DMA of epoxy matrix containing 1, 2 and 5%
of a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) in isothermal
and non-isothermal conditions to evaluate the interactions
between the epoxy/POSS systems [14]. They also observed increase
in dynamic properties by the addition of nano POSS compared with

Table 4
Reported work on dynamic mechanical analysis of nanocomposites.
Reinforcement

Matrix

Refs.

Epoxy-cyclohexyl-(POSS)
Epoxy-cyclohexyl-(POSS)
Nano-Al2O3 particles
Cellulose nano-fibre
Cellulose nano-fibre
c-Aluminum oxide
Carbon nanotube
Fibrous Nano Clay Attapulgite

Epoxy
Epoxy
Epoxy
Bio-based polyurethane
Poly lactic acid
Epoxy
Epoxy
Natural rubber

[15]
[14]
[65]
[66]
[67]
[68]
[69]
[70]

Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS).

Table 5
Reported study on dynamic mechanical analysis of natural fibres based reinforced
hybrid thermoset polymer composites.
Reinforcement

Thermoset Matrix

References

Jute and Kenaf fibre

Glass/Ramie fibre
Palmyra Palm Leaf Stalk
Fibre/Jute fibre
Curaua/Glass fibre

Unsaturated polyester
Unsaturated polyester
Unsaturated Polyester

[71]
[72,10]
[73]

Unsaturated and accelerated

orthophthalic polyester
Polyester

[74]

Unsaturated polyester
Polyester and Epoxy
Unsaturated isophthalic Polyester
Polyester
Unsaturated polyester
Epoxy

[76]
[36]
[77]
[78]
[79]
[80]

Phenol Formaldehyde
Unsaturated polyester resins
Epoxy
Epoxy
Unsaturated and accelerated
orthophthalic Polyester
Polypropylene
Polypropylene
Polypropylene

[81]
[71]
[82]
[17]
[83]

Mixed short Banana/Sisal

fibre
Pineapple Leaf/Glass fibre
Sisal fibre
Curaua/Glass fibre
Kenaf/Hemp bast fibre
Glass/Sisal fibre
E-glass (CSM)/N-glass
(CSM)/Woven jute
Oil Palm Fibre/Glass fibre
Pultruded Jute/Kenaf fibre
OPEFB/Woven Jute
Jute/OPEFB fibre
Intralaminate Curaua/
Glass fibre
Short bamboo/Glass fibre
Banana/Glass fibre
Glass/Sisal fibre

Chopped strand mat (CSM), Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB).

[75]

[1]
[84]
[85]

155

N. Saba et al. / Construction and Building Materials 106 (2016) 149159

thermoset polymer composites. Some reported work on the investigation of dynamic mechanical properties of natural fibres based
reinforced thermoset hybrid polymer composites are presented
in Table 5. Dynamic properties of pultruded jute and kenaf fibre
reinforced unsaturated polyester composites using split hopkinson
pressure bar technique has been reported by researchers [71].
Under dynamic loading, jute fibre reinforced composites recorded
the highest value of dynamic response in terms of compression
modulus. The strain rate also affects the value of dynamic compressive properties of both pultruded natural fibre composites.
Recently researchers investigate the effect of fibre hybridization
on the dynamic mechanical properties of glass/ramie fibrereinforced polyester composites fabricated by resin transfer
moulding (RTM) [72]. The loss modulus increased with fibre content over the entire analysed temperature range. All loss modulus
curves reach a maximum and then decreases for higher temperatures revealing free movement of the polymer chains at higher
temperature. Furthermore, the increase in fibre content showed a
decrease in the tan delta peak as the overall interface area within
the composite increases. Influence of fibre content on the mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of glass/ramie polyester
polymer composites are studied by researcher [10]. According to
results, an enhancement in storage modulus with fibre content
was observed over the entire temperature range for all recoverable
viscoelastic deformation. All loss modulus curves reaches maximum and then decreases at higher temperatures, caused by the
free movement of the polymer chains. Dynamic mechanical and
static properties of alkali treated continuous reinforced palmyra
palm leaf stalk fibre (PPLSF) and jute fibres in unsaturated polyester matrix were evaluated [73]. The addition of jute fibres to PPLSF
and alkali treatment of the fibres increases both loss modulus and
storage modulus of the hybrid composites. A positive shift of tan
delta peaks to higher temperature and reduction in the peak height
of the composites were also observed. DMA revealed that maximum damping behaviour is evident for the composites with higher
jute loading. In another interesting study the static and dynamic
mechanical analysis of short randomly oriented intimately mixed
banana/sisal hybrid fibre reinforced polyester composites deliberated with special reference to the total volume fraction of the fibre
and relative volume fraction of the two natural fibres were investigated [75]. The effect of temperature on (E0 ) and mechanical
damping (Tan d) were studied. Result analysed that sisal/polyester
composite showed highest impact strength and maximum damping behaviour compared with both banana/polyester and hybrid
composites.
Researcher investigates the DMA of pineapple leaf/glass hybrid
fibre reinforced polyester composites [76]. The increase in temperature decreases the storage modulus. Addition of jute fibres to
PPLSF and alkali treatment of the fibres enhanced the loss and storage modulus of the hybrid composites. The composite with higher
amount of jute content found to have a maximum value of storage
modulus in the rubbery region. A decrease in Tan d with increasing
the jute content in the composites also been reported. Researchers
also investigate the hybridization effect on the dynamic mechanical and mechanical properties of curaua unsaturated isophthalic
polyester composites fabricated by hot compression moulding
technique [77]. They found that pure polyester resin has considerably lesser E0 compared to the hybrid composites. The E0 of all composites decreased with temperature, but E0 values are higher for
the composites with more glass fibres. However with the glass
incorporation both storage and loss moduli get increased.
Researches also find that incorporation of jute fibre contributes
to a lowering in damping factor of the jute/glass fibre reinforced
epoxy composite [80]. The incorporation of small amount of glass
fibre to oil palm/phenol formaldehyde composite improves the
damping factor of the oil palm composites [81]. Jawaid and his

