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AD-A267 099
Basic Principles
of Helicopter Crashworthiness
By
Dennis F. Shanahan
jJULZZ 1993
February 1993
93-16402
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Released for publication:
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an ;fY--6
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' Ph.D.
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138
of Helicopter Crashworthiness
Dennis F. Shanahan
13a. TYPE OF REPORT
Final
17.
FIELD
01
COSATI CODES
SUB-GROUJP
GROUP
0L
Ghelicopter,
03
18. SUBJECT TERMS (Continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number)
crashworthiness,
aircraft
accident,
crash survival
SAME AS RPT
C1 DTIC USERS
Unclassified
In formtion Center
(205)
255-6907
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UNCLASS I FI ED
19.
ABSTRACT (cont)
basic crashworthiness
investigation of crashes of these helicopters to illustrate
incorporated into
systematically
when
their
effectiveness
to
demonstrate
principles and
helicopter designs.
Accesion For
NTIS CRA&I
DTIC TAB
Unannounced
Justification
By ..........
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Avail and/or
Special
Table of contents
Introduction
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...
... . 5
.
5
.
6
8
10
..
13
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15
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References ..................
. 3
20
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23
List of tables
1.
List of illustrations
1.
2.
3.
. 6
4.
. 7
. 9
"1
6.
7a.
10
..
12
7b. A comparison of the pilot's injuries with the collective control demonstrates a concordance between his
injuries and the metal guard around the "SVO OFF"
switch and the "Chinaman's hat" switch. Minute particles of human tissue also were recovered from the
switch guard ...............
.....................
8.
9.
10.
1la.
lb.
12.
11
12
Cyclic control recovered from a UH-60 crash shows longitudinal gouges made by the pilot's teeth.
The pilot
lost several anterior teeth in the crash, but received
no other serious injury ..........
................
13
14
17
18
19
21
Introduction
The concept of providing occupant crash protection in aircraft is almost as old as powered flight itself. The first
few
crashes of powered aircraft suggested the need for helmets to
provide head protection and leather jackets to prevent serious
abrasions.
Although seat belts were first
developed to retain
pilots during acrobatic flight, it did not take long for pilots
and designers to recognize the value of occupant retention in a
crash.
Nevertheless, it was not until the 1940s that scientists
and designers, notably Hugh DeHaven and his colleagues, began
seriously to approach crash survivability from a total system
concept (DeHaven, 1969).
Although most of the current concepts of crash survivability
were established over 40 years ago, implementation of these concepts into operational aircraft has been remarkably slow.
In
fact, fully integrated crashworthy designs had been limited to a
few agricultural aircraft until the U.S. Army committed itself to
improving the crash survivability of its helicopters during the
conflict in Southeast Asia.
This work lead to the publication of
the Aircraft crash survival design guide which is a compendium of
crashworthy design criteria for light fixed-wing and rotary-wing
aircraft (Department of the Army, 1989).
This guide, now in its
fifth edition, has become the primary source of information for
crashworthy design criteria for helicopters.
Indeed, the criteria specified in the Design Guide were used to establish the
design specifications for the Army's UH-60 Black Hawk and AH-64
Apache helicopters and form the basis of the Army's current general crashworthiness design standard (Carnell, 1978; Department
of Defense, 1984).
The effectiveness of the crashworthiness concepts incorporated into the UH-60 and AH-64 has been proven in
numerous crashes of these helicopters (Shanahan, 1991; Shanahan
and Shanahan, 1989a and 1989b).
Surprisingly, operators of civil
helicopters and government regulators have been reluctant to incorporate similar design features into the civil helicopter
fleet.
Crash injury
It is imperative to understand that injury and death are not
inevitable consequences of an aircraft crash.
In fact, most epidemiological studies of crashes have shown that up to 90 percent
of crashes are potentially survivable for the occupants (Bezreh,
1963; Haley, 1971; Haley and Hicks, 1975; Hicks, Adams, and
Shanahan, 1982; Mattox, 1968; Sand, 1978; Shanahan and Shanahan,
1989b).
This assessment is based on the fact that the forces in
most crashes are sufficiently low that use of currently available
airframe and component technology could prevent occupant injury.
