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Sheet Pile Walls
By
Dr. Ashraf Kamal Hussein

Professor of Geotechnical Engineering and Foundations
Faculty of Engineering - Cairo University
2012
1. Introduction
- Same purpose as retaining walls.
- Commonly used as:
Temporary structures to facilitate excavation and dewatering of limited
area.
Water front structures.
Faculty of Engineering
Cairo University
Sheet Pile Walls
2. Types of Sheet Pile Walls

Cantilever
Anchored
Strutted
Cantilever SPW
Cairo University
Anchored SPW
Strutted SPW
Sheet Pile Walls

Materials:
Timber: (shallow excavations)
Precast reinforced concrete
Steel
Cairo University
Sheet Pile Walls

- Steel SPW is the most common type since:
it resists high driving stresses.
it is of relatively light weight.
it can be reused several times.
it is more durable.
it is easy to increase its length by welding or bolting.
Typical Shapes:
Cairo University
Sheet Pile Walls
3. Cantilever Sheet Pile Walls

Stability:
- from passive resistance.
H
Excavation Height:
- H<7m
t
Design Steps:
determine forces acting on SPW.
determine penetration depth (t).
determine Mmax and section modulus.
Cairo University
Sheet Pile Walls

Design:
- Forces
- Simplification
H
Ea
Ea
Ep
t
C
O
Cairo University
Ep
t
Ea
Ep
Sheet Pile Walls

Design: Cohesionless Soils
- Penetration Depth
- Mo = 0
Ea
D
neglect M Ea ya Ep yp = 0
get D
Ep
O
C
M
t = 1.2D
Cairo University
Sheet Pile Walls

- Maximum Moment
H
- Mmax @ pt of zero shear (n)

Eay = Epy
Eay
y
t
Epy
Mmax
n
get y
M at pt (n) = Mmax
Sec. Modulus: Z = Mmax/y
Cairo University
Sheet Pile Walls

Net Earth Pressure
H
Ea1
- Penetration Depth
- at distance u: zero pressure
eau = epu
Ka (H + u) = Kp u get u
Ea2
u
t
Ep
epn
O O
- epn = x (Kp Ka)

- Mo = 0
neglect M Ea ya Ep yp = 0
get x
t = 1.2(u + x)
Cairo University
Sheet Pile Walls

Net Earth Pressure
H
Ea1
- Maximum Moment
Ea = Epy
Ea2
t
Epy
epn
Mmax
get y
M at pt (n) = Mmax
Cairo University
Sheet Pile Walls

- Effect of GWT
GWT
H
Ew1
GWT
Ea
D
t
Ew2
Ep
O
C
M
Cairo University
Sheet Pile Walls

Design: Cohesive Soils
zo
Short Term Analysis cu, = 0
cu
H
Ea
- ea = H 2cu
- epn = 4cu H
ea
Ep
Limiting Height:
O
epn
- HL < (4cu q)/
Cairo University
Sheet Pile Walls
4. Anchored Sheet Pile Walls

Stability:
- from passive resistance and
tension in anchor rods.
Effect of Anchors:
reduces lateral deflection.
reduces penetration depth.
reduces bending moments.
Methods of Design:
free earth support.
fixed earth support.
Cairo University
Sheet Pile Walls

Conditions of Free and Fixed Earth Support
Mmax
Mmax
Free
Cairo University
Fixed
Sheet Pile Walls

Conditions of Free and Fixed Earth Support
Free
Fixed
- Soil type
compressible soil (loose sand, clay)
strong soil ( > 32o)
- Penetration depth
relatively short
greater depth
- Section
relatively stiff
flexible
Cairo University
Sheet Pile Walls

Design Steps:
determine forces acting on SPW.
determine penetration depth (t).

determine forces in anchor rod.
determine Mmax and section modulus.
design anchor rod and anchor plate.
Cairo University
Sheet Pile Walls

Free Earth Support:
1- Forces
a
a
H
Ea1
Ea2
u
Ea
t
Ep
Ep
O
epn
Net Earth Pressure
Cairo University
Sheet Pile Walls

Free Earth Support:
2- Penetration Depth
Ea
- Ma = 0 Ea ya Ep yp = 0
Ep
get D
t=D
Cairo University
Sheet Pile Walls

Free Earth Support:
a
H
Ea1
Net Earth Pressure
Ea2
u
- Ma = 0 Ea ya Ep yp = 0
get x
Ep
O
epn
Net Earth Pressure
t=u+x
Cairo University
Sheet Pile Walls

Free Earth Support:
3- Force in Tie Rod

Ea
- X = 0 A = Ea Ep t/m
Ep
force in each tie rod:

T = A.S ton
as S = spacing between rods (2 to 4 m)
Cairo University
Sheet Pile Walls

Free Earth Support:
A

H
Eay
4- Maximum Moment
n
Mmax
(n) lies above L.G.L.

