CONSTRUCTION WASTE MINIMIZATION IN DESIGN STAGE OF PROJECT

by
Godi Niteesh Roy
A special study submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Master of Engineering in
Construction Engineering and Infrastructure Management

Examination Committee:

Nationality:
Previous Degree:

Dr. Djoen San Santoso (Chairperson)

Dr. Chotchai Charoenngam
Dr. Bonaventura H.W.Hadikusumo

INDIA
Bachelor of technology in civil engineering
Jawaharlal Nehru technological university
Kakinada, India

Asian Institute of Technology

School of engineering and technology
Thailand
November 2016

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
It is with immense gratitude that I acknowledge the support and help of my Professor Dr.
Djoen San Santoso for guiding all along the study whose advice made this study complete,
I would also thank my examiners and professors Dr. Chotchai Charoenngam and Dr.
Bonaventura H.W.Hadikusumo for teaching the valuable aspects of construction
management which helped me to complete this study.
I would also like to thank Ms. Woranuch Chumchat for her help and cooperation during the
study.

ii

ABSTRACT
The effect of waste generated in construction has lot of effect on ongoing construction
work and it effects the total cost of construction, this effect can be reduced by efficient
design which can reduce the wastage of material by inculcating the waste minimization
during design stage and also good waste management plan during construction will help to
contain the generation of waste in construction of site. This study understands and suggests
what aspects should be considered in design stage and construction stage in order to reduce
the waste generation in site which eventually discussed more about waste minimization
and management in site and usage of virtual methods in helping to minimize waste.

iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE

PAGE

Acknowledgements
Abstract
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Illustrations
1

ii
iii
iv
vi
vi
vii

Introduction
1.1

1
1

Background
1.2

3
General problems faced and main issues affecting waste
minimization

1.3

4
Objectives

1.4

4
Scope of the study

Literature Review
2.1
Difference between waste minimization and management
2.2
Study of how design can be strategy in reducing waste
2.3
The study of how BIM influence waste minimization in
design stage
2.4
Study of how waste management is influencing the
14
reduction of waste in site

5
5
6
9
14

Case Studies
3.1
Construction waste minimization in UK: Current pressure
For changes and approaches
3.2
Construction waste minimization comparing conventional
and precast construction (mixed system and IBS) : A case
study in Malaysia
3.3
Critical factors in effective construction waste minimization
at design stage
3.4
Architects perspective on construction waste reduction by
design

19
19

Summary

24

References

25

iv

20
22
23

LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE

TITLE

2.1
2.2

IICC BIM Platform for managing sustainable construction

Construction waste generation measurement for all 8 projects in
three methods of construction
Total waste accumulated in construction and percentage of its usage,
recycling and disposal at landfills
Waste accumulation and its usage efficiency

3.1
3.2

PAGE

vi

12
21
21
22

LIST OF TABELS
TABLE

TITLE

2.1
2.2

Indicates the variables which can be modified to reduce waste

Identifying the main causes of waste at important stages of project
using BIM
Indication of chances where waste management can be improved
Generation of waste in three methods of construction

2.3
3.1

PAGE

vii

7
13
17
21

LIST OF FULLFORMS USED IN SHORT FORM

CW
WMP
BIM
WRAP
WMD
SWMP
CWM

Construction Waste
Waste Minimization Plan
Building Information Model
Water Resources Action Program
Waste Management Design
Site Waste Management Plan
Construction Waste Minimization

