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3, JUNE 2012
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AbstractThis paper proposes an application of superconducting flywheel energy storages (SFESs) to compensate the
power fluctuation of the large scale wind farm. Based on the
global interest against global warming, the power capacity of
the renewable generation, especially wind generation, has been
increased steeply. However, since wind generations depend on
the natural wind speed completely, the power output cannot be
controlled. The power fluctuation caused by the non-controllable
output characteristic may create voltage problem for local system
and frequency problem for whole power system. To solve those
problems, the hybrid application of the large-capacity battery
energy storage system (BESS) and the high-speed superconducting flywheel energy storage system (SFES) are considered in
Heangwon wind farm in Cheju Island in Korea. Through the case
studies based on the site-measured output data, the optimal power
and energy capacity of the BESSs and SFES are figured out.
Index TermsBESS, hybrid compensation, power fluctuation,
SFES, wind generation.
I. INTRODUCTION
UE to the increasing interest in the smart grid which focuses on greenhouse reductions, many efforts have been
made to establish the smart grid on a national scale, including
from the domestic industries and academia. In South Korea,
where the greenhouse gas emissions are 1.6 times the average
level of OECD countries, the necessity for the reduction of
a significant amount of greenhouse gases has been required.
Increasing the utilization of renewable energy is being implemented for the reduction of greenhouse gases where the wind
power is being considered as the appropriate renewable energy
Manuscript received September 13, 2011; accepted December 05, 2011. Date
of publication December 21, 2011; date of current version May 24, 2012. This
work was supported in part by a National Research Foundation of Korea Grant
funded by the Korean Government (20110018632) and in part by Korea Institute
of Energy Technology evaluation and planning.
H. Lee was with the School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University,
Seoul 136713, Korea. He is now with the School of Railway and Electrical Engineering, Kyungil University, Gyeongsan 712701, Korea (e-mail:
hsang80@korea.ac.kr).
B. Y. Shin and G. Jang are with the School of Electrical Engineering,
Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Korea (e-mail: shinby@korea.ac.kr;
gjang@korea.ac.kr).
S. Han, S. Jung, and B. Park are with the Korea Electric Power Research Institute, Daejon 305-760, Korea (e-mail: schan@kepri.re.kr;
shammon@kepri.re.kr; hampstead@kepri.re.kr).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TASC.2011.2180881
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TABLE I
GENERATOR CONFIGURATION OF HEANGWON WIND FARM
since the wind is not constant and doesnt maintain high wind
speeds, there are very high fluctuations in the power generation
as shown in Fig. 1. From the perspective of the operator, these
changes in the output of the wind farms makes it difficult to
maintain stable operation conditions which can cause problems
with local voltage and frequency, especially in areas with a low
electric inertia, thereby requiring the compensation of the power
output utilizing energy storage devices.
A hybrid connection compensation method, where the characteristics of BESS that large amount of fluctuations can be
compensated for a relatively lower cost despite the comparatively slower response speed and the high response speed of
LEE et al.: POWER FLUCTUATION OF LARGE SCALE WIND FARM USING HYBRID ENERGY STORAGE APPS
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TABLE III
SIMULATION SCENARIOS FOR PARTIAL COMPENSATION
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TABLE IV
SIMULATION RESULTS FOR PARTIAL COMPENSATION SCENARIOS
As shown in Figs. 4 and 5, BESS compensates the large fluctuations and SFES compensates for the small and fast fluctuation for the reference output (setpoint) of the Heangwon wind
farm. BESS uses its large storage capacity to compensate the
wind power output but doesnt have the fast response capability
to follow rapidly changing output thereby requiring additional
compensation of SFES. The storage capacity of BESS and SFES
is being calculated by the difference of the maximum and minimum values of the accumulated energy from the full compensation scenario as shown in Figs. 6 and 7. Table II represents the
specifications of BESS and SFES for the full compensation of
the Heangwon wind farm.
B. Partial Compensation
A case study is conducted to determine the impact of the committed amount of SFES by setting SFES and BESS with the following assumptions shown in Table III.
Fig. 8(a) shows the output of the Heangwon wind farm with
only BESSs compensation. It can be observed that the output
is maintained only for the small variations around the 1 MW
setpoint for the actual output of Heangwon wind farm and that
the small and fast fluctuations are noticeably removed with the
increase in the SFES capacity.
Figs. 8(b)8(f) shows the Heangwon wind farm output due
to the operation of various storage capacities of SFES. Since
the energy capacity of SFES is not enough high, it can be fully
charged or discharged for a short time. This means that the
timely charging or discharging cannot be achieved. The more
the SFES energy capacity is increased the more minute changes
are being compensated thereby maintaining the output at its setpoint. Table IV shows the simulation results of each scenario.
The fluctuation reduction rate, which is the ratio of the
number of not-compensated samples for the entire measured
samples, is obtained for each case and listed in Table IV. There
is a significant reduction of output fluctuation according to