Unit 3 Slides PSK - QAM

Digital-to-analog conversion
11/22/2016
Instructor: Amit Udawat
Types of digital-to-analog conversion
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Binary Bandpass Signaling ttechniques

OnOff keying (OOK) [amplitude shift keying (ASK)] - Consists of keying (switching)
a carrier sinusoid on and off with a unipolar binary signal.
- Morse code radio transmission is an example of this technique.

- OOK was one of the first modulation techniques to be used and precedes
analog communication systems.
Binary Phase-Shift Keying (BPSK) - Consists of shifting the phase of a sinusoidal

carrier 0o or 180o with a unipolar binary signal.
- BPSK is equivalent to PM signaling with a digital waveform.
Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK) - Consists of shifting the frequency of a sinusoidal
carrier from a mark frequency (binary 1) to a space frequency (binary 0), according
to the baseband digital signal.
- FSK is identical to modulating an FM carrier with a binary digital signal.
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Binary Bandpass Signaling techniques
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PSK
The phase of the carrier is changed according
to the modulating waveform which is a digital
signal.
In BPSK carrier gets 0 or 180 phase shift
corresponding to the voltage levels of binary
modulating signal.
In QPSK, four different symbols give four
different phase shifts to the carrier
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PSK modulated signal
(a) m(t)
(b) PSK ;modulated signal
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BPSK
The transmitted signal is a sinusoid of fixed
amplitude.
It has one fixed phase when data is at one
level and when the data is at other level,
phase is different by 180.
If sinusoid is of amplitude A it has power
1 2
Ps = A so that A = 2 Ps
2
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BPSK
Thus the transmitted signal is either
vBPSK (t ) = 2 Ps cos(0t )
vBPSK (t ) = 2 Ps cos(0t + )
= 2 Ps cos(0t )
In BPSK the data b(t) is a stream of binary digits

with voltage levels (+1V or -1V)
When b(t) =1V, one say it is at logic 1 and when
b(t) =-1V , one say it is at logic 0.
Hence one can write vBPSK (t ) = b(t ) 2 Ps cos(0t )
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BPSK Generation
BPSK signal is generated by applying the
waveform cos(0t ) as a carrier to a balanced
modulator and applying the baseband signal
b(t) as the modulating waveform.
Thus BPSK can be thought of as an AM signal.
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10
BPSK generation and reception
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11
BPSK Reception
The received signal has the form
vBPSK (t ) = b(t ) 2 Ps cos(0t + ) = b(t ) 2 Ps cos 0 (t + / 0 )
Here is a nominally fixed phase shift

corresponding to the time delay /0 which
depends on the length of path from Tx to Rx and
the phase shift produced by the amplifiers in the
front end of the Rx preceding the demodulator.
b(t)
is
recovered
using
synchronous
demodulation and require the waveform
cos(0t + )
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12
BPSK Reception
The received signal is squared to generate the
signal
1 1
cos 2 (0t + ) =
+ cos 2(0t + )
2 2
The dc component is removed by a BPF having

pass band centered 2f0
A frequency divider (having a f/f and narrow
band filter tuned at f0 ) is used to generate the
waveform cos(0t + )
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BPSK Reception
Taking the amplitudes to be unity, the carrier
having being recovered, is multiplied with the
received signal to generate
1 1
b(t ) 2 Ps cos (0t + ) = b(t ) 2 Ps + cos 2(0t + )

2 2
which is then applied to an integrator
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14
BPSK Reception (role of bit

synchronizer)
A bit synchronizer is able to recognize precisely
the moment which correspond to the end of the
time interval allocated to one bit and beginning
of the next.
At that moment, the switch Sc closes very briefly
to discharge (dump) the integrator capacitor and
leaves the switch Sc open during the entire course
of the ensuing bit interval, closing switch Sc again
very briefly at the end of next bit time, etc
(integrate and dump circuit).
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15

synchronizer)
The output signal of interest to us is the
integrator output at the end of bit interval but
immediately before closing the switch Sc
The output signal is made available by switch
Ss which samples the output voltage just prior
to dumping the capacitor.
Assume that the bit interval Tb is equal to the
duration of an integral number n of cycles of
the carrier of frequency f0, i.e., n.2=0Tb
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16