A = Eay get y
M at pt (n) = Mmax
Cairo University
Sheet Pile Walls

Fixed Earth Support:
1- Forces
H
Ea1
Ea
t
Ep
Ea
Ea2
Ea
Ep
Ep
Ep
O
C
M
C
M
Net Earth Pressure
Cairo University
Sheet Pile Walls

1- Forces
Assumptions:
Point of zero B.M. (N) is point of zero loading (b).
Virtual hinge is at point of zero loading (b).
H
Ea1
u
t
Mmax
Ea2
Ep
b
O
Cairo University
C
M
Sheet Pile Walls

Ea1
- For upper beam:

at distance u: zero pressure
eau = epu
Ma = 0
Ea ya R( H + u d) = 0 get R
Ka (H + u) = Kp u get u
Ea2
b
b
R
R
Ep
epn O
2R
- For lower beam:

for equilibrium with Ep
reaction at O should be 2R
3R = Ep = x2 (Kp Ka)/2 get x
t = u + 1.2x
Cairo University
Sheet Pile Walls

a

3- Force in Tie Rod
H
Ea1
Ea2
b
- For upper beam:

X = 0 A = Ea R t/m
force in each tie rod:
T = A.S ton
as S = spacing between rods (2 to 4 m)
Cairo University
Sheet Pile Walls

a
H
4- Maximum Moment
- For upper beam:
Eay
n
Mmax
Ea2

(n) lies above L.G.L.
A = Eay get y
M at pt (n) = Mmax
Cairo University
Sheet Pile Walls

5- Design of Wales
- Transfer horizontal reaction from S.P.W. to
tie rods.
M = A.S2/10
Two channels:
Sec. Modulus: Z = Mmax/2y
Cairo University
Sheet Pile Walls

6- Design of Anchor Rod
- Area of rod:
area = T / y
as T = A.S
area = d2/4
Cairo University
Sheet Pile Walls

7- Design of Anchor Plate
t2
d
- Continuous Plate:
t2 < t1/3
A possib
t1
A
ep
ea
t 12 K p
= p a ==
(
Ka )
2 FS
as FS = 1.5
For equilibrium d = 2/3 t1 t1 = 1.5 d
Aexist < Apossib if not increase d
Cairo University
Sheet Pile Walls

- Continuous Plate:
for small anchor forces
Kp
ed = d (
Ka )
FS
A exist
=
Kp
d(
Ka )
FS
M max =
A
ed
ea
t.m/m
t
My
6
y =
= 32 = 2 as t = thickness of plate
t
t
12
Cairo University
Sheet Pile Walls

- Isolated Plate:
d
.L =
d(
T
Kp
FS
T
Ka )
Cairo University
ed
ea
Sheet Pile Walls

45/2
8- Length of Anchor Rod

H
(I)
- Zone I active zone dangerous
(II)
(IV)
(III)
t
45+/2
- Zone II transition zone capacity reduced

- Zone III transition zone capacity reduced
- Zone IV passive zone full capacity
Cairo University
Sheet Pile Walls
5. Strutted Sheet Pile Walls

Types:
Soldier Beams:
- Soldier beams: vertical steel or
timber beams driven into
ground before excavation.
- Laggings: horizontal timber
planks are placed between
soldier beams as excavation
proceeds.
- Wales and Struts: horizontal
steel beams are installed when
excavation reaches desired
depth.
Cairo University
Sheet Pile Walls

Types:
Sheet Piles:
- Sheet piles: (steel, concrete, or
timber) driven into ground
before excavation.
- Wales and Struts: inserted
immediately after excavation
reaches desired depth.
Cairo University
Sheet Pile Walls

Types:
- timber lagging, steel

wales, and timber
Cairo University
Sheet Pile Walls

Lateral Earth Pressure:
- Braced cut shows different type of
wall yielding where deformation of
wall gradually increases with depth.
- Deformation depends on:
type of soil.
depth of excavation.
Retaining Wall
Strutted SPW
workmanship.
strutting configuration.
construction sequence.
relative flexibility of wall.
Cairo University
Sheet Pile Walls