viii

ix

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1

Background of study

Waste in construction site can be defined as the material which is generated after
construction which has no potential use any further and should be transported to some
place to get rid of it. (E.R.Skoyles and J.R.Skoyles,1987). Construction waste has been
adding more cost to overall budget and extra wastage of time in construction site due
negligence of waste generation and estimation of waste generation during design stage
which includes both structural and architectural prospects on design where this should be
detected, furthermore during the construction stage the interest of contractors on this waste
minimization plays important role in executing this design plan if given by engineers in
construction team. It has agreed or stated several times that waste arises due to poor design
in field of construction. (Innes et al., 2004). The waste minimization plan can be developed
during design and planning stage itself in order to reduce the effect of waste generation
on total budget .
In architecture prospects of work the design is done for building elevation, design
planning, technical, social aspects of usage where structural design of building focuses
on structural elements of building in which these two go hand in hand during construction
stage where most of the issues can be detected and reduced during design stage itself in
order to reduce total waste generated. (Chen, 2005) stated that if there is poor integration
within the teams of design it will lead to uneconomical design which will effect in
generating high waste during construction The coordination does not occur in early stage
but in pre-construction stage the integration is done to know at which areas there will be
possibilities to reduce the outcomes of waste in overall architectural, structural and
mechanical elements involved in the building construction stage. To obtain an accurate
rebar schedule, reinforcement placed in design model has to match exactly with actual field
work (Porwal et al., 2012). Changes should be made in design stage like for example single
replacement of bar in continuous beam instead of two bars, standard dimensions are very
easy to adopt in construction design stage.
If there is standardized design it will help in good perception towards design which will
help in less waste generation during construction (Andrew et al., 2004). Standardization
reduced the complexity in the design which is easily understood without any doubts or
misunderstandings. Basically, when the complexity reduces the clarity upon the design
increases which will help to adapt the same working methodology of one unit to the rest
(e.g. columns of same dimension) which will really save lot of resources if planned with
clarity.
The waste minimization cannot be occurred in single stage like source, pre-planning,
construction stage etc. The opportunities should be made in every stage of construction
right from planning, designing both architecture and structural, material estimation, preconstruction, construction stage etc. construction waste minimization process is not
confined to single stages of construction but it is a procedure which occurs at different
stages of project and opportunities and responsibilities lie within all supply chain
stakeholders, particularly clients, designers, contractors and suppliers (M.Osmani, 2012).
The construction industry has been exploring and developing approaches to minimize

waste generation throughout the project lifecycle stage by employing sustainable building
design and reducing waste during the design stage ( Zico et al.,2012).
The benefit of implementing waste minimization in design stage is this can be helpful in
reducing the waste generation during construction stage which will help to reduce its effect
in overall costs of the project which is benefit to contractors and as well to clients also.
When the waste arising reduction is designed for construction projects the materials supply
will be precise and in right quantity, transportation costs to site reduces, waste dumping
material reduces and if there is any landfill tax that has to be paid even that reduces. So,
planning for waste reduction in initial and different stages of work is actually profitable to
overall budget. Waste reduction criteria is also depends on the traits of several plans like
choosing of methods in construction, types of materials used and quality of work being
done to achieve the target of waste reduction. Minimization of waste at source for new
building construction involves both design concepts and building technology/materials
selection (Poon and Jallion, 2002).
The planning of waste reduction at different stages of work cannot be executed well unless
and until it is controlled well, the design is most important thing in pre-construction stage
and at the same time the execution should be accurate for which the description of
controlled methods should be precise in order to execute the designed plan by different
departments to merge together during construction and work collectively to reduce waste.
The efficient design, planning and delivery of the design and early construction phases of
the project through use of building information modelling (BIM) provide tangible financial
and logistical benefits by optimizing resources (WRAP).
Using the virtual technical aspects like building information modelling is one of the
effective and best method of identifying the waste occurrence in construction which will
help to change the design as per required and after detection of the waste which will arise
if construction is carried out. Impact of waste generation has lot of effect on project if it is
ignored because of the complexity which it creates in work, amount of time which is taken
in clearing it out, extra man and machine power and moreover if the condition is worse
there will arise a situation which will consume a separate budget or separate amount of
budget which should be allocated in managing the waste, to exclude that there should be
design plan in designing stage itself to minimize the occurrence of waste which should be
implemented, in order to implement that there should plan which reduces the re-work,
which can be done in design stage by integrating the different design teams work which is
called clash detection. BIM can establish good coordination and communication within the
working groups which will reduce conflicts between the working group and implemented
to reduce conflicts between project participants models known as clash detection (H. Kim
and F. Grobler, 2006). There should be a framework adopted in waste minimization design
execution which will help to follow the principal ideology in all aspects of design to
foresee the waste minimization chances. The most priority for project team members is to
evaluate the design via visualization and simulation in BIM during early design stages
(Yan et al., 2011). Level of detail is important in order to observe the loop areas which are
more of waste arising works which can be detected if they are detailed and revised in
method of construction then there will be a chance of reducing waste in every aspect of
work if detail of work is high in design stage which will help the ordinates to explain the
method of working to the skilled labor with ease.