synchronizer)
In this case the output voltage v0(kTb) at the end
of the extending from time (k-1)Tb to kTb is
kTb
kT
b
1
1
v0 (kTb ) = b(kTb ) 2 Ps dt + b(kTb ) 2 Ps
[cos 2(0t + )] dt
( k 1)Tb 2
( k 1)Tb 2
= b(kTb )
Ps
Tb
2
Since the integral of a sinusoid over a whole

number of cycles has the value zero.
The system reproduces at the demodulated
output the transmitted bit stream b(t).
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synchronizer)
The bit synchronizer senses each bit
independently of every other bit.
The brief closing of both switches, after each
bit has been determined, wipes (clean) all
influences of a preceding bit and allows the Rx
to deal exclusively with the present bit.
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BPSK Spectrum
The waveform b(t) is NRZ binary waveform
whose PSD is given as making excursions
between + Ps and Ps
sin fTb
Gb ( f ) = PT
s b
fTb
The BPSK waveform is the NRZ waveform

multiplied by 2 cos(0t )
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BPSK Spectrum
The PSD of BPSK signal is given as
sin ( f f ) T
PT
0
b
s b
GBPSK ( f ) =
2 ( f f 0 ) Tb
sin ( f + f 0 ) Tb
+
( f + f 0 ) Tb
See the plot in the next slide
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BPSK Spectrum
(a) PSD of NRZ data

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(b) PSD of BPSK signal
21
BPSK Spectrum
Several signals are multiplexed using BPSK
using various carrier frequencies for different
baseband.
The spectra of various signals be overlap and
the Rx tuned to one carrier receive the signals
in a different channel.
The overlapping of spectra results in ICI.
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BPSK Spectrum
For efficient utilization of spectrum and to allow
simultaneous users in multi user communication system,
SLs produced in BPSK be reduced below certain specified
levels.
A filter is employed to restrict the bandwidth allowed to
the NRZ baseband signal.
The bit stream b(t) is passed through a LPF which suppress
all the spectrum except the principal lobe.
Since 90% of power is available in this lobe, it is good
practice.
The spectrum suppression distorts the signal and results in
partial overlapping of a bit (symbol) and its adjacent bits in
a single channel (ISI).
Equalizers are used to avoid ISI. (How?)
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Geometrical representation of BPSK signals

A BPSK signal can be represented as in terms
of orthonormal signal u1 (t ) = 2 / Tb cos(0t )
2
vBPSK (t ) = PT
[cos(0t )] = PT
s b b(t )
s b b(t ) u1 (t )
Tb
u1 (t )
PT
s b
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+ PT
s b
24
Differential PSK (DPSK)

In BPSK, to regenerate the carrier, one start by
squaring b(t ) 2 Ps cos(0t )
If the received signal were instead
b(t ) 2 Ps cos(0t )
the recovered carrier would remain as before.

Thus one cant determine whether the
received baseband signal is the transmitted
signal b(t) or b(t).
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DPSK
DPSK is the modification of BPSK, which
eliminates the ambiguity about whether the
demodulated is or is not inverted.
It avoids the need to provide the synchronous
carrier required at the demodulator for
detecting a BPSK signal.
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DPSK Generation
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DPSK Generation
d(t) - data stream to be transmitted
b(t) - output of EX-OR gate delayed by the
time Tb
b(t-Tb) - second input of EX-OR gate
b(t ) = d (t ) b(t Tb )
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Response of b(t) to an input d(t)
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DPSK Generation
b(t) is applied to the balanced modulator to
which another input is 2 Ps cos(0t )
The modulated output, which is the transmitted
signal is
vDPSK (t ) = b(t ) 2 Ps cos(0t )
= 2 Ps cos(0t )
Thus when d(t)=0 the phase of the carrier does

not change at the beginning of the bit interval,
while when d(t)=1, there is a phase change of
magnitude .
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DPSK Reception
Here the received signal and the received
signal delayed by the bit time Tb are applied
to a multiplier.
The multiplier output is
b(t )b(t Tb )(2 Ps ) cos(0t + ) cos(0 ( t Tb ) + )
Tb
= b(t )b(t Tb ) Ps cos(0Tb ) + cos 20 t
2
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+ 2
31
DPSK Reception
which is applied to bit synchronizer and
integrator as shown in next slide.
b(t )b(t Tb )(2 Ps ) cos(0t + ) cos(0 ( t Tb ) + )
Tb
= b(t )b(t Tb ) Ps cos(0Tb ) + cos 20 t
2
+ 2
The 1st term on RHS of above is the waveform

b(t )b(t Tb )
This is the required signal.

