Strength of Materials by G. G. Tawshikar PDF

Third Sernester, ..
Mechanical & All ied Branches/ Civil
Published by :
Tech-Max
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Strength of Materials
Third Semester
Mechanical/ Production Engineering
(Strictly According to New Revised Syllabus w.e.f. Academic year 2002-2003)
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S'H\R\SH, RPAD\YAR.
:::3>E(C.iYt()
G. G. Tawshi kar
www.techmaxbooks.com
Tech-Max
Publications
Pune
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Strength of Materials (M )
Copyright by Author. Al l rights reserved. No part of this book is to be reproduced in any form, Electronic,
Xerox, Mechanical, Photocopy or any information storage and retrieval system without prior permission in
writing, from Author & Tech-Max Publications.
First Edition
Printed at
ath July 2003
First Revi sed Edition
11
th
October 2004
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Dedicated to .........
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1)
Syllabus
II
Simple Stress and strain : Stress, strain, modulus of elasticity, modulus of rigid ity, bulk modulus,
yield stress, ultimate stress, factor of safety, shear stress, Poisson's ratio, bars of varying sections,
composite sections, temperature stress.
2)
(Refer chapter 1 l
S.F. and 8.M. in beams : Axial force, shear force and bending moment diagrams for statically
determinate beams including beams with internal hinges for different types of loading, relationship
between rate of loading, shear force and bending moment.
3)
{Refer chapter 5)
Simple theory o f bending : Flexure formula for straig ht beams, Moment of inertia, Product of
inertia and Polar moment of Inertia of plane areas, principal axes of inertia, moments of inertia
about principal axes, transfer theorem, simple problems involving appl ication of flexure formula,
section modulus, moment of resistance of a section, flexural stresses in beams subjected to
ob lique bending, bending of unsymmetrical sections, beams of uniform strength, leaf spring s.
(Refer chapter 6)
4)
Shear Stress in beams : Distribution of shear stress across plane sections used commonly for
structural purposes, shear connectors, shear stresses and flow in beams of thin walled open crosssections, shear center of thin walled sections such as angle, Tee channel and I-section
{Refer chapter 7)
5)
Simple theory of torsio n : Torsion of circular shafts - solid and hollow, stresses in shaft when
transmitting power, close-coiled helical spring und er axial load.
6)
Bending moment combined with Torsion and axial loads : Application to members subjected
to eccentri c load s, core of a section , problems on chimney~. shaft, etc
7)
( Refer chapter 8)
{Refer chapter 10)
Principal stresses : Genera l equations for transformati on of stress, principa l planes and principal
stresses , maximum shear stress, determination using Mohr's circle, maximum principal and
maximum shear stress theory of failure.
8)
Deflection of beams : Deflection of cantilevers, simply supported and overhang ing beams using
double integratio n and Macaulay's methods for different types of loading.
9)
( Refer ch apter 3)
( Refer chapter 9}
St rain energy: Strain energy due to axial force and bending moment, stresses in ~xial members
and simple beams du e to impact loading.
{Refer ch apter 2)
10)
Stress and strain in thin Cylinders and spheres due to internal press ure.
(Refer chapter 4}
11)
Infl uence l ines for Beams : IL for support reactions and S.F. and B.M. at any given section,
Calculation of S.F. and B.M. due to rolling loads (Point loads and UOL only), Calculation of
absolute B.M. in simply supported beam.
12)
LRefer chapter 11)
Bending of curved bars : Flexural stresses in beams with initial curvature. Application to crane
h9oks, chain links and rings.
.(Re fer chapter 12)
000
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Table of Conte nts
0)
SOM
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1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
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1-1 to 1-141
Chapter 1 : Si mple Stresses and Strains
1.9
1. '10
1.11
1.12
'1 .13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21
1 .22
1.23
1.24
1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
Linear Stress ....... .................... ............................ ................................. ... ......................... .... . 1-1
Types of Stresses .......... .......... ................. ................. ........................................ ... .... .... ..... ... 1-1
Some Important Defin itions ................ .. ...................... ........................................ ................. .. 1-3
Factor of Safety and Margin of Safety ............... ......................................... :.................... 1-4
Hooke's Law ..................... ...................................................................................... ...... .......... 1-4
Stress - Strain Diagram .................... ............................................... .................. ,... ... .......... .. 1-4
1.~. 1 Stress-strain Diagram for Ductile Material (Like Mild Steel) .............................. 1-5
1.6.2 Stress-strain Diagram for Brittle Material ................................ ........ ............ ........... 1-6
Shear Stress and Shear Strain ........................ ....... .'.................................... .............. ........ 1-7
Solved Examples : Type- I ..... ..................... ....................................................................... 1-8
1.8. 1 Punching of Plate .............................................................. ............ ........................ 1-10
1.8.2 Principle of Superposition ......... .... ............ .................... ........ .................. ........ ....... 1-11
Ba rs of Varying Sections ......... .. ............................................................... .......... .... ......... 1-12
Solved Examples : Type - 11..... ... .. .... ............ .. ....... .... .... ..... .......... .......... ... .. .. ..... ...... ..... . 1-16
Bars of Composite Sections ...... ....... .................................... ............................... ....... ..... 1-35
Solved Examples : Type - Ill .. .... ............ ................................... ............. ... .................... 1-36
Solved Examples : Type - IV ............. ..... .................... .... ....................... .................... ..... 1-37
Solved Examples : Type - V ................................................. ..... .. ..................... .... .... . ... 1-44
Poisson's Ratio ....... .................... ................................................... ..... ...... ...................... ..... 1-54
Volumetric Strain ................................................ ............................ ................................. .... . 1-55
Bu lk Modulus (K) ........ .... ................ ................ ...................... .............. ............................ ..... 1-59
Modulus of Rigidity or Shear Modulus (G) ....... .. ........................... ........ ......................... 1-60
1. 18.1 Relation between E, G and K ............................................ ... .... .................... . 1-61
Solved Examples : Type - VI ........................................................... .................. ... ......... 1-62
Solved Examples : Type - VII ......................... ........... ....................... .................... ... .. . . 1-70
Solved Examples : Type - VIII ..................... ........................... ..... ..................................... 1-76
Statically Indeterminate Structures ........................................ .................. .................. ......... 1-82
So lved Examples : Type - IX ... ......... .... .................................. .... ...... .. ........ ........ ......... 1-82
Temperature Stresses ...... ...... ............ ........ ........ .. .... ............................... .. ................... ... 1-105
So lved Examples : Type - X ..................................... ............................ .... ........ ............... 1-105
Thermal Stresses in Composite Ba.rs - .............. ....... ..................... ............... ........... .... 1-1 11
Solved Examples : Type - .XI ... ................ .
. .. , .......... ........................ .............. .......... 1-112
Examples from Unjversity' Papers ..........
./ ........................ .............. ...... ............. 1-1 29
Chapter 2 : Strain Energy and lmpaci

2.1
. 2 2
2 .3
2 .4
2.5
2 .6
2.7
2.8
,,
2-1 to 2-58
Strain Energy ............................................. ................................ ....... ................................ .... 2-1

Stress due to Various Types of Axial Loads ......................... ........ ............................... ... .2-2
Solved Examples : Type - I ......................... ....................................................................... 2-4
So lved Examples : Type - II ........................................................................................... 2-1 4
Solved Examples : Type - Ill ............... ............. ... .......................................................... 2-17
Solved Examples : Type - IV ................... ............. ..................... ................................. .....2-24
Solved Examples : Type - V ......................................... ....................................................2-33
2.7 .1 Bars of Varyi ng C.S .... ............ ............... ............................................. ..............2-38
So lved Examples : Type - VI ........................... ........... ................ .....................................2-38
Table of Contents
2.9
SOM
Examples from University Papers
.. 2-50
!chapter 3 : Principal Stresses and Strains

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
Principal Stresses and Planes ....... .... ........ .................. .. ,..... .....
.. ................. .... 3-1
Member subjected to Normal Stress in One Plane .. ................ ......... ......................... 3-2
Member Subjected to Like Principal Stresses ............... .... .. ..... ................................... 3-3
Normal and Shear Stresses on Oblique section of a member subjected
to Pure Shears ... ... . ............... ............ .................................................. ............... ........... 3-6
Member subjected to Normal Stresses in Two Mutua lly Perpendicular directions
Accompan ied. with a Shear Stress ................................... ..................................... . ...... 3-8
Graphical Method - Mohr's Circle Method .................................... . ........................... .. 3-9
Solved Examples : Type - I ..... ...................................................... ......... ............ ....... ...... 3-10
Solved Examples : Type - 11 ...... .... .... ................ .... ................ ........ .
. . . .................... 3-46
Criterion for Failure .... .... .... ........ .... .... ................ .... .... ............. ... .... .. .. .. . .. ...................... 3-56
Absolute Maximum Shearing Stress ..................... ....................... . .... . ......... ............ 3-56
Distortion-energy Theory .... .... ... .. .. ............ ...... . ............ ....... ....... .. . . . ............................ 3-57
Miscellaneous Examples ................................................................. ................. .......... 3-59
Examples from University Papers .. .. .... ............ ..... .................. .....
.. ........... ........ ..... 3-64
.,, Chapter
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
3-1 to 3-81 1
4 : Pressure Vessels
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Stresses in a Thin Cylindrical Shell ....... ... ............... ...... ...........

. ... ... ........... . 4-1
Riveted Cylindrical Shells
......................................... .. . .
. ..................... .4-4
.................... ..... ... ..
. .... ..... .................. 4-5
Th in Spherical Shell ..... ........ .. .......... .
. ... .... ..
. . . ...................... .4-6
Solved Examples . . ......... ... .. ......
. .. .. .. . . .. . ... .... ................. 4-17
Effect of Compressible and Non-compressible Fluid
Effect of External Force on a Thin Cyhndncal Shel. . ..... ........ .. ........................... 4-31
Thick Cylindrical Shell ............... . .. .
.......... .. . .......... ... .. .. ... .. ................... .... 4-32
............... .. .
........ .
.......... ....... 4-36
Examples from University Papers .
5-1 to 5-106 l
~ ! Chapter 5 : Shear Force and BencJing , ~o~ent

s.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
. 5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
5.11
5.12
5.13
4-1 to 4-41 j
'l'ypes of 'seams... ................................. .......... ... .. ... ................ .. ..... .

........................ 5-1
Types of Loads ..... ..... .............................................................. . ........................... 5-2
Shear Force and Bending Moment ................. ...... .......... .................. ................ ........... 5-3
Sign Conventions ............................................................. ................. . .... .... ....................... 5-3
Relation between S.F. and B.M. at a section .......................... .......... ............... ..... ........... 5-4
Rules to draw Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams ......................................... 5-5
Simply supported Beams ...... .......... .... .................................... ............................. ................ 5-5
Solved Examples
Ca ntilever Beams
Solved Examples
Soived Examples
Solved Examples
Solved Problems
!Chapter 6 :
: Type - I ... ......... .................................................. ........ ....................... 5-10

.................... ........ .... .................... .... ...................................... ................. 5-28
: Type - 11............ ............................. .. .... ...... .. ........ .... .. :... ..... ...... ... ....... 5-35
: Type - 111 (Overhanging Beams) ........... ....... ..... .................. ........... 5-45
: Type - IV .................................._. ...... ................. ..... ............................... 5-61
from University Examination Papers .................................................... 5-90
Bending Stresses
6-1 to 6-93]
6.1
Types of Beams ......................................................... ............ ....... ....... ................................. 6-1
6.2
Types of Loads ............................... .......................................... .. ........... :6-2
Table of Contents
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.8(A)
6.9
6.10
6.1O(A)
6.1 1
6.12
6.13
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. 6.15
6.16
6.17
6.18
6.19
6.20
6.21
6.22
6.23
6.24
Shear Force and Bending Moment .... ............................................................ ................... 6-3

Sign Conventions ............... ................................................................................ .................. 6-4
Relation between S.F. and B.M. at a Section ..................... ... .................... .................. 6-5
Ru les to Draw Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams .................... .. .......... ....... 6-6
Some Standard Cases (S.F.D. / BM.D.) ................ ........................................................... 6-6
Cantil ever Beams ............ .............................................. .............. .... .... ............................ ..... 6-12
Moment of Inertia ...... ............... .......... ....... ..... .................... ............................ ,.... ... .............. 6-19
Moment of Inertia by Method of Integration ........... ................................ ...... ............ ..... 6-19
Theorem of Perpendicular Axis : (Polar Axis Theorem) .............. ................ ................. 6-21
Theorem of Parallel Axis (Transfer Formula) ......................... .. .................. ..................... 6-23
Polar Moment of Inertia (J) : {IP) .............. ........ ........ .. ................ ....... ...................... ......... 6-25
Radius of Gyration (K) ........... ............................................... ........... ................... :........... 6-25
Solved Examp les : Type - I ................ .................................. .......... ............................... 6-25
Theory of Simple Bending ..... .... ........ ........ .... .. . . ... ..... ........ . ....... .. . ........................... 6-35
Assumptions made in the Theory of Pure Bending .. ........ ........... .................... ............. 6-35
Derivation of Flexural Formula ........... .... ......................................... ......... ..................... 6-36
Neutral Axis and Moment of Resistance ....... ....,............. :... ....................................... 6-37
Section Modulus (Z) ....... ... ....... ... ..... ........ ... .... ........ ........... .. .... .
.. .. ................. ........ 6-39
SolvP.d Examples Type - II .... ................................ ................... ......................... ......... 6-41
Solved Examples Type - Ill .................................... ............ ...... .... .. ........................ 6-46
So lved Examples Type - IV ... ........................................ ...................... ..... .. ................. 6-52
So lved Examples Type - V ...................................... ............. ......................................... 6-58
Solved Examples Type - VI .................. ......................... ................ ........ ........ ............ ..... 6-69
Examples from University Papers ........... .. ...... ......... ............
.. ..... ..... .. .. .. ......... ..... 6-76
~@:tiapter 7 : Shear
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
Stresses
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6-2
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8.7
8.8
8.9
8.10
8.1 1
8.12
8.13
7 -1 to 7-56]
Shear Stress at a Section in a Loaded Beam .................

. ..... ...... ................ ... 7-1
Shear Stress Distribution for Some Standard Sections . ... .... . ... . ..... .......... ........ .. .... 7-3
So lved Examples Type - I ........ .................. .......................................... .. . ........... .. 7-9
So lved Examples : Type - II ........................... ................ .... ............................................ 7-18
Solved Examples : Type - Ill .. ..................................................... ........ .... ...... ,................ 7-31
Shear Conn ectors Theory .................... ........................................................ .. .......... ..... 7-37
Examples from University Papers ........................... .................. ... .......... . ... .................... 7-44
Chapter. 8 : Torsion in Circular Shafts

8. 1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
SOM
8-1 to 8-84
Assumptions Made in Theory of Pure Tors ion .... ..... ,..... ........... ................. .. .......... .. ... 8-1
Derivation of Torsion Formula .......... ........................ .............. ............... ........ ................. .. 8-1
Moment of Resistance ' ..... ..... ... ....................... ......................... ................ . .. .. ........ ........ 8-4
Torsional Section Modulus for Solid and Hollow Circular Sectio_n .. .. ... ........................... 8-6
Solved Examples : Type - I .. ................................................................ ......... .. ................... 8-7
Power Tran smitted by Rotating Shaft .. ............................................ ............................... 8-16
Solved Examples : Type - II .... . ...... ....................., .............................. ........ .................... 8-16
Solved Examples : Type - Ill ................................. .... ................... ..... ....... ..............r .. 8.-2~
Shafts in Series and Shafts in Parallel ... ............................... ......... ,.. .......... .. .................. 8-33
Statically Indeterminate Shafts .. ....................... .'........... ................ ....... .... ...... ........... ......... 8-35
Strain Energy due to Torsion .................... ........................................... ........ .. ...... .... ......... 8-36
Combined Bending an.d Torsion .... ......... .. ....... ............. .... ................... ......... ............ ... ...... 8-37
Equivalent Bending Moment and Equivalent Torque ..................... ... ............................ .8-38
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Table of Contents
SOM
Solved Examples : Type - IV ................... ...................................... ..... .

... ............ 8-39
Solved Examples : Type - V .... ............... ............................... ......................................... 8-44
Flanged Coupling ................ ...................................................... .................................. 8-55
Solved Examples : Type - VI ............................................. ................. ..................... 8-56
Miscellaneous Problems ......... ...... ....... ..... ................ .... .. .. ... ........ .. ............... ............... 8-58
Solved Examples from University Papers ................... .... ........... ..................... ............ 8-72
8.14
8.15
8.16
' 8.17
8.18
8.19
Chapter 9 : Slope and Deflection for Member in Bending

9.1(A)
9. 1(8)
9.2
9.3
9.4 .
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
Slope and Deflection of a Beam Subjected to Uniform Bending Moment .... .. .............. 9-1
Relation between Slope, Deflection and Radius of Curvature .. . ................ ............... ... 9-2
Doub le Integration Method ................. .................................................................................. 9-4
Simply Supported Beams ..................... : .... ........ ........ ..... ..................................................... 9-5
Cantilevers Subjected to Various Types of Loads ...... ... ..... ......... ......... .......................... 9-7
Solved Examples : Type - I ........... ................ :........... ........ ................... .............. ........... . 9-15
Macaulay's Method ..................................................................... ..... .. ................................. 9-3.3
Solved Examples : Type - II ................ .... ....................... ... .. .... ... .... ... ... ..................... .. .9-36
Solved Examples : Type - Il l ............................................. .. .......................................... 9-61
Miscellaneous Problems ..... ... ........................ .................. . ....... .................... ............ 9-65
Examples from University Pape rs . .... .. .. .. .... ... ... .... ............. .. . . .. .... . . ..... .... ............ 9-1 34
apte r 1 O : Direct and Bending Stresses

10.2
10.3
10.4
9-1 to 9-148
10-1 to 10-31
Stress distribution for Rectangular Section......... .. ... ............. .... . . ... ......................... ... 10-1
Condition for No Tension OR Condition for the Stresses to rema in
Wholly Compressive ... ........................ ................ ............... .. ...... .......... ... ... ... ....... . ............. 10-3
So lved Examples ...... ........ .. ....... .............. .... ...... .. .................... ... .......... .. .... ........ ......... .. ... 10-6
Solved Prob lems fro m University Examination Papers ........ ..... .... .... ... ....................... 10-22
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Chapter 11 : lnfluenc;e Lines for Beams

11.1
11 .2
11 .3
11 .4
11.5
11.6
11.7
11.8
Influence Line for Simply Supported Beams...... ..... .......................... .. ......... ............. 11-1
Influence Lines for Overhanging Beams ... ...................... .............. .. .............. ............... 11-4
Maximum End Shear ........... ...................... ........ .................... ............... ................ ...... ....... 11-9
Maximum Bending Moment at a given section ............ ....................... .............. . ........... 11-11
Absolute Maximum Bending Moment ... ................ ........... ... .... .................................. 11 -12
Maximum Shear at a given section of a beam........... ....
..... ............... ........ ... 11-13
Solved Examples ........................... ........................................ ............. .. .. ....................... . 11-13
Examples from University Pape rs ............................. .............. ........................ ............ 11-35
!Chapter 12 : Bending of Curved Bars

12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6
12.7
12.8
11-1 to 11-41
12-1 to 12-26!
.............. ............. 12-1

Assumptions Made in the Theory of Bending of Curved Bars
Bars with Large Initial Curvature : Winkler Batch Formula .................... .................... 12-1
Factor 'm' for Various Cross-sections : . .... .... . . .................. .......................... .... ............. 12-2
Solved Examples ...... ................ .... ........ ........................................ ...... ............................. .. 12-4
Stresses in Hookes ......................................................................................... ....... ............. 12-8
Stresses in Ring ,. ........ ............................ .. ................... .. '. .................................. ...... ........... 12-12
Stresses in Chain Links ................. .. ...................................... .......... ... ............ ,.......... .... 12-16
Examples from Univers ity Papers ......... ............., ...... .... ..'...................... ........ .. ................ 12-20
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Simple Stresses and Strains

Introduction :
In Applied Mechanics we com.idcred the effects of forces on rigid bodies neglecting change in
)tape of the bodies. But in Strength of Materials we consider the effects of external forces on the body. In
this. the deformation of the body due to applied loads mav be small but is of major interest. In design of
mechanical parts, the part or stmcture should neither break nor deform exccssi,cly. The n~aterials used
must satisfy the strength and rigidity.
1.1
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Linear Stress :
A material when subjected to an external loads undergoes a deformation. The material \\'ill ofTcr
a resista11ce against deformation. A member remains in equilibrium when the resistance offered by the
member against defom1ation and applied loads are in equilibrium. The membe r will fail if the member is
incapable of offering resistance against external loads.
Stress is defined as the force of resistance offered by a body against deformation.
p
Stress, cr = A
where
cr = Stress, N/mnl (or kN/m\

P = Load applied, N (or kN)
.,
A = Area of cross-section perpendicular to axis of load, mm- (or 111).
1.2. Types of Stresses :

(1)
Tensile stress :
If the resistance offered. by a section of a member is against the increase in the length then a
tensile stress is induced in the member.
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SOM
l n Fig.- l. l, load applied is of tensile nature the stress produced is of tensile nature.
cr = ! (Tensile).
Stress
(2)
Compressive stress:
lf the resistance offcred by a section of a member is against the decrease in length then
a compressive stress is induced in the member.
In Fig.-1.2; load applied is of compressive natmc and stress produced is of compressive

nature.
p
Stress
cr = -
(Compressive).
:x
'~-------!~_____:!-
p.
(
(
L - - -- -~
(
..,.,._~-------~~==..:~
Resi: ance
i - -..
~
Fig.-1. t
,~
X
A
I:
:I
Fig.-1.2
1..
SOM
--------- -----(3)
:::i1mpl e Stresses and Strains
1- l
Linear Strain:
When a load is applied lo a member along lengthwise direction, there is change in length.
Linear strain is the ratio of change in length to original length .

c
8L
Stram= e = L
The strain is called a tensile st min when load applied is of tensile nature and compressive strain
when load applied is of compressive nature.
1.3 Some Important Definitions :
i
I
Nominal stress: It is the ratio of load to original cross-sectional area of the material. It is less
than ultimate stress.
Actual stress: IL is the ratio of load to the reduced cross-sectional area of the material. Actual
breaking stress is higher than the ultimate stress.
Yield stress: It is the ratio of load at yield point to the original cross-sectional area of the
material. It is the nominal stress corresponding to the ~icld load.
Yield strength : When a specimen in tensile test is stressed beyond elastic limit. plastic
deformation occurs and yielding of material stans. There is a considerable increase in strain without much
increase in stress. The st ress corresponding to yield point is called yield stn~ugth.
Note :
--
For materials which do not exhibit a defined yield point (such as heat treated steel and cold
drawn steel) the yield strength is defined as the stress corresponding to permanent set of
0.2% of the gauge length.
Ultimate stress: It is the ratio of maximum load to original cross-sectional area of the 111aterit1I.
lt is the nominal stress at maximum load.
Ultimate strength : In tensile test of a ~pccimen after the yield point the plastic deformatio11
increases and more load is required for its deformation clue to strain hardening. At Inst the load reaches its
maximum value. The str~ corrcspondjp~ to thi~rn::durnm lmd is ~ailed ulfimatc slccngth This is the
maximum stress reached during tensile test.
Working stress: It is the ratio of actual axial load to original cross-sectional area of the material.
1) Nominal breaking stress
2)
Load at breaking point

Reduced area at fracture
Actual breaking stress
3) Yield stress
Load at breaking point

Originalcross sectional area
;::
Yield load
Original cross sectional area
4) Ultimate stress
Maximum load
Origina lcross sectional area
5) Working stress
Actual axial load

Origi,rnlcross sectional area
(
(
SO M
1-~
1.4 Factor of Safety and Margin of Safety :

Factor of safety (F.O.S.) :
In designing, to resist accidential loads a sufficient reserve strength is required to be ensured,

which is carried out by taking a suitable factor, known as factor of safety.
S

. F
Ultimate load for a member

Allowable load for a member
Factor of safety must always be greater than unity. ln terms of stresses,

F.0.S.
= Maximum useful material strength (stress)
Allowable stress
Margin of safety :
The definition of factor of safety in tenns of elastic stresses is satisfactory only for some cases.
In tl1e aircraft industries, the term factor of safety is replaced by another term defined as,
Ultimate load _
1
Design load
This is known as margin of safety.
Working stress is the maximum allowable stress to which the material is subjected to its service
period. In design, the working stress should be within elastic limit. The ultimate stress is maximum than
working stress. Hence, the working stress is obtained by div.iding by factor of safety to ultimate stress.
. 111
. area = ..,__
(Original
area - Final area )
1. Percentage reduction
______ _ __ _ __,_ x I00
Original area
2. Percentage elongation
(Final length- Intiallength) x OO.

1
Initial length
1.5 Hooke's Law:

When a material is loaded within elastic limit, the stress is directly proportional to strain.
I.e.
Stress oc Strain
stress
- - = constant
strain
(J
-=E
e
The constant, E is known as Modulus of elasticity; the unit is same as that of stress.
Originally Hooke's law specified merely that stress was proportional to strain, but Thomas Young
in 1807 intr9duced a constant of proportionality that came to be known as Young's Modulus.
1.6
Stress -: Strain Diagram :
In a tension_test on steel, we observe the values of load a11d the elongation in a specified length,
(e. gauge length. A graph is plotted with the ordinate representing load and the abscissa representing the
elongation.
1-5
SOM
Simple Stre::.ses :rnd Strains
Fig.-1.3 and Fig.-1.4, shows the graph plotted stress as ordinate and strain as abscissa. This
graph is also known as stress-strain graph.
1.6.1 Stress-strain Diagram for Ductile Material {Like Mild Steel) :

If a material undergoes deformation without mpture it is called ductile material.
The results obtained by a tensile test can be expressed by means of a stress-strain curve as shown
in Fig. 1.3.
Stress
Elastic
\ limit
Proportior1al limit
\
\
'
Strain
Fig. t.3
Properties :
(1)
Proportional limit (P) :
The ~ress-strain plot is linear from Otoe. So OP is a straight line and Hooke's la\\' is valid upto P
only. The proportional limit is defined as the stress at which the diagram slightly dcviatcs~the
straight.
(
(2)
Elastic limit (E) :
If specimen is stressed beyond proportional limit (p) upto a point (E) it will regain original shape
and size on removal of load. The material is elastic upto E. The point E is called elastic limit.
In other words elastic limit is the maximum stress without any permanent deformation.
I
Note :
(3)
In actual practice p and E are very very close to each other and two limits are considered to be
equal.
Yield point (y1 and Y2 )
When specimen is stressed beyond point E plastic dcformatiQn occurs. T~strain increases more
uickly than stress upto point y1. In ..case of mild steel there is small reduction in load resulting the graph
to drop own
y2 1mmediate1y after yielding starts. The points y1 and )':i are ,cry close to each
other and known as upper and lower yield points respectively. As Yi ahd Y2 arc ,ery close for some
material they are considered as same and denoted by y.
The stress corresponding to y is called yield strength.
1-(,
SOM
(4)
Simple Stresses and St rains
Ultimate strength (U) :
After point y2 , plastic deformation increases and higher load is required for deformation.
At last load reaches its maximum value. The stress corresponding to this load is called ultimate
strength denoted by U.
(5)
Fracture (F) :
Beyond point U the cross section of test specimen decreases quickly (This reduction in cross
section is called necking) and finally fracture takes place at the cross section (neck).
The stress corresponding to fracture point Fis called breaking strength.
I
High carbon steel
i
I
.,,.,
p
Stress, cr = --A
..
Cast iron
,,/'
/
;'
,,,
........ --~ Aluminum
,,,'
,'
I ,' ...
/ '#
I
1
Concrete
I / ,~
l ,,~.
:
~.
?il
Strain, e = i:.-
Compressive Stress- strain diagram for different materials
Fig. 1.4
1.6.2
Stress-strain Diagram for Brittle Material :
If a material cannot undergo any deformation under the action of external loads it is known as
brittle material (e.g. glass, cast iron etc.).
Stress-strain diagram :
Fig. l.4(A) sho.ws a diagram representing relation of'strcss and strain for cast iron specimen
performing compression test.
Stress
' - - - - - - --
- Strain
Fig. 1.4(A)
1-7
SOM
Simple Stresses a_nd Strains
Properties :
( l)
(2)
(3)
( 4)
The diagram deviates from straight line to a curve in an early stage.