coworkers studied the effect of jute fibre loading on tensile and

dynamic mechanical properties of oil palm epoxy composites
[17]. The storage modulus increases by the addition of jute fibres
to oil palm reinforced epoxy composite, while damping factor
shifts towards higher temperature region. E0 value increases with
the increase in the weight fraction of jute fibres and a maximum
value is obtained for oil palm EFB: jute (1:4) in the glassy region.
Moreover the (Tg) from loss modulus shows lower value than that
of Tan d curves. They also declared that increase in the jute fibre
content slightly decreases the damping factor in rubbery stage.
Dynamic mechanical properties of intralaminate Curaua/Glass fibre polyester hybrid composites show no significant trend with
glass incorporation in glass transition temperature whereas
increase in storage modulus is observed [83]. In the glassy state
the storage modulus of the composites increased with glass incorporation. The storage and loss moduli increased for higher glass
fibre content due to a greater degree of restriction imposed by
the glass fibre to the matrix, which allows a greater stress transfer
through the matrix/reinforcement interface. In other study the
dynamic mechanical and thermal analysis of oil palm empty fruit
bunch (OPEFB)/woven jute fibre reinforced epoxy hybrid composites were conceded [86]. The storage modulus is observed to
decrease with temperature in all cases. The hybrid composites
shows better values of E0 at Tg as compared to OPEFB and epoxy
composites. Loss modulus showed shifts in the Tg of the polymer
matrix with the addition of fibre as reinforcing phase, indicating
the significance of fibre role in case of Tg.

9. Dynamic mechanical properties of natural fibre reinforced

hybrid thermoplastic polymer composites
Reported work on the study of dynamic mechanical analysis of
natural fibres based reinforced thermoplastic hybrid polymer
composites are organised in Table 6. DMA were carried out to
determine the effect of natural fibres on thermal and mechanical
properties of natural fibre polypropylene composites [88]. Composites of polypropylene and various natural fibres including kenaf
fibres, rice hulls, wood flour and newsprint fibres were prepared
at 25% and 50% (by weight) fibre content levels. All hybrid composites displays higher storage and loss modulus values and lowered
mechanical loss or damping factor comparative to pure polypropylene. Moreover, the natural fibre-filled polypropylenes behave
more elastically than their pure counterpart. In other interesting
study, DMA revealed the real behaviour of the thermoplastic natural rubber (TPNR)-reinforced short carbon fibres and kenaf fibres
(CF and KF) hybrid composites [91]. The untreated hybrid composites exhibited higher E0 and E00 values and better Tan d values as
compared to the treated composites. An investigation of dynamic
mechanical properties of sisal/oil palm hybrid fibre-reinforced
natural rubber composites was made [93]. The loss and storage

Table 6
Reported work on dynamic mechanical analysis of natural fibres based reinforced
hybrid thermoplastic polymer composites.
Reinforcement

Thermoplastic matrix

Refs.

Pine/Agave fibre

High density
polyethylene
Natural rubber
Polypropylene

[87]

Polypropylene
Polypropylene
Natural-Rubber
Polypropylenes
Polypropylene

[89]
[90]
[91]
[92]
[1]

Sisal/Oil palm fibre

Kenaf fibre/Wood flour/Rice hulls/
Newsprint fibre
Short Hemp Fibre/Glass fibre
Kenaf, Hemp, Flax/Glass fibre
Short Carbon Fibre/Kenaf fibre
Flax/Hemp fibre
Short bamboo/Glass fibre

[13]
[88]

156

N. Saba et al. / Construction and Building Materials 106 (2016) 149159

modulus increases with increase in fibre loading in the composites

leading to a strong and stiff interface. The incorporation of fibres
also decreases the damping characteristics of composites as the
fibres block the free movement of the macromolecular chain. In
other study the alkali treatment of composites increases the
crosslinking resulting strong fibre/matrix interface formation and
finally triggered higher storage modulus values. Research study
the fabrication of polypropylene-bamboo/glass fibre reinforced
hybrid composites (BGRP) using maleic anhydride grafted
polypropylene (MAPP) as a coupling agent through intermeshing
counter rotating twin screw extruder followed by injection moulding. They find improved dynamic mechanical properties with an
increase in (E0 ) indicating higher stiffness and better interfacial
interaction between the fibres and matrix in case of hybrid composites as compared with untreated composites and pure matrix [1].
10. Dynamic mechanical properties of natural fibre reinforced
hybrid Biopolymer composites
Growing environmental issues and depletion of petrochemical
based polymer resources increases the interest of the researchers
in bio-based renewable polymer materials [94] and in sustainable
green composite reinforced with natural fibres. Table 7 tabulates
the research study of natural fibre reinforced hybrid bio matrix
composite. From the Table it is evident that very few research studies have been made on the hybrid biodegradable polymer composite to study dynamic properties. DMA analysis of kenaf and hemp
bast fibre reinforced cashew nut shell liquid matrix composite,
explored that treated fibre composites possess a higher storage
modulus E0 and lower Tan d [95]. Lower Tan d value suggests strong
interfacial bond strength due to improved adhesion developed
between the fibre and matrix as compared with the untreated
composites.
11. Dynamic mechanical properties of hybrid nanocomposites
Reported work on the study of DMA of nano filler reinforced
hybrid polymer composites are shown in Table 8. Thermomechanical property of nano-Al2O3 particles filled epoxy nanocomposite were investigated by DMA [65]. DMA of the nanocomposite
specifies that the E0 increases in both the rubbery and glassy
regions of composites with increasing the filler content. Researcher
found that the coefficient of thermal expansion of composites
decreases at the glassy and rubbery regions with increasing filler
content. Results also suggest that by the addition of nano-Al2O3
particles the (T g) of the epoxy resin get improved by 11 C,
whereas the thermal stability are similar to that of pure epoxy.
In another research study, the dynamic properties of sandwich
beams with MWNT/polymer nanocomposites as core materials

