Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Movement
Respiration
Sensitivity
Feeding
Excretion
Reproduction
Growth
The Cell
Structures found in plant and animal cells
The Microscope
The
The
The
The
you
Growth
Food
Food
Food is needed for growth energy, repair and protection against disease.
A balanced diet is a diet which contains the right amounts of each of the
six constituents.
Tests
To test for starch add iodine solution to the food sample. It will turn blueblack if starch is present.
To test for protein add copper sulfate and sodium hydroxide. It will turn
violet if protein is present.
To test for glucose, add benedict's solution and heat. It will turn brick red
if glucose is present.
To test for fats rub the food sample on brown paper. A translucent spot
will appear if fats are present.
Digestive System
Stages of Digestion
Enzymes
Smoking for a long time can cause lung cancer, but it can also have other
harmful effects.
Particles of smoke irritate the lungs and produce mucus, leading to
diseases such as bronchitis.
Smoking during pregnancy can damage the baby.
The circulatory system consists of the heart and the blood vessels.
Blood Vessels
Veins bring blood to the heart. They have a wider lumen than arteries,
and valves to prevent backflow of blood.
Arteries carry blood away from the heart. They have a narrow lumen and
have no valves.
Capillaries are thin blood vessels (1 cell thick) that allow substances to
pass into and out of the blood. They join veins to arteries.
The Heart
Body Temperature
Excretion
Excretion
Excretory Organs
The
The
The
The
human excretory organs are the lungs, the skin and the kidneys.
lungs excrete carbon dioxide and water.
skin excretes sweat (water and salts).
kidneys excrete urine (urea, water and salts) .
The kidneys filter the blood and remove urea and salts. They also
remove water if the blood is too dilute.
Blood is brought to the kidneys in the renal artery.
Blood exits the kidneys in the renal vein.
Urine passes from the kidneys through the ureters, bladder and urethra.
Joints
Fused joints do not allow movement, eg. the bones of the skull
Ball and socket joints allow movement in any direction, eg the shoulder
and the pelvis.
Hinge joints allow movement in one direction only, e.g. the knee.
Antagonistic Muscles
Skull
Shoulder Blade
Breast Bone
Ribs
Vertebrae
Pelvis
Collar Bone
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
The central nervous system consists of the brain, the spinal chord and
the nerves.
Sensory nerves carry messages to the brain.
Motor nerves carry messages from the brain.
In certain cases there is no time to decide what to do, e.g. if you place
your hand on something hot. The message goes from your hand to the
spinal chord. From there a message is sent to your arm telling it to pull
your arm away.
The Eye
Reproduction
Reproduction
Fertilisation
Pregnancy
Genetics
Inheritable Characteristics
These are acquired during life and are not controlled by genes.
Every human cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes except for the egg
and sperm cells which contain 23 single chromosome.
At fertilisation the sperm cell and the egg cell combine to create 23 pairs
of chromosomes.
Plant Transport
Transpiration
Tropisms
Plant Reproduction
Types of Plant Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction is when new plants are formed from one parent
only.
Parts
of a Flower
Petal: this attracts insects because of its appealing colour and scent.
Sepals protect the flower before it blooms.
Carpel: produces female sex cells (eggs).
Stamen: produces male sex cells (pollen).
Parts
of the Carpel
Stigma: this is the landing place for pollen.
Style: this connects the stigma to the ovary.
Ovary: produces and contains the ovules which produce the female
gamete (egg).
Filament: this is the stalk of the stamen which supports the carpel.
Stages of Sexual Reproduction
Pollination
Insect pollinated flowers have a nice smell, brightly coloured petals and
nectar to attract insects. the stamens and carpels are often inside the
petals. Eg: a rose.
Fertilisation
A pollen grain grows a pollen tube through the style and down to the
ovary.
The male gamete passes through the tube into the ovule and fuses with
the egg.
The ovary then swells to become the fruit and the petals, stamens and
petals fall off the flower.
Dispersal
Wind dispersal: the seeds/fruits are light and might have wings or hairs.
Example: dandelion, sycamore, grasses.
Water dispersal: the seeds/fruit are light and buoyant so they will float.
Example: water lily, coconut, alder, duck weed.
Self dispersal: pods that explode to release the seeds. Examples: peas,
lupin, wallflowers.
Germination
of a Seed
Testa: protective outer coat
Plumule: a baby shoot
Radicle: a baby root
A food supply
Ecology is the study of the relationships of living things with one another
and their environment (everything surrounding an organism).
A habitat is a small part of an ecosystem where a plant or animal lives.
Eg: a woodland
An ecosystem is a large area with similar plants and animals. Eg: Desert
& Rainforest.
A food chain is a chain showing how organisms are linked by what they
eat.
Solar energy is transferred through a food chain.
Water pollution is caused by oil spillages and fertilisers being washed into
rivers.
They contain no chlorophyll and therefore can not make their own food.
Beneficial effects:
Harmful effects:
1) Athletes foot.
2) Food spoilage.
Beneficial effects:
2) Antibiotic production.
3) Yoghurt production.
Harmful effects:
3) Tooth decay.
Viruses
Vaccines.
Biotechnology