There is a little strain compared to stress.
The material fractures at point F and practically yield point U does not exist.
The fracture occurs due to shear along a diagonal plane with little plastic defonnation wit hout a
process of necking.
1.7 Shear Stress and Shear Strain :

A load which acts parallel or tangential to the plane under consideration is called shear load or
shear force. Shear stress is the ratio of shear load to cross-sectional area. lt is generally de11otcd by t and
shear strain is denoted by '~ '.
Consider two plates connected by a rivet of diameter d, the plates are subjected to shear force F
acting tangentially to the horizontal plane, as shown in Fig.-1.5.
F ,.
.,. F
F~
Fig.-1.5
In this case rivet may shear along the horizontal plane. The cross-sectional area of ri,,et is
subjected to single shear.
Area of c/s of rivet,
7t
A=-x d
F
A
Shear stress,
F
~x d2
t = -=-4
S.I. Units :
In S.I. units the stress, modulus of elasticity E, Modulus of rigidity G, bulk modulus K, etc., is
expressed in 'MPa'. this unit is expressed in different ways as,iQ!.lows:
~
1 Pascal = l Pa = l Ntnl
2
l N/m
= I x 106 N/mm2 ,
1 N/mm: = I MPa
I GPa
= I x 103 MPa.
2
While solving problems first convert respective units in N, mm, mm , etc.
1-8
SOM
1.8
Solved Examples : Type- I :
Type : Based on Stre ss, Strain & Elongation :

Ex. 1.1 :
A steel rod 800 mm long and 60 mm x 20 mm in cross-section is subjected to an axial push
of 89 kN . If the modulus of elasticity is 2.1 x 10 N/mm . calculate the stress, strain and
reduction in the length of the rod.
Given data: Steel rod. length L = 800 mm,

5
3
P = 89 kN = 89 x 10 N. E = 2. 1 x 10 N/mnt
= 60 mm.
= 20 mm, Axial
push.
Solution:
89 xl0 3
o = - = - - - = 74. 166 N/mm

A
60x20
74 166
c=~=
=3.53174 xl0- 4
E 2.lxl0 5
Stress
Strain
Reduction in length
8L
Ex. 1.2 :
= ex L = 3.53174 x ,104 x 800 = 0.2825 mm.
A tensile test 1s carried out on a mild steel bar of 10 mm diameter and with 50 mm gauge
length. The bar yields under a load of 20 kN. It reaches a maximum load of 40 kN breaks at
25 kN. Estimate, :
(1)
Yield strength ,
(2)
Ultimate strength,
(3)
Rupture strength ,
(4)
Actu al rupture strength if di2rneter of ruptured neck is 7 mm.
(5)
Percent reduction in area and percent elongation if the final gauge length of the
specimen is 67 mm.
Given data: P = 20 kN. d = 10 mm; L = 50 mm. Max. P = 40 kN; Breaking P = 25 kN.

Solution: Original cross-sectional area of the specimen
A=
7t
x 10 2 = 78.5-l mm 2
4
20x 1000
_ _ N/ 2
Stress at a load of 20 kN = - - - = 2:, 4.6:, mm
78.54
1) Yield strength
Yield load
=-Oringinalcross
- -- -sectional
- - -area
= 20xl000 =254.65 N/mm2
78.54
2) Ultimatestrcngth
Maximum load
= - - - - -- - -Originalcross sectional area
= 40 x lOOO
78.54
= 509.29 N/mni2
1-9
SOM
3) Rupture strength
Breaking load
=-------'----Originalcross sectional area

=
25 x1000 =3 I8.3 1 N/mm2

78.54
Breaking load
Reduced cross sectional area
4) Actual rupturest rcngth = - - - - - -- - = 25x l000 =649.6 1 N/mm2
(7)2
E_ X
5)Pcrcentage reduction inarea=
(7)2
{x(I0)2
x lOO =49%
.
Finallength- Initiallength
6) Percentagee longat1on = - - - - - - - -Initial length
=
Ex. 1.3 :
67 50
x lOO = 34%.
50
A mild steel tie 40 mm in diameter and 3 m long is subjected to an axial pull of 50 kN. To what
length the bar should be bored centrally so that the total extension will increase by 25% under
th e same pull. The diameter of the bore is 20 mm. E = 200 GPa.
Given data: As shown in Fig. -Ex. l .3(a).

Solution:
50 kN ~
" - - - - - - -- - - ~ 50 kN
- - - - - 3000 mm - - - - . . . i
-..I
40
mm
f-
Fig.-Ex. 1. 3(a)
E = 200 GPa = 200x 103 N/mm 2
A= 1t (40)2 = 1256.6111111 2
4
cr = 0000 = 39.79 N/nun2