Table 7
Dynamic mechanical analysis of natural fibres based reinforced hybrid biopolymer
composites.
Reinforcement

Bio-matrix

Ref.

Kenaf/Hemp bast fibre

Cashew nut shell liquid matrix (CNSL)

[95]

Table 8
Reported work on dynamic mechanical analysis of hybrid nano polymer composites.
Nano-reinforcement

Matrix

Refs.

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes(MWNTs)

Nano-Al2O3 particles
Nano-Al2O3 particles

Epoxy and Phenolic

Epoxy
Polyester/Epoxy

[96]
[65]
[97]

Table 9
Dynamic mechanical analysis in Industrial applications.
Applications of DMA
Polymer properties &
characterisation

Polymer blends
and
phase
morphology

Polymerpolymer
compatibility.

Polymer rheological and thermal
properties

Effect of orientation
on
the
mechanical properties of solid
polymers

Rate and extent
of curing properties of thermoset
resins

Melting point of
semi-crystalline
polymers

Polymer
glass
transition
temperature (T gs)

Polymer damping
properties

Polymer storage
and loss moduli

Polymer composite
characterisation

Storage and loss
moduli of polymer
composite

Evaluation of the
interfacial bonding
in
polymer
composites

Investigation of an
ideal curing schedule
of fibre reinforced
polymer composites

Sol gel transformation
in
polymer
composite

Characterisation of
the thermo-rheological properties of gel
systems

Mechanical,
viscoelastic properties,
melting point, vulcanization in elastomeric
polymer
composite

Evaluation of composite structure and
performance

Industrial applications

Chemical industry

Melting
point,
dynamic
modulus,
glass
transitions
temperature
of
chemicals

Paints and lacquers
industry

The curing reactions
and T g of the
materials

Oil and gas industry

Structural pipeline
repair

Pharmaceutical and
biomedical science

Optimisation of the
formulation of pharmaceutical
drug
delivery systems

Food industry

Glass transition and
gelation point

Automotive industry

Curing
reactions,
damping behaviour,
dynamic modulus of
auto and aerospace
components

with epoxy and phenolic resin were examined [96]. Researchers

found that increasing the thickness of the cores increases both
the natural frequencies and loss factors of the sandwich beams.
Damping characteristics of the sandwich structure are also found
to be dominated by the core materials Researchers also characterised the dynamic mechanical properties of novel nano-Al2O3
particles/polyester/epoxy resin ternary composites [97].

12. Applications
The applications of DMA were summarised and illustrated in
Table 9. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis is far greater sensitive to both molecular relaxation and macroscopic processes than
thermal analysis techniques based only on temperature investigation. The applications of dynamic mechanical analysis show
extreme importance in every field from polymer industries to auto
industries and hence it is potentially useful tool for designing
materials for specific applications. Furthermore DMA provide
remarkable insight into the different chemistries associated with
film formation of the solvent-based and water dispersible formulations. In the military applications, nowadays effect of dry time on
the viscoelastic properties of the coatings are also been investigated by DMA [98]. Moreover, DMA offers an important test
method to study mechanical behaviour of interlayer materials in
the temperature and strain rate ranges of interest for commercial
aircraft windshield applications. This analysis can also aid in material formulation and quality control. Currently, In North America
Exova, the global testing, calibration and advisory services provider, granted air bus authorisation by DMA testing including recent
investments in new DMA equipment for reflector antenna and
morphing wing shown in Fig. 6(a). The DMA analysis also showed
profound applications in auto industries in different ways shown in
Fig. 6(b).

N. Saba et al. / Construction and Building Materials 106 (2016) 149159

157

Fig. 6. (a-b). Showing the application of DMA in air bus and automotive industries.

13. Conclusion

References

Currently in the polymer composite industry DMA thermal

analysis technique is the most accepted, dominant and widely
preferable tool by the academicians/researchers to evaluate polymer characterisation to reveal the facts about the heterogeneous
polymeric systems and polymeric composite materials.