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DPSK Reception
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33
DPSK Reception
Here the output integrator will suppress the
double frequency term.
Also 0Tb =2n are applied to a multiplier.
The transmitted data bit d(t) can be determined
from the product b(t )b(t Tb )
If d(t)=0, there is no phase change and b(t)=b(tTb) both being +1V or both being -1V
In this case b(t)b(t-Tb)=1
If d(t)=1, there is phase change and b(t)=1V with
b(t-Tb)=-1V or vice versa.
In either case b(t)b(t-Tb)=-1
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DPSK advantage and disadvantage

There is no need of complicated circuitry for
generating local carrier at the Rx.
As bit determination is made on the basis of
signal received in two successive bit intervals,
noise in one bit causes error in two bit
determinations.
The error rate in DPSK is greater than in PSK.
(Bit errors occur in pairs)
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Differentially Encoded PSK (DEPSK)
DPSK modulator requires a device which

operates at the carrier frequency and provides a
delay of Tb.
DEPSK eliminates this need.
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DEPSK
The DEPSK Tx is identical to DPSK Tx.
b(t) is recovered in exactly the manner as for BPSK
system.
The recovered signal is then applied directly to one
input of an Ex-OR and to the other input is applied
b(t-Tb)
The gate output will be at one or the other of its levels
depending on whether b(t)=b(t-Tb) or b(t ) = b(t Tb )
In the 1st case b(t) did not change level and therefore
the transmitted bit is d(t)=0.
In 2nd case d(t)=1.
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DPSK vs DEPSK
In DPSK bit errors occur in pairs but single bit errors are
possible.
In DEPSK error always occur in pairs.
In DPSK, one do not make hard decision, in each bit
interval about the phase of the received signal.
The received signal is allowed in one interval to be
compared itself with the signal in an adjoining interval,
and a single error is not precluded.
In DEPSK, a firm definite hard decision is made in each
interval about the value of b(t)
If mistake is made, errors result from a comparison
with preceding and succeeding bit.
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Errors in DEPSK occur in pairs
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39
Quadrature PSK (QPSK)

A data stream with bit duration Tb is to be
transmitted by BPSK, channel bandwidth =2fb
where fb=1/Tb
QPSK allows bits to be transmitted using half
the bandwidth.
Type-D f/f is used as a 1-bit storage device.
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Quadrature PSK (QPSK)

Type-D f/f and waveforms
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41
QPSK Tx
The active edge of the clock waveform is downward
edge.
The toggle f/f is driven by a clock waveform whose
period is the bit time Tb.
The toggle f/f generates an odd clock and an even clock
waveform.
These are separated by bit time Tb
The active edge of one of the clocks and the active
edge of other are separated by Tb
The bit stream b(t) is applied as data input to both
type-D f/f, one driven by odd and other driven by even
waveforms.
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QPSK Tx (offset type)
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43
Waveform for QPSK Tx
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44
QPSK Tx
The f/fs register alternate bits in the stream
b(t) and holds each such registered bit for
time 2Tb.
Odd bit stream bo(t) registers bit 1 and holds it
for time 2Tb, then registers bit 3 and holds it
for time 2Tb , registers bit 5 and holds it for
time 2Tb , etc.
The even bit stream be(t) holds, for time 2Tb
each the alternate bits numbered 2,4,6 , etc.
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QPSK Tx
The bit stream be(t) (be(t)=1V) is
superimposed on a carrier Ps cos 0t
and the bit stream bo(t) (bo(t)=1V) is
superimposed on a carrier Ps sin 0t
by the use of two multipliers (balanced
multipliers) to generate two signals se(t) and
so(t).
These signals are then added to generate the
transmitted output signal vm(t) given by
vm (t ) = Ps bo (t ) sin 0t + Ps be (t ) cos 0t
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QPSK Tx
The normalized power of vm(t) is Ps.
In BPSK, a bit stream with bit time Tb multiplies a
carrier, the generated signal has a nominal
bandwidth 2 1/ Tb
In the waveforms bo(t) and be(t) the bit times are
each 1/Tb, hence both se(t) and so(t) have nominal
bandwidths which are half the band
Both se(t) and so(t) occupy the same spectral
range but they are however individually
identifiable because of the phase quadrature of
their carriers.
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QPSK Phasor diagram