1256.6
.
cr
39.79
Change m lengt11 = 6 = - L = - -- x 3000
E
200 x 10 3
6=0.597mm
.. Extension after th.e bore is made,
=, l;25x0.597 = 0.746mm
Let the bar be bored to a length of 'L' metre, i.e. L x 1000 mm, Fig.-Ex. l.3(b).
... (1)
... (2)
- - -- - - -- ~~~----11!!1!~~-~ ,.
1- l 0
SOM
~~~~
L-----I
l-3000 -
40
mm
1o
Fig.-EL 1.J(b)
Arca of reduced section.
I
2
= 7t x (40)2-~ x (2of =942.48mm
4
4
Extension of the rod after the bore is drilled
39.79x (3 - L) x l000
50xl000
L x l OOO
200x )0 3
942.48
200x 10 3
= ---'-- - - - - - + - - - x -- -
= 0. 199 (3 -L) + 0.265 L = 0.597 = 0.597
0.199 L + 0.265 L
+ 0.066 L
But this should be equal to 0.746 mm.
I
I
I
I
0.597 + 0.066 L = 0.746
L = 2.256 m.
1.8.1
Punching of Plate :
When a punch is operated on a plate following two types of stres$eS are developed :
(I)
Shear stress in plate material ('t)
Compressive stress in punch material (crc)
(II)
Step 1 : Force required to punch a hole
F = Shear stress x Arca under shear

F =
... ( 1)
't X A shear
( I
Where area under shear = periphery of hole x thickness of plate.

Step 2 :
Compressive force OR punching load,

P = Compressive stress x Area of C.S.
:. P =
Step 3 :
Ex. 1.4 :
. .. (2)
O"c xA,hear
Equate Equations (l) and (2) as F ;;;; P.

If the ultimate shear stress for a mild steel is 300 MPa, find the force required to punch a
10 mm hole in a 16 mm thick mild steel plate. Also calculate the compressive stress in the
punch material.
Solution : i) ln punching, the material of plate is shear~ off
Shearing area == Periphery of the hole
= 7t d X
== 7t
thickness of plate
x 10 x 16 = 502.655 mm2
l
I
(
1- l I
SOM
Force required to punch a hole

F = shear stress x area
= 300 x 502.655 =
l 50796A5 N
ii) Compressive stress in lhc punch material

Force
Area of hole
_ 150796.45 _ I 02 () N/
2
mm .
- (
2 ) - ":J
~- X l ()
cr= - - - -
2
A steel pun ch can be worked to a compressive stress of 1000 N/mm . Find the least diameter
of the hole which can be punched through a mild steel plate 10 mm thick. Take ultimate shear
2
stress as 315 N/mm .
Ex. 1.5 :
(
(
Solution: i) Force required to punch a hole
F = shear stress x area subjected to shear

= 3 )5
(7t d \) -
>]5 X (7t X d X
10)
= 9896.01 d
ii) Comprcssi,c stress
=---Arca of hole
1000 = 9896.0ld
')
7t); u-t
d = 12.6 mm
1.c. The least diameter of hole= 12.6 mill.

Ex. 1.6:
A 12 mm diameter circular pin in double shear carries a force of 10 kN. Determine the stress
induced.
Solution: Arca of shear in double shear is double.
A=
2(:
d ) = 2( : x l 2 ) = 22 6. I 9-l 111 m
S!tcar stress,
F
I
l
T=-
= ]Ox l0 = 4.t.21 N/mm 2

226.194
1.8.2
Principle of Superposition :
When a bar is subjected to forces at different edges, the net deformation of bar is equal to lhc
algebraic su m of deformations of individual parts.
:. 8/ = 8/1 6/2 8/3 ....
This principle to find oul nel deformation is called principle of st1perposition.
1- 12
SOM
1.9 Bars of Varying Sections:
Fig.-1. 6, shows a bar of tl1ree lengths L1, L2 and L3 with cross-sectional areas Ai,
subjected to an axial load P.
and A3 ;
The stress intensities arc different on each part, because area of cross-section of each part is not
same.
Stress,
p
(J
BC - A2 '
~
A ....+---~ B
------P~----1- - - -- - --- - - - ---
i-----+----. D
--- - - - - - t - - ~
Fig.-1.6
Let
Strain.
E = Young's modu.lus of elasticity.

cr
c=E
e _crAB.
AB- E ,
_ a13c .
esc--E
eco = -coE
0
Change in length
8L= ex L
8LAB = eAB x LAB' 6LBC- eBC x LBC
oLCD -- eCD x LCD
Total change in length of the bar

8L = 8LAB + 8Lac + 6LCD .
I)
Elongation of a tapering rod :

Consider a circular bar of uniformly tapering section.
Let
P = pull applied
L = length of bar
d1 = diameter of the bigger end of the bar
~
= diameter of the small~r end of the bar.
I r
1-13
SOM
,~
p
T
d,
-
''
- ~-d2
---t
-----------
-
.~
,_._
-- X
------L------i
!
Fig.-1. 7
Now, at distance x from the left end, the diameter of bar is given by
=
X
~=di -(di -d-i) XL
=d, - k .x
(ct, -d2)
k =
where
Area of cross-s~ction of the bar at X-X,
Ax=: (d 1 -kx)2
Stress
p
cr=-=
Ax
(d I -
kx)
4P
cr=---1t(d1 -kx)2
Strain
cr
4P
e =-=---x
E 7tE(d I -kx)2
Elongation of elementary length
=ex.dx
=----
4P
7tE(d 1-kx)2
)
)
Total elongation of the bar is found by integrating above expression between limits Oto L.
,.
oL=J
4P
o 1tE(d1 - kx)2
dx
SOM
ll
4P
= ,E [
[-
ch
.ip (d 1 - bf
4PL
- --(
]L
,E(:~:<l2 )[d, -(
= nE(d 1 - cl 2 )
ljl.
(ct, -kx)' = nE - Ix(-k)
-tP [
J
= ttk d 1 - kx
-- -
[ I
~~ )L d1, l
l
l
~- ~
4PL
=nE(d 1 -ct 2 (
(cl 1 - d2)
d 1.d 2
4PL
=n.E(d 1.d2)
Cor. lf the bar is uniform throughout. i.e. d = d 1 = d2 then

bL == -tPL =
2
nEcl
II)
PL
2
nd xE
= PL
AE
Elongation of the bar, uniformly varying width with constant thickness :

Let
= Width of bigger end
b = Width of smaller end
L = Length of bar
l = Thickness of the section.
Consider any section x-x distance x from bigger end. Fig. - 1.8 .
x
,-------------il
t
!...-- --------- L --------.....J
Fig.-1.8
a-b
a-b'
X
Width oftl1e section b' = a - ( a ~ b}
(
(
1- 15
SOM
- - - - -- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - --
Simpl e Stresses and Strains
=a - kx
where
a-b
k =L
Area at xx = t(a - kx)

p
.. Stress at xx = t (a _ kx)
Extension of an elemental length dx
=
p
dx
t(a-kx)E
Total extension of the bar is

l
p L
oL=-f
tE (a-kx)dx
0
=-:: x ~ [loge(a-kx)]~
-P
=-
tEk
[loge (a - kL) - logeaJ
=~ loge[ - a
tEk
a-kL
= ~ p loge(~)
tE
l
(
f
I
l
a-b
8L = EtrL
)loge(~).
a-b
b
Ill)
Elongation of the bar due to its own weight :

Let
y = specific weight and E = Young's modulus of elasticity of the material of the bar.
ln Fig.-1.9, consider any section xx of the rod distant x from the lower end.
Weight of rod uelow xx is
= y.A.x
where
A = sectional area of the rod.
Stress at xx,
y.A.x
cr=-- =y.x
A
Consider an elemental length dx of the rod from xx.

Extension of 'dx' of the bar
I
(I
I
X :-:-::.
XTlctx
11 1
Total extension of the bar
Fig.-1.9
1-16
SOM
I.
Simple Stresses and Stra ins
L - f -y.r d \y.L
0 ---.
IV)
2E
Elongation due to self weight - Bar of tapering section :

Consider an elementar)1 section xx of length dx, at a distance x from the lower end, Fig.-1.10.
Area of cross-section at xx = Ax
Extension is given by
s:: L - Wx.dx
X -
.....
, ...1 - - - -
Wx = weight of portion below xx
where
d ----
Ax.E
section
l
=3Ax.x.y
y = specific
weight
or
unit
weight of the material.

Ax .xdxy
8Lx = - - .
Ax.E
= xy dx
3E
Fig.-1.10
Total extension of the whole bar is given by

L
8L =
f;~ dx
0
p.g.L2
6L = --
i.e.
1.1 O
y = p.g.
GE
Solved Examples : Type - II

[Principle of Superposition and Bars of Varying C.S.]
Ex. 1.7:
2
A steel bar ABCD of uniform cross-section 100 mm is subjected to the axial forces as shown
5
in Fig.-Ex. 1.7. Calculate the change in the length of the bar. Take E = 2 x 10 MPa.
A
1 kN
3kN
I-JOO mm .. ,..
400mm~
Fig.-Ex. 1. 7
D
.., 4 kN
600mm
,-... ,
2 kN
SOM
1-17
(
5
Given data: As shown in Fig.-E:x. 1.7; E:;;;; 2 x lO MPa.

(
Solution: Consider free body diagram of each part as shown in Fig.-Ex. l.7(a).
A
1
kN--...,~1Co~p. (-)
,......--1 kN
l--300 mm--]
8
C
.-,--11....... 2 kN
Tensile{+)
j+-- 400 mrn--1
2 kN
.., {
~~.:=:i____
c_o_rn_p._(_
-l_ ___,,
2 kN
I~
. . .- - 600mm
(
Fig.-Ex. 1. 7(a)
Change in length of each part
8LAB =(PL)
AE AB
I
I
=-
}
I
I
I
~
AE.
P = 2 x 10.1 N (Comp.)
CD
2xl0 3 x (600)
lOOx 2x 10
Total change in length of bar ABCD
oL
= 8L..tu3 + 8L8 c +8Lco

= -0.015 +0.04 -0.06 = - 0.035 mm (Decrease)
i.e. The length of bar ABCD is decrease by 0.035 mm.
BC
== - ~ -- - , _ = - (l. 06 mm (Decrease)
5
ll
l
P = 2 x I0 3 N (Tensile)
8Lco =(PL)
l'
l
= - 0.0l)mm(Decrcasc)
2 X 10) X ( 400)
= +~-.,......_-,_ = +0.0-1- mm (Increase)
lOOx 2x 10 5
lOOx 2 x 10 5
AE
Jx l0 3 x(300}
8Lsc == (PL)
P == lx 10 - N (Comp.)
Ex. 1.8:
A steet bar 4 m long, is 32 mm in diameter for 1 m of its length, 28 mm in diameter for 2 rn and
25 mm in diameter for the remaining 1 m. The bar is in tension, the stress on the smallest
2
section being 11.0 N/rnm . Find the total elongation of the bar and the energy stored by it.
5
2
Take E = 2.1x 10 N/mm .
1- 18
SOM
Given data: Steel bar as shown in Fig.-Ex. l.8(a), Omax = 110 N/mn/
E == 2. 1 x 10 N/mn?
32~
A
----o
25~
P~--1- - - - -- - - - -- --- - - - - - - - -
1m
- - t----11~
-1--- 2 m - -..*I--- 1 m
Fig.-Ex. 1.8(a)
Solution: Consider smallest portion CD.
Stress
p
cr=A
A= 7t x 25 2 = 490.87 mm 2
4
110 =
p
490.87
P ,:: 53996 N.
Hence, tensile load P applied is 53996 N

0
i)
Elongation of bar: Elongation of part AB

BL
-( PL
AB- AE
J _
AB
53996 x2000
-@ x32 2 )x (2.l x l0 5 )
= 0.3 197 mm ( extension)
Elongation of part BC
BL
-( PL J _ 53996 xlOOO
sc - AE 1:3C -cyx28 2 )x(2. lxl0 5 )
= 0.83 51mm ( extension)
Elongation of part CD
6Lco = ( -PL)
=
AE CD
53996 xlOOO
25 2
X
X (2. Jx
5
1() )
=0.5238mm
Total elongation of the bar
8L = 8LAB + 8Lac + 8Lco

= 0.3 197 + 0.8351
= 1.678 mm
+ 0.5238
SOM
ii)
1-19
Simple Stresses and Stra ins
Strain energy stored in the bar:

(J2
U=-xY
2E
Strain energy stored by each part

Using relation,
2
(53996/804.25)
))
UAB = - ' - - - - ---'--X
( 804.25 x 100(
2x2. lx l0 5
= 8631.45 Nmm
UBc = (53996/615.75)2 x(615.75x2000)
2x2.l x I0 5
= 22547.47 Nmm
(53996/490.87)2
U CD = - ' - - - - - - - - ' - - X (490.87 x 1()()0)
2x2.lxl0 5
= 14141.78Nmm
Total strain energy stored

U = UAB + UAc + Ucn
U = 863I.45 + 22547.47 + 141-ll.78 = 45320.69 Nmm.
= 45.32 Nm.
Ex. 1.9:
2
A circular bar having 200 mrn area is subjected to the axial loads as shown in Fig -Ex. 1 9.
5
2
Find the value of P and the total elongati on. Take E = 2 x 10 N/mm .
50 kN ,_
I ....
I..
1~
1m
1--
1..
1m
Given data: As shown in Fig.-Ex. 1.9: E = 2 x IO N/mm .

Solution :
i)
For equilibrium of the entire bar,
tFx = O;
I.e.
- 50 .+ P - 20 + 50 = 0
P = 20 kN
20 kN
1m
Fig.-Ex. 1.9
I ..
50 kN
-~
SOM
ii)
Simple Stresses and Strat~<:
1-20
Consider free body diagram of each part, as shown in Fig.-Ex. l. 9(a).

8
A
50 kN
,..
Tensile(+)
1 mm
.., 50kN
.,
30 kN --~----{ 50 kN ~
20kN-i
Tensile(+)
,- -1mm
I -.
30 kN
...,
C
50 kN ....
,...,.__{
~g t~ ~.___~_en_s_il_e(+_)_
--1..,~ SO kN
_:-f
1 mm
Fig.-Ex. l.9(a)
All loads acti ng on each part arc tensile. the elongation of each bar is given by
BLAB=(~).~
50 X 10 3 1000)
.
= +...1........-....,......4..:_---.-:- = + l.2:> mm {Increase)
5
(200) 2x 10
SLsc= (PL)
AE
=+
)() X
BC
10 3 1000)
....___.....----4..;_-,...;..
(200) 2x W 5
=+ 0. 7.'.> mm
(Increase)
8Lco =(PL)
AE CD
=+
50x 10 3 1000)
(200) 2xl0 5
=+l.25 mm {Increase)
,
Thus, total elongation of entire bar is
8L = 8LAB + 8Lac + 6Lco

=+ 1.25 + 0.75 + 1.25 =+ 3.25 mm (Increase).
Ex. 1.1 O:
A stepped bar ABCO has the following dimensions:

Portion AB: Length 1.2 m, diameter 40 mm.
Portion BC: Length 0.8 m, diameter 20 mm.
Portion CD: Length 1.0 m, diameter 30 mm.
It is subjected to four point loads as shown in the Fig. -Ex. 1.10. Find the value of 'P' for
equilibrium and then find the change in the length of the bar. Assume E = 200 GPa.
-1-21
SOM
Si mple Stresses and Strains
Given data: As shown in Fig.-Ex. l.l O(a): E = 200 GPa = 200 x 103 MPa.
40mm+
20mm+
10kN
I1~
18 kN
30mm+
1200 mm-f.--800 mm
., I..
1000 mm
16 kN
---...1
Fig.-Ex. 1. IO(a)
Solution:
Draw F.B.D. of each part as shown in Fig.-Ex. I. IO(b).

i)
Value of P:
- 10+ 18-P+ 16=0
P = 24 kN
J-
A ___
40_m_mt>
_ _~B
10kN--i
Ten,ile {)
, okN
f--1200 mm-l
I
I
20 mmj>
: 10kN~
8kN --..,:l_1 8 k N ~ . . - - BkN
\-800 mm-J
I
I
16kN ~ : - BkN
F.B.D. of each part
-j.--1i-e-nsa-1e-(-+)--:..1-..~16kN
:..... 24kN---i
30mmj>
f-1 ooo mm-l
Fig. Ex. 1.lO(b)

ii)
Change in length of compound bar (8L):

, pr
oL= L~
+:::;0'21~2xo:~, L-[~x:~~o\~:o:;oJ L+[~~<~:;0'2~~0:;~J L

AE
= + 0. 04774 - 0.101 86 + 0.1 1317
= + 0.05906 mm (Elongation).
1-22
SOM
Ex. 1.1 1: A bar ABC is shown

A
20 kN
4
2
in Fig.-Ex. 1.11 . Find elongation of the bar. Take E = 20 x 10 N/mm .
'
10 mm
t .
'/
,, C
12 mm~ - -- -- ---fa mm ~ -- - ---
i
-
20 kN
-14----600 mm---
400 mm--
Fig. -Ex. t. ll
Solution:
i)
Portion AB:
Area of cross-section A1 = ~ x 12 2 = 113 .09 nuu2
4
Length,
L 1= 400 mm
P 1 = 20 kN = 20000 N
Axial load,
Elongation of portion AB.

s:L _ P1L 1
20000x400
-O _
o 1 - - - - - - - - - - - .3 ) 36> mm
4
A1E
ii)
I l3 .097x20x l0
Po1tion BC:
Area ofcrosssection,A 2 = n[10 2 -8 2 ]= 28.274mm 2 .
4
Length,
L 2 = 600 mm
Axi~ I load.
P2
20 kN = 20000 N.
Elongation of portion BC,

~L
o 2
Total elongation of the bar,
__
P2 L2
A2E
8L = 8L 1 + 8L2
20000x 600
__
2.122mm
28.274x 20x 10 4
0.3536 + 2.122
= 2.476 mm.
=
Ex. 1.12:
A steel rod ABCD of stepped section is loaded as shown in Fig.-Ex. 1.12. Estimate the
5
2
displacement of point D, relative to A. Take E = 2.1 x 10 N/mm .
B
1.5 kN
1-----2-1
20x20 mm
1--150 mm
3.5 kN
.. ------
40x40 mm
. 1-----J
2kN
3())(30 mm
150 mm-l
300mm
Fig.-Ex. L 12
5
Given data: As shown in Fig.-Ex. 1. 12; E = 2.1 x 10 N/mm
.,
0 kN
1-23
SOM
- - - - - - - - -- - - - -- - - - -- -- - - - - Solution: Consider free body diagram of each part as shown in Fig.-Ex. l. l 2(a).
A
1.5 kN ....,..._....., .I~~~i!~(!L~ 1 .s kN

f-150mm-l
B
Comp.(-)
2 kN~[- 1.5 kN
3.5 kN
2 kN
B
---300mm- - - i
0 kN- f
~~=G--o
kN
r-150mm-:
F.B.D. of each part

Fig.-Ex. 1. l 2(a)
I~
In this case, section AB and CD is under tension and BC is in compression.

3
Here,
P1 = l.5 kN = l.5 x 10 (tensile)
l(
P2
= 2 kN = 2 x 103 N (compressive)
P3
= 0 kN = 0 N
L1
150 mm; L2 = 300 mm: L3 = 150 mm
nmi2.
Arca of bar AB,
A1 = 20 x 20 = 400
Arca of bar BC,
A2
40 x 40
Area of bar CD,
A3
30 x 30 = 900 11un
= 1600 mm2.
2
l.5 x 10 3 x 150
P1L1
6L 1 =--=----=0.00267mm(Incrcasc)
A1E 400x2.lx10 5
Now
oL2 =
3
= 2 x l 0 x)OO
A2E l600 x2. lxl0 5
P2L 2
0.00178mm(Dccrcasc)
6L3 = 0
Displacement of point D relative to A= 0.00267 - 0.00 l 78 = 0.00089 mm (,.).
Ex. 1.13: A steel bar ABCD of varying
section is subjected to the axial forces as shown in Fig.- Ex.

2
1.13. Find the value of 'P' necessary for equilibrium if E = 210 kN/mm .
Determine the total elongation of the bar.
400 mm' ~OO mm'
50
600 mm'
kN-(- :- - - -~-c~
_l?~
\---1 m---1.5m
Fig.-Ex. 1.13
+-BO kN
I- o.am-t
Simple Stresses
1-2-l
SOM
and Strains
Given data: Steel bar as shown in Fig.-E:,;. 1.13. E == 210 x 10 N/mn/

Solution: i) Force P necessary" for equilibrium: Resolving the forces on lhe rod along its axis, we
get
50 + IOO = P + 80
P = 70 kN.
2
400 mm
A
50 kN
Tensile(+)
50 kN
l--1000mm-1
8
800 mm
50 kN
20 kN - .{
20 kN
Comp.(-)
70 kN
j-.--1500mm-1
600 mm
20 kN
80 kN
80 kN
Tensile(+)
100 kN
f--800mm--j
Free body diagram of each part
Fig.-Ex. 1.13(a)
ii)
Totc1I elongation of the b,1r: Consider free body diagram of each part, Fig. -Ex. l. 13(a).
Let 81 1 , 812 and ~13 be the changes in length AB, BC and CD respectively.
Then
~
Pl1
50xl000x l000
. _
.
01 1 = - - =
~ =0.)9)mm(+)(mcrease)
A1E 400x210xl0'
Pl2
20x 1000 x l 500

- = - - - - - = 0.178 mm(-) (decrease)
A2E 800x2l0xI0 3
ol 2 = -
Pl3
80x 1000x800
81 3 = - - =
=0.508mm(+)(mcrease)
A3E 600 x 210xl0 3
Total elongation, ol = 81 1 - 81 2 + 81 3 = 0.595-0. 178+ 0.508 = 0.925 mm (Increase).
Ex. 1.14: Two sol id cylindrical rods AC and CD, both of the same alloy (E = 70 GPa) are welded
together at C and subjected to the loading as shown in Fig.-Ex. 1.1 4. Determine:
1) The total deformation of the rod ACD;
~.
2} Displacement of point C.
- 60 mm$
t'~-+------,~.__9_0_k_N_
_,._
55
kN
45mm~
40 kN
' - - - --- --- - ~ - - - -

~
:
I
~:i.-A
--. _ _ _....
B_..:..__ _ _C"'+-
65 kN
~ - - 300 mm ----J.c- 200 mm ..~
400 mrn - ---!
I
l
Fig.-Ex. 1.14
I
'
l
1-25
SOM
Given data: As shown in Fig.-Ex. 1. 14; E = 70 GPa = 70 x 10 MPa.

Solution: Draw F.B.D. of given system as shown in Fig.-Ex. l.l4(a).
60mm,
I .
!
! .comp. (-)
90 kN
-------+--------- - - 90 kN
40 kN
45mm,
-f------ ,enSJS-- --.-t-c
40 kN
F.B.O. of given system
Fig.-Ex. 1.14(a)
i)
ii)
For equilibrium,
1:F X = O,
P = 0
(No reaction at end A)
Defom1ation of each part:

bLAB =0
b L BC = ( PL ) = +--_;,..+../.--'---.!I,.
AE BC
(Contraction)
The displacement of point C (towards left)
= -0.0909 + 0.1437 = + 0.05277 mm c~).

Ex. 1.15: A composite bar comprising of aluminium and steel is as shown in Fig.-Ex. 1.15. Find the
4
2
value of P, if net elongation produced in the bar is 1.2 mm. Assume E5 = 20 x 10 N/mm and
2
Ea = 7 x 10 N/mm .
Aluminium bar,
-.
AA= 300 mm
Steel bar,
As= 75 mm2
1--+-------c
P -4----t---4 P--41---t---- ---- -- t--....,.. 3 P
f+- 1.5 m-.....,. .i.l- --1.8 m - - Fig.-Ex. 1.15
Given data:
E,s = 20 x 104 N/mm2,
Ea = 7 x 104 N/mm2,
Let P be the load in N, 8L = 1.2 mm.
1-26
SOM
Solution:
1)
Portion AB: Consider free body diagram of aluminium bar, as in Fig.-Ex. 1.15(a).
A
Aluminium
8
B
Steel
3p ~ f- --1enS1Tef+f ---f
---1~1 - _c~"'_P~(:_l __..,..I~._ P
1~
1.8 m
3p
i..-1
1.5 m---f
Fig.-Ex. t.15(a)
Change in length of the aluminium bar: Load P applied here is of compressive nature, so there is
contraction in length.
6LAa={:~L
=
2)
Px l SOO = -7.14285 x 10-5 P

)QQx 7 X 10 4
Portion BC: Consider free body diagram of steel bar, _as in Fig.-Ex. l.15(a).
Change in length of steel bar: Here load applied is tensile in nature, so there is elongation of bar
BC.
oLac =JP~)
T~AE BC
= + 3Px 1800
75x 20x 10 4
= +J. 6 x 10 _4 p
Now total elongation of the composite bar is,
6L = 6LAB +6LBc
}+
1.2 = (- 7.14285 x 10-5 P ~.6 x 10-4 P)

= 2.88571x 10-4 P
P=--1_.2__
2.8857lx 10-4
=+4 l58.4 I6N =4.158 kN.
Ex. 1.16: A composite rod, as shown in Fig.-Ex. 1.16, is loaded by various axial loads. Determine the
2
largest value of 'P', such that the stress in steel do not exceed 150 N/mm and stress in brass
2
do not exceed 75 N/mm . Hence determine the deformation of the bar.
(
(
r
I
1-27
SOM
Esteel
= 200 x 10 N/mm
Steel bar, 75+
2
3
Earass = 75 x 10 N/mm
Steel bar, 75+
Brass bar, So+
~ -----0 -----~-~J.- - -0------t.-->- - -
2P
l-...
----1000mm---..... ---1250mm---l--750mm-l
Composite bar
Fig.-Ex. 1.16
Given data:
Es = 200 x 10 N/mm , Eb = 75 x lO N/mm . crs(max) = 150 N/mm ,
crb(max( 75 N/nun .
i)
Solution: Consider F.B.D. of each part as shown in Fig.-Ex. l.16(a).

Axial forces in each members :
6P
----- 0-----
6P
p~t ~:=:f--------0-----]+. . p
.--3
F.8.0. of each part
Fig.-Ex. 1.16(a)
p = cr. A
For part-I of steel,
GP 1 = 150 x( x 75
P1 = 110446.6 N (-)
For part-2 of brass, 3P2 = 75 x (
>J
50
P2 = 49087.38 N (-)
For part-3 of steel,
2P3 = l50x( : x 75 )
P3 = 331339.85 N
, -,
SOM
1-28
Among three values of P1, P2, P3 consider least value of force P = 49087.38 N which is safe
value,
.
3(49087.38)
Check: Stress 1s brass bar, cr b = (
)
.!.x50 2
4
75 N/mni2 O.K.
6( 49087.38)
{x752)
Stress is steel bar.

Os=
66.67 N/mm < 150 N/mni2 O.K.
.,
Hence, the largest value of P = 49.087 kN

ii)
Deformation of composite bar (8L):
6L1
'I
=(~}
(6x 49087.38) x1000
=- (
~ x75 2 200xl0
6L 2
.
)
:
:
+
0.33333
mm
(Contraction).
3
.I
(3x49os7JsX125o)
= - {;
X 5()
Jl
2
\7 5 X lO J }
.
+ l .25 mm (Contraction).
6L3
I
I
=(~),
q
=(~),
2 x 49087.38X750)
= - ~- _.......,.___.:....:...._---"" =
2
x75 200xl0 3
+ 0.08333 mm (Contraction).
I.
I
<I
Thus,
8L = 8L 1 + 8L2 + 8L3
= + 0.33333 +
1.25 + 0.083333
+ 1.6666 mm (Contraction).
Indeterminate Bars :
When a bar is subjected to different loads and fixed at both ends it is called as indeterminate bar.
Analysis:
_.._b_
1:1--A
__._b_____.r
I
t
Fig. Ex. 1.16(b)
I
I
I
I
,\
1-29
SOM
Steps:
1)
Consider F.B.D of each part and assume tensile force in each part
2}
Apply equilibrium condition at each intenncdiate joint.
3)
Use compatibility condition as
5 /1 + 6 /2 +.6 /3
li+-~~+li
A1 E1
(4)
Az E:
A3 J;
0 as Net defonnation is zero.
Find magnitudes and natures of support reactions.
Note: It support (any) yield by amount 6, the compatibility condition would be 6 /1 + 6 /2 = 6.
Ex. 1.17: Homogeneous, elastic bar ABCO, fixed at ends, is as shown in Fig.-Ex. 1.17. Axial forces
100 kN and 200 kN act at points Band C respectively.
Determine the reactions at ends and draw axial force diagram.
.. . - -.. -- - - -- --- - - -- ---- -......--.-.- 200 kN - -
500 mm,...
~-~- - 1000 mm --...-I--
750 mm - -
Fig.-Ex. 1.17
2
Given data: As shown in Fig.-Ex. !.17; A= 1000 mm

Solution:
F.B.D of each part, assuming tensile forces as shown.

A
P 1 ~ P1
B
P2~P2
P3~3
Fig. 1.17(a)
l)
Static equilibrium condition :

At.joint B P1 - P2 = - 100 KN
At joint C,
II)
P2 - P3 = 200 KN
Compatibility condition.
As bar is fixed, 8 /1 + 8 /2 + 8 /3 = 0
.. .(1)
... (2)
\
1-1 0
SOM
l i +!i!i..__ + ~
~ E1
~ E2
= 0
A, E3
but Ai E1 = Az E2 =
A, E3
:. P, 11 =
p2 12 + p 3 /3 == 0
pl (0.5) + p2 (l) + p3 (0.75)= 0
Sub. P1 =
(P 2
100) and P3 (P2 - 200) .. . from ( I) and (2)
We get
(P2 - 100) 0.5 + p 2 + (P2 - 200)
0.75 = 0
2.25 p2 = 200
:. P2 = 88.89 KN. (Tensile)

from(l)
P1 = 88.89-100
= - 11.11 KN = 11.11 KN (comp.)
from(2) P3 = - 111.11 KN = lll.11 KN(comp.)
11.11 kN
~ 11.11 kN
B
88.89 kN
~ 88.89 kN
C
111 .1 1 k N ~ 111.11 kN
Fig. 1.17(b)
.. Reaction at A,
RA= 11 .11 KN ~
Reaction at D
~ =
111. 11 KN
A.dal force diagram

88.89 kN
11.11 kN
111.11 kN
(A.F.D)
Fig. 1.l 7(c)
'
1-31
SOM
Ex. 1.18: A bar of circular cross-section, 70 mm diameter, is supported and loaded as shown in
Fig.-Ex. 1.18. Find the displacements at Band C. Take E = 200 GPa.
------~.!<!"'~-~-----------?-~~--.+----200mm
1000 mm
500mm
.I
.. I
Fig.-Ex. 1.18
Given data: System as shown in Fig.-Ex. 1.18; d = 70 mm, E = 200
10 MPa.
Solution :
F.B. D. of each part, assuming tensile forces as shown in Fig. Ex. l. l8(a)
P1~P1
P2~P2
C
P 3 ~ P3
Fig. 1.18(a)
I)
Static equilibrium condition.

At joint B
p1 -P2 = 5KN
... (1)
p2 -P3 = 2KN
... (2)
At joint C,
II)
Compatibility condition :
8 /AB+ 8 1ac + 8 1co
p
p') /,,
p.. /,
__.__._ + __.._.._ + ----"1-L.. = 0
A1 E1
~ E2
A3 E3
1 /,
A1 E 1 = A2 E2 = A3 E3 = 0
:.Pl/I= P2/2+P3/3= 0
pl (0.5) + p2 (1) + p3 (0.2) = 0
Sub .. P
= (5 + P1 ) from Equation (l) and P3 (P2 - 2) ... from Equation (2)
(5+P,,)(0.5).+P2 +(P2 -2)0.2 = O_

1.7P2 = -2.l
:. P2
1.235 KN
from Equation (1) P1 = 5- 1.235 = 3.765 KN
1-32
SOM
from Equation (2) P3 = - 1.235 - 2 = - 3.235 KN

:. P1 = 3.765 KN (T), P2 = l.235 KN (C), P3 = 3.235 KN (C).
ii)
01
Deformation of each part:
PL) =+ 3.765x 10 500)

6LAD = (AE AB
~x70 2 x 200xl0
3
=+0.002446mm
(5-3.765)xl0 3 x(lOOO)
&Lac= - (
3 ) =-0.00l604mm
2) (
!!_ X 70 X 2()0 X 1()
4
(7 -3 .765)x 10 3 X 200
&Leo= - (
) (
) = -0.00084 mm
3
2
X 70
X 2Q()x 10
\f
iii)
Displacement at B and C:
6n = +0.002446-0.001604=+0.000842mm(~)
6c ;; -0.001604-0.00084 = -0.00244 mm(~).
Ex. 1.19:
A circular bar of steel, tapers uniformly from a diameter of 20 mm to 30 mm in a length of

500 mm. If it is subjected to an axial pull of 60 kN at each end, determine the elongation of the
bar.
Take E
= 200 GPa.
Given data: A circular tapering bar, d 1 = 30 mm,

3
E = 200 GPa. = 200 x 10 N/mm
60000N,
~ =
20 mm, L = 500 mm, P = 60kN =
l __________-3.210
30 mmdia.
mm dia.
--60 kN ....~.__'-'- ---- -- - - - - -- - --- - H--t-... 60 kN
1L_----------~
- - - - - 5 0 0 mm-----..i
Fig.-Ex. 1. 19
Solution: Elongation of the circular tapering bar is given by
oL=
=
Ex. 1.20:
4PL
1t:Ed 1d 2
4 X 60000 X 50()
nx 200x 10 3 x 30x 20
0.3183 mm.
A rod tapers uniformly from 30 mm to 15 mm diameter in a length of 300 mm. If the rod is
5
2
subjected to an axial load of 6000 N. Find the extension of the rod. Take E = 2 x 10 N/mm .
5
Given data: dJ = 30 mm, < = 15 mm, L = 300 mm, P = 6000 N, E.= 2 x. 10 N/mrn .
Solution: Extension of tapering bar is
4PL
4 x 6000 x 300
8 L = - - - -- ---=0.025 mm.
rt.Ed1d2 nx2xl0 5 x30 x l5
1-33
SOM
S1rnple Stresses and Strains
Ex. 1.21: In a bar of rectangular section, the width tapers from 25 mm to 15 mm, while the thickness
12 mm is uniform over a length of 500 mm. The bar is subjected to a tensile force of 8 kN.
5
2
If E = 1.0 x 10 N/mm ; determine the change in the length of the bar. Derive the expression
used.
Given data: Width b1 = 15 mm. b2 == 25 mm, Thickness, t = 12 mm, Length, L = 500 mm.
Axial tensile force. P = 8 kN.
------- ------------+-+- p
.. . L--- --1;.~z--------- --t-,

..t..
t
1------- L- - - - - - T
Fig.-Ex. 1.21
Solution: Elongation of the rectangular section (~L):
Consider a small section of length & at a distance x from the width b1.
b2 - bi
The width at the section, bx = b 1 + - - - x
b2 -bi
=b 1 +h
(
where k =-
-L
Area = (b 1 + kx) t
Now extension of a short length & .
Pox
- (b 1 + kx)tE
Therefore total e>..1ension 8L of the bar, is given by
J( Pdx ) =-.P l [loge (b1 +kx)]L

OL= L
0
b 1 +kx tE tE k
0
_ _!_[ to b1+kL]=_!_lo b2
- ktE ge b1
ktE ge b1
k = b2 -bi
L
PL
b2
OL= (
) loge b2 - bi tE
b1
SOM
1-34
I
I
Substituting the numcric 1l values. we get

I
25
8x 10 3 x 500
6L = ------.----.- ogc {25- 15)x 12 x (1 x10 5 )
15
= 0.17027
i
I
mm (extension).
Ex. 1.22: Compute the total elongation caused by a longitudinal axial load of 150 kN applied to a flat
of uniform thickness of 20 mm and tapering from a width of 150 mm to 50 mm ln a length of
2
9
10 m. Assume, E = 200 x 10 N/m .
9
Gi\'cn data: As shown in Fig.-Ex. 1.22; E = 200 x 10 N/ni2 = 200 x 10 N/mm2 , P = 150 kN
= 150000 N.
Solution: Elongation of tapering bar of uniform thickness is given by
t=20mm
150mm
150 kN
150 kN
50mm
L = 10 m
Fig.-Ex. 1.22