[1] S.K. Nayak, S. Mohanty, S.K. Samal, Influence of short bamboo/glass fiber on the
thermal, dynamic mechanical and rheological properties of polypropylene
hybrid composites, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 523 (2009) 3238, http://dx.doi.org/
10.1016/j.msea.2009.06.020.
[2] V.K. Thakur, M.K. Thakur, Processing and characterization of natural cellulose
fibers/thermoset polymer composites, Carbohydr. Polym. 109 (2014) 102117,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.03.039.
[3] M. Ali, A. Liu, H. Sou, N. Chouw, Mechanical and dynamic properties of coconut
fibre reinforced concrete, Constr. Build. Mater. 30 (2012) 814825, http://dx.
doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.12.068.
[4] M. Khorami, E. Ganjian, Comparing flexural behaviour of fibre-cement
composites reinforced bagasse: wheat and eucalyptus, Constr. Build. Mater.
25 (2011) 36613667, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.03.052.
[5] A. Pappu, V. Patil, S. Jain, A. Mahindrakar, R. Haque, V.K. Thakur, Advances in
industrial prospective of cellulosic macromolecules enriched banana biofibre
resources: a review, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 79 (2015) 449458, http://dx.doi.
org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.05.013.
[6] N. Saba, M.T. Paridah, M. Jawaid, Mechanical properties of kenaf fibre reinforced
polymer composite: a review, Constr. Build. Mater. 76 (2015) 8796.
[7] C. Jurez, B. Guevara, P. Valdez, A. Durn-Herrera, Mechanical properties of
natural fibers reinforced sustainable masonry, Constr. Build. Mater. 24 (2010)
15361541, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.02.007.
[8] G. Di Bella, V. Fiore, G. Galtieri, C. Borsellino, A. Valenza, Effects of natural fibres
reinforcement in lime plasters (kenaf and sisal vs. Polypropylene), Constr.
Build. Mater. 58 (2014) 159165, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.
2014.02.026.
[9] Mnica Ardanuy, Josep Claramunt RDTF. Cellulosic fiber reinforced cementbased composites: a review of recent research, Constr. Build. Mater. 79 (2015)
115128.
[10] D. Romanzini, A. Lavoratti, H.L. Ornaghi Jr., S.C. Amico, A.J. Zattera, Influence of
fiber content on the mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of glass/
ramie polymer composites, Mater. Des. 47 (2013) 915.
[11] M.S. Sreekala, S.G.G. Thomas, Dynamic mechanical properties of oil palm fiber/
phenol formaldehyde and oil palm fiber/glass hybrid phenol formaldehyde
composites, Polym. Compos. 26 (2005) 388400.
[12] M. Jawaid, H.P.S.A. Khalil, Effect of layering pattern on the dynamic mechanical
properties and thermal degradation of oil palm-jute fibers reinforced epoxy
hybrid composite, BioResources 6 (2011) 23092322.
[13] M. Jacob, B. Francis, S. Thomas, K.T. Varughese, Dynamical mechanical analysis
of sisal/oil palm hybrid fiber-reinforced natural rubber composites, Polym.
Compos. 27 (2006) 671680, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.20250.
[14] V. Pistor, F.G. Ornaghi, H.L. Ornaghi, A.J. Zattera, Dynamic mechanical
characterization of epoxy/epoxycyclohexyl-POSS nanocomposites, Mater. Sci.
Eng. A 532 (2012) 339345, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2011.10.100.
[15] H.L. Ornaghi, V. Pistor, A.J. Zattera, Effect of the epoxycyclohexyl polyhedral
oligomeric silsesquioxane content on the dynamic fragility of an epoxy resin, J.
Non-Cryst. Solids 358 (2012) 427432, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.
2011.10.014.
[16] N.T. Qazvini, N. Mohammadi, Dynamic mechanical analysis of segmental
relaxation in unsaturated polyester resin networks: effect of styrene content,
Polymer (Guildf) 46 (2005) 90889096, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.
2005.06.118.
[17] M. Jawaid, H.P.S. Abdul Khalil, A. Hassan, R. Dungani, A. Hadiyane, Effect of jute
fibre loading on tensile and dynamic mechanical properties of oil palm epoxy
composites, Compos. Part B Eng. 45 (2013) 619624, http://dx.doi.org/
10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.04.068.

DMA technique allows in detecting phase transitions and relaxation processes in a variety of materials to measures the material behaviour at the current moment and in future over a wide
range of frequencies and temperature.

DMA is highly effective method to study the relaxations in pure
polymer and fibre filled polymer with various types of fibres,
fibres dimensions, fibres content, plasticizing and coupling
agent like MA-PP.

The effect of addition of nano sized filler in the pure polymer on
the dynamic properties (E0 , E00 and Tg) having weight percent
(05%) can also be investigated through DMA.

Moreover this technique also determines the relevant damping
factors and stiffness characteristic of unfilled and fibre-filled
reinforced composite materials for various applications.

The DMA method found to be very sensitive tool for generating
data that define the dynamic mechanical properties of polymers
and polymeric composites in order to support product development particularly in construction and automotive industries, to
replace concrete, steel, wood and glass as the primary starting
materials.
This review paper provide valuable information for further
investigations and in the elaborative application of DMA for evaluating the natural fibre reinforced polymeric composites/hybrid
composite properties compared to synthetic fibres based composites. The future work would be the production of fully green composite and nanocomposites materials from natural fibre as filler
with biodegradable resin polymeric matrix having improved
dynamic thermal properties.
Acknowledgments
The first author acknowledges the International Graduate
Research Fellowship (IGRF) UPM-Malaysia grant to support this
work. The authors also thankful to the Universiti Putra Malaysia
for supporting this research funding through Putra Grant Vot No.
9420700.

