Causes of Failure of National Integration in Pakistan Politics Essay

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CausesOfFailureOfNationalIntegrationInPakistanPoliticsEssay
Causes Of Failure Of National Integration

In Pakistan Politics Essay
Published: 23, March 2015
The struggle lunched by all Indian Muslims under the inspiring leadership of the Quaid-eAzam Muhammad Ali Jinnah for a separate homeland in South Asia was crowned with
success. But unfortunately, Pakistan began its life in extremely adverse circumstances and
had to struggle hard for its survival.[i]National building remains a dicult process in
Pakistan.
It was the opinion of the Muslims of sub continent that this piece of land would be fullled
their dreams, but unfortunately the structure of this country a bifurcated state with its two
wings separated by 1,600 Km couldn't draw out their expected result. The country also
faced the inux of refugees from India in its initial days. The new state also faced the
problems of administrative personnel and material assets along with economic crises
which lead un-sustainability to the government. The death of Quaid was another severed
blow to the nation. From its inception Pakistan has passed through many politicaleconomic and constitutional problems. The phenomena of Islamic constitution with the
needs of modern state, ethnic and provincial tensions, political rivalries and security
considerations aecting national development in Pakistan in its early stage. Consequently
a civil war started in the country result the loss of East Pakistan in 1971.[ii]
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Pakistan has also failed in the establishing of stable eective political system or
institutions. During 65 years Pakistan has been governed under 5 constitutions one
inherited from the British and its own formations run by various political systems, 4
Martial laws and one civil Martial.[iii]
This continuous political instability led to the catastrophe of disintegration of Pakistan. The
terrible result was Bangladish and now it is directed towards other parts of the country. In
the past it aggravated the feelings of secessionism and provincialism in Pakistan and till
today we are facing a grave problem of national integration. But the real roots of political
instability and disintegration lie elsewhere which are to be probed deeply. In this regard
we argue that roots of the problem of the national integration in Pakistan lay leadership,
consequent policies and the resulting injustice. Every government in Pakistan was under
the inuence of the three institutional bodies i.e. Constituent Assembly, the Civil Service
and the Army. There were other forces such as the landed gentry and several sections of
the people in general.[iv]
The Political parties have suered from regionalism, factionalism and lack of vision. The
shifting of power from political to civil military establishment and regional and ethnic
forces have threatened national unity. However the struggle for national building was
continued and in 1988 the restoration of democracy and peaceful transfer of power to civil
government in 1990 and 1993 showed Pakistan interest for political stability.[v]
Pakistan from the very beginning has been confronted with identity crisis. Successive
Pakistani regimes never came to a reasonable understanding with the ve major ethnolinguistic groups i.e. Bangalis, Sindhis, Baluchis, Punjabs and Pakhtoons. Ethnic and
linguistic dierences arose in the very beginning of the emergence of Pakistan.[vi]It
cannot create ethnic or national homogeneity throughout the country. It only means to
establish a common socio-political system, common state, common citizenship and the
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sense of identity of belonging together. It means building unity on top of the accessible
uniformity and not substituting an imitation new identity for the old ones. Due to the
regular failure of national building and national integration it was/ is very dicult to
convert the masses into one single citizenship.[vii]
The processes of disintegration started in Pakistan rst by the question of language. This
was one of the major problem that not only became ultimately the decisive cause of
disintegration but also gave birth to other problems. The major factors responsible for
these severe problems were the attitude of the army and the bureaucracy, who are the
direct descendents of the British and were unable to provide an independent nation and
democratic government. It was bureaucracy both civil and military, which does not belong
to any nationality and any region of Pakistan but it is a supera-nationality and supra
regional class.[viii]
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My assignment is concerned with the causes of failure of National Integration in Pakistan.
The concentration of the entire work is bringing forth only the internal causes of
disintegration and to put forward suggestions for integration. Dierent websites, books
articles and research works have been reviewed. Interviews from dierent stakeholders
have been conducted.