6L =
Pl
lo (~)
Et{a-b) ge b
(150) 4 2
(1soooox10000)
1
= (2oox10 3 k20x150-50) oge 50 = .l mm.
Ex. 1.23: In a steel rod of 1 m long and of rectangular section, the width tapers from 25 mm to 15 mm,
while the thickness 12 mm is uniform over a length of 1 m. The bar is subjected to a tensile
2
5
force of 100 kN. If E = 1. O x 10 N/mm , determine the change in the length of the bar.
Given data:
Tapering steel rod, L = 1 m = 1000 mm,
a= 25 mm. b = 15 mm, t = 12 mm, P = 100 kN = 100 x 103 N,

5
E = l x 10 N/11111{
Solution:
. Elongation of the bar
6L =
PL log(~'J
Et(a-b)
b
3
oL - 100 xI0 xlOOO log (25J

- l x t0 5 xI2 x (25-15) e 15
= 4.256 mm.
(
1-35
SOM
Ex. 1.24:
Determine diameter of a rod of length 220 m held vertical and subjected to a pulling force of
300 kN at its lower end, if weight per cubic metre of rod is 78.5 kN and the working stress
crw :: 70 MPa. Determine the total elongation of the rod if E = 200 GP a.
Given tlata: Rod, L = 220 m, P = 300 kN = 300 x I03 N,

p = 78.5 kN/m
= 78.5 x
10-G N/mn{
3
cr = 70 MPa, E = 200 GPa = 200 x I0 MPa.
Solution: i) Diameter of rod: Load due to self weight.
= p XV
= 78.5 x
= 17.27 A (N)
Total
I
I
Stress,
load =
(17.27
. "l///11.
I
l
1tr6 x 220 x 103 A

A+ 300 x 10
L = 220m
)
17.27A+300 xl0 3
A
70 = - - - - - A = 5689.36
7[
111111
P = 300 kN
A= - x d = 5689.36
4
But
d = 85.11 mm
Fig.-1:x. 1.24
ii) Elongation of bar:
Due to P,
3
3
300x
x 220x
L1 =_._
_10
_.....,_.__
_10_
6
5689.36x 200xl0 3
=58mm
Due to self weight,
62
=.!._(17.27A)x 220xl0
2
200x 10 3
=9.5mm
(Consider average stress as due to self weight stress at !OP is maxi mum and at bottom it is zero)
Total elongation,
BL
58 + 9.5 = 67.5 mm.
1.11 Bars of Composite Sections :

In Fig.-1.11, load P is supported by two tubes of different cros_s-sections and materials.
Let
Ai-=- Area of outer tube

Ai = Area of inner tube
1-36
SOM
E1 = Young's modulus of outer tube

E2 = Young's modulus of inner tube
L = Length of composite column
cr 1 = Stress on outer tube

cr2 = Stress on inner tube.
Total load on column

load on inner tube.
load on outer tube +
. .. ( 1)
Let 6L = decrease in length of the column.
Fig.-1.11
Strain of each tube= e = d.L

L
1 2
e=-=E1 E2
E1
cr 1 =-xcr 2 where ~ = m = modular ratio.
E2
.E2
i.e.
... (2)
From equations (l ) and (2). the stresses cr I and cr2 may be computed.
1.12 Solved Examples : Type - Ill :

Ex. 1.25:
A composite section consists of two bars of equal lengths connected together side by side. If
A 1 and Ai_ are their cross s~ctional areas E1 and E 2 their respective mod ulii of elasticity,
calculate the modulus of elasticity (Equivalent or apparent) of the composite bar when loaded
longitudinally.
Fig.-Ex. 1.25
Given data: As shown in Fig.-Ex. 1.25.
Solution: i) Load shared by two bars:
Using relation,
8L= PL
AE
1-37
SOM
A2E2
x 6L2
L
p = P1+P2
and
P2 =
I
ii) Total load,
( ~)x6L a ( A~E, x 6L 1
)+( A~E,
x 6L 2
: 8L 1 = 8L2 = 8L
A= A1 + A2
(A 1 + ~) E = A1 E1 + ~ E2
E[ A1E1 +A2E2
A1 +A2
1.13
Solved Examples : Type - IV :
Ex. 1.26: A mild steel rod of 20 mm diameter and 300 mm long is enclosed centrally inside a hollow
copper tube of external diameter 30 mmand internal diameter 25 mm. This composite bar is
subjected to an axial pull of 40 kN. Find stress developed in rod and tube. Take
E5
= 200 kN/mm 2. and
Ee
=100 kN/rnm2.
10 N/mm .
I
I
Given data: Composite section is as shown in Fig.-Ex. 1.26. Es= 200 x IO N/mm , Ee::! I00
S9lution: Area of steel rod,
A"., =~x20
= 314.16mm
4
Area of copper tube. Ai.:= n ~0 2 - 25 2 )=215.98 mm

4
I
I
Axial load
= 40 kN =40000 N.
Let cr:; , crc = Stresses in steel and copper respectively.

i) Since ends, rigid plates are connected, the strain in steel must be equal to strain in copper.
Strain in steel = Strain in copper
Copper tube
Steel rod
40 kN
l.
TT
20 25 30 mm
Tl l
Fig.-Ex. 1.26
1-3X
SOM
Es
O's
Ee
Es
O'c
Ee
200xI0 3
J
I
=-
IOOx 103
O'c
... ( I)
ii)
The axial load is shared by steel and copper.

P=crsAs +cr cAc
40,000=0's x3 14.16+0'c x2 15.98
= 2ac x3 14. l6+crc x 215.98 ... From(l)
= 844.3crc
O'c
and
O'i;
=40,000
=
- 47 37
844.3
N/mm2
= 2ac = 2x 47.37
I
I
= 94. 75 N/mm .
Ex. 1.27: A tube
of aluminium 50 mm external diameter and 25 mm internal diameter is snugly fitted on
t o a solid steel rod of 20 mm diameter. The composite bar is loaded in compression by an

axial load 'P'.
2
Find the stress in alum inium when load is such that the stress in steel is 70 N/mm . What is
the value of P?
5
Take E5 = 2 x 10 N/mm
and Ea= 0.7 x 10 N/mm.
Given data: Aluminium rube: D = 50 mm, d = 25 mm: Steel rod, d = 20 mm,

2
a 5 = 70 N/mm, E5= 2 x 10 N/mm , Ea= 0.7 x to N/mm .
I
I
I
I
p---
~--P
- Steel rod, 20 mm ~
Fig.-Ex. 1.27
1-39
SOM
Stmple Stressi;s and Strains
Solution: Cross-sectional area of aluminium and steel bar.

A11 = 7C(50 2 - 25 2 ) = 1472.62nun 2
4
I
As =~(20 2 )=314.16mm 2
Es 2xl0 5
,
= 111 = - = - - = 2.85
Modular ratio
1
Os
Oa
I
1
7 x l0 5
Ea
= 2.850 a
70
Os
= - - = - - = 24.56 N/mm
2.85 2.85
Stress in aluminium. o 8 = 24.56 N/mm 2

Stress in steel.
Os
Totalload.
=70N/nun (Given}
P=oaAa +o s A1. =24.56x1 472.62+70x3 I4. l 6
I
I
P = 58 158. 74 N = S8. Hi kN.
Ex. 1.28: A tube of aluminum 40 mm external diameter and 20 mm internal diameter is rigidly fitted or.
to a ~olid steel rod of 20 mm diameter. The ccmposite bar is loaded in compression by an
axial load P. Find the stress in aluminium when load is such that the stress in steel is 70
2
N/mm . What 1s the value of P? Esteet = 2 x 10 N/mm and Ea= 7
Given data: Aluminium tube, D

5
=-=
><
10 N/mm
40 mm. d = 20 mm. E8 = 7 x ~ 0
2
N/mm : Steel rod,
d = 20 mm, as= 70 N/mm . Es= 2 x 10 N/mm .

Solution: Area of aluminium tube,
(.rn2 - 20 2 )= 300n
Aa = :
mm
Area of steel rod

As
=:
(20) = IOOn mm
Es 20
=Ea
7
Moduluar ratio,
=m= 20
Os = -
Ga
cr = - o =-x70
a
Total load.
20
20
aa = 24.5 N/mm2
P = Oa A 3 + Os As
24.Sx 300n + 70 x I001t
= 45081.96 N = 45.08 kN.
Ex. 1.29: A flat strip of steel 50 mm wide and 6 mm thick is rigidly fixed along side of brass 50 mm wide
and 20 mm thick, to form a compound bar of overall dimensions 50 mm x 26 mm x 210 mm
1--W
SOM
(length). This compound section is tested in ten sile testing machine and the extension was
found to be 0.14 mm.
Calculate the tensile load applied on the composite bar and stress in each material. Take
E = 2.1 x 10 N/mm and Eb= 0.87 x 10 N/mm .

5
Gircn data: The composite section is as shown in Fig.-Ex. l.29.
rsteel
.i 6
..._______,!I20
Steel
Brass
Brass
I
-----210----...i
50
.. 1
Side view
Longitudinal Section
(
(All dimensions are in mm)
Fij!.-Ex. 1. 29
Length of each material.L = 210 mm

8L = 0. 14 mm
Arca of steel plate,
As
2
50 x 6 = 300 mm
Arca of brass plate. Ab
50 x 20 = 1000 mm
Solution:
i)
Total elongation,
Let as . crb = Stresses in steel and brass respectively.
Strain in steel Strain in brass
1.e .
. ii)
Es
2.1 x 10crs =-crb =
crh
Eh
0.87 x to 5
crs = 2. 4l38crb
... ( l)
Strain in steel= Strain in brass
es
oL
=-
= O. l 4 =6.6666x I0 - 4
210
iii)
St ress in steel',
crs = e . Es
~
-4
= 6.6666 x 10 x (2. 1 x 10 ) = 140 N/mm
l
(
-1-41
SOM
Stress in brass.
<\
= eb .Eb
4
= 6.6666 x J0- x (0.87 x 10 ) = 58 N/nun
iv) Axial load,
P = cr.s As + a...
Ab
tl
= 140
300 + 58
1000
= 100000 N = 100 kN.

Ex. 1.30:
A short concrete column section of 300 mm x 300 mm section is reinforced axially with four
symmetrically placed steel bars each 200 mm
in area. If the applied load P
= 750 kN,
compute the stresses developed in each material. Assume modulus of elasticity for steel as
13 times that of concrete.
2
Given data: P = 750 kN, els= 300 x 300 mm . A5 = 4 x 200 mm .

j
Steel bar
j
300 mm
Concrete
I....1-- 300 mm ---1~1

Fig.-Ex. 1.30
(
Solution: Area of steel bar = 200 x 4
As = 800 mm
Actual area of concrete, Ac = (300) - (800) = 89200 mm .

Let th~ stresses in concrete and steel be crc and as respectively.
Strain in steel = Strain in concrete
Es
Ee
Es
(js
= -crc
Ee
aS = 13 cr C
Load on steel + load on concrete= Total load on the column
crsAs +cr cAc = p
13crc x800+crc x89200
= 750x 1000
r .
1-42
SOM
99600cri.: = 750x 10
ere = 7.53 N/mm
and
CT 5
= 13 x oc = 97.89 N/mm 2
Ex. 1.31: A concrete column 400 mm square reinforced with 4 steel bars 16 mm diameter, carries an
axial load of 800 kN . Determine the stresses in both the materials. Take Es = 15 Ec .
Given data: Square column section. 400 x 400 mm, Axial load P = 800 kN
Modulus ratio E/Ec = 15.
)
I
(
(
= 800 x 103 N,
Solution:
x[: x16
Area of steel,
A, = 4
Area of concrete,
Ac = Ar;os."' - As
= 804.247 01111
= 400 x 400 -804.247 = 159195.75 nun 2
i) Total compressive axial load is,

P=creAe +crsAs
800x I0 3 =<re x l59195.75+o5 x804.247
... (1)
ii) Strain in steel = Strain in concrete

Es
Ee
Es
<rs = -ere
Ee
<rs = l5trc
Substituting value of
... (2)
as in equation (I), we have

3
800 x I0 = crc x 15919575 + 15 crc (804.247)

=
<J, X
!'i
171259.47
crc = 4.671 tvfPa
Substituting value of a, in equation (2). we ha\'c
= 15 x 4.67 1 = 70.07 MPa
Thus. stresses in steel and concrete materials are i 0.07 MPa and 4.67 N/mnl respectively.
Ex. 1.32: A steel tube 40 mm inside diameter 4 mm metal thfckness is filled with concrete. Determine
stress in each material due to an axial thrust of 60 kN. Take Ei; = 15.
Ee
/
Given data: Conipositc section is as shown in Fig.-Ex. 1.3 2.
SOM
1--D
Concrete
1 4mm
T
40mm
_t_4 mm
T
Fig.-Ex. 1.32
Solution:
A5 = 1t (482 - 40 2 ) =552.92 mm 2
4
Arca of steel tube.

Arca of concrete,
i)
cr$, C:\ = stresses in steel and concrete respectively.
Let
A,= ~(40
)=1256.637 mm
4
Strain in steel
Strain in concrete
I
-=-
I
I
Es
Es
Os= EOc
I
I
Ee
Os
= 15oc
... (I )
Total axial load is shared by steel and concrete.

P=osAs +ocAc
60,000 =o 5 x552.92+oc x1256.637=l5oc x552.92+oc x l256.637
= 9550.44 crc
60000
9550.44
Os= 15crc = 15x6.282
o c = - - - = 6.28 N/mm
and
= 9-4.236 N/mm 2
Ex. 1.33: A reinforced
concrete column is 400 mm x 400 mm and is provided with 8 bars of 22 mm
diameter. Find the safe axial load on the column

2
to
4 N/mm . Take Es = 18 Ee.
if the maximum stress in concrete is limited
Gi\'cn data: Column 400 x 400 mn{ As== 8/12 mm~. Es= 18 Ee.
Solution:
Area of steel bars, As= 8 x (: x 22
Actual area of concrete, Ac= 400
= 30-1- 1.06 mm
3041.06 = 156959 mm
Let the stresses in concrete and steel be crc and crs respectively.
Strain in steel = Strain in concrete.
1-44
SOM
[:
O's
E1 = 18Ec ]
... (1)
= 18 O'c
Total load on column = Load on steel + load on concrete

p = crs As
+ 0 c Ac
= 18crc x 3041
+ O'c x 156959 = 18 x 4 x 3041 + 4 x 156959
= 846788 N = 846.788 kN.
1.14 Solved Examples : Type - V :

Ex. 1.34:
A gradually applied load W
= 10 kN is suspended by ropes as shown in Fig.-Ex. 1.34(a) and
2
2
(b). In both cases, the ropes have a cross-sectional area 600 mm and E is 1000 N/mm . In
first case, the rope is continuous over the pulley while two ropes are tied to rigid bar in second
case. Find downward movement of pulley and rigid cross bar.
Solution: Ghen data : As shown in Fig.-Ex. 1.34(a).

Case-I: Here load Wis shared by rope AB and BC equally.
P = W = lO,OOO = 5000 N
Elongation of rope AB
6LAB
=(~L
= 5000x 4000 = 33 .33 mm
600x 1000
Elongation of rope BC
oLBc =(PL)
AE BC
= 5000 X 6000 = 50 ffiffi
600xl000
:. Total elongation, 6L = .33.33 + 50 =83.33 mm

If pulley moves by 6 mm,
28 = 83.33
8 = 41.66 mm (i)
Case-I: In this case load W is supported by rope AB and BC.

i.e.
I
I
I
I
1-.J5
SOM
A= 600 mm
2
2
E = 1000 N/rnm
W= 10 kN = 10,000 N
w Jo \(_r--\
(b)
Fig.-Ex. 1. 34
10000 =
O'
AB
600
+ O' BC X 600
16 ' 666 = cr AB + cr BC
... (1)
Change in length of AB = Change in length of BC

cr AB
<Jae
--xLAB =--xL 8c
CJ AB =
JcrBC
Substituting this value in equation ( l ), we get

16.666 = 3cr BC + O' BC
cr BC = 4.166 MPa
and
cr AB = 3cr sc = 12.5 MPa
: . Downward movement of rigid platfonn

=oL AB =6L 8c
6AB
E
12 5
= x 4000(mm)=50mm(.i-)
1000
=-xL AB
... (2)
l
SOM
Ex. 1.35: A 10 kN homogeneous bar AB is suspended from two cables AC and BO each wilh cross
2
sectional area 400 mm , shown in Fig.-Ex. 1.35(a). Determine the magnitude and location of
the largest additional force 'P' which can be applied to the bar. The stresses in the cables AC
and BO are limited to 100 MPa and 50 MP a respectively.
Gi\'en u.u.1: L-= La1,; = Lbd = l.8 m = 1800 mm, A'clc = Abd
= 400
mm 2, cr'clc = 100 N/rnm2,
( I
crbd = 50 N/mn/
Solution: Distance between the two rods= 2000 mm.

Load P to be applied
P = P1 +P2
= Pac+ pbd
P = crac Aac + crbd Abd
0/
I
I
I
I
4
~--~:1m
]~~-~--~l
I ..
2 m----,......ii
,. ....
I
I
<I
I
2m--- I
1----
(a)
(b)
Fig.-Ex. 1.35
P
P
,I
= I00 x 400 + 50 x 400

= 60 kN
I
tI
The position of 60 kN load:

Let x be the distance of the load from AC.
Taking moments of all forces about A, i.e. about AC, we have

pbd X 2000
... (1)
= 60 XX
Now the force in BD, is given by

3
pbd = CThd x Abd = 50 x 400 = 20 x 10 N = 20 kN
From equation (1), we have

20x2000 = 60x x
x
= 666.67 mm.
2
Ex. 1.36: Two vertical rods of 2.0 m length and 78.5 mm in cross-section, one of steel and other of
copper are each rigidly fastened at the upper ends 500 mm apart. A horizontal cross bar
connects the lower ends of the rods and on it is placed a load of 8.5 kN, so that cross bar
I
I
1-47
SOM
remains horizontal. Find the stresses developed in each rod and the position of the load on
5
2
5
2
cross bar. Assume E for steel = 2.1x 10 N/mm and E for copper = 1. 2 x 1O N/mm .
S
Ghen data: As shown in Fig. Ex. l .36(a), A =78.5 mm , E5 = 2.1 x IO N/mm , Ee = 1.2
5
10 N/nun
Solution: Arca of each .bar A=78.5 nrn?
Let lhc !itrcss in steel and copper be crs and crc N/mm .
Since the rigid bar remains horizontal, the extension of steel and copper bar is equal.
Es
Ee
(J
=-s
CJ
E C
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Os
crs
2. l x 105
5 Oc
1.2 x l0
1. 75crc
... (l)
Load on steel + load on copper = Total load

. crA+crA = P
S
But
As
AC = 78.5 mm
1.75 O"C X 78.5 + O'C X 78,5 = 8500

2I5.875crc = 8500
(,
crc = 39.37 N/mm
and
crc = 68.90 N/mm
crs = 1.75
Steel
20 mmq,
Copper
20 mm~
500
mm
500 mm
8.5 kN
(b)
X
8.5 kN
(a)
Fig.EL 1.36
1--t8
SOM
Consider the equilibrium of rigid rod. Let the load be applied at x mm from the steel bar.
Taking moments about the steel bar,

pC X 500 = 85()()
{19.17
X 78.5) X
XX
5()() = 85()() X
X
= 181.796
x = 181.80 mm
Hence the load must be applied on the rigid bar at a distance of 181.80 mm from the steel bar.
Ex. 1.37: Two copper rods and steel rod together support a load of 300 kN as shown in Fig.-Ex. 1.37.
5
5
Es= 2 x 10 MPa and Ec = 1 x 10 MPa.
Find the stresses in the rods. Take

Solution: Change in length of steel= Change in lengtl1 of copper
8Ls = 8Lc
P8 x210
Pc xl-tO
1000x2xl0 5
(2xlOOO) x l x I0 5
- - - - ::;,
Ps =
3Pc
P = 300 kN
Copper
--~
Rod
Steel
--rod
A5 = Ac = 1000 mm
CodpperT
--Ro
140mm
Es =
Ee
lomm
Fig.-Ex. 1.37
Total load = Load shared by steel + Load shared by copper
p = ps + pc
2
300x 103 = -P +P
3 C C
1-49
SOM
PC = 180000 N
t's =
and
- Pc= -
180000 = 120000 N
Stresses in steel and copper:

-
05
= Pc = 180000 = 90 N/mm 2 .
_ ~ _ 120000 _
N/
2
mm
- 120
As
1000
cr 5
. Ac
2 x 1000
Ex. 1.38: A rigid beam carrying a load of 30 kN is supported by three bars as shown in Fig.-Ex. 1.38.
All the bars are of the same area 'A' and same length 'L'. Find the load carried by each bar.
Neglect the weight of the beam. Take E5
= 2Eb.
cl
a1
Brass
bar
Steel
bar
Steel
bar
8
1--
-a
..1.
2a
--1
30 kN
Fig.-Ex. 1.38
I
I
I
I
l I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Given data: Area of cross-section of all bars = A. Length of each bar = L. Es= 2Eb.
Solution: Let PA, P8 . Pc. be tensions in the bars AA'. BB'. CC', rcspectiYcly and 8A, 88 . 8c, be
extensions of the bars AA', BB', CC' rcspectiYe!y as shown in Fig.-Ex. l .38(a).
For equilibrium,
... ( l )
Taking moment of loads about A. we have
+ 30 x a - P3,X ~~.:.Pcx 4a
= 0
P8 + 2Pc = 1s
Extension of each bar
8
= PAL
... (2)
SOM
1-50
The beam is rigid it remain straight.

t
0 A+ 0 c
2
UB -
PaL =.!.[ PAL + PcL]
'
AE 8
2 AE 8
6c
AEs
PB =.!_[PA+ Pc]
I
6 ~
O;splacement diagram
Fig.-Ex. l.38(a)
... (3)
4Pa = pA+ Pc
Solving equations (I), (2), (3); we get

PA
= 19.5 kN,
Pa = 6 kN and Pc = 4.5 kN.
Ex. 1.39: A load P = 1 kN is applied to a rigid bar that is suspended by three wires as shown in Fig.Ex. 1.39. All wires are initially of equal length Land of same size. Calculate the force carries
by each wire: Take L = 4 m, E = 200 GPa and area of wires A= 80 mm 2. Also determine the
angle made by the rigid bar with horizontal.
Given data: As sho~vn in Fig.-Ex. 1.39, A = 80 nun2 , E = 200 GPa = 200

Solution: i) Tension in the wires: Let
10 MPa.
T1, T2, T3 = Tension in three wires respectively.
61, 62, 63 = Deformation of three wires respectively.

For equilibrium, T + T2 + T = 1000
1
3
... (l)
For compatibility,
62 ::;: 6 1+ 6L
63
LM@A= O;
= 61 + 26L
T2 x 200 +T3 x 400 = 1000 x 300

T2+ 2T3 = 1500
... (2)
Let T' be the force which causes elongation 6L.

l
T2 = T I + T' and
From (2),
T3 = T I + 2 T'
(T + T') + 2(T + 2T') = 1500

1
3T + 5 T' = 1500
1
... (3)
l
(
1-51
SOM
L = 4m
100
200 mm
______
A,...........__
100
mm mm
___.....,
B ,
A
I
I
P = 1000N
B,
(a) Given structure
I
I
(b) Displacement diagram
Fig.-Ex. 1.39
T 1(T 1 + T') + (T 1 + 2 T') = 1000
From (2),
3 T 1 + 3 T' = l 000
... (4)
Solving equations (3) and (4), we get
ii)
T' = 250 N
T 1 = 83.333 N
T 2 = 333.333 N
T3 = 583.333 N
Deflection of three wires:

1
= o.oio&mm
61 = T L = 83.333x 4000.
3
AE
62
63
80x (2oox10 )
= T2 L = 333.333 x 400q = O.OSD mm
AE
80x (200xl03 )
T3L
583.333x 4000
(,
) =0.146111111
3
80x~200 xl0
=-=
AE
iii)
Angle made by rigid bar with horizontal:
sinO = b3 -S1 = 0.146 -0.0208 = 3.13x 10-4 rad.

400
400
6
0.018
Ex. 1.40: Three bars made of copper, zinc and aluminium are of equal length and have cross-section
500, 750, 1000 mm2 respectively. They are rigidly connected at their ends. If this compound
member is subjected to a longitudinal pull of 250 kN, estimate the ~roportion of load carried on
5
5
2
each rod and the stresses induced. Take Ee= 1.3 x 10 N/mm , Ez = 1x 10 N/mm and
5
EA= 0.8 x 10 MPa.
Given data: As shown in Fig. -Ex. I.40.
1-52
SOM
Copper
Ac=
___
_ ... Zinc
Az=
500mm
750
Aluminium
2
AA = 1000 rm,
- --
mm2
250000 N
Fig.-Ex. l.40
Solution: Let Pc. Pz: PA be load shared by copper, zinc and aluminium rod respectively.
Defonnation of each bar is same.
Pel
AcEc
Pc
500 X l. 3 X 10
PzL
AzEz
A,\EA
Pz
750xlxl0
PAL
PA
1000 X 0.8 X 10 5
Pc = 0.867 Pz and PA = l.0666 Pz
Total load shared by each member

250000 = Pc + Pz +PA = 0.86666Pz + Pz + 1.06666 Pz
250000
2.93333 Pz
Pz = 85227.27 N
Pc = 0.8666Pz = 73863.63 N
and
PA = 1.0666 Pz = 90903.41 N
Stresses in each bar
ere = 73863.63 = 147.727 MPa

500
... ( I)
SOM
1-53
oz
=85227 27 =113.636 MPa

750
o A = 90909.10 = 90,909 MPa.
1000
Ex. 1.41: A steel bolt of ,2 mm diameter passes coaxially through a copper tube of inner diameter of
15 mm and outer diameter of 25 mm and length 600 mm. The bolt has threads at one end
with a pitch of 2mm the nuts is turned on bolt through 45. So as to tighten the assembl~.
5
Determine the stresses developed in the bolt and the tube. Take Estee! = 2.1x 10 N/mm ,
~copper = 1.2 x 10 N/mm .
Given data: Steel bolt, d = 12 mm, Copper tube D = 25 mm, d = 15 mm, Pitch, p = 2 mm .
.Solution: Area of copper tube, Ac = ~x (252 - 15 2
4
1t
)= 314.16 nun2
Area of steel bolt,
A8 = -xl2 = 113.09mm
4
Pitch of threads,
= 2mm
Number of degree{through which nut is screwed on the bolt = 45

Let o 5 , crc be stress induced in steel and copper respectively. Due to rotation, the nut will move
along the axis of the bolt through a distance p (say),
45
.
45
8= -xp1tch=- x2=0.25mm
360
360
Such that,
Further, the axial movement of the nut
= Compression in the copper + stretch in the steel bolt

8 = ecLc +e 5 L5
[Ls = Le
=0.6 m =600 mm]
0.25 = 600(ec +es)

0.25
Oc
600
Ee
Es
--= - + -8
... (1)
Also the tube and the bolt, in equilibrium will carry the same load,
Pc= Ps
OcAc = OsAs
As
ll3.09
314.16 s
o =-o = - -o
c
Ac
crc = 0.36crs
... (2)
1-5-t
SOM
From (l ) and (2), we get

0.25 ( 0.360 5
600 = l. 2x I0 5
cr 5
+ 2. l x l0 5
4.1666x 10 4 = 7.76 l 9x 106 cr 8

cr s = 53.68 N/mm
and
(1)
O' c
2
2
= 0.360 5 = 19.32 N/mm .
'
Linear strain (e) :

It is the ratio of change in length (8{) to the original length ({).
(I
8/
e = -
(2 )
Lateral strain (eL) :
'I
Every direct stress is always accompanied by a strain in its own direction along with in a direction
perpendicular to it.
This strain is called lateral strain.
== Change in lateral dimension
:. eLat
Original dimension
l
I
For circular bar of diameter d
I
8d
:.
eLat
==
For a bar with rectangular cross section.

8b
eLat
(3)
8t
b =t
m:
.
. ( or 1 )
Poisson's
ratio
I
I
It is the ratio of lateral strain to the linear strain.

-1.&
CLin
<.. I
:. Poisson's ratio
==
1.15 Poisson's Ratio :
I
Simeon D. Poisson showed in 1817 that the ratio of lateral strain to longitudinal strain is
constant. Accordingly, this ratio is named after him as Poisson's ratio. It is denoted by, v or _!_
.
Poisson's ratio pennits us to extend Hooke's law of uniaxial stress to the case of biaxial stress and
triaxial stress. Thus if an element is subjected simultaneously to tensile stresses in x and y directions, the
.
O' X
strain in x-direction ts -
. . d'
. . o y
:in stram my- uectlon ts --.
d
I
I
lI
<..
I
<..
I
I
r(
(
c'I
1-55
SOM
Simple Stresses arid Strains
i.e.
(\
(
Generalised Hook' s law for

biaxial stress system
'
and
cry
Ox
Oz
e =----Y
E
E
E
Generalisoo Hook' s law' for

triaxialstress system
1.16 Volumetric Strain :

When a member is subjected to forces it defonns and it undergoes changes in dimensions and
hence subjected to change in volume.
The ratio of change in volume to the original volume is called the volumetric strain (e).
Change in volume (Oy)

Original vohur.e (v)
a) Uni-axial Loading :
Load can be applied in three directions, i.e. in x, y and z directions. In case of uni-axial
loading load is applied in only one direction, say x-direction and no load in y and z direction.
(
Case-I: Volumetric strain of a rectangular bar.
Let
L = Length of the bar

b
= Width of the bar
t = Thickness of the bar
= Load applied in x-direction.
l
(
l
(
i . ..
1
.
L ----Fig.-1.12
i)
Stresses :
Stress in x-direction, a
p
x
=-=--
bxt
Stress in y and z direction, cry = crz = 0.
1-56
SOM
ii)
Strains:
(r X
Strain in x-direction, ex = -
E
Strain in y-direction, cy = - x linear strain
= - X Cx
Strain in z-<lirection, e2 = - x linear strain
= -xe
Volumetric strain of the rectangular bar is
oV
e\' = v=ex +ey +ez
=c[I -2}
i.e.
ev=e[l-2}
and
8V = Cv XV.
Case-II: Volumetric strain of a Circular bar.

Let
t..
I = L~ngth of circular bar
= Diameter of bar
Let 8/ and 8d be the change in length and change in diameter respectively. Original volume of bar
TI
=-
.,
ct-. I
Change in volume of bar ov
Volume strain e.,. =
=:
[d: 8/ + 2d od /]
8v
V
= ]!_ [d 8/+2d 8d /]
4
TI/4 d2 ' /
8/
8d
e.,, = -+2'
: . e.,,
e.,,
8v
V
=
=
=
Linear strain + 2 lateral strain

c- 2 eLat
(negative as lateral strain is in opposite direction)
c-2 -e
.[since e1.at = e)
= e(l-2 )
e(l-2)
:. Change in volume of circular bar= 6v = v e (( I - 2 )
1-57
SOM
b)
Bi-axial Loading : (2-D State) :
When two forces (loads) acting in the x and y direction

which are mutually perpendicular to each other, on a body then the
body is said to be under the action of bi-axial stress system.
Consider a specimen subjected to two tensile stresses as
shown in Fig.-1.17.
Let
C\ = Stress in x-direction
- ---., ---- +---ox
cry = Stress in y-direction

ex = Strain x-dircction
Strain in x-direction
<I
I
i.e.
I
l
For the circular rod :
Area of bar,
Stress in x-direction,
cry
... ( l )
=- = - A 2!.x d2
4
Stresses in y and z directions is zero since no load is applied in these directions.

cry = cr2 = 0.
1t
A=-xd
(J
I
t
ex = ~ [cr x - a y ]
I
I
Ox
ex=---
Fig.-1.17
ey = Strain in y-direction.
Strains in x, y and z directions:

ex = Strain in x-direction due to load P (Linear strain) =
.
(I
ey = Strain in y-direction due to load P = - x Linear strain
I
tI
(J X
= --
[ :
= Poisson's ratio]
e2 = Strain in z-direction due to 1.oad P = - x Linear stain
Ox
= --
Volumetric strain (ey):

ev = ex +ey +e 2
l
I
i.e.
G; +(- G;
ev =el-2
[ 1
H-G;)
G; [1 -2]
(J X
.
e=-
= 1mearstram
1-58
SOM
Strain in y-direction
e
i.e
O'y
(J
:---X
y
ey = ![o
-o ]
E y
... (2)
Note: Tensile stresses are considered to be positive and compressive stresses are considered to be
negative. Accordingly equations (1) and (2) may change.

c)
Tri-axial loading: (3-0 State) :
A body is said to be under tri-axial loading when

it is subjected to three loads, which are mutually
perpendicular in direction say x, y and z.
cr,
Consider a rectangular specimen subjected to

three tensile stresses, which are mutually perpendicular to
each other, as shown in Fig. 1.18.
)-x
z
Fig.-1.18
Let
crx = Stress in x-direction

cry = Stress in y-direction
crz = Stress in z-direction
ex
= Strain in x-direction
ey = Strain in y-direction
ez
= Strain in z-direction.