When bo=1 the signal so(t)= Ps sin 0t
and so(t)= Ps sin 0t when bo=-1
Correspondingly for be(t)=1, se(t)= Ps cos 0t
See Phasor diagram in next slide.
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QPSK Phasor diagram
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49
QPSK Phasor diagram (OQPSK)

The
four
possible
output
signals
vm(t)=so(t)+se(t) having equal amplitudes 2 P
s
in phase quadrature have been shown
They have been identified by the
corresponding values of be and bo.
At the end off each bit interval (Tb) either be
or bo can change, but both cannot change at
the same time. (Offset or staggered QPSKOQPSK)
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Non-offset QPSK
If one additional f/f (driven by a clock speed of fb)
is introduced before either odd or even f/f.
Then one of the bit streams odd or even will be
delayed by one bit interval.
Thus the two bits which occur serially (time
sequence) in b(t) will appear at the same time at
the outputs of the odd and even f/fs.
Thus be(t) and bo(t) can change at the same time,
after each time (2Tb), there can be a phase
change of 180 in the output signal.
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QPSK vs OQPSK
At each transition time, Tb for OQPSK and 2 Tb for
QPSK, one bit for OQPSK and perhaps two bits for
QPSK change from 1V to -1V or -1V to 1V.
The bits be(t) and bo(t) can, of course not change
instantaneously and in changing must pass through
zero and stay in that neighborhood at least briefly.
Hence there will be a brief variation in the amplitude of
the transmitted waveform.
These variations will be more pronounced in QPSK
than on OQPSK since in the 1st case be(t) and bo(t) may
be zero simultaneously so that the signal amplitude
may actually be reduced to zero temporarily.
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QPSK vs OQPSK
The larger changes are observed in QPSK
(phase change of 180), than in OQPSK
(maximum phase change in 90).
The amplitude variations can cause difficulty
in QPSK communication systems which
employ repeaters like earth satellites.
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QPSK Rx
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QPSK Rx
Synchronous detection is required similar to BPSK
detection.
Incoming signal is raised to 4th power after which
filtering recovers 4f0 and finally divided by four
regenerates the carrier.
Incoming signal is also employed to two
synchronous
demodulators
consisting
of
balanced modulator followed by an integrator.
Integrator integrates over two bit interval of
duration Ts=2Tb and then dumps its
accumulation.
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QPSK Rx
A bit synchronizer is required to establish beginning and end of bit
intervals of each bit stream to establish the times of integration.
The bit synchronizer is required to operate the sampling switch.
Integrator output is sampled at the end of each integration time for
each individual integrator, and just before the accumulator is
dumped.
Samples are taken alternatively from one and the other integrator
output at the end of each bit time Tb and these samples are held in
the latch for the bit time Tb.
Each individual output is sampled at intervals 2Tb.
Here the carrier may be 180 out of phase with the carriers at the
Tx due to which demodulated signals may be complementary to the
transmitted signals.
This situation can be corrected using differential encoding and
decoding.
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Four QPSK signals in signal space
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57
Signal Space Representation

Four quadrature signals can be represented as
vm (t ) = 2 Ps cos 0t + ( 2m + 1)
4
m = 0,1, 2,3
These signals can be represented in terms of

two orthonormal signals
2
2
cos 0 t and u2 (t ) =
sin 0 t
T
T
u1 (t ) =
Thus one can write
vm (t ) = PT
cos ( 2m + 1)
s
4
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cos0 t- PT
sin 0 t
s sin ( 2m + 1)
T
4 T
58