Causes of Failure of National Integration in

Pakistan
There were/are so many factors which became the causes of failure of national integration
in Pakistan. Some of the important factors are as under:
Linguistic Issue
The dynamic process of national integration, generated by the enthusiasm of a separate
homeland, was disrupted by the language controversy only after three months of
independence. The enthusiasm and the emotions which were shown by the freedom
ghters during Pakistan movements cooled down gradually and slowly. In this condition
tolerance, patience was very necessary for the country. The lacked of a stable constitution
and considering political stability danger for the growth of democracy by the political
leaders for their self interest created the feelings of disparity among the masses. The issue
started from Educational Conference, held at Karachi on November 1947. Fazlur Rehman,
Bengali Minister of Education introduced reforms in educational system, which would
dropped Bengalis from all government stationeries, including money order forms,
envelopes and postcards, which would be printed only in Urdu and English. Urdu was
declared the national language of Pakistan. Tamaddun Majlish and other Bengalis in the
conference opposed this decision.[ix]The imposition of Urdu as national language
resulted one of the major causes for the loss of East Pakistan.
Bengali was the mother tongue of 54 percent of the people of all Pakistan and 98 percent
of East Pakistan. According to the principle of democracy Bengali should have been the
rst choice as the state language of Pakistan. But the political Elite in Pakistan made all
eorts to made Urdu, the mother tongue and a spoken language of only 4 percent of the
people of Pakistan, as the only state language. Naturally, the Bengalis reacted very sharply
and strongly opposed this decision.[x]The situation became worsted that Quaid visited
Dacca and control the situation. But after his death, once again the students of Dacca
University as well as Bangali leaguers demanded to declare Bengali as the national
Language. Syed Sulaiman Nadvi and Khwaja Nazim ud Din favored Urdu and their
statement had fueled the re. The campaign reached from bad to worse and ultimately
the constituent Assembly, discussed a constitutional draft to declared Urdu and Benagli as
the ocial language of the country. The bill was passed by the Assembly in May 1953.[xi]
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This decision of the assembly gave courage to other ethnic groups who started agitation
for their own concerned and thus in 1970 Sindhis also riots on language issues and was
argued that learning of Urdu is simply for national communicational requirements under
Urdu-dominated system of the country.[xii]
National language is supposed to unite a country but in Pakistan, national language
became the sources of failure of national integration and due it regionalism phenomena
up their heads in the country.
Bureaucrats Setup
There is a direct relationship between bureaucracy and National Integration of Pakistan.
Pakistan had inherited its bureaucrat setup from British. After independence people of
this country struggling for achieving their objectives, but the bureaucracy in its pursuit of
power has contrived to keep the people divided.[xiii]
In Pakistan whatever it was during the military regimes of Ayyub and Yahya or the civilian
governments of pre-1958 and Bhutto's government, the main instrument of formulating
and implementing the nation-building policies was the bureaucracy.[xiv]
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In Pakistan bureaucracy forced the various regions of the country to stay under the
umbrella of one nation but failed to create a sense of nationhood in the society. While
they tired their level best for centralize administration and communication in order to
maintain the unity of the state but failed. People all over the country feel this deprivation.
However the people responded dierently in dierent areas. While attitude of people in
dierent provinces were dierent toward the bureaucratic setup of the country. The
people of Punjab accepted it while in the region like Baluchistan and Khyber Pukhtoon
Khwa was critic. The policies of the bureaucracy has helped to build the state but failed to
promote national building process.[xv]
Pakistan is one of the bureaucratic states and it's the most powerful institution in the
country. The political parties and weak press have always been under the controlled by
bureaucracy and therefore ineective. Only judiciary has some independence but during
Zia regime it was also reduced to the status of a loyal and obedient servant.[xvi]
Democracy is the basic element for national integration unfortunately in Pakistan it always
depended on bureaucracy for guidance and help. This dependence would ultimately lead
to the rule of bureaucracy. Thus it became the solo power of the country and destroyed
constitutional and democratic process. The bureaucrats remain aloof from the masses,
and consider them their subjects. All the policy makers whether it was in Ayub khan
Government or his Martial Law of the dictatorship of Yahya Khan or in the Bhutto,s civil
martial law or the other governments, were bureaucratic in nature. It was because the
politicians were incapable to from a policy and to implement it. That's why bureaucracy
has to control the whole nation. It also abrogated the constitution of 1956-62 and also
ended the rule of Bhutto, these all were the causes which led the country towards
disintegration.[xvii]
There are many causes of the segregation of East Pakistan but the bureaucracy's role is
very important. After 1970 election when bureaucracy interfered in postponed the date of
National Assembly meeting rift the national integration.