Strain in x-direction
(
.. . (1)
Strain in y-direction
,(
Gy
Ox
Oz
e =----Y
: ..!_ [(j y - ((j X + (J Z )]

E
l
l.
.. . (2)
Strain in z-direction
... (3)
\..
'
1-59
SOM
Volumetric strain (ev)
ev = ex + ey + e2
l(
'6V =.!_[ax
i.e.
V E
-(cry +az))+![ay -(ox +oz)]

E
(
I
+..!_[a z - (ax +a Y]
E
=.!_(ox +cry +oz}[t-2]
)
)
... (4)
E
Note: 1) For rectangular specimen, uni-axial loading cry= a:i = O; substitute in equation (4), we have
I
I
(
'6V = ~[1-2]
V
(I
.... as earlier.
2) For rectangular specimen, bi-axial loading<\ = O; substitute in equation (4), we have
oV
=.!_(ax +ay)[t-211]
V E
1.17
.... as earlier.
Bulk Modulus ( K) :
When a body is subjected to three mutually perpendicular like direct stresses of the same
intensity within elastic limit, the ratio of direct stress to volumetric strain of the body is called as Bull<
Modulus of the body. It is generally denoted by 'K'. The unit is same as that of the Young's Modulus of
2
2
elasticity i.e. N/mm or kN/m . .
Relation between E & K :

Consider a cube of side 'a' subjected to direct tensile stress cr, as shown in Fig. -1.19.
It
By generalized Hook's law for 3-D state
e.,. =
but
O'x
:. e.,.
Ox+cry+ cri
E
cr
(1 - 2)
= cry= O'z =a
.. D
jH
3
~ (1 - 2) ... (1)
cr
:. e.,. =
Direct stres~ (cr)

Volume stram (e.,.)
cr
Equating Equations (1) and (2)
er
_....,...,.a
__;. ........ G
But by definition of bulk modulus

K =
... (2)
.....-"
,,....""
.....
Fig.-1.19
[
(
1-60
SOM
cr
.. K
3o
(l - 2)
:. E = 3K(l-2~L)I
1.18 Modulus of Rigidity or Shear Modulus ( G) :
j
I
I
Within elastic limit, the shear stress is proport ional to the shear strain. The ratio of shear stress to
shear strain is constant and is called as shear modulus or Modu lus of rigidity. It is generally denoted by G
or C. The unit is same as that of Young's modulus of elasticity.
Modulus of rigidity of some materials:

Steel
80 to 100 GPa
I
I
(
Cast iron
40 to 50 GPa
Brass
30 to 50 0Pa
Copper
30 to 50 GPa
Timber
10 GPa
Material
Modulus of rigidity
I
I
(
Consider a cube of side a' subjected to a shear stress t' as shown in Fig. -1.20.
Due to shear stress 't', the diagonal BD will be elongated and diagonal AC will be shortened.
I
t
0---------.C
I
A
'C
DD 1.cos45
I
I
=----
AD/i
DD 1
=-2AD
t
Strain of BD = BD1 -BD = D1D 2

BD
BO
<p
B
l
Fig.-1.20
=-=2 2G
Relation between Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity :
~
<p = shear strain
1-(,l
SOM
Thus, the linear strain of the diagonal BD is half of the shear strain and it is tensile. Similarly the
linear strain of the diagonal AC is half of the shear strain and it is compressi\e.
Consider shear stress 't' acting on the sides AB, CD, CB and AD. Due to tl1is shear stress. tensile
stress is developed on the diagonal BO and compressive stress on the diagonal AC.
I
l
:.
I
1
I
I
I
Tensile strain on BO due to tensile stress on BO = ~.

E
Tensile strain on diagonal BD due to compressive stress on AC = x 2-.

E
: . Total strain on
'(
!=~[1+]
i.e.
But
'(
BO =-+~t-
shear stress
shear strain
. . .
- - - - = modulus of ngtdttv = G
'(
(j)
=G
Strain of diagonal BD
= (j) = 2._=~(l+p)
2 2G
E = 2G[1 +
~tl
1.18.1 Relation between E, G and K :

E = 2 G [l + ]
E = 3 K[ l - 2]
E
I+ =
From (l)
2G
E
1 - p. =
From (2)
3K
Multiply equation (3) by 2 and adding equation (4), we get
We know
.. . ( 1)
... (2)
... (3)
... (4)
E
2+2= G
E
+ l -2 = -
t
(
3K
E E
3= - +i.e.
i.e.
G 3K
}= E(3K +G)
3KG
E= 9KG
3K+G
... (5)
1-62
SOM
From equat ion ( l) and (2). we have
3K-2G
= 6K+2G.
... (6)
<I
1.19 Solved Examples: Type - VI:
Ex.1.42: In a tensile test carried out on 16 mm diameter rod, the elongation measured on 100 mm
length was fou:,d to be 0.1 mm under a load of 40 kN. The change in diameter was found to
be 0.0045 mm. Determine Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio for the material. Also find
change in volume of the bar.
Given data: Steel rod, diameter, d = 16 mm; Length, L = 100 mm; Change in length, 6L =
0.1 mm; Axial load, P = 40 kN = 40000 N; Change in diameter, 6d = 0.0045 mm.
Solution : Elongation of the rod
oL = PL
AE
O } = 40000 X 100
(x 162 }xE
E = 1.98943
x 10 N/mm
(
2
Longitudinal strain
oL 0.1
e=- = L 100
=I xI0- 3
(
(
(
Lateral strain,
ed
6d 0.0045
d
16
= 2.8125 X 10-4
=- =
Poisson's ratio,
Lateralstrain
= Longitudiral strain
2.8125
= --
10-4
- --
10-)
=0.281
Change in volume,
6V=e[1-2}V
3
= l xl0-
[1 -2 x 0.281]x (
3
= 8.796 mm .
:X 16 x 100)
2
SOM
1-63
Ex. 1.43:
A bar 12 mm diameter is tested on universal testing machine. Following observations are

noted:
Gauge length
Load
= 200 mm
= 20 kN
Change in length
= 0.2
mm
Change in diameter= 0.0025 mm

Calculate modulus of elasticity and Poisson's ratio for the material.
Given data:
Diameter of the bar, d = 12 mm,
Length of bar, L = 200 mm,
Axial load, P = 20 kN =20000 N,
Change in lengt11, 6L = 0.2 mm,
Change in diameter, &i = 0.0025 mm.
l
I
Solution: Area of cross-section of the bar
A= 7tx12 2 =1I3.097mm 2
4
Change in length of the bar
6L= PL
AE
0. 2 = 20000 X 200
ll3.097 x
E = 1. 76838 x 10 5 N/mm 2
Poisson's ratio
oct
Lateralstrain = ct
it = Longitudinal strain 6L
ll
0.0025
J1
= 0.208.
200
Ex. 1.44:
A steel bar 2 m long, 20 mm wide, 10 mm thick is subjected to a pull of .
20 kN in the
5
direction of length. Find change in length, breadth and thickness if E = 2 x 10 N/mm2 and
= 0.3.
Given data: Steel bar, length, L = 2 m = 2000 mm; Breadth = 20 mm, thickness = 10 mm; Pull,
5
P = 20 kN = 20000 N; Poisson's ratio, = 0.3 and E = 2 x 10 MPa.
Solution: i) Change in length of the bar:
l
BL= PL = 20x 10 x 2000 = l.O mm

AE (20x10)x2xI0 5
Lateral strain
= Poisson's ratio x longitudinal strain
1-6-t
SOM
=0.J
= 1.5
>-. - -

X
1()
2000
ii)
Change in breadth
8 b = Lateral strain
=l.5
iii)
10
20 = 0.003 mm
Change in thickness
6 t = lateral strain
-4
= l. 5 x 10 x 10 = 0.0015 mm.
Ex. 1.45: A rectangular steel plate 1 m long, 400 mm wide and 20 mm th ick is subjected to bi-axial
stresses crx arid cry acting along length and width respectively. If the increase in length is
0.6 mm and the increase in width is 0.09 mm, find:
i)
crx and cry
ii)
Change in thickness of the plate
iii)
Change in volume of the plate.

Take
E = 210 GPa and Poisson's ratio= 0.25.

= 0.6 mm. 8b = 0.09 mm, E = 200
Solution:
.I
Stresses in x, y and z directions:

Strain in x and y directions.
ex =~ [a x - (cry
c X -
51
/
- ~=
-
1()()0
+crz}]
1 [crx -0.25(cr,,+o)]
2()() X 1()3
120 = cr - 0.25 cr
-'
... (a)
and
I
I
45 =
CT\'
+ 0.25 CJ X
... (b)
Solving equation (a) and (b), we get
cr z = 140 MPa (Tensile)
and
Now
I
I
J
Given data: L = 1000 mm. h = 400 mm. t = 20 mm. 8L

3
GPa = 200 x 10 MPa, = 0.25.
i)
cry = 80 MPa (Tensile)
e2
=_!_ [cr
E
- (crx
+cry)]
~
)
1-65
SOM
1CXX>mm
20nm
r--------Fig.-EL 1.45
I
I
~=
20
1
200x 10 3
{o-o.2s(14o+so)]
6 t = - 0.0055 mm (Decrease)
ii) Volumetric strain:
ev
ex + ey + Cz.
6V =(~)+(0.09)+(- 0.0055)
V
1000
400
20
-4
8V = (5.5 x IO )(1000 x 400 x 20) = 4400 mm (Increase).

Ex. 1.46:
A steel bar of rectangular cross-section 10 mm x 15 mm and len~th 120 mm is subjected to a

5
compressive force of 3.5
If E for steel = 2.1 x 10 N/mm and Poisson's ratio = 0.3, '
kN.
determine:
It
l
i) Change in length
and
ii) Change in 15 mm side.
Given data: A=0.0l x0.015=1.5xl0-4 m2 ; Lcngth, L = I20mm=O.l2m:
Load, P = 3.5 kN = 3.5 x 10 N;
I
I
I
~l
CU.
Solution: i) Change in length (6L):
Stress,
3
7
2
P 3.5x l0
o = - = - - - =2.33x 10 N/m
A l.5 xl0-4
Strain
I
I
I
I
I
E = 2.1 x 10 N/mm :
Stress
E
23.33
e=---5
2.lx 10
BL= 0.00011
L
6L= l.ll xl0- 4 x120

6L = 0.013 mm (Increase)
=23.333 MPa.
1-66
SOM
ii) Change in 15 mm side:
Lateral strain,
elat = x e
bb = 0.3x l. llx 10- 4
b
bb = l 5 X 9J X l.11 X 10-4
= 4.999 x10- mm (Decrease).

The modulus of rigidity of a material is 8 x 10 N/mm . When a 6 mm x 6 mm rod of this
Ex. 1.47:
material was subjected to an axial pull of 3600 N, it was found that the lateral dimension of the
rod changed to 5.9991 mm x 5.9991 mm.
Find the Poisson's ratio and the modulus of elasticity.

4
Given data: G = 8 x 10 N/mnl, els - 6 mm x 6 mm, P = 3600 N, 8b = 8d = (6-5.9991) mm.

Solution: Area of cross-section of the rod
A = 6 x 6 = 36 mm 2
P 3600
.
2
cr = - = - - = l 00 N/mm
A
36
Changeinlateraldimension 6-5.9991 0.0009 )OO
= - - = - - - - - - - = - - - = - - = ( 015
Originallateraldimension
6
6
Stress
Lateral strain
cr
= ~t-=0.00015
E
But lateralstrain
E::: 100 = 2 x 10
0.00015
3
6
t
... (i)
E = 2G[l+]=?. x8xl0 [l+ttl
Also
6
lx~O
... (2)
=2 x8xl0 4 {+1)
::: 0.3158
Poisson'sratio = =0.3158
Young's modulus,
E = 2 x 8 x 10 ll + 0.3158) = 2.105 x 10 N/mm .
A bar of steel 25 mm diameter and 1 m long stretches 1 m m; under simple tension. Find the
5
2
change in volume, if Poisson's ratio is 0.25. Take E = 2.1 x 10 N/mm .
Ex. 1.48:
GiYcn data: d = 25 mm, L = l rn = 1000 mm, 8L = I
nm1, = 0.25,
Solution:
Area of els,
Linear strain,
E = 2.1 x 10
N/mn/
l
l
A=
7t
xd 2 = 7t 25 2 = 490.87 mm 2
4
8L
L
l
1000
e=-=-=<l.001
-~]
1-67
SOM
Volumetric strain
oV
ev =-=c(l-2)
V
6V = 0.001(1- 2 x 0.25)x 7t x 25 2 x 1000
SV = 245.435 mm 3
Ex. 1.49 :
Given data: d = 12 mm, L = 200 mm, 8L = 0.2 mm.
~l
= 0.3 and E = 1.02 x 10 N/mm 2 .
Solution:
02
e= oL = =0.00 lmm = l x l0- 3 mm
L 200
Linear strain,
I
(
A circular bar of 12 mm diameter is tested in tension. The increase in the gauge length of
200 mm is 0.2 mm. Determine the change in its diameter, if Poisson's ratio = 0.3 and E for
5
2
material= 1.02 x 10 N/mm .
elat =~txe=OJxl x l0-3 =3.0xl0- 4
Lateral strain.
4
Changein diameter, 6d =e1at x d =3.00x 10- x 12
Sd = 0.0036 mm.
Ex. 1.50 :
The modulus of rigidity of a material is 0.8 x 10 N/mm . When 6 mm x 6 mm rod of this

material was subjected to an axial pull of 3600 N, it was found that the lateral dimension of th e
rod changed to 5.9991 mm x 5.9991 mm. Find the Poisson's ratio and modulus of elasticity.
Given data: P = 3600 N, A = 6 x 6 mni2, G = 0.8 x 10~MPa.
Solution : (i) Area of the section of the rod.
Il
l
1
\
A =6x6 = 36 mm 2
P 3600
2
=a=-=--= lOON/mm
Stress,
A
36
. Change in lateraldimension
Lateral stram = - - - - - - - - Original lateral dimension
eL
= 6-5.9991 = 0.0009 =O.OOOl 5
But lateral strain,
(j
eL = E
I
I
- 100
0.0001 )=-x
E
I
I
I
I
=0.00015
= 6.6666 x 105
E = 2G(l+)
E = 2 x 0.8 x 10 5 (1 +)
E
Again
6.6666 x 105 ~t = 2 x 0.8 x 10 (l + )
... (1)
... From (I)
1-68
SOM
4. 16666 = l +
= 0.3157
Poisson's ratio,
= 0.3157
Young's modulus,
E = 6.66666 x 10 x = 6.66666 x 10 x 0.3 157
= 2. 1046 x 10~ N/mm

Ex. 1.51:
A square bar is subjected to axial compressive stress crx in the longitudinal direction. The
lateral strains in the directions at right angles are completely prevented by suitable external
stresses (pressures).
Evaluate the value of this external pressure and the resulting stress-strain ratio in the
longitudinal direction in terms of E and i~.
Solution: (i) Strains in each direction.
iI
I
er,
Fig.-Ex. 1..51
ex = .!_ [- cr x - (-cry - cr z )] = -
ii)
~ [cry -(crx
ey
=-
e2
= _ _!_ [cr z - (ax + a y )]

E
_!__ [cr x -
(cry +cr z)]
+cr 2 )]
Lateral strains arc prevented by external stresses,
ey = _ .!_[ay -(ox +0 2
E
)]= 0
(
a y = (cr x +cr z)
e2 = _.!_[cr 2 -(ax + cry
and
crz = (<Ix +cry)

Substitute in Equation (i),
( (J
cry ==
2
(J
~t
I
... (i)
l=
I
... (ii)
[crx + (cr x +cry)] == [crx (l +)+cry]
= ( 2 + ) (J X
I
I
I
I
ll
SOM
1-69
r
I
I
.... (Externalstress) ..... (a)
I
Now, from Equation (ii)
.cr z = [cr + cr
X
I
(
=tt
crz + ~l2 cr z
(J
I
I
I
":I'
[crx + tl (crx + cr2)] = fcrx (1 + ) + cr2 ]
= ( + 2) crx
<l(J
z. = [ +
1-
.
cr 2 = --x crx
l - ~l
iii)
... (Extcmalstress) ... (b)
Resulting stress-strain ratio:

e,
=-
~ [ox - (o
+o, )] =- [ 0, -
1{i ~
XOx
l\
XOx
The strain in X-direction
[1-(
Ex. 1.52 :
i~: )l
A bar of square cross-section of 20 mm side, 2 m long is subjected to 30 kN pull. Find

alteration in length and side. Take E 200 GPa and 0.25.
Given data: Steel square bar, 20 x 20 mm; L = 2 m = 2000 nun; Pull, P = 30 kN = 30 x 10 N;

E = 200 GPa =200 x 103 MPa; Poisson's ratio, = 0.25.
Solution: Elongation of the bar:
oL =PL=
AE
30xl0 x2000 = 0. 7Smm

(20 x20)x200xI0 3
SOM
1-70

(
n.....
,
rv!SSOll S
Latcrai strain
ralto = - -- -- Longitudim) strain
.
0 25
.
obt20
(0.75/2000)
ob= l.875 x l0-3 tum

= 0.00187 mm (Contraction).
Widl11 of bar is decreased by 0.00187 mm and length is increased by 0.75 mm.
1.20 Solved Examples : Type - VII :

Determine the maximum strain due to two mutually perpendicular stresses 100 N/mm 2 and
Ex. 1.53:
2
5
60 N/mm both tensile. Take E = 2 x 10 MPa and Poisson's ratio as 0.3.
Given data: Stresses in two directions, crx = + 100 N/nm/, cry = + 60 N/mm2 and E = 2 x
5
10 MPa, ~t = 0.3.
Solution: Strain in x-direction,
CX
~ [a
l
[+100-0.3(+60)]=4.lxl0- 4
5
2x 10
X -
cry ]
Strain in y-direction,
ey = .!..[a
YE
=
1
2 X 10 5
~t cr
x]
[+60-0.3(+100)] =l.5xl0- 4
Maximum strain is 4. lx 10- 4.

Ex. 1.54:
A cubical element is subjected to uniform tensile force of 320 kN along three mutually
perpendicular directions. Determine volumetric strain. Consider side of cube as 20 mm. Take
= 0.3.
Given data: A cube, 20 rrun side; :. V = 20 x 20 x 20 = 8000 mm ; Tensile force, P = 320 kN

3
= 320 x 10 N.
(I
(
Solution: Direct tensile stress
I
3
a=!= 320xl0 =800N/mm 2

A 20x 20
Volumetric strain
..
8V 3cr
) 3x800 [
]
-3
ey = - =-(l-2 = - - 1 -2 x0.3 =4.8xl0
V E
2xl05
.
I
I
<I
1-71
SOM
Change in volume
~
uV =
CV.
V = 4.8
10
-3
(20 x 20 x 20)
= 38.4 mm
(Increase).
In a tri-axial stress system, the stress. along xx-direction 100 N/mm (tensile), along yy-
Ex. 1.55:
direction 60 N/mm (tensile), along zz-direction 30 ~/mm (compressive).

Find strain in each direction. Take Poisson's ratio as 0.25and
E 2 x 105 MPa.
Given data: Stresses in three directions are, crx = + 100 N/mm (Tensile), cry= + 60 N/nun 2
(Tensile), crz = -30 N/mm2 (Compressive).
Solution: Strain in x-direction,
ex = .!.[crx - (cry +crz)]

E
2x 10
[+100-0.25(+60+(-3o))]=4.62Sxto-4 (Tensilei
Strain in y-dircction,
Cy= ~ [o y- (crx +oz)]
=
1
2xl0 5
[+60 -0.25(+100+(-30))]= 2.125 x10 - 4 (Tensile~
Strain in z - direction,
e z = _!_[oz - (cr x +cry)]

E
1
2xl0
Ex. 1.56:
[-30-0.25(+ 100+60)]=-3.Sx t0- 4 (Compressive).
A steel flat 200 mm long, 40 mm x 40 mm in cross section is subjected to a stress of

2
2
100 N/mm along length and 40 N/mm on other two faces, all tensile. The change in volume
was observed to be 125 mm3.
l
l
5
2
Determine the value of Poisson's ratio. Take E c 2 x 10 N/mm .
5
Given data: Steel flat subjected to stresses as shown in Fig.-Ex. 1.56: E = 2 x 10 MPa.
Solution: Stresses in X, Y, Z directions are,
ax = +100 MPa, cry = + 40 MPa, cr z = + 40 MPa
oV = 125 mm 3
and
E = 2xI0 5 MPa,
Let
= Poisson's ratio.
Volumetric strain:
1-72
SO M
b.~?\
40 MPa
y
--1----...
'(
- - - 1 00 MPa
X
T
J.
40mm
z
40 MPa
l-200mm ~
Fig.-Ex. l. S6
i.e.
125
= (+100+40+40)[1-2~t]
2xl0 5
(40x40x200)
3.90624xl0- 4 =9x10- 4 [1-2~i]

l- 2~L = 0.434027
= 0.2829.
(
Ex. 1.57:
A metallic piece is subjected to forces as shown in Fig.-Ex. 1.57. Determine the change in
volume if E = 200 kN/mm~ and Poisson's ration p = 0.25.
')
P2 = 2250 kN
P. == 2250 kN
75mm
1
P,. = 1250 kN
Fig.-Ex. 1.57
3
Given data: As shown in Fig.-Ex. 1.58. E = 200 x 10 N/mm
2
,
~l
= 0.25.
Solution:
Let
Px==-2250 x I03 N,
Py=+2250x 10 N,
P2 = -1250 x 10 N.
1-?J
SOM
i)
Stresses in x. y. z directions (Tensile: + vc. Comp.: - vc):

2250xl0 3
Ox =- (l 0 x? ) =-200 MPa
oy
2250x 10 3
=+ (lOOx 150) =+150 MPa

1250 x I0 3
Oz
ii)
=- (75x 100) =-166.67 MPa
Strains in x, y, z direction:
ex =~ [ax-(ay +ai}]
1
200xl0 3
[-200-0.25(150 - 166.67)] =-9.7916x10- 4
ev. = _!__[ov
- (ox +0 2 )]
E .
=
200x 10 3
200xl0
iii)
[+150-0.25(-200 - l66.67)]=+1.2083 3xl0- J
[- 166.67-0.25(-200+ 150)]= -7.7083xl0 - 4
Volumetric strain:
ev
= ex + ey
+ e2
4
= - 9.7916
10 + 1.20833
= - 5. 4166
10
l(f
- 7.7083
IQ
-4
Change in volume
-4
6V = evxV = (-5.4166 x 10 )x(lOOx 150 x75)
= - 609.37 mm3 = 609.37 mmJ (Decrease).

l
Ex. 1.58:
A piece of material is subjected to three perpendicular tensile stresses. The strains in these
directions are in the ratio of 3 : 4 : 5. If Poisson's ratio is 0.286. Find the ratio of the stresses
2
and their values if the _greatest stress is 60 N/mm .
ey = 4 e, ez = 5 e, = 0.286, cr max= 60 MPa.
Given data: ex= 3 e,
Solution: For 3 - D stress system,
crx
(1-)ex +~t(ey +e 2 )
(l + ~L)(l - 2~t)
--
... (I)
-------------
1-74
SOM
(1 - )c y +(ex +ez)
-E =
(1+}(1-2)
.. . (2)
... (3)
21
From (l}, (I+ )(i - ~) ox = (l - 0.286)(3e) + (0.286)(4e +Se)= (4.7 16)e
E
2
From (2), (l+)(l- )
E
From (3), (l + ~i)(l E
Hence,
oy
= (1 -0.286)(4e) + (0.286)(3e +Se)= (5.l44)e
cr = (1 - 0.286)(5e) + (0.286)(3e + 4e) = (5.572)e

2
crx: cry: o 2 = 4.716: 5.144 : 5.572 = I : l.0907 : l.1815
Thus, cr 2 is maximum
(
cr 2 = 60 MPa,
a =
X
1.1815
=5C.78 MPa
I
I
l.0907
1.1815
Oz X
and
Ex. 1.59 :
(1
a y = - - - = 55.39 MPa.
A bar of metal 100 mm x 50 mm x 250 mm in size is subjected to forces as shown in Fig .-Ex.
1.61. If E
=200 GPa and =0.25,
find the change in volume of the bar.
What change must be made in the 4000 N load in order that there shall be no change in
volume of the bar.
l
Wz =4000 N
250mm
50mm
T
l
WY= 2000 N
Fig.-EL 1.59
Given data: The forces on the section are as shown in Fig. Ex. 1.61. Poisson's ratio, = 0.25,
3
E = 200 GPa = 200 x 10 MPa.
1-75
SOM
Solution:
i)
Stresses in x, y and z directions:
Wx
400
ax =-=+---=+0.08MPa
A
IOOx 50
Wv
2000
a = - =+---=+0.I6MPa
y
A
250x50
W
4000
250 x100
2
a 2 =-=----=-0.16MPa
ii)
Strains in x, y and z directions
ex =
I
I
Cv
=.!._[a,,. - ~1(ax +a 2 )]
E .
= ![0.16 -0.25(0.08-0. 16)] = + O.
18
e 2 =.!.[az. -it(ax +cry)]
0 22
= ![-0.16-0.25(0.08+0.16)] = - .
I
iii)
Volumetric strain ev:

ev -- f".'x +ey +cz
0 04
=.!._[+0.08+0. 18-0.22]=+ =+
[ax - (a y + a 2 )]
0 08
=.!.[o.os-0.25(0.16-0.16)] =+
E
E
I
I
I
iv)
E
Change in volume of the section
o.o.i
200x 10
=+2xl0- 7 .
8 V = ev. V
~
=+ 2 x 10 x [100 x 50 x 250} = 0.25 mnr (Increase m volume)

v) For no change in volume of the section
t.e.
eV = 0
[crx +cry+ cr2J/ E = 0

crX+cry +crZ ~ 0
Here only change is to be made in W2 .

+0.08+0.16+cr2 = 0:.
But
cr2 =
Wz
a=z
Wz
-0.24=-,--~
(250x 100)
W2 = -6000 N = 6000 N (Compressive).
- 0.24 MPa
(
(
1-76
SOM

(
The load W = 6000 N (Compressive) and other Wx and WY makes no change in volume of
2
bar.
1.21
Solved Examples : Type - VIII :

4
2
The shear modulus of a material is 4.5 x 10 N/mm . A bar of 20 mm diameter made of the
Ex. 1.60:
same material is subjected to an axial pull of 25 kN . After the loading, the diameter of the bar
measures 19.997 mm. Calculate the Poisson's ratio and Young's modulus for the material.
Ghen data: G = 4.5 x 104 N/mnt2.

0.003 mm.
d = 20 mm, P = 25kN
= 25000N,
od
= 20 -
19.997
=
(
Solution:
Lateralstrain =
Change in lateral dimension

Original lateral dimension
0.003
~ l )-4
ed= - = l ..JX(
20
~
= ~L -cr = Lix
ll)-4
Also lateralstrain
25QQ()
.!!. x 20 2
l: = l. 5 X l()-4
E = 530516.48
Modulus of elasticity
l
E = 2G[l + it]
E = 2G(l+)
(
4
530516.48 =2x4.5 x10 (l+)
Poisson's ratio,
Young's modulus,
~l
= 0.204
E = 530516.48
= 1.08387 x 10 5 N/mm 2 .
Ex. 1.61:
A bar 40 mm in diameter is subjected to a tensile force of 500 kN. The extension measured
over a gauge length of 200 mm was 0.3 mm. The decrease in diameter was found to be
0.02 mm. Calculate the values of Young's modulus of elasticity and modulus of rigidity of the
material.
3
Given data: Diameter of rod, d = 40 mm, Tensile force, P = 500 kN = 500 x 10 N, Original
gauge length, L = 200 mm, Elongation, 8L = OJ mm, Decrease in diameter, od = 0.02 nun.
Solution:
7t
1t
Area of lhe bar, A= -d = - x 40 = 1256.64 mm

4
4
.
1-77
SOM
i)
Young s modulus of elasticity:

&L = PL
AE
Using the relation,
OJ= 500x 10 x200

1256.64xE
E = 265257.62N/nun 2 = 265.26 kN/mm 1
ii)
Poisson's ratio:
e = &L = OJ = l.5x 10-3
L 200
Lincar~r:1b,
Lateral strain,
elat =
Lateral strain
Linearstrain
Poisson ratio,
I
I
I
I
~l=---= 0.333
= 0.0005
l.5xl0- 3
iii)
Modulus of rigidity:
Using the relation,
E = 20(1 + ~t)
265.26 = 20(1 +0.33)
265.26 = 2.66 0
I
I
I
I
0.02
d&l = 40
= 0.0005
G = 99.72 kN/mm 1 .
A 1 O mm diameter rod of the material was subjected to an -axial pull of 4. 75 kN, and the
change in diameter was observed to be 0.002 mm.
Ex. 1.62:
Determine the modulus of elasticity of the material.
Assume modulus of rigidity= 4 x 10 N/mm .
Given data: d = 10 mm, P = 4.75 kN =4.75 x 10 N, 8 d =0.002 mm, 0 = 4 x 10 N/mm

Solution:
Area of els
Stress
7t
7I
A =-d =-xlO =78.54mm
4
4
P 4.75x 103
cr=-=--A
78.54
cr = 60.48 N/mm 2
Lateral strain
Poisson's ratio,
_ 6d _ 0.002 _ 2 1()-4
d - IO - x
elat -
Lateral strain
= Linear strain
2x 10-4
=---
2x 10-4
e=--
1-78
SOM
From Hooke's law.

E =~ =
60.48
(ix ~o-4)
t
)
E = 60.48~l
2xl0-4
E = 302400
... (I)
Using the relation,

E=2G(l+)
4
= 2 X 4 X 10 (J + ~L)
E = 80000 + 80000
... (2)
Substituting the value of E from equation (I) in equation (2), we have

302400 = 80000 + 80000
222400 = 80000
= 0.36
Substituting the value of in equation ( I). we gel

E = 302400 x 0.36 = 1.08864
Ex. 1.63:
10 N/mm 2
A circular bar of 20 mm diameter was tested on U.T.M. for tension test. When an axial pull of
150 kN was applied, the elongation of the par over <1 gauge length of 200 mm was 0.48 mm.
The reduction in ctiameter was 0.012 mm. Find E, , G and K for the material.
Given data: Circular bar. d = 20 mm: Axial pull, P = 150 kN = 150

Length of bar, L = 200 mm:
ii)
3
X
20()
(~x2o )xE
2
.,
lO N/nuu-
Poissons ratio:
= 0.012/20 =0.25
0.48/200
Modulus of rigidity (G):

E = 2G( I +)
5
I
I
I
(
.
,
.
Lateral strain
P01sson s ratto = - - - - - Longitudirul strain
iii)
= l50x 10
E = I. 989
AE
oL=~
48
10 N:
L = 0.48: 8 d = 0.012 mm.
Solution: i) Modulus of elasticity (E):
1.989 x 10 = 2 x G (I +0.25)
I
I
1-79
SOM
G = 0.7958 x to~ N/mm
iv)

2
Bulk modulus (K):

E = 3K(l-2)
1.989 x 105 = 3 K (l - 2 x 0.25)
...
K = 1.3263 x to N/mm
5
A material has elastic modulus of 2 x 10 MPa and Poisson's ratio of 0.25, calculate modulus
of rigidity and bulk modulus.
El. 1.14:
Given data: E = 2 x 105 MPa, = 0.25.

Solution: i) Modulus of rigidity (G):
E
= 2 G(l + )
2 x 105 = 2 G(l + 0.25)
G
ii)
= 0.8 x
104 MPa
Bulk modulus (K):

E = 3 K(l - 2 )
2 x 105 = 3 K ( I - 2 x 0.25)
I
I
I
I
K = 1.333 x 10~ MPa.

Ex. 1.65:
For a certain material modulus of elasticity is 169 ~Pa. If Poisson's ratio is 0.32, calculate
the values of modulus of rigidity and bulk modulus.
Given data: Modulus of elasticity
E = 169 GPa = 169 x 10 N/mm
Poisson\ ratio,
= 0.32.

E = 2G (l + )
169
10 = 2G ( l + 0.32)
5
G = 0.64015 x 10 N/mm1
ii)
Bulk modulus (K):
I
I
E = 3K(l-2)
169 x 103 = 3 K(l - 2 x 0.32)

5
K = 1.5648 x 10 N/mm
Ex. 1.66:
A steel bar of square cross-section 35 mm x 35 mm, 500 mm long is observed of stretch

0.2 mm under a pull of 100 kN. The same bar in single shear test under a force of 122.5 kN
shows the distortion of original right angle corners by 0.00125 radians. Determine the values
of the four elastic constants of the material.
Given data: Tension test Steel square bar 35 mm x 35 mm, L = 500 mm, BL= 0.2 mm,
3
P = 100 kN = 100 x 10 N.
Shear test: F = 122.5 kN = 122500 N,
~=
0.00125 radians.
(
(
(
SOM
1-80

G =2..= l22500/(35x35)
q>
0.00125
=0.8 x 10
ii)
MP a
Modulus of elasticity (E):

SL= PL
AE
O2= (10ox 103 )(500)

.
(35x 35)(E)
E == 2.04081
iii)
105 MPa
Poisson's ratio():
(
E == 2 G(l + )
2.04081
10 = 2(0.8
l{)
)(l + )
= 0.2755
iv)
Bulk modulus (K):

E == 3K (l - 2 )
2.04081 x 10 = 3 K (l - 2 x 0.2755)
K = l.S1514 x 105 MPa.

Ex. 1.67:
Determine the change in volume of a 25 mm cube of Aluminum (E
=70 GPa, =1/3) when
dropped a distance of 8 km to the ocean floor. Take density of ocean water= 10 kNtm
Derive any formula, if used.
Given data: Cube:
~
3
3
l
3
V = 2) x 25 x 25 mm, E == 70 x 10 MPa, = -, p = 10 kN/m ,
h = 8 km = 8000 m.
Solution: i) Water pressure at depth (h = 8 km):
p = p. h
= (IO x 1000) x 8000 == 80 x 106 N/m2 = 80 N/mm2 .

1.e. Volumetric stress (p) acting at all faces.
ii)
Volumetric strain:
ev
But
80
=-=-
K=
sv
K K
3(1 -2)
80
-=--V
[3{1:2,l)J
l
l
'
1-81
SOM
80
t
\
i.e.
iii)
Cy = l.lU85 x 10
-3
Change in volume of alwninium cube:
6V
ey .V
= (1.14285 x 10'3)(25 x 25 x 25) = 17.857 1 mn?.
1.e. Increase in volume of cube at bottom of ocean at depth 8 km is 17 .8571 mnt3.
Ex. 1.68 :
I
I
A bar of 30 mm diameter is subjected to a pull of 60 kN. The measured extension on gauge

length of 200 mm is 0.09 mm and change in diameter is 0.0039 mm. Calculate Poisson's ratio,
Young's modulus of rigidity and bulk modulus.
Given data: d = 30 mm, P = 60 kN = 60000 N. L = 200 mm. 8L = 0.09 mm. od = 0.0039 mm.
Solution: i) Poisson's ratio():
8d
Lateral strain,
eLat = d
= 0. 0039 = l. 3 x 10 _4
3
Longitudinal strain,
:. Poisson's ratio.
e = SL = 0.09 = 4.Sx 10 _4
L 200
- e Lat
C
4.5 x 10- 4
ii) Young's modulus of elasticity (E):
6L= PL
AE
O = 60000 X .200
09
. @x3o 2 )xE
I
(
- 1.3 x IO -4 - 0 289
~L - - -
E =.f2G (1 + )
1.88628 x 105 = 2 G(l + 0.289)
5
G = 0.73168 x 10 MPa
I
t
I
'1-
1.88628 x 105 MPa
iii) Modulus of rigidity (G):
iv) Bulk modulus (K):

E = 3K(l-2)
1.88628 x 10 5
K
= 3 K(l - 2 x 0.289)