The QPSK signal vm(t) can be further written
as
b = 2 cos ( 2m + 1)
e
and bo = 2 sin ( 2m + 1)
4
Thus one can write

vm (t ) = Eb be (t )u1 (t ) Eb bo (t )u2 (t )
where T=2Tb=Ts
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59

The distance of signal point from the origin is
Es
where Es=PsTs=Ps(2Tb)
The ability to determine bit without error is
measured by the distance in signal space
between points corresponding to the different
values of the bit.
Points differ in a single bit are separated by
d = 2 PT
s b = 2 Eb
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60
M-ary PSK
In BPSK each bit is transmitted individually for
Tb (phase difference 2/2=180)
In QPSK two bits are lumped together for 2Tb
(phase difference 2/4=90)
If N bits are lumped together, for N bit
symbols with bit duration NTb=Ts (phase
difference 2/M).
In M-ary PSK, waveform used to identify
symbols are

vm (t ) = 2 Ps cos 0t + ( 2m + 1)
M
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M-ary PSK Geometrical representation

The signals can be represented in terms of two
orthonormal signals u (t ) = 2 cos t and u (t ) = 2 sin t
1
Ts
Ts
The distance of each dot from the origin is

Es = PT
s b
Thus one can write
vm (t ) = 2 Ps cos ( 2m + 1) cos0 t- 2 Ps sin ( 2m + 1) sin 0 t

M
M
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63

One can define pe and po by
pe = 2 Ps cos[(2m + 1)
Thus
] and po = 2 Ps sin[(2m + 1)
vm (t ) = pe cos0 t-po sin 0 t
Both pe and po can change every Ts=NTb and

can assume any of M possible values.
The quantities pe and po and (2m + 1)

are
M
random processes.
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64

The PSDs of pe and po is given as
Ge ( f ) =
Pe ( f )
Ts
and
Go ( f ) =
Since
Po ( f )
Ts
(2m + 1)
sin fTs
2
= 2 PT
]
s s cos [(2m + 1)
M fTs
sin fTs
2
= 2 PsTs sin [(2m + 1) ]
M fTs
is uniformly distributed
cos 2 [(2m + 1)
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] = sin 2 [(2m + 1)
] =
1
2
65

which results
sin fTs
Ge ( f ) = Go ( f ) = PsTs
fT
and
Go ( f ) =
Po ( f )
Ts
sin fTs
2
= 2 PsTs sin [(2m + 1) ]
M fTs
The bandwidth of the signal is

fb
2
B=
= 2 fs = 2
Ts
N
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66

As the number of bits N per symbol increases
bandwidth becomes smaller.
Also the distance between symbol signal
points becomes smaller.
The distance is given by

2
d = 4 Es sin = 4 NEb sin N
M
2
2
where Es is the symbol energy given as

Ps NTb = PT
s s = NEb and Eb = Ps Tb
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67
is the energy associated with one bit

As the number of bits N per symbol increases
bandwidth becomes smaller.
Also the distance between symbol signal
points becomes smaller.
The Pe becomes higher.
Such is the case for all increase in N except for
the increase from N=1 (BPSK) to N=2
(QPSK).
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M-ary PSK Tx
b(t) is applied to S/P converter.

The converter has facility to store N bits of a symbol.
These N bits are then presented in parallel.
The converter o/p remains unchanged for the duration NTb during which time the
converter is assembling a new group of N bits.
Each symbol time the converter o/p is updated which is then applied to a DAC.
The DAC generates an o/p voltage which assumes one of the 2N=M different values in
a one-to-one correspondence to the M possible symbols applied to its i/p.
DAC o/p is a voltage v(Sm) which depends on the symbol Sm (m=0,1,2,,M-1)
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M-ary PSK Tx
v(Sm) is applied as a control i/p to a special type of constant

amplitude sin. Signal source whose phase m is determined by
v(Sm).
The o/p is a fixed amplitude sine waveform whose phase has
one-to-one correspondence to the assembled N-bit symbol. of
a symbol.
The phase can change once per symbol.
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M-ary PSK Rx
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71
M-ary PSK Rx
Currently operating systems are common in
which M=16.
The bandwidth is
2 fb 2 fb fb
B=
=
=
N
4
2
as compared to B = fb for QPSK.