- at top very little wall yielding
close to at rest E.P.
- at bottom larger yielding much
lower than Rankine active E.P.
Retaining Wall
Strutted SPW
Distribution of E.P. in strutted SPW varies substantially

compared to the linear distribution in R.W.
- Field measurements show that E.P. does not follow same laws
(Rankine or Coulomb).
E.P. distribution cannot be predicted from theory.
Apparent E.P. Envelopes
Cairo University
Sheet Pile Walls

0.2H
Cohesionless Soils:
H
Loose: <
0.8H
32o
ea
ew
ea = 0.8 ( H + q) Ka
as Ka = Rankine active E.P. coefficient
Ea = 1.44 Ea(Rankine)
as Ea(Rankine) = H2Ka/2
In case of GWT:
- take hydrostatic water pressure (triangular distribution), E.P. with sub
Cairo University
Sheet Pile Walls

0.2H
Cohesionless Soils:
0.6H
Dense:
0.2H
ea
ew
ea = 0.8 ( H + q) Ka
as Ka = Rankine active E.P. coefficient
Ea = 1.28 Ea(Rankine)
as Ea(Rankine) = H2Ka/2
In case of GWT:
- take hydrostatic water pressure (triangular distribution), E.P. with sub
Cairo University
Sheet Pile Walls

0.25H
Cohesive Soils:
H
0.75H
Soft to Medium Stiff Clay:
ea
Ns = / cu > 4
ea = ( H + q) m (4cu)
m depends on soil below F.L.
m = 1.0 if stiff layer below F.L.
m = 0.4 if no stiff layer below F.L.
Cairo University
Sheet Pile Walls

0.25H
Cohesive Soils:
H
0.5H

0.25H
Stiff Clay:
ea
Ns = / cu < 4
ea = ( H + q)
: 0.2 to 0.4 for long construction period.
Cairo University
Sheet Pile Walls

Cohesive Soils:
Multiple layers
- when several clay layers are encountered in the cut:
cu(avg) = (cu1 H1 + cu2 H2 + cu3 H3 + ) / H
(avg) = (1 H1 + 2 H2 + 3 H3 + ) / H
Cairo University
Sheet Pile Walls

Design of Struts:
- min vertical spacing of 2.75 m.
- subjected to compression forces buckling

provide vertical & horizontal supports at
intermediate points
ea
- depth of 1st strut < depth of tension crack zo = 2cu/
Cairo University
Sheet Pile Walls

Design of Struts:
Forces in Struts
H
B1
B2
C1
C2
D
ea
- TA = A.S
- TB = (B1 + B2) S
- Assume intermediate hinges at

struts (B) and (C)
- TC = (C1 + C2) S
- TD = D.S
as S = spacing between struts
Cairo University
Sheet Pile Walls

Design of Sheet Pile:
B1
B2
C1
C2
D
ea
- for each beam, determine maximum moment.

- determine absolute Mmax.
- Sec. Modulus: Z = Mmax/y.
Cairo University
Sheet Pile Walls

Design of Wales:
B1
B2
C1
C2
D
ea
- Continuous horizontal beams.

- Mmax = A.S2/10.
- Sec. Modulus: Z = Mmax/y.
Cairo University
Sheet Pile Walls

Base Stability:
Cohesive Soils:
Deep Excavation: / > 1

FS =
cu Nc
1.5
H+q
as cu = undrained strength below base

Nc = bearing capacity factor (see chart)
Cairo University
Sheet Pile Walls

Base Stability:
Cohesive Soils:
Shallow Excavation: / < 1

- load = 0.7B ( H + q) cu H
- resistance = 0.7B (cu Nc)
FS =
cu Nc
cu
H+q
0.7
1.5
as cu = undrained strength below base

Nc = bearing capacity factor (see chart)
if depth to firm layer D < 0.7 B take D instead of 0.7 B
Cairo University
Sheet Pile Walls

Base Stability:
Cohesive Soils:
Cairo University
Sheet Pile Walls

Base Stability:
Cohesive Soils:
If FS < 1.5
Sheet pile should be driven deeper
FS =
cu Nc
2c t
H+q a
1.5
as ca = soil adhesion = cu
= 0.35 to 1.0 (soft)
Cairo University
Sheet Pile Walls