= 1.48995 x 105 MPa.
1-82
SOM
Simple Stress es and Strains
1.22 Statically Indeterminate Structures :

In case of statically indeterminate problems. the laws of static equilibrium. 1.c. t Fx
O:
and L Fz = 0 .arc not sufficient enough to evaluate the unknown forces. The additional
equations are required to solve such problems.
In addition to above conditions. the conditions of compatability must be satisfied which refer to
continuity of displacements throughout the stmcturc: viz. at fixed support there is no rotation and
translation of the member.
I
I
:E Fy
=0
1.23 Solved Examples : Type - IX :

Ex. 1.69 :
A rigid bar AB is hinged to a vertical wall and supported horizontally by tie bar CD. The tie bar
2
2
has a cross-sectional area 50 mm 3nd it's allowable stress in tension is 150 N/mm . Find the
safe value of the magnitude of the load 'P' and the corresponding vertical deflection AB of the
5
2
point 8. The tie bar has the modulus of elasticity E = 2 x 10 N/mm .
p
D
1.5 m
t=====~======e;A _1
1-- 2 m - - - Fig.-Ex. 1.69

Solution: Consider free body diagram of gi\'cn system as shown in Fig.-Ex. l .69(a).
p
D
C
A
s1================
.
.
~.~
1
.... ,...................................
C1
: .................
F.B.D. with displacement diagram

Fig.-Ex. 1.69(a)
Taking moment about A, we ha\'e
P x 4000 = (Pco x sin 36.87) x 2000
P = 0.3 Pco
~
crco = co
A
..
... (I)
1-83
SOM
150 = Pco
50
Pco = 7500 N
P =0.3x 7500 =2250 N.
i.e.
Now, displacement of point Band C is in relation. (From two similar 6.5)
6c
2
-8= -
4
68 = 26c
68 =; 2[PL]
AE
= 2.25
I
Ex. 1.70:
= x 7500x(2.5xI000)xsin36.87
50x 2x10 5
CD
mm.
A rigid bar with negligible mass is pinned at o and attached to two vertical rods as shown in
Fig.-Ex. 1. 70. Assuming that rods were initially stress free, what maximum load P can be
applied without exceeding stresses of 150 MPa in steel rod and 70 MPa in bronze rod .
2
Area of steel rod, A = 900 mm , Area of bronze rod, Ab= 300 mm ,

5
= 200GPa
and Eb = 83 GPa.
~---2 m
.. I,.
0
1.5 m -..j--- 1.5 m - j
1.5 m
Steel
rod
.... 2 m
Bronze
rod
Fig.-Ex. 1.70
Given data:
As = 900 mm ,
Es= 200 GPa = 200 x 103 MPa,
Ab = 300 mm ,
Ls = 1500 mm,
Lb = 2000 mm,
Eb= 83 GPa = 83 x 10 MPa.
Solution: Due to load P, stresses are developed in the rods. Draw displacement diagram as shown in
Fig.-Ex. 1.70(a).
Displacement diagram
Fig.-Ex. 1. 70 (a)
1-84
SOM
crs = stress in steel rod ; crb = stress in bronze rod.
Let
Deflections of rods corresponding to load P, is
6s
6h
-=-
1500
= - 6b =0.56b
2000
... ( l )
Strain in steel rod = Strain in bronze rod
lI
(~), ~o.{~)b
=OJ
Pb x2000 )
l_300x83x l0 3
P5 x l500
900x200xl0 3
PS = 4.8193 Pb
Here,
... (2)
and Pb = crb. Ab,
Ps = crs. A8
[from (2) J
<Js.As = 4.8193<Jb.Ab
Ab
300
<J 5 =4.8 193x-crb =4.8193x-<Jh = l.6064ob
As
900
... (3)
Now,
if
<Jb =70MPa; cr 5 = I.6064x70=l l2.45MPa < 150MPa O.K.
if
o = 150MPa ab
Consider,
and
'
ab = 70 MPa
=-150- = 93 .3 7 MPa
l.6064
cr5 = 112.45 MPa.
I
I
> 70MPa ...... Not safe
and
P5 = 0 5 .A 5 = l l2.45x900 = 101205 N
I
I
Pb =ob.Ab =70x300=2 I000N
To find value of maximum P, consider the moment of all loads about o, we have
P x 2 = Ps x 1.5 + Pb x3
'
... (4)
P x 2 = IO 1205 x l.5 + 21000 x 3

(
= 214807.5
P = 107403 N
= 107.40 kN.
Ex. 1.71:
I..
Find maximum load P that can be applied at B, for the system as shown in Fig.-Ex. 1.71.
Permissible stresses in steel and brass are 200 MPa and 170 MPa respectively.
l
{
1-85
SOM
Bra ss bar
L 400mm
A600mm
200mm
E 1 x10 MPa
400mm
T0.1 mm
Steel bar
L 300mm
p
2
A 500mm
5
E 2 x10 MPa
Fig.-EL 1. 71
Solution: Consider displacement diagram, Fig.-Ex. 1.71(a}.
l
200 mm
I 200 mm I
400 mm
1
I
A~~- - - . - - -- - -~IB
~ C
400 mm
C
T.
61J + 0.1 --i B
C'
F.B.O.
.:: B'olb
Fig.-Ex. 1. 71(a)
cc'
BB '
200
600
oL +O.l
6L b
-=-
I
1
5
--=-200
600
crs
crb L
EsxLs+O.l
Eb
----=-200
600
~x400
crs x300+0.l = 200x -l_
xI_0_ _ _
5
2xl0
600
l.5 x 10-3 a 5 +O. l = l.333x 10-3 crb

l.5cr5 - l. 333 crb = 100
If
cr5
= 200 MPa then
. " (1)
crb = 150 MPa < 170 MPa O.K.
1-86
SOM
ii)
Jf
crb = 170 MPa then
crs = 217.8 MPa > 200 MPa Not O.K.
Hence consider
cr1 = 200 MPa and
crb = 150 MPa.
\.
Consider F.B.D. of ACB. rigid beam. Taking moment about A. we have

Ps x 200 + Pb x 600 = P x 600
i.e.
(200
500)
200 + (15()
600)
P = 123.333
i.e.
600 = p X 600
3
10 N
P = 123.33 kN .
The maximum load P = 123:33 kN can be applied at B, for the given system.
Ex. 1.72 :
A rigid bar BC is suspended by means of wires AB and DC as shown in Fig.-ER 1.72. Before
loading, the bar BC is horizontal.
Determine the position 'x' of central load such that bar BC remains horizontal after loading.
2
Given: 1) Cross sectional area of both wires AB and CD is 500 mm each.
2
2) Modulu s of elasticity of both wires = 200 kN/mm .
D
F
1000 mm --~--2000
mm----+I,..
.. 1000 rnm
30 kN
10 kN
10 kN
Fig.-Ex. 1. 72
Given data: As shown in Fig.-Ex. 1.72. AAB = Aco = 500 mm2, E = 200 kN/mm
Solution : Let PAB Pco = Load shared in wires AB and CD. N.
i)
= 200 x 103 N/mm2.
1:
Total load = PAB + PCD

:.(10+30+10)x lOOO= PAB+Pco
50 x IO
ii)
= PAB+ PCD
... (a)
From compatibility,
~
(
(!L =(~L
I
I
PAB x 1500 _ Pco x 3000

AE
p AB
<..
AE
=
.,
8AB =8co
2PcD
... (b)
\
--j
l
1-87
SOM
3
Substituting in (a), 50 x 10 = 2PCD + PCD

Pco = 16666.66 N = 16.67 kN
PAB = 2Pco=33.33kN
and
iii)
Let the load 30 kN be applied at ' x' mm from wire AB.

For equilibrium of horizontal rigid bar,
l:M@E = O; + 30 x (lOOO + x) + 10(4000) - 33.33 (1000) - 16.67(3000) = 0
444.67 mm
The 30 kN load should be applied at a distance x = 444.67 mm from wire AB. so that rigid
remains horizontal.
Ex. 1.73:
Three wires made of same material having same cross sectional area support a load 'P' as
shown in Fig.-Ex. 1.73. Wire no.-1 is 1.0 m long. Wires-2 and 3 are longer than wire no.1 by
0.5 mm and 1.0 mm respectively. Determine the load 'P' which will induce tensile stress of
2
250 MPa in wire no.-1. Take area of cross-section 10 mm and E = 200 GPa for each wire.
2
Given data: A= 10 mm , cr 1 = 250 MPa. L1 = I m = 1000 mm,

3
E = 200 GPa:;; 200 x
10 MPa., L2 = 1000.5 mm, L3 = 1001 mm.
Solution: Let PI' P2 and P3 = Loads taken by wires l , 2, 3 respectively.

P 1 = cr I Al = 250 x l O= 2500 N
8LJ 250xl000
[ E 1 = (200xl0 3 J = 1.25 mm
8 L1 = -
1 3
8L2 = 1.25 - 0.5 = 0.75 mm

8L3
= 1.25 - l = 0.25 mm
ii) For P2,
. = _a..;;..
x_lO_O_O
2_
0 75
Fig.-Ex. 1. 73
200x 10 3
cr2 = 150 MPa

P2
iii) For . P3,
0'2
Ai = 150 x 10 = 1500 N
6L3 =(;xL
0.25 =
cr3
(j
200x 10 3
50 MPa
1000
(
(
1-88
SOM
P3 = cr3 ~ = 50 x l O= 500 N
P = P1 + P2 + P3 = 2500 + 1500 + 500 = 4500 N
iv) Total load,
P = 4.5 kN.
i.e.
Ex. 1.74: The length of 2 mm diameter steel wire CE has been adjusted so that with no load applied, a
gap of 1.5 mm exists between the end B of rig id beam, ACS and a contact point Pas shown
in Fig.-Ex. 1.74. Knowing that E = 200 GPa, determine where should a 25 kg block be placed
on the beam in order to cause contact between Band P.
I
E
2 mmdia
--steel wire
300mm
1~
A
.. ,
'lbl Ti;=:======o;====:::i
s+-1.5 mm
I:J,
Gap
;..:.o..,
....,,---300 m m - - -
9
i--1.,-..;:
I'
mm
Fig.-Ex. 1. 74
3
Given data: As shown in Fig.-Ex. 1.74. E = 200 x 10 MPa.

(
Solution:
Draw displacement diagram and F.B.D. of AB as shown in Fig.-Ex. l.74(a), (b).
i)
For compatibility,
8L 1.5
- =90 390
90 mm C
A
....
CC= 6L=~x90
390
= 0.3461mm
i.e.
oL = PL
Again
~--T11~;m
(a) Displacement diagram
22 )(2oox 103)
.. I
x -1
(b) F.B.D. Of AB
(390 - x)
P = 724.98 = 725 N
i.e. Tension in wire,
=P===7f=5=N=W===2:tr=9=.8=N==::::i B
Px300
( ~x
300 mm
Ac,
AE
0.3 46 1 =
P = 725 N.
Fig.-Ex. 1. 74
1-89
SOM
ii)
For equilibrium, taking moment about A,
:. + W(390 -
x) - P x 90 = 0
.'. + (25 X 9.8)(390 (
X]
= 725
90
x = 123.67 mm
The block of 25 kg should be placed at a distance of 123.67 mm from B, so that it will rest on support at
B.
Ex.1.75: A rigid bar ABC is initially horizontal as shown. The two wires, each of diameter 10 mm
(E = 200 GPa) are attached to the bar as shown in Fig.-Ex. 1.75. Determine the small vertical
I
I
displacement of point C when a load P
'
=10 kN is applied at C. Length of the bar = 4 m.
T
L
= 10mm
E = 200 GPa
L.
1
I-,---- L - - - - - - - L----(L = 2m}
(
l
I
P = 10 kN
Fig.-Ex. 1. 75
Solution:
Draw F.B.D. and displacement diagram for AC as shown in Fig.-Ex. l.75(a),(b).
i)
For equilibrium,
I:M@A = O;
T x 2 cos 45 + T 1x 4 cos 45 = IO x 4
2
2T2 + 4T 1 = 56.57
... (a)
~.
...
-----------------
:,
1-90
SOM
ii)
For compatibility :
62 61
-=-
t\
(6L)
= 0.5 l\
x cos 45 = 0.5 (6L)c x cos 45

(6L)8 = 0.5 (6L)c
p
(a)
L
B
L
A -:-- C
~ 62
61
c,
Fig.-Ex. t. 75
Substituting in (a),
2T + 4T 1 = 56.57
1
and
Now
T1
= 9.428 kN
= 9.428 kN
(6L)c
=(!t
9.428x 10 3
./n
1000
~xl02
4
= 3.395mm
(0 C)
= 3.395 X COS 45
= 2.40
mm (i).
'
l
l
SOM
1-91
l:x. 1.75(AJ
Three bars
each of area 250 mm2 support a load
of 7.5 kN
as
shown
in
Fig. A Find the stresses developed in each bar.
Est
= 2004 Pa, EBrass 83 GPa.
Fig. A
Solution :
F.B.D. of A
t
7.5 kN
f
f
\
tI
'I
l
Fig. B
F8 sin65+Fs+F8 sin65-7.5
F8 (1.8 12)+F8
7.5(kW)
... (1)
1-92
SOM
Defonnation diagram :
0
B
I
I
25 ,'
I
I
I
I
~.l;16st
\It
A''
Fig. C
Wilott's diagram :
A
cI
i
I
A'
I
I
Fig. D
81
cos 25
br
8/
st
I 6 ,b,
Pb /b
Ab Eb
p '
09 1 ~
. A E
s
0.91 x PS x 0.91 x /b
Pb lb
83
= 0.91 6 '~
103
Pb
p
=
=
200
0.9}
10
0.91
200
Ph
Fb
P = 0.3436 = F
83

SOM
1-93
.. Fb = 0.3436 Fs
( 1.812 ) 0.3436 F + F
= 7.5
1.3436 Fa
= 7.5
'
tI
Fs
= 4.622 kN
Fb
= 1.588 kN
p
cr s
crs
crb
=
=
As
4.622
}0 3
= 18.6 MPa
200
},588
103
= 6.352 MPa
200
.. .Ans
Ex. 1.75(8) : A rigid bar BO is supported by a b~am at B by two wires as shown in Fig. E. Find
tensile forces produced in the wires 'by a load P
a~ea is same)
=5
P = 5 kN
Fig. E
Solution :
Bar hinged at B
:. rotates at B
I
tan eI = .!.&
1.2 = tan -
1.333
01=53.13
kN. (The wires are identical i.e
1-94
SOM
6
tan02 = -1.
2.4
=:>
0 = tan 2
I <).66>
02 = 33.69
A
(
1.6m
Fig. F
A
Fi~. G
C
Fig. H
(
(
(
SOM
1-95
cc
o/AD
sm0 = - -
oo'
Comparing 2 similar triangles
(
(
cc
oo'
=
1.2
2.4
o/AC
sin 01 x 1.2
o /AD
sin 0 x 1.4
2
sin ( 53.13 ) x l.2 x 8 IAD
O/AC =
sin ( 33.69) X 2.4
r:, /AC
pAC /AC
0.721 8 /AD
0.721 I( PAD IAD )
AAC EAC
\ A_,.\D EAD
pAC x 2
0.721 pAD
2.88
PAC =
0.72]
PAC
2.88
X
(
(
PAD
= 1.038 pAD I
... (1)
Defonn ation condition.
MB=
0~
F.B.D of system
PAC
PAD
Ax
-8
1.2
5 kN
Fig. I
PAC
sin ( 53.13) x 1.2
+ PAD
(sin 33.69) / x 2.4 = 5 x 2.4
0.959
\
0.959
PAC+
1.331 pAD
J.038 p AD + 1.331 pAD .
= 5 x 2.4
= 5 X 2.4
--------------------Simple Stresses and Strains
1-96
SOM
(
2.326
PAD
= 5 X 2_.t
PAD
= 5.15 kN
PAC
= 5.35 kN
Ex. 1.75(C): A rigid platform having negligible mass is supported by an aluminium bar as shown in
2
~ - J. The Al bar is 250 mm long and 1000 mm in area. The steel bars are 249.9
long and 2000 mm2 in area. Find stresses in steel and Al ?
Es= 200 GPa, EAi = 70 GPa
IJ't11
Platform
50 kN
0.1 mm
250mm
Al
249 9 mm
St
St
!
Fig. J
Given:
3
2
EA/ = 70 x 10 MPa AA, = 1000 mm
3
2
Es = 200 x 10 MPa As = 2 x ( 2000) = 4000 mm
Solution :
For compression of O. l mm length of Al, find the force required.
01
0.1
O.l x 1000 x 70 x 10 3
250
pl
p. /
AE
p I X 250
1000
70 X 10 3
(
pl
I
I
= 28000 N
Ipt = 28 kN I
This much load is required to compress the bar. Remaining load of 50 - 28 = 22 kN and
for this load the new position of structure is as follows :
(
(
1-97
SOM
(
(
(
22 kN
Composite
section
St
Al
St
249.9 mm
Fig. K
= p, + paI"
22 X 1()3 = ps + pal
22
1()
..,
cr~ x -WOO mm- + cral x IOOO
... (I)
( 8 I) s =
(
p I
s
p /
al al
As X E s
as
C
= A E
al al
=
al
Os
Es
....
al
2()
~ = 2.857
7 ~~
a al
cr s
2.857
2.857 x 4000 x <\1 + 1000 cral
;\
l0 3
22
10 3 = l2-t28.57 v I
a
al
cr
... (2)
CT I
22
cr
( () / )al
= 1.77 MPa
= 5.05 MPa
Stress in aluminium al stage l.

cr al =
cr
al
paf
28 X J0
=
A
1000
81
= 28 MPa
Simple Stresses and &trams
1-98
SOM
- - - -- - - - -- --- - - - -
Final stress in alum inium
a a1 + cr a1 = 28 + 1.77
= 29. 77
MPa
crs = 5.05 MPa
Ex. 1.75(0) : A rigid steel plate is supported by three vertical post A, B and C. Each of
200 x 200 mm in section and 2m in length. Before the load P is applied the middle
post B is shorter by 0.7 mm. Determine maximum load P. If E = 30 GPa and
allowab le stress in compression 18 MPa.
(
E = 30 x 10 MPa
Given :
allowable (maximum) stress

Cross-sectional Area
= 18 MPc1
= 200 x 200 mm = 4 x 104 mm2
P (kN)
(
(
2m
}1m~
(
(
A
B
Fig. L
Find actual load required to compress A. C by 0.7 mm

Solution :
Stage ( I )
8/ =
pX
AxE
p
0.7 =
pl
}0 3 X 200()
4 x IO4 x 3Ox 10 3
0. 7 x .t x IO4 x 30
200()
l
3
= 420 x 10 N
(
{
P, = 420 kN
To compress A and C the load utilised is 840 kN.

:. Remaining load is ( P - 840) kN.
l
l
l
l
1-99
SOM
(P 840) kN
1.99 m or 1999.3 mm
_l
Ill
r,f/1/
'l11n ,,11111111 ' " '
'I
'II
Fig. M
When material is same thL: total load is equally shared by each bnr lond taken by A
P_\ =
P - 840
. . - =Po=Pc
.)
l0 4
72
10
420
= -+20
10 3 +
( P - 840 ) x. 10 3
3
( P - 840J ~
10
....
.)
(P-t~ l
Maximum stress of 18 MPa is for post A as it has initial stress + ( I
P- 840
p
18 = - +
A
18 =
3A
[ 420 + p 1
J
4 X 10
l8 = [ 3.5
-I X
=
l
420 + ( P - 840 ) / 3
A
03
1()-] +Q.QQ833
18 - 3.5 = 0.00833 P
1740.6 kN = p
p = 1740kN
10-J 10 3
3 X 420 + p - 84{)
3A
1- 1()l)
SOM
Srmrle Stressf's and Strains
Ex. 1.76 : Links BC and DE are both made of steel (E = 200 GPa) and are 12 mm wide and 6 mm thick
Determine:
1) The force in each link when 2.5 kN force P is applied to the rigid member AF as shown in
Fig .-Ex. 1.76.
2) The corresponding displacement of point A
A
(
(
Wl');,~~WJ:~W)ll,:~~~~.,~
Fig.-Ex. l. 76
Given data: As shown in Fig.-Ex. 1.76. P = 2.5 kN

A= 12 mm (wide) x 6 nun (thick) = 72 mni2.
= 2500 N. E == 200 GPa = 200 x 10 3 MPa.
Solution : (i) Draw the F.B.D. of the main member AF and the enlarged Displacc111cnt diagram. as
shown in Fig.-Ex. 1.76(a).

(
A
P = 2.5 kN
A -----------: A
,
,t
t
.
f
100 m m
I
I
.'
'
+f
.SL1 ',''
C : C
50mm
6L2 t:
,'
'
''
D ,' D
50mm
I
f- R
,'
'
I'
.l
Fig.-Ex. 1. 76(a)
For equilibrium of member AF,
1-10 I
SOM
(
Sim ple Stress es and Strains
Z:M@F = O: + 2500 >- 200 - F1 x 100 - F2 x 50 = 0
2F 1 + F2
ii)
10000 N
. .. (1)
From displacement diagram:
8A = 8L 1 = oL 2
200 100
50
8A = 28 LI
and
But
Now,
oL I = 2. oL2
oL
8L1 = F1L1
and
AE
8L 1 = 20L2
F1 xlOO 2 x F2 x 25
=
AE
AE
F = 0.5 F2
2
=F2L2
AE
... (2)
Substituting in (1), 2(0.5 F2) + F2 = 10000
F2 = 5000 N (Tensile)
iii)
and
F = 0.5 F = 2500 N (Comprcssi\'c).
Thus force in GB.
F = 2500 N (Compressive) and in ED F2 = 5000 N (Tensile).
Displacement of point A:
F1L1
2500 x 100
AE
72 x \200 x 10 3
8A = 28L 1 =2 x --=2 x
J = 0.03472mm
(~).
Ex. 1.77: Two rigid bars AB and CD are hinged at A and C and supported by steel and aluminium wires
as shown in Fig.-Ex. 1.80. Determine the maximum value of force P that can be supported if
its permissible displacement is 5 mm. Neglect self-weight of all the members.
Aluminium bar
2
A.= 500 mm
E. = 70 GPa
I..
3000 mm
Steel bar
2
A,= 100 mm
E, = 200 GPa
C
!F
!-3000mm
Fig.-Ex. 1. 77
1
1
2000mm
1- 102
SOM
Given data: As shown in Fig. -Ex. 1.77. 8 P = 5 mm.

Solution: i) Draw F.B.D. and displacement diagram as shown in Fig.-Ex. 1.77(a).
3000 mm
PS
Pa
3000 mm
3000 mm
l t
3000 mm
to
Ve
PS
YA
oo
F.B.D. of bars AB and CD and th eir displacements.
Fig.-Ex. l.77(a)
For AB;
I:M@A=O;
P8 x 6000 = Pa x 3000
(
P,= 0.5P.1
For CD;
I:M@C = O;
... (I)
'
:,;
P x 3000 = Psx 6000
P = 2Ps
ii)
. .. (2)
From displacement diagram:
60 8P
-- = -6000 3000
co
= 2 x 8P= 2 x
oP = 5 mm (Given)
= 10 mm
iii)
Total displacement:
60 = 8La +8Ls
10 = Pa x La + Ps x Ls
A 3 Ea A 5 xE 5
+ (0.5Pa}x 2000
Pa x3000
- soox(1o x10
=
1.0238
30ox(20ox10 3 )
-4
l Q P8
Pa = 97674.42 N
= 97.67 kN
and
=
:. Maximum ,alue of P
48.84 kN
= 2 Ps = 97.67 kN.
1- 1U3
SOM
"
~
Ex.1.78:
A composite bar ABC, rigidly fixed at A and 1 mm above the lower support, is loaded as
shown in Fig.-Ex. 1.81. Determine the reactions at the ends and stresses developed in each
5
2
section. Take E:: 2 x 10 N/mm .
Given data: As shown in Fig.-Ex. l.78.

Solution:
Initially there is no stress in the composite bar but as load at B acts, there is elongation of bar and
the bar BC is under compression and AB is under tension.
8L AB - oL BC = 1
cr 1A 1 _ cr 2 A 2 =l
i.e.
a 1 xlOOO _ cr 2 x lOOO = l
2xI0 5
2 xl0 5
0-1 - 0-2 = 200

... ( l )
300 mm - -
500
80()()()
3cr 1 + 5cr2 = 800
(
(
Substituting,
(2), we get
1000 mm
A + 0 2 A2 = 80000
1 1
300 + cr 2
I
I
CD
Total load shared by each part

0
B,_....,._ _.........,
... (2)
500 mm
2
-
~-
cr 1 = 200 + cr2 in equation
80 kN
1000 mm
3(200 + 0 2) + 5cr2 = 800

600 + 3c2 + 5cr2
cr2
and
= 800
=
25 MPa (Compressive)
1...1...,.11.....1.....
11'""'"1.,. .,1. .,.....
111"""/l.....1...
11....J.....
?
cr, = 200 + cr2 = 225 MPa
(Tensile)
Fig. Ex. 1. 78
Reaction at upper support

=Force in AB
\
\
(
=cr 1 A1 == 225 x 300
= 67500 N (Pull)
Reaction at lower support
=Force in BC
= 12500 N (Push).
cr2. A2 == 25 x 500
'
Ex. 1. 79:
1 mm
For the system as shown in Fig.-Ex. 1. 79, find vertical displacement of roller at D.
("
1-10-t
SOM
Steel bar
A= 300mm
E = 2 x 10 MPa
L= 4 m
1~
50 kN
2m - -------2 m - - . . . i
(
D
1m-l
2m
Fig.-Ex. 1. 79
Solution : i) Consider equilibrium of part DE, taking moment about E, we have
- 50 x 2 + R0 x 4 =
Ro = 25 kN t
ii) Consider equilibrium of part CD, taking moment about C, we have
PsA x 2 = 25 x 3
(crBA x 300) x 2000
= 25000 x 3000 (N-mm)

(
cr8 A = 125 MPa
Elongation of bar AB,
a BA
SLAB =--x LAB

E
125
2xl0 5
X 4000
25kN
~cl.---_ _s_,_f---.;io
.......1----2 m---,"""'l -1m-J
F.B.D. of CD
i.e.
82 = 2.5 mm
Now frotn displacement diagram

62 61
=2
3
3
81 = - 82
2
3
B
D
Cc-------------------,-----------. ._..........
:
,,..,
"
"...
IQ
I 2
.......... __ :
..1..
I
IO
: 1
-........... !
01
l
(
=-x 2.5
= 3.75 mm.
Fig.-Ex. l. 79(a)
Hence, downward deUection of Dis 3.75 mm.
1-10:i
SOM
S1mp1e Stresses and Strains
1.24 Temperature Stresses :

When the temperature of a body is increased or decreased. it cause the l>od>' to expand or
contract. If the body is allowed to expand or contract freely with rise or fall of temperaturi:. no stresses arc
induced in the body. If the expansion or contraction is prc,cnted. some stresses arc induced in the body
and called as thennal or temperature stresses. The strain corresponding to temperature stress is called as
temperature strain.
L = Original length of the bar
Let
a.
Temperature rise in C
= Coefficient of linear expansion.
Due to rise in temperature the increase in length of the bar is

8L =
a,
tL
... ( l)
If both the ends of the bar arc fixed to rigid supports. compressi,e strain is induced in the bar
since expansion of the bar is prevented.
8L atL
e=-= - -=at
Temperature stress, cr = eE
a = a tE
... (2)
if the supports yield b> an amount equal to b . then actual expansion of the bar is
8L = at L - 6
Temperature strain
6L
(at L - 6)
e- - --
... (1)
and temperature stres

cr = c.E
cr = (atL -o) ,E
l
... (-l)
Coefficient of linear expansion of some materials:

Material
Coefficient of linear expansion

(a) per 0 c
St~el
I l.5
Copper. Brass
17 X 1()"6
Aluminium
1.25
23
l(f
10-6
to 13
106
tO 18
l0"6
to 24
10'
Solved Examples : Type - X :
Ex. 1.80 : A steel rod is of 20 mm diameter and 2 m in length at 25C. Find new length of the rod if the
temperature is raised to 75C. Find the magnitude and nature of force required to prevent this
expansion.
1-10(,
SOM
Take E = 2
10 N/mm
Sim ple Stresses and Strains
and temperature coefficient et= 12 x 10-
Given data: Steel rod, diameter = 20 mm, Length L

5
75 - 25 = 50, E = 2 X 10 MPa and Cl = 12 X 10-6 fc.
=2 m =
tC.
(
(
2000 mm. Temperature rise
Solution: Area of cross section, A= 7t x20 2 = 314.l6mm 2

4
Temperature stress,
cr = at E = 12x 10-6 x (50)x 2 x 10 5 = 120 N/mm 2
Temperature strain,
C = Clt
= l2 x l0-6 x50 = 6xl0- 4
6L
e =L
But strain,
6x10 - 4 = ~
2000
6L = l.2 mm
.. Total length of rod at 75 C = L +6 L = 2000+1.2 = 2001.2 mm

Force required to prevent the expansion,
= cr
x A
= 120 x 314.16 = 37699.2 N (Compres5ive).
Ex. 1. 61 : A steel bar 40 mm in diameter, 5 m long, is heated through 60
C with its end clamped before
heating. Ca lcu late the thrust exerted by th e bar on clamps. (i) if the clamps do' not yield. (ii ) if
the clamps yield by 0.5 mm.
Assu me, E
210 X
= 210 GPa and a=
60
11 x 10- /C.
Given data: Steel bar. d = 40 mm. L = 5 m = 5000 mm, t = 60 C, E = 210 GPa = 210 GPa =
6
3
to MPa, a. = 11 X 10- /C.
Solution: i) Clamp do not yield:

The change in length is totally pre,cnted.
8L
= o. t L =
ll
10-
60
5000 = 3.3 mm
- SL - 3.3 - 6. 6 X 10- 4
L 5000
Thermal strain,
el -- - -- -
Temperature stress,
cr
Thrust exerted,
P =o
= E x et
x
= (210 x 10 ) (6.6 x
A = 138.6
x (: x
40
10-4) = 138.6 MPa (Compressive)
= 174 17 N = 174. I 7 kN
(
ii)
Clamp yield by 0.5 mm:

Change in length prevented
8L = ex. t L - 0.5 = 3.3 -0.5 = 2.8 mm
Thermal strain
SL
2.8
e =- =- t
L 5000
= 5.6
10
-4
l
(
1-107
SOM
Temperature stress,
cr = E x c
(
=.
(2 IO x 10
x (5.6 x 10~ = 117.6 MPa
Thrust exerted-bv~bar on clamps

2
P =crx A=l7.6 x( :x40 )=1-l7780N

= 147.78 kN.
Ex. 1.82:
Rails of 10 m length each are laid on the track in the morning. When the atmospheric
temperature was 12 C. A gap of 3 mm was kept between two consecutive rails. At what
maximum temperatu re the rails will stress free? If the temperature is raised further by 10 C,
what will be the magnitude and nature of the stress induced in the rails?
= 200 GPa, q. = 12 x 10- 6 / c.

GiYcndata: Rait L= lOm= 10000 mm.8L=3 mm, t 1 = l2C.
0
E = 200 GPa = 200 x
10 N/mn{ a= 12 x
6 0
1()" /
C.
Solution:
Case-I: Maximum temperature for which rails will be stress free:
Free expansion
= a.. t
3
t -t
2
L
6
12 x l0 x (t2 -t 1)x 10000
= 25C
t2 =
25+12=37C.
Up to temperature 37C. the rails are stress free.
Case-II: When the temperature is further raised by 10C:

t i = 37C and 12 = ti + 10 = 47 C.

-6
8L = cx.t L =12x 10 x(47 -37) x 10000= 1.2mm

.
e=
2
1.
= l. 2x 10-4
3
10 xl0
Temperature stram = ----''--. -.-.C....-------Ongmal length

i.e.
(J
e= -
l.2 x }0
-4
cr
X[
3J
\200x 10
cr = 24 MPa (Compressive)
Due to rise in temperature a compressive stress is induced in the rails.
1-1 !IS
SOM
-------
Ex. 1.83 : A steel rod is 20 m long at 20 C temperature. Find the free expansion of the length when the
temperature is ra ised to 65 C Al so find the temperature stress produced when the rod is
2
E = 200 GNtm .
permitted to expand by 5 mm Take u = l 7 x l o-<i per C and
Ghcn data: L = 2
111
= 2000 11111\.
I I = 20C. t 2
= 65C. 8L = 5 111111. Ct.= 17 X
w- /C
and
E = 200 GN/11/ = 2 x I0 N/mni2.

Solution: free expansion of the rod= u I L
=17 , to-6 , (G5 - 20)x20xlOOOmm=ISJOmm
When the rod is permitted to expand by 5 mm: in this case
Expansion prevented = 15JO - 5 = 10.30 mm

:. Temperature strain
Expansion prc,cnted
Original length
IOJO
= ") !) x l()- 4
20 xl000
:. Tempcratt11c stress
=---
19-ll.7-l
(
= s1 ra111 , E
=-
-- . 2. 10 5 N/mm 2 = 103 N/mm 2 .
19-fl. 7-f
c:<. 1.84:
A steel bar 20 mm in diameter and 4 50 m long is heated through 40C above the ambient
temperature, when the ends are clamped. On cooling back to atmospheric temperature, it is
found that the clamps have yield by 0.5 mm. Find the pull exerted 0:1 the bar by the end
clamps . Take E = 200 GPa, u = 10 -: 10
GiYcn data:
d = 20
1111ll.
Length
-6
L =-l.50
1
per C.
111
,
= .isoo mm.
E = 200 GPa -= 200 T IO N/111111-. ex = 10
t=
6
><
.ioC.
Iff I C. ,-. = O 5 mm.
Solution: Contraction prevented. fil "'<LI L - 8

=1 0- 10-6, -l0 x-t500-0.5 = 1.3mm
Temperature strain.
:\ I<)-4 ( tc11s1e
1 )
c = -<5L = -l.J
- = 2.8<.,,
L -t500
Tcmperatu1c stress.
cr = cE
= 2.89 , I0- 4
~- 200 xJ0
= 57.78N/m111 (tensile)
Pull
P=cr xA= 57.78x~x20
{ l
=18152.12 N
18.15 kN.
Ex. 1.85: A steel bar 25 mm in diameter and 4.5 m long is heated throug h 40c above room
temperature. When the ends are clamped on cooling back to atmospheric temperature, it is
found that the clamps have yielded by 0.6 mm. Find the pulls exerted on the bar by the end
clamps.
. I
SOM
1-109
Take
6
E = 200 GPa and a = 10 x 10- 1c.
Given data: d = 25 mm.
= 10 >-
L = 4.5 m = 4500 mm. a.
.(i O
10 / C. E = 200 x 10 N/rnm.
Rise in temperature. t = 40C.

Solution: Pull exerted if the support yield by 0.6 111111:
Contraction prcvcntccl. 8L= a. tL -o
6
= 10 X 10"" X ~(rx 45()0 - 0.6
= 1.2 lt\lll
Temperature strain
2
1
e =oL- =1.--= 2.>67 x I()" 4 (tens1e)
Temperature stress.
L
cr = e E
4500
~
=2.6 x JO x 200 x 10 = 53.33 N/111111- (le11s1lc)
Pull exerted.
P = 0 xA
=53.33 x 2:C- x 25 2 =26179.9-lN

4
P = 26.18 kN.
Ex. 1.86 : A steel bar consisting of two portions of length 11 and 12 and cross sectional areas A and~
1
the bar is fixed at the ends. Find the thermal stresses if the temperature rises by 100 K.
Assume, 1 =1 =I, A =2A and
1
1 2
2
l\ =11.7 x
-6
10 /K, E =
GiYcn data: L = L 1 = L2' A1 = 2A2. l = 100 K. o. s = 11. 7 x l(l"

x
200 GPa.
6
K. E = 200 GPa = 200
10 tv1Pa.
A1
P--...i - -- -- -- - -- -- -- -- - - - -
1.----- L1----~I------L2----Fig.-Ex. t.86

(
Solution:
i)
Force exerted al ends (P): The free expansion is prevented by P.
(atL)1 +(atL)2