The bureaucracy in Pakistan has been referred to as a self-sustaining group which is supra
regional in character, and thus their nature is in obstacle in the way of national building.
Ethnic Issue
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Pakistan is the country with multi ethnic diversity. Dierent diameter such as religion,
language, territory and caste, give birth violent conicts among dierent ethnic identities
of Pakistan. The issue gave birth after the linguistic movement run by East Pakistanis in
1948.The event which gave rebirth to ethnic identities was the attitude of Bengalis towards
Objective Resolution in 1949. Than the attitude of religious leaders towards minority's
rights and especially on the issue of Ahmedies opened ways for minorities to strengthen
their status and they demanded more rights for their existence.[xviii]Ethnicity and Ethnic
Conict in Pakistan Political inuential of dierent provinces, who had lost their turfs and
were too weak to reinforce their personalities after partition, projected regional
sentiments. Sindh Mutthida Mahaz, Jeay Sindh, Baloch Verna, Pakhtun Zalmry and
National Awami Party, these parochial parties became active in putting demands on
political system of Pakistan for giving them provincial autonomy.[xix]
Central ruling authority intentionally or unintentionally adopted such policies, which
widened gap between these groups particularly in East Pakistan. The economic strategies
followed by the central government, kept East Pakistan under-developed. The door of the
power structure (politico, administrative and military) was closed on the Bengalis on one
cause or the other. For example, the Ayub Khan period especially shield an ethnic bias. 22
families controlled 2/3 of Pakistan's industries assets 70% of insurance companies and
80% of banking most of them belong to West Pakistan. Such economic condition became a
major source to create a sense of insecurity among Bengalis, Sheikh Mujeeb put forward
his Six-Point Agenda, which was ethnically triggered, politically mobilized and ethnically
fuelled, brought serious upheavals. The 1971 election were also failed to overcome the
gap between East and West wing. In result East Pakistan became a new state in shape of
Bangaladish.[xx]
These centrist identities are in turn challenged by regional/provincial and ethnic identities,
that include Pashtun, Baloch, Sindhi, Punjabi and since 1980s the Muhajir (refugees from
India who came to Pakistan after 1947). There are other identities challenging for
identication along with these. They include Saraiki, Makranis and Barohis, Chitralis,
Gilgitis and Hazarawals in Khyber Pukhtoon Khwa.[xxi]
Like Bengalis Pukhtoon national movement was launched by former Congress members.
They wanted to rename North West Frontier Province as Pukhtoonistan in 1948.Pukhtoon
identity has also become an obstacle for Pakistani state identity since the
beginning.[xxii]Thus the Pukhtoon issue has an international and regional dimension.
Pakistan state in external dimension used religion as a tool of policy that explains
Pakistan's use of Muslim opposition to Soviet interference in Afghanistan in the 1980s.
Pakistan's linkages with the Pukhtoon religious forces started in the 1970s. This mind set is
at least to some extent responsible for Pakistan's support for Taliban in Afghanistan.
Which to some extent eect Pukhtoon identity to Talibanization/Islamization. Due to this
issue secular Pukhtoon identity that is averting Pakistan from going all out in its declared
policy of adhering itself with 'War against Terrorism' today.