158

N. Saba et al. / Construction and Building Materials 106 (2016) 149159

[18] Z. Zhang, P. Wang, J. Wu, Dynamic mechanical properties of EVA polymermodified cement paste at early age, Phys. Procedia 25 (2012) 305310.
[19] V.G. Geethamma, G. Kalaprasad, G. Groeninckx, S. Thomas, Dynamic
mechanical behavior of short coir fiber reinforced natural rubber
composites, Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf. 36 (2005) 14991506, http://
dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2005.03.004.
[20] F. Duc, P.E. Bourban, C.J.G. Plummer, J.A.E. Mnson, Damping of thermoset and
thermoplastic flax fibre composites, Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf. 64
(2014) 115123, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2014.04.016.
[21] R.A. Talib, I.S.M.A. Tawakkal, A. Khalina, The influence of mercerised kenaf
fibres reinforced polylactic acid composites on dynamic mechanical analysis,
Key Eng. Mater. 471472 (2011) 815820, http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/
www.scientific.net/KEM.471-472.815.
[22] B. Wielage, T. Lampke, G. Marx, K. Nestler, D. Starke, Thermogravimetric and
differential scanning calorimetric analysis of natural fibres and polypropylene,
Thermochim. Acta 337 (1999) 169177, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S00406031(99)00161-6.
[23] A.A.M. Mazuki, H.M. Akil, S. Safiee, Z.A.M. Ishak, A.A. Bakar, Degradation of
dynamic mechanical properties of pultruded kenaf fiber reinforced composites
after immersion in various solutions, Compos. Part B Eng. 42 (2011) 7176,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2010.08.004.
[24] F.M. Margem, S.N. Monteiro, J.B. Neto, R.J.S. Rodriguez, B. Guenther Soares, The
dynamic-mechanical behavior of epoxy matrix composites reinforced with
ramie fibers, Rev. Mat. 15 (2010) 167175.
[25] A. Sonia, K. Priya Dasan, R. Alex, Celluloses microfibres (CMF) reinforced poly
(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) composites: dynamic mechanical, gamma
and thermal ageing studies, Chem. Eng. J. 228 (2013) 12141222, http://dx.
doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.04.091.
[26] L.A. Pothan, Z. Oommen, S. Thomas, Dynamic mechanical analysis of banana
fiber reinforced polyester composites, Compos. Sci. Technol. 63 (2003) 283
293, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0266-3538(02)00254-3.
[27] D. Ray, B.K. Sarkar, S. Das, A.K. Rana, Dynamic mechanical and thermal analysis
of vinylester-resin-matrix composites reinforced with untreated and alkalitreated jute fibres, Compos. Sci. Technol. 62 (2002) 911917, http://dx.doi.org/
10.1016/S0266-3538(02)00005-2.
[28] V.S. Sreenivasan, N. Rajini, A. Alavudeen, V. Arumugaprabu, Dynamic
mechanical and thermo-gravimetric analysis of Sansevieria cylindrica/
polyester composite: effect of fiber length, fiber loading and chemical
treatment, Compos. Part B 69 (2015) 7686.
[29] E. Rojo, M.V. Alonso, M. Oliet, B.D. Saz-Orozco, F. Rodriguez, Effect of fiber
loading on the properties of treated cellulose fiber-reinforced phenolic
composites, Compos. Part B Eng. 68 (2015) 185192.
[30] I.M. De Rosa, C. Santulli, F. Sarasini, Mechanical and thermal characterization
of epoxy composites reinforced with random and quasi-unidirectional
untreated Phormium tenax leaf fibers, Mater. Des. 31 (2010) 23972405,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2009.11.059.
[31] S.M. Suresh Kumar, D. Duraibabu, K. Subramanian, Studies on mechanical,
thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of untreated (raw) and treated
coconut sheath fiber reinforced epoxy composites, Mater. Des. 59 (2014) 63
69, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.02.013.
[32] K. Mylsamy, I. Rajendran, The mechanical properties, deformation and
thermomechanical properties of alkali treated and untreated Agave
continuous fibre reinforced epoxy composites, Mater. Des. 32 (2011) 3076
3084, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2010.12.051.
[33] A.L.F.S. dAlmeida, V. Calado, D.W. Barreto, J.R.M. dAlmeida, Effect of surface
treatments on the dynamic mechanical behavior of piassava fibrepolyester
matrix composites, J Therm Anal Calorim 2010 (2010).
[34] A.K. Saha, S. Das, D.M.B. Bhatta, Study of jute fibre reinforced polyester
composites by dynamic mechanical analysis, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 71 (1999)
15051513.
[35] F. Duc, P.E. Bourban, J.A.E. Mnson, Dynamic mechanical properties of epoxy/
flax fibre composites, J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 33 (2014) 16251633.
[36] A.N. Towo, M.P. Ansell, Fatigue evaluation and dynamic mechanical
thermal analysis of sisal fibre-thermosetting resin composites, Compos. Sci.
Technol. 68 (2008) 925932, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2007.
08.022.
[37] F.M. Salleh, A. Hassan, R. Yahya, A.D. Azzahari, Effects of extrusion temperature
on the rheological, dynamic mechanical and tensile properties of kenaf fiber/
HDPE composites, Compos. Part B Eng. 58 (2014) 259266, http://dx.doi.org/
10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.10.068.
[38] A. Etaati, S. Pather, Z. Fang, H. Wang, The study of fibre/matrix bond strength in
short hemp polypropylene composites from dynamic mechanical analysis,
Compos. Part B Eng. 62 (2014) 1928, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/
j.compositesb.2014.02.011.
[39] K.C. Manikandan Nair, S. Thomas, G. Groeninckx, Thermal and dynamic
mechanical analysis of polystyrene composites reinforced with short sisal
fibres, Compos. Sci. Technol. 61 (2001) 25192529, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/
S0266-3538(01)00170-1.
[40] C.G. Guo, Y.M. Song, Q.W. Wang, C.S. Shen, Dynamic-mechanical analysis and
SEM morphology of wood flour/polypropylene composites, J. For. Res. 17
(2006) 315318.
[41] R.M.N. Arib, S.M. Sapuan, M.M.H.M. Ahmad, M.T. Paridah, H.M.D.K. Zaman,
Mechanical properties of pineapple leaf fibre reinforced polypropylene
composites, Mater. Des. 27 (2006) 391396, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/
j.matdes.2004.11.009.