Three Rs ideology or principle is often used in research and practices on construction

waste management. The principle refers to reduction, reuse, and recycling, which is a
threefold classification of waste management strategies according to desirability (Yuan
et al., 2011). This concept is widely used during construction where the focus should be
more shifted on reduce in design stage basing on that a new concept has been innovated
which is the adoption of three Cs will help in design stage to reduce the outcome of waste
that is calculate, contemplate, change if necessary; this can be adopted to any construction
project to improvise the waste minimization plan for which the calculation of material
quantity is done for every work which is being executed and it is contemplated thoroughly
in order to identify the arising of waste and bring change in the design if necessary in order
to reduce waste. Standardization of design components is necessary if waste minimization
is desired in construction which will reduce the quantity off-cuts. Calculate the quantity of
materials and observe the chance for reducing it in cost effective manner, contemplate
whether it is suitable and meeting the needs of waste minimization and change if necessary
which should be relevant to the concept of the project. Cross- checking it in virtual design
plays a major role in which the minor mistakes can be excluded after the three Cs
procedure which is very helpful before starting the construction on-site. The design should
be made understood to different working teams and the plan should be given to the
contractors which tells them the procedure of work in order to the minimize the waste
which is the one of the most effective manner to implement the waste minimization plan on
site. Supervising team can play effect role in this when it comes to on-site because the
working labor may or may not have the right understanding of this plan but when the
orders of work are given to them by supervisors they can implement it at its best. In order
for the plan to be effective audits should be taken by design team before commencement of
work.
1.2 General problems faced and main issues affecting waste minimization
The main problem faced in this regard is the generation of waste in construction is same as
waste in economic form, loss in usage of material is equal to loss in cost and adding to it
the disposal charges of those waste is also extra charge. It has been estimated that 33% of
on-site waste is due to architects failure to implement waste reduction measures during
design stages (Innes et al., 2004). In this regard we can say that during design we have
chance to minimize the outcome of waste by changing the specification of design just by
using standard design and change in usage of materials which balances the load of
structure also.
Many researches have argued that a large amount of construction waste is generated
because of inappropriate considerations in design phase (Baldwin, 2009). Firstly the design
should be appropriate to the concept of project, should do a safe design and then the
designer should have perception towards the design for which he should be able to alter the
specification in order to make less usage of materials, which will help in less outcome of
waste in turn helps in less time and cost required to segregate it.
Previous research on construction waste minimization at the design stage mainly involves
components: Main reason for waste generation site is due to design changes including
provisional design change at request of customers , in experienced designers, increase in
requirements and lack of necessary information and inability to see the conditions which are
to arise and change in policy (Poon et al., 2004). These factors contribute to waste generation
3

but these are also the things which can be resolved in design stage of project if there is a
coordinating system between the working teams.
Architect's attitude toward construction waste minimization (Kulathunga et al., 2006). As
we also seen in above information mentioned earlier also states that the waste generation is
also due to perception of architects and designers which is affecting the design in many
ways but that can be resolved by the attitude of them towards waste minimization just by
making waste minimization as center issue for design in every aspect of it.
obstructive factors in the implementation of construction waste reduction in the design
stage (Poon et al., 2001). During the design the designers of every engineering department
who are working collectively should see whether their work is causing obstruction for
other works and resolve them in beginning stage only, this can be done in pre-construction
stage where the work is analyzed in virtual form which is a advantage and plan for the
management of waste which will be generated from the work but this can also be resolved
by using the right method of construction.
These are common factors which effect the waste minimization process at the design stage
which mainly depends on how the plan is executed right from beginning, for these factors
not be effected in current process the base design should be revised and every change and
modification which is made to previous plan or design should imply towards the waste
minimization for that particular work, it may be in any form may be like eg: using single
bar in place of different bars in continues beams or else calculate the total number of
continues beams and find required number of single beams in floor and multiplying it with
the total number of floors and ordering them accordingly directly from the steel industry or
else specifying the length before procurement and notifying the supplier about the length
which he should supply will help to save material and reduce the waste generated from it.
1.3 Objectives :

To study waste reduction approaches in design stage of construction.

To study how framing or planning of work in design stage helps in construction
phase to minimize waste.
To study the factors which influences the waste reduction.
To study the chances of modification or changes to make better waste reduction plan.