In 1971 Sindhi ethnic movement was one of the most aware and sound movement of the
dierent identities of Sindhis. The Sindh largest areas such as Karachi and Hyderabad are
occupied by non Sindhis. They have the feeling and fairs of becoming a minority in their
own province. Most Urdu speaking Muhajar from India after 1947 have chosen these cities
to live in. The non Sindhi population have been multiplied various large scale movement of
industrial labour from all parts of the country, especially Pukhtoon and Punjabis to the
urban centre's of Sindh. Sindhi also riots in 1970s, when the government of Pakistan
Peoples' Party introduced Sindhi as compulsory language in Sindh schools. This
movement was started by Altaf Hussain who added a new aspect to identity politics in
Pakistan. It shows has relationship with the Pakistani establishment of both love and hate.
A movement of urban middle class, challenge the feudal structure of Pakistani state and
society as well as the religious right in urban centers of Sindh. This movement was
rejected by Sindhi's nationalists.[xxiii]
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Baluch identity movement has been the most vocal and violent. Pakistani State has used
military force on three times 1962, 1973, and 2004 to handle and controlled the violent
situation over there. Balochistan got the status of a full province in 1970. So this result the
issue of Baluch identity is their smaller number and a very large territory, being the
biggest province of Pakistan. They have to compete with Pakistani State on one side and
Pukhtoon identity on the other, as they are almost forming 50% percent of Balochistan's
population. Then they sit on enormous resources of energy, thus attracting a lot of
international and regional strategic and nancial interests. They are tribal and
educationally far behind the rest of the ethnicities that make up Pakistan. Their essentially
tribal and feudal leadership represents their national aspirations. The Pakistani state has
tried to increase its inuence and assimilate their identity into the unitary Pakistani
identity by using modernization, education and anti-tribalism as slogans.[xxiv]
Inter -ethnic group conict in Pakistan, has destroyed National Integration and undermine
foundations of the state. The inter-tribal conict in the tribal areas, the Sindhi and nonSindhi violent conict in Sindh, Shia-Sunni cruel and regressive activities have become a
norm of Pakistani society.
Sectarian issue
The sectarian war between Shias and Sunnis in Pakistan has deep roots with the
objectives of foreign agencies e.g., RAW, KJB and Mosad. This issue has now somewhat
amalgamated with all militant groups working in Pakistan in the name of jihad. Available
gures indicate that, between January 1989 and May 31, 2005 a total of 1,784 Pakistanis
were killed, and another 4,279 injured in 1,866 incidents of sectarian violence and terror
across the country.[xxv]It was the Zaia-ul-haq who supported the jehadi and sectarian
groups during Afghan war and created uncontrolled monsters, which now rise to consume
their own creators. The sectarian and ethnic essentialism that came into its own in
organized, militant form during the Zia period, now poses an ever more serious challenge
to the state. The spirit of sectarian violence refuses to be bottled and even as President
Musharraf advises the people of Pakistan to adopt 'enlightened moderation', the country's
tentative quest for a non-discriminatory liberal democracy continues to unravel. Pakistan
continues to be caught in the trap of extremist Islamist militancy and terror.[xxvi]Thus
sectarian violence is the most vital factor responsible for the poor national integration of
the country.
Provincial Autonomy
After the emergence, Pakistan has been hostage to provincialism. One of the major
demands of East Pakistan in constitutional term was full provincial autonomy in all
spheres except Defense and Foreign Aairs. The Basic Principles Committee (BCP), formed
in 1949 to determine the basic principles for the Constitution of Pakistan, submitted its
blueprint known as the interim report of the BPC on October 7, 1950, but failed to deny
adequate autonomy to the provinces.[xxvii]The demands got multiplied with the years,
and took a crystalline shape in the Jugto Front's 21-Points in1954. Interestingly, the key
supporter to this point (including Fazlul Haq and Suhrawardy) would later become closely
related with the Central government and became the stronger supporter of 1956
constitution in terms of provincial rights, defending that it having 98 %of provincial
autonomy. But the progress in terms of national integration made during 1955-58 when
the East Pakistani regional elites were accommodated in the structure of power and in
decision-making came to be wiped out in the aftermath of Ayub's ascension to power in
October 1958. The imposition of the 1962 constitution, with its principles of central
authoritarianism, was obviously irritating to the East Pakistani political elites, and Ayub's
"management" of 1965 elections, resulting in the defeat of Fatima Jinnah, who
represented the last hope of a return to democratic politics and an East-West consensus in
the middle 1960s, led East Pakistan to a point of no return. The resultant Six-Point charter
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of survival, set in clamorous strains, was, however, initially a bargaining counter. Even the
somewhat justied grumble of the Pukhtun and Baluchi NAP leaders against the Bhutto
regime in early 1970s was often cast in provincial terms; so were the grievances of G.M.