Base Stability:
Cohesionless Soils:
- Base heave due to B.C. failure is not critical.
- Base heave is more critical due to upward seepage.
FS =
i crit
2
i exit
as i crit =
sub
w
iexit from flow analysis or see chart
If FS against piping < 2

1-Sheet pile should be driven
deeper to limit iexit
Cairo University
Sheet Pile Walls

Base Stability:
Cohesionless Soils:
iexit from chart
Cairo University
Sheet Pile Walls

Base Stability:
Cohesionless Soils:
GWT
H
2- Cutoff penetrates into

impermeable layer
FS =
1d1 + 2 d 2
1.1
w hw
whw
Cairo University
d1
d2
Sand
hw
Clay
Sand
Sheet Pile Walls

Base Stability:
Cohesionless Soils:
GWT
H
3- Cutoff by means of grout plug

d
FS =
1d
1.1
w hw
Sand
hw
whw
get d = depth of grout plug
Cairo University
Sheet Pile Walls

Settlement adjacent to Strutted Excavation
depends on:
- wall height.
- soil type below bottom of cut.
- elapsed time between excavation and placement of
wales and struts.
- stiffness of wall.
- lateral yielding will cause ground surface to settle.

- sheet pile is driven to a certain depth below bottom
of excavation to reduce lateral yielding of wall (h).
Cairo University
Sheet Pile Walls

- Lateral yield (h) induces ground settlement (v).
- Prediction of ground settlement in various types of
soil (see Figure).
v(max) = 0.5 1.0 h(max)
Cairo University
Sheet Pile Walls

For Cohesionless Soils:
h(max) = 0.2% H
if bracings are installed as soon as support levels are reached.
Means of Reducing Movements:

- unsupported depth of wall between supports can be decreased by using more levels of
bracings.
- top braces should be placed as high as possible
- vertical spacing of 2.5 m between strut levels is minimum with 4 to 5 m being max.
- unsupported depth of wall can be reduced by use of soil berms.
- if stiff layer lies below clay layer, wall should be embedded in the stiff layer. This will
greatly reduce lateral yield.
Cairo University
Sheet Pile Walls

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Sheet Pile Walls

Dr. Ashraf Kamal Hussein

Sheet Pile Walls

2. Types of Sheet Pile Walls

Sheet Pile Walls

2. Types of Sheet Pile Walls

Sheet Pile Walls

2. Types of Sheet Pile Walls

Sheet Pile Walls

3. Cantilever Sheet Pile Walls

Sheet Pile Walls

3. Cantilever Sheet Pile Walls

Sheet Pile Walls

3. Cantilever Sheet Pile Walls

Sheet Pile Walls

3. Cantilever Sheet Pile Walls

- Mmax @ pt of zero shear (n)

Sheet Pile Walls

3. Cantilever Sheet Pile Walls

- epn = x (Kp Ka)

Sheet Pile Walls

3. Cantilever Sheet Pile Walls

Sheet Pile Walls

3. Cantilever Sheet Pile Walls

Sheet Pile Walls

3. Cantilever Sheet Pile Walls

Short Term Analysis cu, = 0

- HL < (4cu q)/

Sheet Pile Walls

4. Anchored Sheet Pile Walls

reduces bending moments.

Sheet Pile Walls

4. Anchored Sheet Pile Walls

Sheet Pile Walls

4. Anchored Sheet Pile Walls

compressible soil (loose sand, clay)

strong soil ( > 32o)

Sheet Pile Walls

4. Anchored Sheet Pile Walls

determine penetration depth (t).

design anchor rod and anchor plate.

Sheet Pile Walls

4. Anchored Sheet Pile Walls

Net Earth Pressure

Sheet Pile Walls

4. Anchored Sheet Pile Walls

Sheet Pile Walls

4. Anchored Sheet Pile Walls

Net Earth Pressure

Net Earth Pressure

Sheet Pile Walls

4. Anchored Sheet Pile Walls

3- Force in Tie Rod

force in each tie rod:

Sheet Pile Walls

4. Anchored Sheet Pile Walls

Design: Cohesionless Soils

- Mmax @ pt of zero shear (n)

(n) lies above L.G.L.

Sheet Pile Walls

4. Anchored Sheet Pile Walls

Net Earth Pressure

Sheet Pile Walls

4. Anchored Sheet Pile Walls