Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
(Uncontrolled)
Learning Objectives
To understand the characteristics and
operation of the diode rectifiers
To learn types of diode rectifiers
To understand the performance
parameters
To learn the techniques for analyzing
and design of diode rectifiers
Uncontrolled Rectifiers
Rectifier
Circuit that converts an AC signal into
unidirectional signal (DC)
Used diodes for conversion
Two types (depending on input)
Single phase
Three phase
Assumptions
Diodes used are ideal
i.e. trr = 0 and VD=0
4
Performance Parameters
In order to access the performance of a
diode rectifier, the following components
must be taken into account:
Average value of the output (load) voltage,
Vdc
Average value of the output (load) current,
Idc
Need to understand
Output dc power
HOW the parameters
Pdc =VdcIdc
Performance Parameters
The root-mean-square of the output voltage, Vrms
The root-mean-square of the output current, Irms
Output ac power
Efficiency
Po , dc
Pin , ac
V o , dc I o , dc
V s , rms I s , rms
6
Performance Parameters
The effective (rms) value of the ac component of output
voltage is
V ac(rms) =
FF =
2
V rms
V dc2
rms
V
dc
V ac
RF =
V dc
The dc component
Average (or dc) value: denoted by UPPER CASE with
the subscript ( dc ) or ( ave. )
t2
X dc
1
= x(t) dt
T t1
Xdc =
1
X dc = Xm sin(t) d(t )
T t1
X o = X ave = X DC
X DC =
X DC =
X DC =
X DC =
2
X m sin( t) d t
2 0
2X m
cos( t) 0
2
Xm
[cos(0) cos( ) ]
2X m
AC Component
11
Performance Parameters
power factor,
2
I o,
P
rms R
pf = =
S Vs, rms I s, rms
DF = cos
12
13
14
Simplest type
not used in industry
Only one diode
Resistive load R
Input is single phase AC
15
1
Vo =
Vm sin( t) d t
2 0
Vm
Vo =
cos( t) 0
2
Vm
[cos(0) cos( ) ]
Vo =
2
Vm
Vo =
= 0.318Vm
16
17
Solution Example 1:
wave rectifier with R-load
Solution
(i) The average load current
Vm = 2(120)= 169.7V
and,
Vs 169.7
Io =
=
= 10.8A
R (5)
Half
1440
2 (120)
(120)
2(5)
P
V
V s, rms m
2R
= 0.707
Vm
2(120)
=
= 84.9V
2
2
and
2
Vrms
84.92
P=
=
= 1440W
R
5
18
Vm
2(110)
=
= 49.52V
and,
Vo 49.52
Io =
=
= 1.98A
R
25
T0 Vm
2(110)
=
=
= 77.78V
2T
2
2
and,
I o,rms =
Vo,rms
R
77.78
= 3.11A
25
20
VL = L
di
dt
24
26
27
-To determine the turn off angle substitute the condition: [at t=+, is=0]
28
29
29
31
Vm
Vo,dc =
;
Vo,dc
I o,dc =
;
R
Po,dc =V o,dc*I o,dc
32
33
33
34
35
Diode Conduct
Diode OFF
36
vo
E
io
60 90 120 150 180 210 240
Turn ON angle Turn OFF angle
0
30
270
300
330
360
390
420
450
480
510
540
570
600
630
660
690
37
720
Vm sin = E ,
Vm sin t = Ri (t) + L
i(t) = i f (t) + i n (t)
= sin -1 (
E
) ,
Vm
Diode ON
di (t)
+E
dt
Vm
E
sin( t - ) Z
R
i n (t) = Ae
-t
- t
E
Vm
t
Ae
sin(
)
+
Z
R
i ( t) =
otherwise
0
Vm
E
i ( ) = 0 A = (sin( - ) + )e
Z
R
i ( ) = 0 = ?