=(~) +(PL)
AE I
AE 2
)+~ 1. 7 x 10-6 x 1oo x L)
(11. 7 x 1o- 6 x 1oo x L
PL
[1
= 200x10 3 2A + A
p
3
234 10- 3 - - - x . x
= 200 x 10 3 2A
312 A (N)"
1- l I 0
SOM
ii) Thennal stresses in the bars.
312A
A,
2A
CJ1 = - = --
A 1 =2A
= l 56 N/nun2 (Compressive)
and
312A
A2
CJ2 = - = - -
= 312 N/mm1 (Compressive).
Ex. 1.87: A bar of 1 m length has a circular cross-section, the diameter of which uniformly changes from
100 mm at one end to 70 mm at the other. If the bar is held between -rigid ?upports at the ends
and is subjected to temperature increase of 80 K, find the maximum stress induced in the
bar. Take
= 12 x 1o- / K
and
E = 200 GPa.
:L---------i,
.
70 mmj>
100 mmj>
p -~~-- - - - - - - - - ---- - - - - - - -- -- - - '<4--P
1000 mm
'
Fig.-Ex. 1.87
Given data: Tapering circular bar cross-section as shown in Fig.-Ex. 1.90.: d1 = 70 mm, d 2 =
6
100 mm, t = 80 K, a = 12 X l0r /K, E = 200 GPa = 200 X 103 MPa.
,
Solution: i) Thrust Pat ends: Free expansion of the bar,
6L = a tL = 12 x I0-6 x80 x 1000=0.96 nun
SL = 4PL
nEd 1d 2
Q
96
4 X p X 1000
71:X
(200 x 10 3 X70X100)
P = 1055575 N
= 1055.57 kN
ii)
i.e. P is the compressive force exerted at ends to nullify the free expansion of the bar.
Maximum stress in the bar:
The maximum stress will be induced at minimum cross-sectional area, i. e. at end A.
1055.57 X 10 3
p
O' max - -A
mm
{ re
4 x70
2J
274.28 MPa (Compressive}.
1- l l l
SOM
1.26
Thermal Stresses in Composite Bars :

Consider a composite bar consisting of two members, a copper and other steel,
Fig.-l.18(a).
Let
cr5 , oc = Stress in steel and copper respectively

A5 , Ac = Cross-sectional areas of steel and copper
cx.s , cx.c = Coefficient of linear expansion of steel and copper
(a.c > a.s).
E8, Ec = Modulus of elasticity of steel and copper

t = Rise in temperature.
Steel
_Copper
L:
(a) Composite bar
(b) Free expansion
(c) Temperature Stress
Fig.-1.18
In Fig.-l. l 8(b),
Free expansion of steel bar= a. 8 tL
Free expansion of copper bar = a.'c tL
If the free expansion of both bars is prevented then tensile stress is induced in steel and
compressive stress is induced in copper since ex,c > ex,s
Load on steel,
Ps = crs As
Load on copper,
pc= crcAc
For equilibrium of the system

Tension in steel = Compression in copper
SOM
1- 112

(
Also,
Actual expansion of steel bar = Actual expansion of copper bar
... (I)
i.e.
... (2)
Note : In case of composite bars, the members are subjected to compressive stresses whose
coefficient of linear expansion is more than the other member and other member wi ll be
subjected to tensile stresses.
1.27 Solved Examples : Type - XI :

Ex. 1.88 : A rod of total length 600 mm is fixed at its ends. It is made .UP oftwo materials brass and steel
rigidly connected to each other. The brass bar is 35 mm in diameter and 350 mm long. The
steel rod is 12 mm diameter and 250 mm long. If t he temperature of the bar is raised through
120 K, find the force exerted on supports.
a = 11 ~ ,10-6 /K,
ab
= 20 x
-6
10 /K,
= 210 GPa
Eb= 80 GPa.
Ghcn data: L: ; = 250 mm, Ll) = 350 mm. exs = 11 x I0-6/ K,

cxh = 20 x 10- 6/o K, Eh= 80 GPa = 80 x 10 :, MPa,
Brass rod, 35 mm dia.
14------
350mm
E = 210 GPa = 210

s
10 MPa.
Steel rod
12 mmdi::i.
----.. . . ""'!'-- - 250 mm
---..
Fig.-Ex. 1.88
Solution: Let
cr5,, C\ = stresses in steel and brass rod respectively.

l
2
Area of steel,
As= nxl2 = 113.097mm
Area of brass,
Ab = n x 35 2 = 962.11 mm 2
4
Now
a s, As = crb Ab
1-113
30M
Ab
o s = As cr b
962.1 l
= ll 3. 09 %
_8
- .507cr b
O=(<lt~)s +(<l tL)b -[~Ls +~xLbl

Es
Eb
llxl0-6 x120x250+20x10-6 xI20x350-[
05
2I0x10 3
x250+
b x350]=0
80xI0 3
0 = 1.17 - _o_s - _o_b-
840
I
I
17
_ 8.507crb
840
= 686.3}4
Ex. 1.89:
ob
228.57
and Force at supports, P = crs A5 = crb Ab
I
(
= 1.
228.57
113.097
77620.07 N = 77.62 kN.
A composite bar made up of aluminium and steel is heid between two supports . The bars are
stress-free at a temperature of 40C what will be the stresses in the two bars when the
temperature is 20c. If
i) The supports are non-yielding,
ii) The supports come nearer to each other by 0.1 mm?

I
Take E = 210 GPa;
E = 74 GPa.
a.
= 11.7 x 10--6 fc;
a. = 23.4 x 10~ fc.

a
Steel bar
Aluminium bar
25mm
50 mm~
i...
,j. . _ __ _
0.3 m-- ~ - - - - 0.6 m - - - - - i
Fig.-Ex. 1.89
Given data: Composite bar as shown in Fig.-Ex. 1.89;

6
=
74 x 103 MPa, o. = 11.7 x 10 fc,
a
s
l
I
a, =
23.4 x 10
E = 210
s
10
MPa,
fc.
Solution:
Let us assume that the supports at ends are removed so that the contraction of the bar is allowed
freely.
Fall of temperature =40 - 20 = 20C
1- 114
SOM
Contraction of steel bar

(
=a 5 (t2 - t,)Ls =ll.7xl0- (20)x0.6

= 0.000 1404 m
Contraction of aluminimum bar,
= aa(t2
- t,)La =23.4xl0-6 x20x0.3
= 0.0001404 m
Total contraction
= 0.0001404
+ 0.0001404
= 0.0002808 m
... (1)
Now let the force P be applied to tl1e left end till this end is brought in contact with the left hand
support. Let this force cause a stress ' a ' in the steel bar. The stress in the aluminium bar will be 4a ,
since the area of the aluminium bar is one fourth that of steel bar.
Extension of steel due to, P =
2l0xl0 9
x 0.6
Extension of aluminium bar due to. P =

.
Total extension =
m.
40
74x 10 9
x 0.3
m.
l.2o
+--- m
210 xl0 9 74xI0 9
0.60
... (2)
Case-I: When the supports do not yield:

0 60
1 20
+
= 0.0002808
210xl09 74xl0 9
0.0028570 +0.01626cr = 0.0002808x 109 = 280800

cr = 14.73x 10 6 N/m 2 or 14.73MN/m 2
: . Stress in steel bar
= 14 .7 4 MN/m 2
and stress in aluminium bar = 4 x 14. 73

0
= 58. 92 MN/m .
Case-II: When the supports yield by 0.1 rum:

20
0 60
= 0.0002808-~
+ 1.
9
210 X 10
74 X }0 9
1000
0.002857cr+0.0162cr = 10 9 (0.0002808-0.0001)
= 180800
cr =9.49x l0 6 N/m 2 =9.49MN/m2
Stress in steel bar = 9.49 MN/m 2

and stress in alumi.niumbar
=4x 9.49 =37.96 MN/m 2 .
Ex. 1.90: A steel bar is placed between two copper bars each having same area and length as the steel
bar. These are rigidly connected together at a temperature of 15C. When the temperature is
1-11 5
SOM
(
raised to 315C the length of the bars is increased by 1.5 mm. Determine the original length
and final stresses in each bar.
Take
2.
Estee! .. 210000 N/mm , - Ecopper .. 100000 N/mm ; <\teel = 0.000012 /C;
ex. copper= 0.0000175 /C.
A = A'
Given data: Area of steel.
'
Area of copper A = 2 A' T = 3 15 - 15 = 300 C

'
'
'
8L = 1.5 mm.
Solution: i) Stresses in steel and copper bars:
ll
Let <5 be the actual expansion of each bar
a 5 TL < 8 < ac TL
i.e. Steel is in tension and copper is in compression.
Let crS and crC be the stresses in steel and copper respectively.
.______c_;-:-~-~-r____.... :::::::::::1
...._____c_o.. ;. p__p_e_r_____ ::::::::J

.._.._ __ __ L - --
---i
8 = 1.5 mm
Longitudinal section
Cross-section
Fig.-Ex. 1.90
\
For the equilibrium,

Tension in steel
compression in copper
cr A = cr (2A)
C
cr = 2cr
S
Actual expansion of steel
Actual expansion of copper
2oc
Oc
0.000012 X 300 + - - - = 0.0000175 X 300 - - 2.l x J05
l x I0 5
360 + 0.952cr c = 525- cr c
1.952cr C : 165
<> c =84.53 N/mm2 (compressive) .
and
ii)
cr 5 = 2x84.53=169.06N/mm (tensile).
Original length of bars:

Actual expansion of the steel bar = Actual expansion of the copper bar
1-1 I6
SOM

(
O's
L= L S =L C
a5 TL +-L = 1.5
Es
169 06
0.000012x300L+
L = l.5
2. l xJ0 5
360l+80.504L = 150000
440.504L = 150000
L = 340.518 mm.
1.e.
Ex. 1.91 : For the composite bar as shown in Fig.-Ex. 1.91. If temperature rise is 80 C, find stresses
induced in both the members.
Given data: As shown in Fig.-Ex. 1. 91.

5
Ee= 1x10 Mpa

-6 0
ac=16x10 /C
Copper
Copper
A= 100 mm
A= 200 mm
B...-----1~-----1.' C
A
/ .....--1000 mm _ _.,..,l....,t---1000 mm _ _ _ ,
(
(
Steel A= 100 mm
Le 2000mm
5
-6 0
Es= 2 x10 MPa , Us= 12x1 0 / C
Fig.-Ex. 1.91
Solution: Since ex. > a.
C
due to rise in temperature copper will try to expand more than steel and hence
compressive stress will be induced in copper and tensile stress in steel.

Let
cr = stress in steel, portion AD

s
crc == stress in copper, portion AB
Now external load is acting on any member,

cr = cr
S
Moreover, stress in copper portion BC= 0.5 crC

Using relation
i.e.
e I +e2 == (a. I -'a.2) t L

(e +e) == (e1 - a.)tL
C
l
\
1-117
SOM
Oc x
1000 + 0.50c X 1000]+[0 6 X 2000]
l xl0 5
Simple Stresses anJ Strains
l x l0
2xl0 5
= ~ 6 X 10- 6 - 12 X 10- 6
)xfSl)
2000
0.0150 c + 0.0 lo 8 = 0.64
cr = 25.6 MPa
s
and
crAB =
Ge
= 25.6 MPa
crBC = 12.8 MPa.
Ex. 1.92: An aluminium cylinder and a bronze cylinder are centered and secured between two rigid
slabs by tightening two steel bolts, as shown in Fig.-Ex. 1.92. At 10 C, no axial load exists in
the assembly. Find the stress in each material at 90 C. For aluminium cylinder,
9
2
1200 mm2, E = 70 x 10 N/m and a. = 23 x 10-o 1C.
2
A=
For the bronze cylinder, A= 1800 mm , E = 83 x 10 N/m and a = 19 x 10-6 lC.

2
9
2
For each steel bolt, A= 500 mm , E = 200 x 10 N/m and a= 11 .7 x 10-6 /C.
Given data: Syst~m as shown in Fig.-Ex. 1.92; t = t2 - t 1 = 90 - 10 = 80C, A = 1200 mm

8
Ab= 1800 mm2, As = 500 nun2. ex.a = 23

E = 70 x 103 MPa,
8
10-6 /C. a,b = 19
10-6 /C,
ex.
Eb= 83 x 10 MPa,
= l l.7
E5 = 210 x 10 MPa, L8 = 75 mm,
2
,
iO-{) 1C.
Lb= JOO mm,
L =l00+75 +20+20=2 15mm.

s
20 mm--Jj- - - 75 mm - .. - - - 1 oo mm - - - -.....ii
l
M
1-- 20 mm
Steel
Bronze
Aluminium
.)
Steel
Fig.-Ex. 1.92
Solution: Since cx.b and cxa >
steel to tension.
Let
a,s ,
Aluminium and bronze will be subjected to compression and
P1 = Compressi\'c force in bronze and aluminium,

P2 = Tensile force in steel.
i) For equilibrium:
pl = 2P2
1- 1I 8
SOM
Simple Stresses and Strain s
ii) For compatibility:
oL 5 = oLa + oLb
PL] =[atL- AE
PL] +[atL-PL]
[atL+ AE
AE
s
-6
11. 7 x l O x 80 x 215 +
(
b
P2 x 215
]
(
3)
500x 200xl0
=[2Jx10- 6 x80x75-
75 )]
P,(
}200x 70 10 3
X
+[19 x 10-6 x 80 x l 00 -
pl
(800x
xl
00
(83
10
]
)
[0.20 124 + 2. 15 x 10-6 P2] = [0.138-8.92857 x 10 Pl]+ [0.152 -6.69344 x 10 Pl]

2.}5
}0 ~
P + 1.5622 X 10-6
2
pl
=0.08876
2.16 x 10-6 P + 1.5622 x 10 (2P2) = 0.08876

2
and
16796.60 N
=2P2 = 33593.20 N
iii) Stresses in the members:

0
= P2 = 16796.60 = 33 .5 9 MPa
s
500
As
crh = ~ =
Ab
cr
33593.20 = 18.66 MPa

1800
=..!l_ = 33593 =27.99MPa

Aa
1200
iv) Total elongation:
6L, =
(at L+ ! )'
=[ll.? xl0-6 xSOx 2 lS+ 16796.20x215

(500)x210x10 3
=0.2356 mm.
Ex. 1.93:
A copper bar of 45 mm diameter is rigidly connected to both ends to the inside of a steel tube
70 mm external diameter and 50 mm internal diameter. The composite section is then

subjected to an axial tensile force of 150 kN. Find the stress induced in each material and
5
5
elongation over a length of 1.5 m. Take Ee= 1 x 10 MPa and E = 2 x 10 MPa.
5
If the above composite section is heated through 50C, determine the stress induced in each
.
-6
-6
0
material. Take a.S = 12, x 10 per C; a.C = 18 x 10 per c.
1-119
SOM
Given data: Copper bard = 45 mm. Steel tube D = 70 mm, d = 50 mm. L = 1500 mm, P =
5
2
5
150 X 10 N, ex. = 12 X IO~ /C, Cl = 18 X 10-6 / 0 C. E = 2 X 10 N/mm E = l X 10 N/mn?
3
Solution:
Areaof copperbar, Ac = ~ x45 2 = 1590.43 mm 2

4
Area of steel bar,
'I
As = ~(10 - 50 )= 1884.95 mm
Case-I: Stresses and elongation of bar due to axial tensile force:

Elongation of steel = ,elongation of copper
0
08
xL= cx L
Es
Ee
0s
Es
= - <Jc
Ee
cr = 2cr
S
... (1)
Total tensile load is resisted by the assembly

P=crA+crA
S
... (2)
150 x 10 = cr x 1884.95 +cr x 1590.43

S
= 2 x cr x 1884.95 + cr x 1590.43 ::; 5360.33 cr

C
and
cr. = 150xl03 =27.98 MPa

~
5360.33
cr 5 =2crc =55.97MPa
Elongation of assembly,
Os
55.97
Es
2x!0 5
8L=- xLs = - - x l 500=0.419mm
Case-II : Stresses due to rise in temperature:

Free expansion of steel
= ex. t L = 11
s
-6
10 x 50 x 1500 = 0.825 mm
Free expansion of copper = cx.c t Le

= 18 x 10
-6
x 50 x 1500 = 1.35 mm
Now, Total tension in steel = Total compression in copper

,
cr~As = cr~ Ac
, Ac ,
crs=-crc
As
,
1590.43 ,
1884.95 C
cr = - --cr
S
cr~ = 0.844cr~
1-1 20
SOM
Final expansion of steel = Final expansion of copper

I
crc
a 5 tL 5 +-x L5 =O.ctLc - - xLc
Es
Ee
0.844cr~
cr~
0.825+-- -x l500=1.35--- x 1500
2xl0 5
lx!0 5
O's
,
0.525
MP C
.
crc = - -- = 24. 6 l a ( ompress1vc)
0.021328
and
a~ = n.844cr~ = 20. 77 MPa (Tensile)
Finalstressinsteel
=
=
Final stress in copper
as +a~ =55.97+20.77
76.74 MPa (Tensile)
= O'c +cr~ =27.98 +24.61
= 52.59 MPa (Compressive).

2
Ex. 1.94: A steel bolt of cross sectional area 625 mm passes through a copper tube of cross sectional
2
area 1250 mm and 900 mm in length. At other end it is secured by a nut. The pitch of the bolt
threads is 4.0 mm. The nut is tightened through 1/4 turn. Find the stresses induced in the two
materials. :f the temperature is now raised by 40 C, determine the final stresses in the two
materials.
For steel:
-6
E = 200 GP a, a = 12 x 10 /C.
For copper: E
=105 GPa,
=18 x 10'6 /C.
2
GiYcn data: Steel bolt. As = 625 mm . Copper tube.
'
1
4
Pitch = 4 mm. - turn. t = 40 C, E = 200

Cl,
= )8
10
10 MPa.
C1.
= 12
Ac
X
= 1250 rnm2, L = 900

-6
10 /C, E = 105
C
mm,
10 MPa,
f'c.
Steel rod,
As=625 mm2
Copper tube, Ac = 1250 mm
, ~ - - - -- - 900 m m - - - - - ~
l
(
Fig.-Ex. 1.94
(
Solution:
Case-I : Stresses due to tightening of nut:
. I1
Displacement of nut = -6x p1tc
360
1-121
SOM
1
0=-tum
4
90
6L=-x4= I mm
360
Due to tightening of nut steel rod is subjected to tensile stress and copper tube to compressive
stress.
p = p
i) For equilibrium,
crA =crA
C C
625
As
a =-a =--a
c A s 1250 s
C
... (a)
erC = 0.5 crs

ii) For compatibility,
(6L + (6L
t = Displacement of nut
8 ]+[~ xLc] = 1
[ ~xL
Es
Ee
O's
[ 200xI0 3
x9oo]+[
0 50
s x900]=1
105x10 3
4.5 x 10-3 cr + 4.2857 x 10- cr = l

C
cr
(
(
I
(
and
crc =
113.82 MPa (Tensile)

0.5 crc = 56.91 MPa (Compressive)
Case-ll: Stresses due to rise in temperature:

i) Total tension in steel
Total comp,essive in copper
cr~As = a~Ac
Ac
-=2
As
(
(
ii) Final expansion of steel = Final expansion of copper
[(aTL), + ;: xL, H(aTL), - ;: xL,]
l
:. [~2x10-6 x40x9oo)+
cr~
200xl0 3
x900]=[~8x l0- x40x9oo)+
O'~
I05x10 3
0.432+4.5x 10-3 cr~ = 0.648-8.5714x 10-3 cr~
4.5x 10-3 (2cr ~)+8.5714x 10-3 cr~ = 0.216

cr~ = 12.29 MPa (Compressive)
and
cr~ = 2o~ = 24.58 MPa (Tensile)
x9oo]
-, (
SOM
iii)
1-122

(
Resulting stresses:
Final stress in steel = crs + (] s
1
=113.82 + 24.58 = 138.40 MPa (Tensile)
Final stress in copper = crC + (]~

=56.91 + 12.29 = 69.20 MPa (Compressive).
Ex. 1.95 : A 12 mm diameter, steel rod passes centrally through a copper tube of 30 mm external
diameter and 15 mm internal diameter and 2.5 m long. The tube is closed at each end by thick
steel plate~ secured by nuts. The nuts are tightened until the copper tube is reduced in length
by 0.8 mm. The whole assembly is then raised in temperature by 30c. Oet'ermine the
stresses in steel rod and copper tube, before and after the rise in temperature.
Take, Est~
E
copper
=2.0 x 105 N/mm 2,

5
= 1.0 X 10 N/mm
2
I
as
= 12
x 10-6 1C
= 18 X 10 1c.
Given data: Steel rod, d == 12 mm, E5 = 2 x 105 N/mn/,
ex, =
D = 30 mm, d = 15 mm, L = 2.5 m, BL = 0.8 mm, T = 30C, E = I

C
Solution: Area of steel rod,
12 x 10-6 / 0 C. Copper
5
10 N/nun2, a. = 18
C
tube,
10-6 /C.
A8 = TC (12)2 = I l3.09mm 2
4
Area of the copper tube,

Ac= 1t~0 2 -I 5 2 )=530.l4mm 2
4
Case-I: Stresses due to tightening the nuts:

When the nuts are tightened the steel rod will be subjected to tensile stress and the copper tube
will be subjected to compressive stress. Let cr c and cr s be the stresses in copper and steel.
Total compression in steel = Total tension in copper,

Ac
530.14
o = -cr =--xo
s
As c 113.09 c
Os
Strain in copper,
= 4.69
<Jc
Change in length
ec = ----=----=-.
Originallength
0.8
ec
= 2500
Stress in copper,
=~x l.OxI0 5
2500
:. Stress in steel,
ac = 32 N/mm 2 (compressive)
0 5 = 4.69 Oc = 4.69 x 32
as =150.08N/mm 2 (tensile)
l
(
SOM
1-123
Case-0: Stresses due to rise in temperature:
r
I'
Free expansion of steel = a 5 TL 5

Free expansion of copper= a.c TLc
'
rf
Here
T = 30 C
L8 = 2500 + 30 = 2530 mm
1
I
I
tI
Le= 2500mm
Let cr~ and cr~ be the stresses in steel and copper due to rise in temperature. For equilibrium of
the whole system,
Total teQ.sion in steel = Total compression in copper
cr~ As = cr~ Ac
IT,
vs
(T~
(
(
<
Total expansion of steel = Total expansion of copper
4.69cr~ x 2530
_
2500cr~
:. 12x10-6 x30x2530+-----=l8xI0 6 x30x2500- - - 2.0 x I05
I.Ox 10 5
0.9 108 +0.0593<r~ = l.35-0.025cr~
0.0843cr~ = 0.4392
1(
a~= 5.21 N/mm 2 (compressive)
{
{
= 4.69
(
{
Ac ,
=-O'c
As
and
a~ = 4.69 x 5.2l
cr~ = 24.43 N/mm2 (tensile)
(
{
Therefore, the final stresses due to tightening the nuts and rise of temperature will be
Stress in copper
Stress in steel
= crc + a~ = 32 +5.21= 37.21 N/mm2 {compressive)
=150.08+24.43 =r174.51 N/mm 2 (tensile).
Ex. 1.96: A solid steel rod having diameter 25 mm is encased in a copper tube having external diameter
34 mm and internal diameter 26 mm. The length of the asembly is 1000 mm. The steel rod is
tensioned to carry a force of 30 kN and is anchored at end by tightening nut.
Determine:
(i)
Stresses in steel and copper
(ii)
Stresses in steel and copper if entire assembly is subjected to an additional tensile force
of 20 kN.
,1-124
SOM
(iii) Stresses in steel and copper if above assembly undergoes a decrease in temperature
by 80 C.
.
Given data: aS = 12 x 10-6/C; ES =2 x 105 N/mm2; aC =16 x 10~/C; EC =1 x 105 N/mm2.

Solution: Given assembly is as shown in Fig.-Ex. 1.96.
_ Copper tube 34~ / 2~
(
--- - - - - 1000mm-- - - - - . i
Fig.-Ex. 1.96
i)
Stresses due to tightening nut:

Given
P == 30 kN == 30000 N, L = I000 mm.
2
7t
As = -x 25 = 490.87 mm
Ac
05
Oc
ii)
=4 p4 2 -26 2 ]=376.99 mm2

7t
30000
.
490.87
30000
.
-= - - = 79.58 MPa (Compressive)
376.99
=--=6 1.11 MPa(Tens1Ie)
Stresses when entire assembly is subjected to tensile force of 20 kN.

O's
0c
-=-
Es
(J'
El,:
Es
= -0'
E
O's
= 20'c
P = cr A +crA
Now
20
10 = cr x 490.87 + cr x 376.99
S
20 x 10 = 2cr
490.87 +cr
376.99
crC = 14.72
MPa (fensile)
.
and
iii)
<\,
= 2 x 14.72 = 29.44 MPa (fensile).
Stresses due to fall in assembly temperature by 80 C.

Since a.C > ex.S.~ copper is subjected to tensile stress while steel is
subjected to compressive stress
.
due to falJ in temperature.
1-125
SOM
Using relation,
<JsAs
Simple Str~sses and Strains
= <JcAc
376.99
cr 5 = - - < J c =0.768crc
490.87
+ (j C
Es Ee
and
(j S
Os
2xl0 5
lxl0
0.768crc
cl
Cc
= (16 X 10-6 - }2 X 10-6 )(80)

.
Oc
()-4
---+--=3.2xl
2xl0 5 lxl0 5
cr c = 23.12 MPa (Tensile)
I
C
I
(
( (le - (ls )
and
cr 8 =0.768 x 23.12= 17.76 MPa(Compressive}
Ex. 1.97: A 10 mm steel rod passes centrally through a copper tube of 25 mm external diameter and 15
mm internal diameter and 2.5 m long. Tube is closed at each end by 25 mm thick steel plates
secured by nuts. The nuts are tightened until the copper tube is reduced in length by 0.8 mm.
The complete assembly is then raised in temperature by 30C. Determine the stresses in steel
and copper tubes before and after the rise in temperature.
Assume,
5
E = 2 X 10 N/mm2 a
S
'
=12
10-6 fc, E = 1 X 10 N/mm 2 ,
a,
=18
10-6 /C.
Given data: Steel rod, d = 10 mm$; Copper tube, D = 25 mm, d = 15 mm, L = 2.5 m =
)
2
-6
5
2
2500 mm. 8LC = - 0.8 mm, ES = 2 x lO N/mrn, a.S = 12 x 10 /C, EC = I x 10 N/mm ,
(). = 18
C
1()-6 /C.
7t
Solution: Area of steel rod, As =-xlO =78.54rnm
Areaofcoppertube,
Ac=
;(2s
-l5 )=314.16rnm
Case-I: Stresses due to tightening the nuts: When the nuts are tightened the steel rod will be subjected
to tensile stress and the copper tube will be subjected to compressive stress.
Let crC and crS the stresses in copper and steel.
Total compression in copper= Total tension in steel.

as
I
.I
Ac
ac
As
314.16
=--a
78.54
as = 4ac
Strain in copper,
Change in length
e=-- - - Originallength
e = ~=3.2x l0- 4
2500
... (I)
SOM
1-126
:. Stress in copper,
ac = ex Ee
(
4
=3.2x10- xlxl0 =32 N/mm\compressive)

Stress in steel= crs = 4 crc = 4 x 32 = 128 N/mm2 (tensile).
Case-II: Stresses due to rise in temperature: If the two members had been free to expand, then
Free expansion of steel = a 5 TL 5
Free ex-pansion of copper= <Xe TLc
(
Since a.c is greater than o.s, the free expansion of copper is greater than the free expansion of
steel. .
Let er~ and er~ be the stresses in steel a.nd copper. For the equilibrium of the whole system, we
have
Total tension in steel = Total compression in copper.

a~As = a~Ac
A
2
a's =-e
A cr'e =4cr C
as = 4ereI
I
Final expansion of steel = Final expansion of copper.

I
<ls TLs
where
as
cre
+ -.Ls= Cle TL--Le
Es
Ee
T = 30 C
L5 = 2500 + 25 = 2525 mm
Le= 2500 nun

4 I
I
:. l2xI0-6 x30 x2525+ O'e x2525=18xl0- 6 x30x2500 - O'c x 2500
2xl0 5
lxl0 5
0.909+0.0505cr~ = l.35-0.025cr~
0.0755cr~ = 0.441
cr~ = 5.84 N/mm2 (compressive)
a~ = 23.36 N/mm2 (tensile)
Therefore the final stresses due to tightening the nuts and rise of temperature will be as follows:
Stress in copper = ac + O'~
=-
32 + 5.84 = 37.84 N/mm (compressive)
Stress in steel = as + a~
2
=128 + 23.36 = 151.36 N/mm (tensile).
Ex. 1.98: A 12 mm diameter steel rod passes centrally through s copper tube 48 mm external diameter,
36 mm internal diameter and 2.5 m long. The tube is closed at each end by 24'mm thick steel
plates which are secured by nuts. The nuts are tightened until the copper tube is reduced in
I
'. l
t
(.
1-127
SOM
length by 0.508 mm. The whole assembly is then raised in temperature by 60C. Calculate the
stress in copper and steel before and after the rise of temperature, assuming that the
thickness of the plates remains unchanged.
Take
E = 2.1 x 10 N/mm ,
s
5
2
E = 1.05 x 10 N/mm ,
C
as = 12 x 10-6 /C
a = 17.5 x 10-6 /C
C
Copper tube D = 48 mm
d = 36 mm
Steel rod, 12 mm~
24 mm +-i ~ - - - - - 2 5 0 0 mm
------1
~ 24
mm
Fig. Ex. 1.98
Solution:
Ac =-7C /\48 2 - 362) =2521t nun2 .
4
Case-I: Stress due to tightening the nuts:
When the nuts are tightened the steel rod will be subjected to tensile stress and the copper tube
will be subjected to compressive stress.
Let aC and crS be the stresses in copper and steel
respectively.
.
Total compression in copper= Total tension in steel.
{
Ac
2527t
crs =-<re = - - X<rc
As
36n
i.e.
<rs =7crc
Strain in copper,
Changein length
Original length
0.508
=
2500
e =--=-c
Stress in copper, crc = ecEc

crc = O.SOS x I.05x 10 5 = 21.336 N/mm2 (compressive)
2500
Stress in steel,
cr 5 = 7crc = 7x2 I.336= 149.352N/mm (tensile).
1-128
SOM
Case-II: Stresses due to rise in temperature:

If expansion is allowed, then
Free expansion of steel= a 5Tl 5
Free expansion of copper = acTlc
But
Steel rod will be subjected to a tensile stress while t11e copper tube will be subjected to a
compressive stress.
Let o~ and o~ '?e the stresses in steel and copper, due to rise in temperature.
t = 60 C
Here
ls =2500 +48 =2548 mm

le= 2500 nun
Total tension in steel
= Total compression in copper
Final expansion of steel = Final expansion of copper

I
'
Cfc
(J S
Us tls + -.ls = actl - - .le

Ee
Es
7
25
12x l0-6 x60x2548+ cre x2548= 17.5xl0-6 x60x 2500 cr~x 00
2.lx 10 5
l.05x 10 5
183456 +8493J3<J~ = 262500-2380.95<J c
10874.286cr~ = 79044
2
i.e.
a~ = 7.27 N/mm (compressive)
and
cr~ = 7 x 7 .27 = 50.89 N/mm (tensile)
Therefore the fi nal stresses due to tightening the nuts and rise of temperature will be follows:
l
Stress in copper = erc + cr~

= 21.336+.7.27 = 28.60 N/mm 2 (compressive)
Stress in steel = cr s + a~
= 149.352+ 50.89
= 200.24 N/mm 2 (tensile).
1-129
SOM
Simple Stresse5 and Strains
- -- ------- -- - -- - -- - -- - - -- ----
1.28
Ex. 1
Examples from University Papers :

A bimetallic thermal control shown in Fig. 1 is made of a brass bar of length 750 mm
and cross sectional area 100 mm2 and magnesium bar of length 1300 mm and cross
sectional area 200 mm2. The two bars are arranged so that the gap between their free
end is 2 mm at room temperatu re.
Calculate :
(i) The temperature increase above room temperature at which two bars come
contact.
(ii) The stress in the magnesium bar when the temperature increase is 300 C
in
Take ab= 10 x 10 - 5 / C; Eb= 150 GPa, cxM = 14.5 x 10 - 5 , C , EM= 65 GPa
(Dec. 02, to ~la r ks)
~
(
Gap= 2mm
I
I~----------''
Brass bar
Magnesium bar
+, - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + -'~
'
'
...
,. _ _ _ 750mm----911 : - - - - - - - 1300mm - - - - - - - + 1'
Fig. Ex. 1
Ans. : Let t' be the rise in tempemture to just close Lhe gap.
L lX t + L
1 1
( 750 x 10 x 10 - 6 + I]()() x l-L5 x IO -
11
t = Gap
xt
2
0
= 75.9 C
0
l
I
Therefore the gap will close \\'hen the temperature increases b, 75.9 C abo,c room
temperature.
When temperature is raised further. compressi\'e stress is dc,clopcd in each ma1cnal.
Let p' be the a"\ial comprcssiYe force deYelopcd. then
Total contrnction due to p = Total free thennal expansion
p LI
p L2
- - +- - = L 1 a. 1 t + L2 a.2 t
At El A2 E2
0
Here
t = (300 - 75.9) = 224.1 C
P L1
P L2
- +- Al Et A2 E2
p(
750
1300 ) = t ( 750
I00 x 150 + 200 x 6 S
(0.15)P = 22-l. l
t ( LI a.I
JO + 1300 X }.t.5) X
0.02635
+ L2 a,2)
1() - 6
1-130
SOM
P = 39.367 kN
Axial compressive force P = 39367 N comprcssi\'c
Stress in magnesium bar.

crM
:M
~~~ = 196.84 N / mrn2 compressive