[42] A. Etaati, S. Abdanan Mehdizadeh, H. Wang, S. Pather, Vibration damping

characteristics of short hemp fibre thermoplastic composites, J. Reinf. Plast.
Compos. 33 (2014) 330341.
[43] M. Tajvidi, N. Motie, G. Rassam, R.H.F.C. Falk, Mechanical performance of hemp
fiber polypropylene composites at different operating temperatures, J. Reinf.
Plast. Compos. 29 (2010) 664674.
[44] T.T.L. Doan, H. Brodowsky, E. Mder, Jute fibre/polypropylene composites II.
Thermal, hydrothermal and dynamic mechanical behaviour, Compos. Sci.
Technol. 67 (2007) 27072714, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2007.
02.011.
[45] I.O. Bakare, F.E. Okieimen, C. Pavithran, Abdul Khalil H.P.S., Brahmakumar M.,
Mechanical and thermal properties of sisal fiber-reinforced rubber seed oilbased polyurethane composites, Mater. Des. 31 (2010) 42744280, http://dx.
doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2010.04.013.
[46] A.K. Rana, B.C. Mitra, A.N. Banerjee, Short jute fiber-reinforced polypropylene
composites: dynamic mechanical study, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 71 (1999) 531
539,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19990124)71:4<531::AIDAPP2>3.0.CO;2-I.
[47] S. Joseph, P.A. SreeKumar, J.M. Kenny, D. Puglia, S. Thomas, K. Joseph, Dynamic
mechanical analysis of oil palm microfibril-reinforced acrylonitrile butadiene
rubber composites, Polym. Compos. (2010) 231240.
[48] S. Joseph, S.P. Appukuttan, J.M. Kenny, D. Puglia, S. Thomas, K. Joseph, Dynamic
mechanical properties of oil palm microfibril-reinforced natural rubber
composites, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 117 (2010) 12981308, http://dx.doi.org/
10.1002/app.30960.
[49] S. Mohanty, S.K. Verma, S.K. Nayak, Dynamic mechanical and thermal
properties of MAPE treated jute/HDPE composites, Compos. Sci. Technol. 66
(2006) 538547, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.06.014.
[50] H. Essabir, A. Elkhaoulani, K. Benmoussa, R. Bouhfid, F.Z. Arrakhiz, A. Qaiss,
Dynamic mechanical thermal behavior analysis of doum fibers reinforced
polypropylene composites, Mater. Des. 51 (2013) 780788, http://dx.doi.org/
10.1016/j.matdes.2013.04.092.
[51] A.L. Martnez-Hernndez, C. Velasco-Santos, M. de-Icaza, V.M. Castao,
Dynamical-mechanical and thermal analysis of polymeric composites
reinforced with keratin biofibers from chicken feathers, Compos. Part B Eng.
38 (2007) 405410, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2006.06.013.
[52] D. Hammiche, A. Boukerrou, H. Djidjelli, Y.M. Corre, Y. Grohens, I. Pillin,
Hydrothermal ageing of alfa fiber reinforced polyvinylchloride composites,
Constr. Build. Mater. 47 (2013) 293300, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/
j.conbuildmat.2013.05.078.
[53] P.J. Herrera-Franco, A. Valadez-Gonzlez, A study of the mechanical properties
of short natural-fiber reinforced composites, Compos. Part B Eng. 36 (2005)
597608, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2005.04.001.
[54] Y. Karaduman, M.M.A. Sayeed, L. Onal, A. Rawal, Viscoelastic properties of
surface modified jute fiber/polypropylene nonwoven composites, Compos.
Part
B
Eng.
67
(2014)
111118,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/
j.compositesb.2014.06.019.
[55] S. Shinoj, R. Visvanathan, S. Panigrahi, N. Varadharaju, Dynamic mechanical
properties of oil palm fibre (OPF)-linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE)
biocomposites and study of fibre matrix interactions, Biosyst. Eng. 109 (2011)
99107.
[56] H. Essabir, M. EI. Achaby, EI. M. Hilali, R. Bouhfid, A. Qaiss, Morphological,
structural, thermal and tensile properties of high density polyethylene
composites reinforced with treated argan nut shell particles, J. Bionic. Eng.
12 (2015) 129141.
[57] J. George, S.S. Bhagawan, S. Thomas, Thermogravimetric and dynamic
mechanical thermal analysis of pineapple fibre reinforced polyethylene
composites, J. Therm. Anal. 47 (1996) 11211140.
[58] F.M. Salleh, A. Hassan, R. Yahya, A.D. Azzahari, Effects of extrusion temperature
on the rheological, dynamic mechanical and tensile properties of kenaf fiber/
HDPE composites, Compos. Part B Eng. 58 (2014) 259266.
[59] M.K. Hossain, M.W. Dewan, M. Hosur, S. Jeelani, Mechanical performances of
surface modified jute fiber reinforced biopol nanophased green composites,
Compos. Part B Eng. 42 (2011) 17011707, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/
j.compositesb.2011.03.010.
[60] I.S.M.A. Tawakkal, M.J. Cran, S.W. Bigger, Effect of kenaf fibre loading and
thymol concentration on the mechanical and thermal properties of PLA/kenaf/
thymol composites, Ind. Crops Prod. 61 (2014) 7483.
[61] Y.S. Song, J.T. Lee, D.S. Ji, M.W. Kim, S.H. Lee, J.R. Youn, Viscoelastic and thermal
behavior of woven hemp fiber reinforced poly(lactic acid) composites,
Compos. Part B Eng. 43 (2012) 856860, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/
j.compositesb.2011.10.021.
[62] T. Yu, N. Jiang, Y. Li, Study on short ramie fiber/poly(lactic acid) composites
compatibilized by maleic anhydride, Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf. 64
(2014) 139146, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2014.05.008.
[63] K.M. Bogren, E.K. Gamstedt, R.C. Neagu, M. AAkerholm, M. Lindstrom,
Dynamic-mechanical properties of wood-fiber reinforced polylactide:
experimental
characterization
and
micromechanical
modeling,
J.
Thermoplast. Compos. Mater. 19 (2006) 613637, http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/
0892705706067480.
[64] T. Bin, J.P. Qu, L.M. Liu, Y.H. Feng, S.X. Hu, X.C. Yin, Non-isothermal
crystallization kinetics and dynamic mechanical thermal properties of poly
(butylene succinate) composites reinforced with cotton stalk bast fibers,
Thermochim. Acta 525 (2011) 141149, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.
tca.2011.08.003.