Pe increases with increase in N per symbol, as
d decreases with increase in N.
Tx and Rx of M-ary PSK are very complex.
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74
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76
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77
QASK (QAM)
To improve noise immunity along with phase,
amplitude should also made to vary.
Like QPSK it involves balanced modulation of
carriers (QAPSK).
For e.g., a symbol is transmitted for every 4
bits.
There are 24 = 16 different possible symbols
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78
Geometric Representation of 16 Signals in QASK (16-QAM)
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79
dQPSK>dQASK>d16 MPSK
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80
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81
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82
QASK Generator
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83
Bandwidth of QASK
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84
QASK Receiver
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85
QASK Rx Analysis
Neglecting all terms not at frequency 4f0 we are left
with
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16 PSK vs. 16QASK

S.No
Parameter
16 PSK
16QASK
Type of modulation
M-ary-PSK with M=16
M-ary-QAM with M=16
Location of signal
points
On the circumference
of the circle
4 points in each quadrants
Distance between
signal points

d = 2 Eb sin
M
Noise immunity
Poorer than 16QASK
Better than 16PSK
Type of detection
Synchronous
Synchronous
System Complexity
Less complex than

16QASK
More complex than 16PSK
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d = 2 0.15Eb
87
QASK vs. QPSK

S.No
Parameter
QPSK
QASK
Type of modulation
QPM
QAPM
Location of signal
points
On the circumference
of the circle
Equally spaced and placed

symmetrically about origin
Distance between
signal points
d = 2 Eb for N = 2 d = 2 0.4 Eb for N = 4 or M = 16
Noise immunity
Better than QASK
Poorer than QPSK
Prob. of Error
Less than QASK
More than QPSK
Type of demodulation
Synchronous
Synchronous
System Complexity
Less complex than

QASK
More complex than QPSK
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88

Unit 3 Slides PSK - QAM

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Unit 3 Slides PSK - QAM

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Digital-to-analog conversion

Instructor: Amit Udawat

Types of digital-to-analog conversion

Instructor: Amit Udawat

Binary Bandpass Signaling ttechniques

- Morse code radio transmission is an example of this technique.

Binary Phase-Shift Keying (BPSK) - Consists of shifting the phase of a sinusoidal

Instructor: Amit Udawat

Binary Bandpass Signaling techniques

Instructor: Amit Udawat

Instructor: Amit Udawat

PSK modulated signal

(b) PSK ;modulated signal

Instructor: Amit Udawat

Instructor: Amit Udawat

In BPSK the data b(t) is a stream of binary digits

Instructor: Amit Udawat

Instructor: Amit Udawat

BPSK generation and reception

Instructor: Amit Udawat

Here is a nominally fixed phase shift

Instructor: Amit Udawat

The dc component is removed by a BPF having

Instructor: Amit Udawat

b(t ) 2 Ps cos (0t + ) = b(t ) 2 Ps + cos 2(0t + )

which is then applied to an integrator

Instructor: Amit Udawat

BPSK Reception (role of bit

Instructor: Amit Udawat

BPSK Reception (role of bit

Instructor: Amit Udawat

BPSK Reception (role of bit

Since the integral of a sinusoid over a whole

Instructor: Amit Udawat

BPSK Reception (role of bit

Instructor: Amit Udawat

The BPSK waveform is the NRZ waveform

Instructor: Amit Udawat

See the plot in the next slide

Instructor: Amit Udawat

(a) PSD of NRZ data

(b) PSD of BPSK signal

Instructor: Amit Udawat

Instructor: Amit Udawat

Instructor: Amit Udawat

Geometrical representation of BPSK signals

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Differential PSK (DPSK)

the recovered carrier would remain as before.

Instructor: Amit Udawat

Instructor: Amit Udawat

Instructor: Amit Udawat

Instructor: Amit Udawat

Response of b(t) to an input d(t)

Instructor: Amit Udawat

Thus when d(t)=0 the phase of the carrier does

Instructor: Amit Udawat

Instructor: Amit Udawat

The 1st term on RHS of above is the waveform

This is the required signal.

Instructor: Amit Udawat

Instructor: Amit Udawat

Instructor: Amit Udawat