7
:. Stress in magnesium bar = 196.84 N / nun 2 compressive.

Ex. 2:
The modulus of rigidity of a material Js 38 kN / mm . A 10 mm diameter rod is

subjected to an axial tensile force of 5 kN and change in diameter is observed ~o be
0.002 mm. Calculate the Poisson's ratio and modulus of 'elastici!X. (Dec. 02, 6 Marks)
Ans.:
G = 38 kN I nm? = 38000 N / nun 2
E = 2G(l + )
= 76000 ( I + ~t )
Now laterdl strain =

:. Laternl strain
Linear stress =
d6 d = 0.002
10
2xl0 p
A= -
... (i)
= ( 0.0002)
5 X 1000
-
63.66 N I mm compressl\e
-jxc10)2
"
Stress 63.66
Linear strain = - - = - E
E
Lateral strain
Poisson's ratio ~t =
Linear strain
2 x 10 - 4 xE
~l
= ~.66
E = ( 31.83 x 104 ) ~l
... (ii)
From Equations (i) and (ii) we get.

76000 ( l + ~l ) = ( 31.83 X l 04 )
( 1 + )
~l
= (-U88) ~t
= 0.314
E = ( 31.8)
E = 9.995 X
{
4
10
X ~l)
104
E = 99.95 x 103 N / nun2
Poisson's ratio of the material = 0.314

Modulus of elasticity = 99.95 GPa.
... Ans.
SOM
1-13 1
- -- - - - -- -
Ex. 3:
A stepped bar made of steel and copper portions is rigidly fixed in a horizontal pos1t1on
as shown in Fig. 1. Determine the magnituds of maximum force 'P' that can be applied
at the junction of the two portions. Take allowable stresses for steel and copper as 120
MPa and 70 MPa respectively. Cross sectional areas of steel and copper portions are
900 mm and 1200 mm . Es = 200 GPa, Ecu = 120 GPa.
(
(
I- 0.3m
~+---
(!\l ay 03, 8 Marks)
0.4m---1
----------Copper
Steel
~
(
Fi~. Ex. J
Ans.
Let a8 and crcu be actual stresses in steel and copper

..
. . as x As+ acu x Al"ll =
(
(
90() + CTcu
300 (]
0s
1200 = p
+ 4 CTCU) = p
... ( i)
Also al the junction
0s
a
~x L
'
CT X
= 8
cu
=
cu
()J
---
200
0 tu
-x Lcu
E
OA
120
(j\'.ll
:. crrn = ( 0.45) crs
... (ii)
If crs = 120 N / nm/ (allowable ,aluc)
Then a cu = OA5 x l20 ::;; 54 N / nm/ < 70 N / mnl

:. For maximum P, crs = 120 and crcu = 54 N / mn/
:. From (i)
P = ] 0() ( j
(JS+
4 0l'U )
P = 300 ( 3 x l 20 + 4 x 54) = 172.8 x 10 3 N
:. Maximum value of P is 172.8 kN
Ex. 4:
... Ans.
The diameter of a specimen is found to reduce by 0.004 mm when it is subjected to a

tensile load of 19 kN. Initia l diameter of specimen is 20 mm. Taking modulus of rigidity
5
for the material of specimen as 0.4 x 10 N / mm

modulus and Poisson's ratio.
2
.
Determine the values of Young's
(May 03, 8 Marks)
1-132
SOM
Ans. :
From the relation :
E = 20( 1 +)
E ;:; 2 x 0.4 x 105 ( I + ).l)

E = 0.8 x 105 ( I + ).l)
.. .(i)
Now.
Area of cross-secllon A ;::
x ( 20 )2 = 314.2 nun2
W 19 X 1000
Axial stress a = - =
A
314.2
a ;:; 60.47 N / mm2 tensile.

cr
Axial strain e = E
e =
e =
Furtl1cr :
lateral strain
0.8
60.47
105 X ( l + )
... From (i)
75.59
----10 x ( I + J.l )
5
"i =
()~(~4
=(
J~<)
:. Poisson's rntio is :
).l =
Lateral strain
Axial strain
l 0 5 x (l+)
= 104
75 .59
--
:;:;: 0. 2646 ( I + J.l )

_ _
l +
= 0.2646
l
1:: :;:;:
l
0.2646
= 0.36
( l - 0.2646 )
E = 0.8 x 105 x ( 1.36)

=
1.088 x 10 5 N / mm2
:. [Young's Modulus E = 108.8 0Pa, Poisson's ratio = 0.36)
Ex. 5:
... Ans.
.A steel bar is placed between two copper bars each having the same area and length
0
as the steel bar at 25 C. At this stage they are rigidly connected together at both the
ends . \Nhen the temperature raised t o 350 C the length of bars increases by 1.5 mm.
Find th e original length and the fi nal stresses in the bars. Take :
1-133
SOM
5
Ecopper = 1 x 1o5 N / mm2
Estee! = 2.1 x 10 N / mm
0
cxsteel
<Xcopper = 0.0000175 per C.
= 0.000012 per C.
(Dec. 03, 10 Marks)
Ans. :
Actual expansion of rod = 1.5 mm
Free expansion of copper is more tlian 1.5 nun.
I
I
Free expansion of steel is less than 1.5 mm.

Let L' mm be length of each rod.
Expansion prevented in copper rod
( Lo.c t - 1. 5 )
=:
(Lo.ct - l.5 )
Strain in copper rod =
Compressive force in two copper rods = Strain x Ex A
I
I
Similarly tensile force in steel rod

( F ), = ( 1.5 -LLa,
t)E,
I
These two forces are equal as there is no external force acting on the combination.
I
(
I
(
( Lo.c t - l.5 )
5
L
x l x 10 x 2 A
I
{
= 3. 15 -2.1 Lex.s t
iL n C t -3
l.5 - Lo.5 t)
5
L
x 2.1 x 10 x A
2 ( Lo.C t - l.5) = 2.1 ( 1.5 - Lex,s t)
(I
(
=
( 2) Lac t + ( 2.1 ) Le\ t
= 6.15
L x t ( 2 o.C + 2.1 a S )
= 6. 15
L x ( 350 - 25) ( 2 x 0.0000175 + 2.1 x 0.000012)
6.15
L x 325 x 6.02 x 10 -5 = 6.15
314.3 mm
Original length of each rod = 314.3 mm
.'
( LC\ t - 1.5)
Stress in copper = cr = - - - - x E
C
= ( 314.3 X 0.0000175 X 325 - 1.5) l

(JC
314.3
= 91.5 N I mm.2 compressive
lQ5
X
1-134
SOM
(l.5-La I)
Stress in steel, ers = - - L - s -
as
_ (l.5-3 14.3x0.000012x325)
Es -
-- -
_
314 3
~ - - - x 2.1 x 10
183 N I mm2 tensile
Ex. 6:
For a given material Young's modulus is 120 GPa and modulus of rigidity is 40 MPa.
Find the bulk modulus and lateral contraction of the round ba r of 40 mm diameter and
2.0 m long when stretched through 2.5 mm. Take Poisson's ratio = 0.25.
(Dec. 03, 6 Marks)
Ans.:
E = 2G(l+1-L)
120
1.5
Also.
120
K
\
=
=
=
=
=
-),
2 x 40 ( l + ).l)
I+
0.5
3 K ( I - 2 ).t)
(
3 K ( I - 2 x 0.5 )
(
infinity
Appropriate data values arc not given so \'alue of K -+ infinity.

Now L = 2 111
C
2000 mm
6L = 2.5 nun
Linear strain
Lateral strain
8d
- 2.5 = 8L
L - 2000 -
~t
6d
d
()j X
( I r 10- 3)
. )x
Linear strain
l.25
1()-)
l
3
8d = 0.5 x 1.25 x IO - x 40
8d = 0.025 mm (negative)
Contraction in diameter = 0.025 mm
Ex. 7:
A flat bar of aluminium alloy 24 mm wide and 6 mm thick is placed between two steel
bars each 24 mm wide and 9 mm thick to form a composite bar 24 mm x 24 mm as
shown in Fig. 1. The three bars are fastened together at their ends when the
temperature is 10 C. Find the stresses in each of the materia l when the temperature of
the whole assembly is raised to 50 C. If at the new temperature, a compressive load

of 20 kN is applied to the composite bar, what are the final stresses in steel and
aluminium?
1-135
SOM
Take :
Es
=2 x 105 N / mm2 Ea =~3 x 105 N / mm2
0'.
=1.2 x 10
C, cxa
=2.3 x 10 - 5 / C
(M ay o.i, 12 Marks)
STEEL
9mm
I+- 24 mm----.i
Fig. Ex. 7
Ans. :
Arca of section of steel = As = 2 x 24 x 9 = 432 mm2
(i)
For aluminium :
= Stmin in steel
Let cs
... (tensile)
ca = strain in aluminium
.... (compressive)
then.
es +c a = t( cx..i-c\)
es +ca
(50- 10 )(2.3-l.2)x 10 - 5
es +ca
( 44
JO- S)
...(i)
As there is no extemal force acting.

Tensile fo rce in steel = Compressive force in aluminium fo r equilibrium
es Es As
C
Ca Ea Aa
2 X J0 5 X 4J2
( 864) es
( 96) ea
and
_ X 105 X J44
3
( 9) cs
= ea
es+ ca
= 44 X 10- S
...(i i)
.. .(1)
es +9cs = 44 X 1() - S
cs
= 44 x IO- 6 tensile
6
ea = ( 9 x 44 x 1O- ) compressive
Stress in steel
(JS
= e xE
s
1-136
SOM
{
(
C,,
4-l x 10- 6 x 2 x 105 = 8.8 N / 1111112 tensile
= 9 X 44
=
Temperamre stress in steel =
u
X
IOl )
26.4 N / mm2
8.8 N / nun 2
Temperature stress in alumjnium = 26.4 N /

(ii)
JO -
tensile
mm2
compressive
Due to comprcssi\'c load of 20 kN :
= ( 20 X l()OQ)
crA+crA
s
s
a
a
( 432) c:rs + ( 144) c:ra
20
(
(
1000
.. 3 crs +cra = l 38.89

Also
( 8 L )s =
er
.! XL
Es
I.
'
2X
..
L )a
CTs
) ()
CT
- axL
.. .('L' is same)
Ea
2 X 105
3 cr a
CT X
(JS
\I
( l)
".(i)
... (ii)
From Equations (i) and (ii)

3 x 3(c-a )+aa
138.89
cr a
13.889 N / mrn2 compressive
(
(
(
and cr~
= 3 0 a = 41.667 N / mm2 compressive
:. Final stresses :
In steel :
(JS
Ci
- 8.8 + 41.667
(._
nun2
( 32.867) N /
26.4 + 13.89
40.29 N / mm2 compressive
CT
ln aluminium :
<\
compressive
[Check : Final forces :

( \ X As + cra X Aa = ( 32.867 x 432) + ( 40.29 x 144)
= 20,000 N
=
20 kN = Applied compressive force]
\.
l
(
1-13 7
SOM
EXERCISE
E. 1. A rod ABCD as shown in Fig. E. 1.1. The maximum stress developed under axial pull is 200
2
2
N/mm . Find axial pull and net change in elongation of the bar. Take E = 200 kN/mm .
30 mm~
25 mm cj>
1so mm - t..lMI~- - - 300 mm - - -..+-It- 1so mm
-t
Fig.-E. 1.1
[Ans. P = 98.175 kN; 8L = 0.462 mm]

E. 2. A steel bar,2.25 m long is acted upon by forces as shown in Fig.-E. 1.2. Find the change in length
of the bar.
-~j ~-
1oo kN ..................;-1.--.--G-__
-~-_:--:-o~-kN-----....,
[60 mm~
4
0
~-~: - -I kN__ -1...--1~ 300 kN
1000 mm----i..~I- 750 mm-f-500 mm-]
~l
Fig.-E. 1.2
[Ans. oL = 0.9854 mm (Elongation)]
E. 3. A rod tapers uniformly from 40 mm to 20 mm diameter in a length of 350 mm. If the rod is subjected
5
to an axial pull of 5 kN, find extension of the rod. Take E = 2 x 10 MPa.
I
I
I
[Ans. 8L = 0.0139 mm]

E. 4. A steel bar of length 2 m and is of uniform thickness 10 mm. The width of the bar varies uniformly
from 80 mm at one end to 20 mm at other end. Find extension of the bar if an axial pull of 25 kN is
5
applied. Take E = 2 x 10 MPa.
[Ans. 8L = 0.577 mm]
E. 5.
I
I
A brass rod 300 mm in length and 25 mm in diameter is fixed inside a steel tube of 45 mm external
diameter and 25 mm internal diameter and of same length. The composite bar is subjected to axial
pu ll of 100 kN .
2
2
Find load shared by each bar.Take E = 200 kN/mm and E = 110 kN/mm .
S
[Ans. Ps = 80.287 kN; Pb= 19.7 13 kN]
(
(
1-138
SOM
E. 6.
An aluminium tube 10 mm inside diameter is 1 mm thick. It encloses a steel rod
1O mm diameter.
The composite bar is subjected to compressive force of 30 kN. Determine stress in each metal.
Take E :: 1.7 Ea.
[Ans. e's= 303.43 MPa; a A= 178.49 MPa]
E. 7.
Two vertical rods one of steel and other of bronze are rigidly fastened at upper end at horizontal
2
distance of 800 mm apart. Each rod is 2.5 m long and 200 mm in cross-section. A horizontal cross
piece connects the lower end o(bar. Where should a load of 20 kN be placed on cross piece so
that it will remain horizontal after being loaded ? Estimate stress in each bar. Take E = 200 GPa
s
and Eb= 110 GPa.
(Ans. as= 64.516 MPa; ab= 35.484 MPa; x = 284 mm from left end.]
E. 8.
r
(
2
2
A copper wire 20 mm in cross-section and steel wire 30 mm in cross-section, both 1 m long are
5
rigidly connected to plates on either side. They jointly share a load of 8 kN. If Es =- 2 x 10 MPa
and
5
E :: 1 x 1o MPa, find stresses produced in each material.
C
[Ans.
E. 9.
cr s = 266.66 MPa; crc = 133.33 MPa.]
A rigid horizontal timber beam of 2 m length is supported at its ends by two rods suspended from a
(
(
sloping roof. One rod which is of copper is 1.5 m long and 15 mm in diameter, while the other rod of
\1 I
steel is 2 m long and 10 mm in dia meter. If a load of 10 kN is placed at the middle of the beam
length, find the stresses produced in th e rods and the inclination of the beam. Given : Es = 210
GPa;
CU
= 130 GPa.
[Ans. cr == 63.662 MPa; cr = 28.294 MPa;

S
= 0 O' 29".]
E. 10. A concrete column 400 mm square rei nforced with 4 steel bars _o f 16 mm diameter, carries an axial
load of 800 kN.
Determine the stress induced in each material. Take E = 15 E .

S
[Ans. cr = 70.07 WiPa; a

S
= 4.67 MPa]
E. 11. A R.C.C. column 500 mm in dia meter is reinforced with 6 numbers of 20 mm diameter steel bars.
Find load carrying capacity of the column. If permissible stresses in concrete and steel are
2
4 N/mm2 and 130 N/mm respectively, and modular ratio is 18.
[Ans. P = 913.57 kN.j
E. 12. Two vertical wires each 'L' m long is suspended at a distance 'b' apart. Their upper ends are firmly
secured in the ceiling and their lower ends support a rigid horizontal bar of negligible weight, which
carries a concentrated load 'W' on it. Determine the position of the load W, if after its application the
rigid bar remains horizontal. See the Fig.-E. 1.12.
[Ans. x = 0.33
(from left end).]
E. 13. Two wires AB and CO suspend a rigid member BO as shown in Fig.-E. 1.13. A load of magnitude 5
kN is supported on rigid member BO. If the diameter of wire AB is 8 mm and that of wire CD is 1O
mm, find ~he stresses induced in these wires. Also find elongation of these wires.
lAns. a AB== 33.16 MPa;
crCD = 42.44 MPa;
8L = 0.3316 mm]
l
SOM
1-13 9
(
(
Copper wire
1.6 mm~
Steel wire
Ew = 125 GPa
E,t = 200 GPa
Bmm~
0.9mm~
w
(
____
x ..
' - - - - - - --.....l - l- b - - l
B,....._
Horizon ta I
rigid bar
.........,D
5 kN
Fig.-E. 1.12
Fig.~E. 1.13
E. 14. A steel bar 45 mm x 45 mm in section, 2.8 m long is subjected to an axial push of 180 kN.
Calculate change in all dimensions and volume. Take 0.3 and E 2 x 105 N/mm 2.
[Ans. 8L = 1.244 111111 (Increase): 8b =~I= 0.006 mm (Decrease); 8V = 1008 mn/ (lncrease)l
E. 15. For a tension test on 20 mm diameter bar, the following obseNations were recorded for an axial pull
of 100kN:
i) Elongation of 0.29 mm over 100 mm gauge length,

(
ii) Reduction in diameter of 0.016 mm.

Calculate Poisson's ratio and modulus of elasticity.
[Ans.
~L
= 0.276; E = 1.0976 x 10 MPaj
E.16. A metal bar of 200 mm length and 40 mm x 40 mm in cross-section is subjected to compressive

force of 500 kN. It was found that length decreased by 0.6 mm and width increased by 0.04 mm.
Calculate Poisson's ratio and modulus of elasticity .
[Ans. ~t = 0.333; E = 1.04166 x 105 MPa]
E.17. A bar 2 m length, 20 mm breadth and 15 mm thickness is subjected to a tens ile load of 30 kN along
its longer dimension. Find change in length, breadth, thickness and volume of the bar.
Take ~l = 0.25
[Ans. 8L = + l mm: 8b = - 0.0025 mm; 8t = - 0.00187 nun; 8V = + 150 mm3]
l
(
and E = 2 x 10 MPa.
E.
i8. A bar of certain material has cross-section 100 mm x 20 mm and 1500 mm long. It is subjected to
axial pul l of 180 kN. Find extension in length and contraction in lateral sides. Take E::: 200 GPa,
::: 0.3 . Also find change in volume.
lAns. 8L = + 0.675 mm; 8b = - 0.0135 mm; 8d = - 0.0027 mm; oV = + 540 mm3 J

E. 19. Det erm ine the maximum stra in due to two mutually perpendicular stresses 100 N/mm 2 and 60
2
N/mm both tensile.
5
Take E::: 2 x 10 MPa and Poisson's ratio as 0.3.
[Ans. ex=+ 4.1 x 10-4; ey = + 1.5 x 10-4]
E. 20. Fi nd strain in y and z direction for a specimen subjected to tensile stresses of 20 N/mm 2, 40
N/mm
and 60 N/mm
2
210 kN/mm .
in x, y
and z directions respectively. Take = 0.25 and

E =
-5
-4
[Ans. e = + 9.524 x 10 ; e = + 2.1428 x IO ]
r
(
1-1-Hl
SOM

5
E. 21. For a given material, Young's modulus of elasticity is 1 x 10 N/mm and modulus of rigidity is
2
5
0.4 x 10 N/mm . Find bulk modu lus and lateral contraction of a round bar of 50 mm diameter and
2.5 m long, when stretched 2.5 mm. Take Poisson's ratio as 0.25.
10 MPa; ~d = 0.0125 mm]
E. 22. A metal bar of 40 mm x 40 mm in section is subjected to an axial compressive load of 500 kN. The
[Ans. K = 0.667
contraction of 200 mm gauge length is found to be 0.6 mm and increase in thickness is 0.04 mm.
Find Poisson's ratio and three elastic constants.
[Ans. = 0.333: E = 1.0416 x 10 MPa; G = 0.390 x 10 MPa; K;;; 1.0416 x 10 MPa]
E. 23. A 100 mm diameter rod was subjected to axial stress of 63.66 MPa. The change in diameter was
observed to be 0.00195 mm. Calculate modulus of elasticity if modulus of rigidity is 40 GPa.
[Ans. E = 1.059 x IO MPa]
E. 24. A square bar 20 mm x 20 mm, 2 m long elongate under axial load of 40 kN. Assuming modulus of
2
rigidity as 80 kN/mm , calculate Poisson's ratio and bulk modulus of the material.
5
2
.
5
Take E = 2 x 10 N/mm .
[An~. ~t = 0.25: K = 1.333 x IO MPa]
E. 25. In a tensile test on a steel tube of external diameter 18 mm and internal diameter 12 mm, an axial
-3
pull of 2 kN produced a stretch of 6.72 x 10
mm in a length of 100 mm and a lateral contraction of
(
(
3.62 x 10- mm in th e outer diameter. Calculate the three modu lii and Poisson's ratio of the material
of the tube.
{Ans. E = 2. 1052
x lO~ MPa;
~L
= 0 .3; G = 0.8097 x 10 MPa;
K=l.75435 x 105 MPa]
E. 26. For a certain material, E = 210 GPa The Poisson's ratio is 0.3. State the relationship to calculate
the values of the other two elastic constants. Hence, find their va lues.
[Ans. G = 0.80769 x 10 MPa; K = 1.75 x 10 MPa]

E. 27. A steel rod 30 mm in diameter 1m long is heated through 100 C and at the same time subjected to
C
[Ans. 113.097 kN]
a pull P. Find the magnitude of P, if the total extension of rod is 2 mm. Take a = 12 x 10-6 /
and
E = 2 x 10 MPa.
E. 28. A circular bar rigidly fixed at ends is 2 m long and tapers uniformly from 300 mm diameter at one
end and 200 mm diameter at other end. Find maximum stress induced in the bar if temperature of it
5
6 0
2
is raised by 100 C. Take E = 2 x 10 N/mm and a.s = 12 x 10- I c.
[Ans. 360 MPa]
E. 29. A compound strut ABC, consists of a brass portion AS of diameter 40 mm, 400 mm long and a steel
portion BC of 22 mm diameter, 300 mm long. The supports at A and C are rig id. If the temperature
of the bar is raised through 140 K. 'Find
i) the force exerted on the supports,
ii) the relative movement of the junction 8.
Take a.
=11 x
10 /K
=210 GPa,
a.8 = 20 x 10 /K0, E8
=85 GPa.
[Ans. P = 210.85 kN; 0.3306 mm(-)-)]

E. 30 . A solid steel shaft, having diameter 25 mm, is encased in .brass tube having its internal diameter
26 mm and external diameter 35 mm. The length of assembly is 1 m, as shown in Fig .-E. 1. 30. The
steel rod is tensioned to carry a force 25 kN, and is anchored at end by tightening nut. Determine:
1
SOM
(
1- 1~ I
1)
Stresses in steel rod and brass tube;
2)
Change in stress if entire assembly is subjected to an additiona l tensile force 15 kN.

Given: E t
= 200 kN/mm Ebrass= 100 kN/mm 2
see1
S mple StrE;sses and Strains
3)
Determine the stress if the above assembly undergoes decrease in temperature

of 100 C.
6
Given: a t I= 10 x 10- lc, ab
= 20 x 105 fc.
see
rass
(
(
(
(
---- Stee l rod, 25 mmp
Brass tube, Db= 35 mm, db = 26 mm
- ------1000 mm-----Fig.-E. 1.30
[Ans. a) Stresses due to 25 kN:

b) Stresses due to 15 kN:
0'_1
O's
= 50.93 MPa (tensile);
= 21.23 MPa (comp.):
aq = 57.98 MPa (comp.).

O'b
=10.616 MPa (tensile).
c) Stresses due to fall in temperature as3 = 61.034 MPa (comp.);
\
(
l
I<
I
d) Resultant stresses: 0 s = l 1.1 28 MPa (tensile):
cr1,
69.483 MPa (tensile).
C\ = 22.119 MPa (tcnsi le). I

000
2
(
Strain Eneruv and Impact
Introduction :
When a load is applied to a bar of metal. the bar extends in length. We know from our studies in
mechanics that when a force is moved through a distance. work is done and that energy can not be
destroyed, but only converted from one ly-pe to another. The work done by the load, or potential energy
possessed by the load before extension takes place, is converted into energy in the bar of metal, that is,
the bar has a certain amount of energy due to the strain, or strain energy.
2.1
Strain Energ>' :
Amount of energy stored in a body before deformation is called strain energy. It is denoted by l.l
andisexpressedin'Nmm'orkNm'.
-- --
The name resilience is often gi\'cn to the strain energy. The resilience of a body is associated
----
with its power to spring back or return to its original leng1h or posttiono ni:mloading_-- -- - - -
- - - - --
Strain Energy due to tension or compres~ion :
----
When a body is strained \\'ithin elastic limit, energy is stored in the body,
i.e. strain energy or resilience. The stra in varies from zero to its maximum value
gradua lly.
If a bar or length L. cross sec1ional area A, and modulus of elasticity E, be
gradually loaded wit~ a load P. the bar stretches or its length increases by 8L. and
the ,, ork done "ill be equal to the product of the average load and the increase of
length. The c1\'erage load must be taken in this case as the load P is gradually
applied.
= P+ Ox 8L
2
Work done
I
L
= ~8L
From Hooke's law
1ol
tr
C
Stress = Strainx modulus of elasticity
'
8L
cr= - = -xE
A L
Fig.-2. l(a)
SOM
2-2
oL= PL
or
AE
:. Work done on stretching the bar

P PL
= - x2 AE
p2L
I,
j.
(
2AE
a.a.AL
=-2E
b' ~J~ L,
Strain Energy & Impact
1--
Since
8L
.. 1
E'ig.-2.l(b)
~
7,.
Resilience :
It is the common term used for total strain energy stored in
:1 body.
Proof Resilience :
. The maximum strain energy which can be stored in a body without causing permanent set is
called as proof resilience.
Thus
Proof res1hence = max =
Modulus of resilience :
l
IB x AL
C> max
'
The proof resilience per unit volume is called as the modulus of resilience. It is denoted by
'
max
Thus
U,max = Umax = cr?i1ax x V/V
V
2E
2
a .max
2E
2.2 Stress due to Various Types of Axial Loads :

Stress is coniputed by equaling the external work done by load P to the internal work i.e. strain
energy (resilience). The external axial load can be applied as follows:
a)
Gradually applied load,
b) Suddenly applied load.
c) Impact load,

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Third Sernester, ..

Mechanical & All ied Branches/ Civil

-------- - -- --- --~

ath July 2003

First Revi sed Edition

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-5l-}\R\.St-1. R/\DMAVR)SH~J~. 'PA'D\YA-R

{Refer chapter 10)

LRefer chapter 11)

.(Re fer chapter 12)

Table of Conte nts

Chapter 1 : Si mple Stresses and Strains

Chapter 2 : Strain Energy and lmpaci

Strain Energy ............................................. ................................ ....... ................................ .... 2-1

Examples from University Papers

!chapter 3 : Principal Stresses and Strains

Stresses in a Thin Cylindrical Shell ....... ... ............... ...... ...........

~ ! Chapter 5 : Shear Force and BencJing , ~o~ent

'l'ypes of 'seams... ................................. .......... ... .. ... ................ .. ..... .

: Type - I ... ......... .................................................. ........ ....................... 5-10

Types of Beams ......................................................... ............ ....... ....... ................................. 6-1

Types of Loads ............................... .......................................... .. ........... :6-2

Shear Force and Bending Moment .... ............................................................ ................... 6-3

Shear Stress at a Section in a Loaded Beam .................

Chapter. 8 : Torsion in Circular Shafts

Solved Examples : Type - IV ................... ...................................... ..... .

Chapter 9 : Slope and Deflection for Member in Bending

apte r 1 O : Direct and Bending Stresses

Chapter 11 : lnfluenc;e Lines for Beams