Syed, Mumtaz Bhutto, Rasul Baksh Palejo, Qadir Magsi and other Sindhi nationalists
against the inherently Sindhi-oriented Benazir regimes during 1988-90 and 1993-96, and
the Zardari regime 2008-12.[xxviii]
The Baluchi movement for provincial autonomy was a very sever nature because they
know that a zone of rich natural resources, characterized by economic backwardness, lack
of development and non availability of basic facilities of life would only be achieved after
achieving provincial rights. They revolted against the overdeveloped federal state
structure and demanded more provincial autonomy.[xxix]
The target killing and the destruction of worse situation in baluchistan was/is out of
control. Baluchistan has been an area of special interest for regional and global powers
owing to its key strategic position. Every eort made at mass development in this area met
with secret ghting from hostile competitors present in the region. The latest insurgency
too coincided with the work on mega project of Gwadar port. And lastly, the security
agencies of the country see this entire situation in security perspective. While focusing on
covert activities of hostile actors in the region, the economic, political and social grievances
of the people have been largely ignored. Consequently, the angry youth of Baluchistan fell
an easy prey to the nefarious designs of our enemies. Thus the situation has grown
complex and requires a holistic approach in order to be improved.[xxx]
Political instability
Aective leaders make a nation strong, stable and well integrated. They are the real nation
builders and their motto is security of a nation and state. The task of national integration
is basically the job of the ruling elite. So it's the politicians, statesmen, the artful manager,
whose policies and decisions put great impact on national integration. After independence
Muslims league was not the only creator of Pakistan, but also its saviour, the healing balm
for the wounds of East Pakistanis and more over the symbol of integrity. But its selsh
leadership discouraged Bengalis, although the Muslims League had won 96% seats of the
Muslims population. The Muslims league popularity came down sharply due to the lack of
development in the standard of life of the common man in East Pakistan.[xxxi]
With the passage of time Muslims League lost its position and in 1954 election, the United
Front won majority seats. As the United Front had no political tentacles in West Pakistan, it
could not claim a national stature. The absence of political leadership with National outlook retarded the process of national integration. This led to the dismissal of the newly
elected Assembly only after two month and imposition of Governor's rule. The central
government for the dismissal of provincial government gave the grounds that it was
leading disintegration of the country.[xxxii]
The decision led the country to the brink of disaster. The Bengalis hatred against the
Center and West Pakistan, they projected that East Pakistan had been deprived of the
democratic government because of the Centered dominated by the West Pakistan
bureaucrats and politicians.[xxxiii]
The political process was shaped by four interrelated developments in Pakistan. The rst
was the failure of the Muslims league as a national democratic party. The the second was
highly centralized system. Thirdly Mahajar Punjabi elite's control over the key posts. Finally
regional tension, which is now the basic problem of the country.[xxxiv]
The establishment of one unit also fueled disintegration. The policy makers were and are
making policies which favoured a few industrialists, Khans, Choudhris and Waders.
Therefore we do not feel any change in the economic condition of the common people
and particularly the far ung inhabitants of Baluchistan, Shind, KPK and Punjab.[xxxv]
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The quick changes of political governments in Pakistan from its beginning, the changing of
loyalties of political leaders for their self interest, imposition of dierent martial's, and the
formation of various political parties further rifted the political stability and aect the
national integration of the country.
Regionalism Issue
Regionalism has also brought about a great block in the way of national harmony and
unity.