N. Saba et al. / Construction and Building Materials 106 (2016) 149159

[65] W. Jiang, F.-L. Jin, S.-J. Park, Thermo-mechanical behaviors of epoxy resins
reinforced with nano-Al2O3 particles, J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 18 (2012) 594596,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2011.11.140.
[66] K. Benhamou, H. Kaddami, A. Magnin, A. Dufresne, A. Ahmad, Bio-based
polyurethane reinforced with cellulose nanofibers: a comprehensive
investigation on the effect of interface, Carbohydr. Polym. 122 (2015) 202
211.
[67] M. Jonoobi, J. Harun, A.P. Mathew, K. Oksman, Mechanical properties of
cellulose nanofiber (CNF) reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) prepared by twin
screw extrusion, Compos. Sci. Technol. 70 (2010) 17421747, http://dx.doi.
org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2010.07.005.
[68] C.H. Chen, J.Y. Jian, F.S. Yen, Preparation and characterization of epoxy/??aluminum oxide nanocomposites, Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf. 40 (2009)
463468, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2009.01.010.
[69] C.F. Kuan, W.J. Chen, Y.L. Li, C.H. Chen, H.C. Kuan, C.L. Chiang, Flame retardance
and thermal stability of carbon nanotube epoxy composite prepared from solgel method, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 71 (2010) 539543, http://dx.doi.org/
10.1016/j.jpcs.2009.12.031.
[70] J.P. Rath, T.K. Chaki, D. Khastgir, Development of natural rubber-fibrous nano
clay attapulgite composites: the effect of chemical treatment of filler on
mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of composites, Procedia Chem.
4 (2012) 131137.
[71] M.F. Omar, H. Md Akil, Z.A. Ahmad, A.A.M. Mazuki, T. Yokoyama, Dynamic
properties of pultruded natural fibre reinforced composites using Split
Hopkinson pressure bar technique, Mater. Des. 31 (2010) 42094218, http://
dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2010.04.036.
[72] D. Romanzini, H.L. Ornaghi, S.C.Z.A. Amico, Influence of fiber hybridization on
the dynamic mechanical properties of glass/ramie fiber-reinforced polyester
composites, J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 31 (2012) 16521661.
[73] D. Shanmugam, M. Thiruchitrambalam, Static and dynamic mechanical
properties of alkali treated unidirectional continuous Palmyra Palm Leaf
stalk fiber/jute fiber reinforced hybrid polyester composites, Mater. Des. 50
(2013) 533542, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.03.048.
[74] J.H.S. Almeida, S.C. Amico, E.C. Botelho, F.D.R. Amado, Hybridization effect on
the mechanical properties of curaua/glass fiber composites, Compos. Part B
Eng. 55 (2013) 492497, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.
07.014.
[75] M. Idicula, S.K. Malhotra, K. Joseph, S. Thomas, Dynamic mechanical analysis of
randomly oriented intimately mixed short banana/sisal hybrid fibre reinforced
polyester composites, Compos. Sci. Technol. 65 (2005) 10771087, http://dx.
doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2004.10.023.
[76] L.U. Devi, S.S. Bhagawan, S. Thomas, Dynamic mechanical analysis of pineapple
leaf/glass hybrid fiber reinforced polyester composites, Polym. Compos. 31
(2009) 956965, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.20880.
[77] H.L. Ornaghi, H.S.P. da Silva, A.J. Zattera, S.C. Amico, Hybridization effect on the
mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of curaua composites, Mater.
Sci. Eng. A 528 (2011) 72857289, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2011.
05.078.
[78] S.H. Aziz, M.P. Ansell, The effect of alkalization and fibre alignment on the
mechanical and thermal properties of kenaf and hemp bast fibre composites:
Part 1 polyester resin matrix, Compos. Sci. Technol. 64 (2004) 12191230,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2003.10.001.
[79] H.L. Ornaghi, A.S. Bolner, R. Fiorio, A.J. Zattera, S.C. Amico, Mechanical and
dynamic mechanical analysis of hybrid composites molded by resin transfer
molding, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 118 (2010) 887896, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/
app.32388.
[80] P. Ghosh, N.R. Bose, B.C. Mitra, S. Das, Dynamic mechanical analysis of FRP
composites based on different fiber reinforcements and epoxy resin as the
matrix material, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 64 (1997) 24672472.