B.
Traumatic injury
1.
Acceleration
2.
Contact
Environmental injury
Container
Restraint
Energy absorption
Environment (local)
Postcrash factors
Container
The container is the occupiable portion of the helicopter -It should possess sufficient strength to
the cockpit and cabin.
prevent intrusion of structure into occupied spaces during a survivable crash, thus maintaining a protective shell around all
occupants.
Since structural collapse causing severe contact injury is one of the most frequent injury hazards encountered in
helicopter crashes, this point cannot be overemphasized (Figure
1). The container must also be designed to prevent penetration of
external objects into occupied spaces.
Another consideration
S............
- -
- -- .--
a n
l~5
riPb
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
Figure 7a. Note the shapes and location of the abrasions and lacerations on the left side of the face of the pilot.
Figure 7b. A comparison of the pilot's injuries with the collective control demonstrates a concordance between his
injuries and the metal guard around the "SVO OFF"
switch and the "Chinaman's hat" switch.
Minute particles of human tissue also were recovered from the
switch guard.
12
Figure 8.
It is
or difficult than placing them within the strike zone.
Potentially injurious
simply a matter of recognizing the hazard.
objects that cannot be relocated can be designed to be less
hazardous, padded, or made frangible.
Postcrash factors
Numerous aircraft accident victims survive the crash only to
These hazards include fire,
succumb to a postcrash hazard.
Both civil and military crash exfumes, fuel, oil, and water.
perience has sadly shown that the most serious hazard to survival
The design challenge is to proin helicopter crashes is fire.
vide for the escape of occupants after the crash under a host of
13
adverse conditions.
The approach may be either to control or
eliminate the hazard at the source, to provide for more rapid
egress, or a combination of both.
In the case of postcrash fire, controlling the hazard at the
source has proven to be an extremely effective strategy for helicopters (Figure 9).
Since the U.S. Army introduced crash resistant fuel systems (CRFS) into its helicopter fleet in the 1970s,
there has only been one fire related death in a survivable crash
(Shanahan and Shanahan, 1989b; Singley, 1981).
Prior to the
introduction of CRFS, up to 42 percent of deaths in survivable
crashes of U.S. Army helicopters were attributed to fire (Haley,
1971; Singley, 1981).
Considering the magnitude of the problem
of postcrash fire in non-CRFS equipped helicopters and the
incredible effectiveness of CRFS, it is most regrettable that
helicopters continue to be produced without crash resistant fuel
systems.
This situation continues more because of the persistent
failure of regulatory agencies to require CRFS use than that of
the manufacturers to provide them.
Indeed, many manufacturers
have offered CRFS as an option, but few operators have opted to
Figure 9.
4.
Figure 10.
IM
is.
Also, it is difficult, and frequently prohibitively expensive, to increase structural strength through a retrofit program.
For this reason, occupant restraint is emphasized over structural
integrity issues when considering modification of existing
airframes.
Nevertheless, one should remember that the properly
restrained human is capable of withstanding accelerations of up
to 40G without sustaining injury, and a container designed to a
lesser standard will, under extreme survivable crash conditions,
compromise occupant survival.
Consequently, in newly designed
helicopters, structural strength and occupant restraint should
receive equal consideration.
Design compromises in this area
should be made with a clear understanding of the expected crash
environment for the helicopter under design as well as .ith an
understanding of crash injury mechanisms and human tolerance
to impact.
A final consideration in preventing contact injury is high
mass item retention.
Current FAA standards for high mass item
retention such as transmissions and engines are extremely
low (Department of Transportation, 1992).
Although a relatively
infrequent hazard, intrusion of these components into occupied
17
Figure 11a.
3i
Figure 11b.
F. RUCKEk
930001-0455g
20
1.0
(D L.
a 0.8/
0.7
UH-1
U-6
>0.6
~0.5
00.4/
0.3
0.20.1
00
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Cumulative frequency plot depicts the increasing probability of sustaining a fatal injury as vertical impact velocity inreases for the UH-60 and UH-l.
22
References
Alem, N.
The
the
ing
U.S.
91-6.
23
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