Last but not the least; socio-economic injustice has created regionalism in the country. The
regionalism has separated our parts and divided the united masses and the classes into
paltry small assets. It has developed fractions, groups, and sects working for their vested
interests. JEAY SINDH and BALOUCH LIBERATION ARMY, LASHKAR-E-JUNGUI, SAPA SAHBA
etc want separation from the federation. Thus, the question of national integration
remains unsolved and is kept at bottom level.
Besides, there is an environment of promotion of self interests, group interests, faction's
interests, sect's interests instead of national interests, such as personal development
personal accumulation of wealth and recognition. Some talk of Sindhis, Balochis,
Pakhtoons and Punjabis instead of Pakistani. Therefore, these groups and factions such
JEAY SINDH, BALOUCH LIBETION ARMY, LASHKAR-E-JUNGUI, SAPA SAHBA and other
nationalist parties have widened the gulf between provinces and shackles of disintegration
have been strengthened forward in the country.Lack of national solidarity and unity
have not only confused the values for which Pakistan was created but also spoiled the
rhythm of national progress, in turn the nation has become unlled from within in terms
of national integration.[xxxvi]
Economic Disparity
We have been unable to exploit our growth potential due to distrust among the federating
units of the country. By harnessing the potential of each province Pakistan could become
a leading global economy in a decade. Pakistan came into existence as a nation by
integration of dierent regions speaking dierent languages but united on the basis of
religion. In this condition Marxist denition of nation couldn't apply to Pakistan a nation
having one language with one nationality.[xxxvii]
The provincial government did not have any control over its own economy as everything
was controlled by the centre. This situation creates the feelings of economic disparity
among dierent provinces' particularly in the East wing of the country. As all Trading
bodies and foreign missions were established in West Pakistan, and most of the foreign
aid and the national development budget were allocated for the west wing. From 1947-48
and 1960-61 capital investment for development allocated for East wing was 172 corers
while for West wing it was 430 corers. At the same time, the earning of East Pakistan from
foreign trade, of jute was diverted to West Pakistan too .As a result, the economic gap
between the two wings increased signicantly over the years. Per capita income increased
in West Pakistan from Rs.330 in 1949-50 to Rs.373 in 1959-60; whereas in East Pakistan it
declined from Rs. 305 to Rs. 288. This economic disparity among the two wings lead rift in
the national integration of Pakistan and thus in 1971 the evident of fall of Dacca
happened.[xxxviii]
The four provinces of the country have dierent economic advantages. Baluchistan the
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largest province by area is bestowed with natural resources like gas, minerals and oil.
These
have not been exploited
fully because of
local tribes
2the mistrust ofthe

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against the federal government. Pakistan could become self-sucient in energy and could
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export minerals if by giving the local population their due share in the natural resources. It
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harbors could
be developed to provide the shortest sea route to the land locked states of
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text=Causes%20Of%20Failure%20Of%20National%20Integration%20In%20Pakistan%20Politics%20Essay&url=https
Central Asia.[xxxix]
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The Khyber Pukhtoon Khwa has the ability to produce most of hydroelectric potential to
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produce most of the hydroelectric potential of 54000 MW present in the Indus water
system. KPK is the gateway to Afghanistan and Central Asia and also to China. The
development of road infrastructure and peace in the province would make Pakistan, the
hub of trade transit activities. The KPK has the most charming sites in the world. Its
locations are more charming and enchanting than Switzerland. But unfortunately tourism
as an industry has not been properly developed and means of communication along with
reasonable hotel chains are missing from the region because terror tag attached to the
area. Otherwise kPK has the potential to earn more foreign exchange from tourism than
current exports of Pakistan.[xl]
Punjab should have been the granary of the country but unfortunately we import food
items worth over $4 billion annually as agricultural planners fail to increase the
productivity in the province. Punjab is the hub of textile production of the country as well.
Textiles account for over 63% of country's exports. The Northern Punjab could well
become a tourist attraction if the hill stations are improved and global perception about
the country is improved.