159

[81] M.S. Sreekala, S. Thomas, G. Groeninckx, Dynamic mechanical properties of oil

palm fiber/phenol formaldehyde and oil palm fiber/glass hybrid phenol
formaldehyde composites, Polym. Compos. 26 (3) (2005) 388400.
[82] M. Jawaid, H.A. Khalil, A.A. Bakar, A. Hassan, R. Dungani, Effect of jute fibre
loading on the mechanical and thermal properties of oil palm-epoxy
composites,
J.
Compos.
Mater.
(2012),
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/
0021998312450305.
[83] J.H.S. Almeida Jnior, H.L. Jnior, S.C. Amico, F.D.R. Amado, Study of hybrid
intralaminate curaua/glass composites, Mater. Des. 42 (2012) 111117, http://
dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.05.044.
[84] S.K. Samal, S. Mohanty, S.K. Nayak, Banana/glass fiber-reinforced
polypropylene hybrid composites: fabrication and performance evaluation,
Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng. 48 (2009) 397414, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/
03602550902725407.
[85] K. Jarukumjorn, N. Suppakarn, Effect of glass fiber hybridization on properties
of sisal fiber-polypropylene composites, Compos. Part B Eng. 40 (2009) 623
627, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2009.04.007.
[86] M. Jawaid, H.P.S. Abdul Khalil, O.S. Alattas, Woven hybrid biocomposites:
dynamic mechanical and thermal properties, Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf.
43 (2012) 288293, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2011.11.001.
[87] A.A. Prez-Fonseca, J.R. Robledo-Ortz, D.E. Ramirez-Arreola, P. Ortega-Gudio,
D. Rodrigue, R. Gonzlez-Nez, Effect of hybridization on the physical and
mechanical properties of high density polyethylene(pine/agave) composites,
Mater. Des. 64 (2014) 3543.
[88] M. Tajvidi, R.H. Falk, J.C. Hermanson, Effect of natural fibers on thermal and
mechanical properties of natural fiber polypropylene composites studied by
dynamic mechanical analysis, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 101 (2006) 43414349,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.24289.
[89] M.S. Suhara Panthapulakkal, Injection-molded short hemp fiber/glass
fiberreinforced polypropylene hybrid composites mechanical, water
absorption and thermal properties, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 103 (2007) 2432
2441, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.
[90] W.L. Luca Di Landro, Mechanical properties and dynamic mechanical analysis
of thermoplastic-natural fiber/glass reinforced composites, Macromol. Symp.
286 (2009) 145155.
[91] H. Anuar, S.H. Ahmad, R. Rasid, A. Ahmad, W.N.W. Busu, Mechanical properties
and dynamic mechanical analysis of thermoplastic-natural-rubber-reinforced
short carbon fiber and kenaf fiber hybrid composites, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 107
(2008) 40434052.
[92] B. Wielage, T. Lampke, H. Utschick, F. Soergel, Processing of natural-fibre
reinforced polymers and the resulting dynamic-mechanical properties, J.
Mater. Process. Technol. 139 (2003) 140146, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/
S0924-0136(03)00195-X.
[93] M. Jacob, B. Francis, S. Thomas, Dynamical mechanical analysis of sisal/oil
palm hybrid fiber-reinforced natural rubber composites, Polym. Compos. 27
(2006) 671680, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.
[94] V.K. Thakur, M.K. Thakur, P. Raghavan, M.R. Kessler, Progress in green polymer
composites from lignin for multifunctional applications: a review, 2014.
[95] S.H.A.M. Aziz, The effect of alkalization and fibre alignment on the mechanical
and thermal properties of kenaf and hemp bast fibre composites: Part 2
cashew nut shell liquid matrix, Comp. Sci. Technol. 64 (2004) 12311238.
[96] M.K. Yeh, T.H. Hsieh, Dynamic properties of sandwich beams with MWNT/
polymer nanocomposites as core materials, Compos. Sci. Technol. 68 (2008)
29302936, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2007.10.010.
[97] Y.M. Cao, J.Y.D. Sun, Preparation and properties of nano-Al2O3 particles/
polyester/epoxy resin ternary composites, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 83 (2002) 7077.
[98] D.M. Crawford, J.A. Escarsega, Dynamic mechanical analysis of novel
polyurethane coating for military applications, Thermochim. Acta 357358
(2000) 161168, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6031(00)00385-3.