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Introduction
to Composite
MaterialsandStructures
NachiketaTiwari
Nachiketa
Tiwari
IndianInstituteofTechnologyKanpur
Lecture4
GlassFibers
Lecture Overview
LectureOverview
GlassFibers
AssociatedManufacturingProcesses
SizingandCouplingAgents
Sizing and Coupling Agents
PropertiesofDifferentTypesofGlassFibers
GlassFibers
Glassfibersaremostcommonlyusedfibers.Theycomeintwoforms:
Continuousfibers
Di
Discontinuousorstaplefibers
ti
t l fib
Chemically,glassissillicon dioxide(SiO2).Glassfibersusedforstructuralapplicationscomein
two flavours:
two
flavours :EEGlass,
Glass,andS
and SGlass.
Glass.EEglass
glassisproducedinmuchlargervolumesvis
is produced in much larger volumes visvis
visSS
glass.
Principaladvantages:
p
g
Limitations:
Lowcost
Highstrength
Poorabrasionresistancecausingreducedusablestrength
Pooradhesiontospecificpolymermatrixmaterials
Pooradhesioninhumidenvironments
dh i i h id
i
Glassfibersarecoatedwithchemicalstoenhancetheiradhesionproperties.Thesechemicals
are known as coupling
areknownas
couplingagents
agents.
Manyofcouplingagentsaresilane compounds
HowareGlassFibersMade?
Both,continuousandstapleformsofglassfibersareproducedbypartially
similar method
similarmethod.
Processofproducingcontinuousfibers:
Rawmaterials(sand,limestone,alumina)aremixedandmeltedinafurnaceat
approximately1260C.
Moltenglassthen:
Molten glass then :
Eitherflowsdirectlyintoafiberdrawingfacility.Thisprocessisknownasdirect
meltprocess.Mostoffiber glassintheworldisproducedthisway.
Orgetsformedintomarbles.Thesemarblesarelaterfused,anddrawnintofibers.
Or gets formed into marbles. These marbles are later fused, and drawn into fibers.
Forproducingcontinuousfibers,moltenglasspassesthroughmultiple
holes to form fibers These fibers are quenched through a light spray of
holestoformfibers.Thesefibersarequenchedthroughalightsprayof
water.Subsequently,fibersarecoatedwithprotectiveandlubricating
agents.
HowareGlassFibersMade?
Nextfibersarecollectedinbundlesknownasstrands.Eachstrandmay
h
havetypically204individualfibers.
t i ll 204 i di id l fib
Next,strandswoundonspools.Fibersinthesespoolsaresubsequently
Next,
strands wound on spools. Fibers in these spools are subsequently
processedfurthertoproducetextiles.
Staplefibersareproducedbypushinghighpressureairjetacrossfibers,as
theyemanatefromholesduringthedrawingprocess.
Thesefibers,aresubsequentlycollected,sprayedwithabinder,and
collectedintobundlesknownasslivers.
Thesesliversmaysubsequentlybedrawnandtwistedintoyarns.
SurfaceTreatmentofGlassFibers
Duringproduction,glassfibersaretreatedchemically.These
treatmentsareknownassizes.
Therearetwotypesofsizes:TemporaryandCompatible.
Temporarysizesareusedtoreducedegradationoffiberstrengthattributable
to abrasion of fibers due to interfiber
toabrasionoffibersduetointer
fiberfrictionduringfiberdrawingprocess.
friction during fiber drawing process
Theyarealsousedtobindfibersforeasyhandling.Theyaremadefrom
starchoils(starch,gelatin,polyvinylalcohol,etc.).Thesesizesinhibitgood
resinfiber
resin
fiberadhesion.Theyalsopromotemoistureabsorption.
adhesion. They also promote moisture absorption.
Duringcompositefabrication,thesesizesareremovedbyheatingthefibersat
340 C for 15 20 hours Post their removal these fibers are coated with
340Cfor1520hours.Posttheirremoval,thesefibersarecoatedwith
couplingagents(alsoknownasfinishes),whichpromoteresinfiberadhesion.
Theseagentsalsoinhibitdeterioratingeffectsofhumidityonthefiberresin
bond Many of these agents are organofunctional
bond.Manyoftheseagentsareorgano
functionalsilanes.
silanes
Composition&PropertiesofGlassFibers
p
p
TypicalChemicalCompositionofE&SGlassin%
SiO2
Al2O3
CaO
B2O3
MgO
Na2O
BaO
FeO
Others
54.3
15.2
17.2
8.0
4.7
0.6
64.2
24.8
0.01
0.01
10.3
0.27
0.2.0
0 21
0.21
0.03
ImportantPropertiesofGlassFibers
Property
EGlass
SGlass
S ifi
Specificgravity
it
2 54
2.54
2 49
2.49
Tensilestrength(MPa)
3450
4590
Tensilemodulus(GPa)
(
)
72
86
3to20
8to13
2.9
Diameterrange(microns)
CTE(permillionperC)
R f
References
1.
2
2.
Mechanics
M
h i off Composite
C
i Materials,
M
i l Jones,
J
R M.,
R.
M McGraw
M G
Hill.
3.