The concept of nationality has been found to be less than adequate to address some
major and minor issues of group identication. Whenever we meet someone we tell
him/her that we are Punjabi, Sindhi, Baluchi, etc but we always forget that rstly we are
Muslims then we are Pakistani.
Recommendations
Introduction of a system of social justice free from all sorts of corruption and exploitation.
The foundations of a country rest on justice and merit. Justice must be done and seen to
be done. Therefore, judiciary should be strengthened to remove clouds of social injustice
as a great factor behind the poor national integration.
Revolutionary changes in the educational system our educational institutions enabling to
provide manpower really competent to answer our national demands.
Establishing and strengthening social welfare, political, economic and educational
institutions.
Reconstruction of bureaucracy and their training according to the requirements of
running a free ideological state.
For ensuring the integrity of the country only those political parties should be allowed to
come into or to share power who are voted by a xed ratio of voters from all the
constituent provinces.
Education should be contested on proper proportionate basis.
Through good governance all sorts of misunderstandings should be removed between
the provinces and to make them go through the process and the prosperity. National
integration has become the challenge from the start of Pakistan in the modern times so
that it is the good governance that can get together the masses and the classes on one
platform of unity and integrity.
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Parliament should be supplied with limitless freedom for its decisions on the condence
of its
own.
2
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The
media of the country has all along been playing its major role in destabilizing national
integration. It should aware the multitudes about national integration.
Conclusion
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Conclusion
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The
emergence of Pakistan on the map of the world as an ideological state is based on the
ideology of Islam. The Muslims who launched a movement for the creation
of Pakistan
were extremely inuenced by their glorious past. After independence, the Muslims league
shouldered the responsibilities of administering the new state and formed the
government in the Center as well as the provinces. From the time of creation Pakistan, was
facing formidable problems, in spite of geographically separated regions of Pakistan
politically integrated providing it state with an agreed constitution, it faced numerous
social, economic and administrative problems. This challenging situation required devoted
and dedicated leadership and these qualities, unfortunately, the successors of the Quaid
lacked it, and the Muslim League also disappointed the masses. The spirit of amity and
good will engendered by the movement was not utilized for consolidation and integration.
A part from weak leadership and political institution the problem which led the country
toward segregation was the language controversy. The declaration of Urdu as a national
language create severe linguistic problem in 1948 but Quaid dignied personality tackled
the situation. But again in 1953 the issue was raised and gain memorandum, so the
assembly passed Act in 1953 and also gave Bengali as the status of national language. In
1970 Sindhis also riot on the language issue. So in Pakistan the language became the
cause of disintegration of the country.
The phenomenon of disintegration was the logical outcome of the politics of the rst two
decades. The process of constitution making, the abrogation of constitutions one after
another and the imposition of martial's segregated and disintegrated the country a lot.
We cannot avoid the role of bureaucracy and the narrow attitude of majority of the
Panjabi and Urdu speaking bureaucrats towards the non Punjabi and especially towards
Bengalis, which became the major causes for the weakness of national integration. Even
now their attitude does not dier when these bureaucrats serve in dierent areas of
Pakistan.
Another factor which rift national integration of the country was/is the denial of
proportionate share in the distributions of political power and economic assets of the
country.
The emergence of dierent ethnic group with the emergence of the country developed
identity crises and stopped the feeling of unity and common identity. Every ethnic group
started struggle to safeguard their own ethnicity and still the country is under the crises of
identity the situation is worse in Baluchistan and Sindh. These situations became barriers
in the growth of national integration of the country.
Regionalism has also brought about a great block in the way of national harmony and
unity.
Last but not the least; socio-economic injustice has created regionalism in the country,
which led to disintegration.
For the national building of our country and to provide strengthen to the national
integration in a diverse country like Pakistan it s the need of the time that equal
opportunities should given to all the provinces.
Hope so that the recommendations suggested in this study should play a vital role in the
improvement of the process of national integration in Pakistan if reviewed Inshallah.
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Causes of Failure of National Integration in Pakistan Politics Essay

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Causes Of Failure Of National Integration

Causes of Failure of National Integration in

2the mistrust ofthe

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