Vmsint , E
39
EXAMPLE:
HALF-WAVE
WITH RL
Example:
Half-wave
RectifierRECTIFIER
With RL Load
LOAD
Determine the performance parameters of the circuit shown
D1
10 Ohms
220V
50Hz
20mH
Solution
10 Ohms
220V
50Hz
20mH
40
for 0 t < +
at t = 200 is = 5.594 A
t = 220 is = 3.57 A
Vm sin (t )
+ Ae tan
is =
Z
2
Z = 10 2 + (0.02 *100 ) = 11 .8132.14
t
tan
t = 210 is = 1.025 A
t = 212 is = 0.103 A
t = 212.2 is = 0.01A
Very small!
+ = 212.2
5 t
Alternatively, As (L/R<<1/f),
+ can be approximates to
(+ ) =212.2
41
42
Vdc =
220 2 [
1 cos(212.2)]= 91.42V
2
V rmsVrms
=
1
2
3.7
1
2
(
)
V
sin(
t
d
t
=
0 m
4
The dc current
I dc =
1
2
V m2 t 1sin2( t) 3.7
+ sin (2 ) = 158.22V
2
4
2 2
0
Vm
tan
sin (t )+ sin e
dt
Z
alternatively, and much simpler, since the inductor voltage aver age is zero
Vdc = VR ,dc
Vdc
= I dc R I dc =
= 9.142 A
R
43
is = i1 + i2 =
Vm (
V
sin t )+ m sin e
Z
Z
t
tan
where :
t
Vm (
V
m
i1 = sin t )and i2 = sin e tan
Z
Z
(220 2 )
2
I1,rms =
I 2 ,rms
2 *11.812
212.2
2
(
)
sin(
t
)
dt = 13.29 A
1 220 2
=
sin
2 11.81
3.7
t10
dt = 3.05 A
2
2
I rms = I1, rms + I 2,rms = 13.63A
44
FF =
RF = FF 2 1 = 1.41
TUF =
Pdc
= 0.2767
Vs I s
Pdc
= 0.3852
Pac
From the above results it can be noted that with RL load the half wave rectifier
has very poor quality-mainly due to the negative voltage appears across the
load.
Freewheeling diode can be applied to eliminate the negative load voltage, and
hence improve the quality. To verify this determine the performance
parameters of the freewheeling diode circuit.
45
Please refer to the above figure, on the same time scale, please draw the
expected output waveform for voltage and current , input current (Is) and
FWD current. Calculate the Vo,rms, Vo,dc and Io,dc . Prove that the circuit
above has improved the quality of circuit in example Half-wave rectifier with
RL load. (Given that frequency = 50Hz, R=10, L=20mH).
vD
Solution
is
vp
vs
Dm
vo
L
and
14.1e
for t < 2
47
Freewheeling Diode
15
10
5
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
I supply
210
240
270
300
330
360
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
Output Current
240
270
300
330
360
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
Output Voltage
240
270
300
330
360
30
20
10
0
40
20
0
400
200
48
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
360
Example3.3, cont.
The voltage waveform is identical to that of the pure resistive load case, therefore
Vdc =
Vm
= 99V ,
FF = 1.57
Vm
= 155.6V
2
RF = 1.21
Vrms =
Notice that the load (io) current is different than the supply current (is),
the average of (io)
I o ,dc
Vo ,dc
R
99
= 9.9 A
10
49
Example3.3, cont.
To determine Is,rms
Vm
Vm
is = i1 + i2 = sin (t )+ sin e tan
Z
Z
(220 2 )
2 180
I1,rms =
I 2,rms
2 *11.812
2
(
)
sin(
)
t
dt = 13.17 A
1 220 2
=
sin
2 11.81
t10
dt = 3.046 A
2
2
I s ,rms = I1,rms + I 2,rms = 13.518 A
I D ,rms =
1
2
14.1 e
10 (t )
dt = 3.152 A
50
Example3.3, cont.
Pdc
980.1
=
= 0.329
Vs I s 13.518 * 220
Pac
13.882 *10
=
= 0.648
PF =
S ac 220 *13.518
= Pdc =
Pac
980.1
980.1
=
= 0.509
2
Vo ,rms I o ,rms 13.88 *10
51