1.4 Scope of study:

This study deals with the reasons which are affecting the waste reduction in construction site
which can be resolved in design stage, also provides the suggestion about the chance of
reduction of waste by using virtual method and discusses the implementation of waste
management plan in order to manage the waste on site during construction.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Difference between waste minimization and management
Why waste should be reduced is the common question which arises, waste should be
reduced because it will save the cost which is being wasted along with the waste and also
the resource wastage along with it, apart from these there are also other effects on the work
but these two are the ultimate results at the end. There are two ways which these effects
can be reduced:
1. Waste management
2. Waste minimization
Waste management is all about finding potential ways to reduce the impact of waste on
total work, in precise management of occurred waste during construction like finding
different ways to segregate the waste and monitoring the occurrence of waste in
construction and reducing it. There will also be site waste management plans (SWMP)
which can be given to sub-contractors and supervisors to impose it on the working labor
and produce the best results of managing waste during construction. Waste management
involves identifying potential waste streams. Setting target recovery rates and managing
the process to ensure that these targets are met (WRAP).
Waste management depends upon the practice of the company which the cost either will be
neural or will generate cost savings if executed properly, majority of it will depend on how
the practice is done during construction and planning of working before commencement of
work, also depends upon how the waste is managed even after its generation. Waste
minimization is all about reducing the waste generation in design stage itself, its like
during design the components are designed according to loading conditions but they will
maintain a standardize design throughout and specifying the necessity of on-site and offsite construction components and reducing the quantity of materials wherever necessary
and cross checking with loading conditions, Proposing working methods which will save
cost and restricting the generation of waste through design. Waste minimization includes a
wide range of methods to design-out waste from a project and limit waste arising during
construction phase (WRAP).
Reduction is one of the most effective and efficient methods of waste management, not
only minimizing waste generation and eliminating waste disposal and environmental
problems but also reducing the construction cost of waste sorting, transportation, and
disposal (Lu and Yuan, 2011).Waste minimization depends upon how accurate the quality
of material is calculated during designing and making changes comparing different design
measurements and quantity of material and test loading condition for that and specifying
the material measurement and quantity which should be used, for example in continuous
beams the length of the bar can be the total length of the span which will decrease trim
loss. Rebar has a direct effect on the project cost (Salem at al.2007), other is where there is
a chance of installation of pre-cast and where there general traditional construction should
be examined in order to save cost, time and materials.

2.2 Study of how design can be key strategy in reducing waste

Waste reduction can be achieved during design and construction phases (Jallion et al.,
2008). During design there is a lot of flexibility for changes which can be implemented in
the direction of minimizing the waste. Therefore, the waste reduction chance lies in
perception of the designer on the plan in which he/she should implement in the direction of
waste minimization during design stage. It is indicated that there is greater opportunity for
reducing waste at the design stage than later stage, because fundamental design decisions
related to building material, sharpness of form, size and complexity are more likely to have
a significant impact (WRAP. 2013).
To minimize waste in construction, design stage is identified as key strategy for waste
minimization in construction (Baldwin et al., 2009). During the design stage every details
can be understood thoroughly and examined, can be cross checked in order to replace it
with other material and check whether it is suitable for stability of building. Considerations
should be apt if not the waste minimization plan will be awfully wrong In order to restrict
the waste generation the first and foremost thing needed is perception towards the every
part in design stage which will be ultimate help to reduce waste without any source of
other work.
There are many alternatives in design specification where there is a chance to choose
different material for the construction that may be precast or through conventional,
traditional system but the ideal way is to see which construction is economical to
accommodate at that part. There is a system called industrialized building system (IBS) in
construction where by components are manufactured in a controlled environment, either at
site or off site, placed and assembled into construction works. IBS is alternative option to
the conventional construction in maintaining sustainability in construction through the
efficient use of resources, improvements in quality of construction buildings and waste
minimization (Tam et al., 2007). The choosing must be accurate and perfectly suitable in
view of waste minimization. Some components can be done by pre casting and some by
traditional method and designer should be aware of what should be the one which suits
best in order to accommodate it for the construction which minimizes waste economically.
Waste in design stage should be reduced by notifying various issues during design stage and
include better coordination throughout project to eliminate design and detailing mistakes also
to avoid abortive work during site operations, planning to minimize waste through off-cuts, use
of innovative materials with correct specification of materials and improvised design attributes
to minimize waste (Coventry and Guthrie, 1998). This will help to identify the work
perspectives very closely which will help to identify the tasks where the waste is generating
and new design can be developed or else it can be resolved by doing the three Cs which will
help to reduce the material usage and generation.
Adaptation of new architectural methods of construction waste reduction in design stage,
including innovative design to delay demolition, reduction of usage of material by strategic
procurement planning, coordination of measurements, dimensions and standardization of
elements, application of suitable working methodologies which also benefits economically
and to avoid the changes during construction (Baldwin et al., 2009). Choosing new methods is
good if it is economical or advantage towards the project but electing the best suitable methods
is where waste minimization technique lies in.
6

Doing refinement in architectures and in design changes refinements should be done by

using the advance technologies and using reclaimable materials and thereby achieving
resource conservation which leads to waste minimization in construction (Kun and Hong,
2010). Effective design practice is required for the waste minimization because the revision
which is to be done is multiple times for the complete design and they have to
communicate with the other teams which are involved in the design. Complexity is high
during the design stage but the effect over waste minimization is high during construction
because the main problem resolved in design stage itself which will help the construction
to go smoothly which only involves good supervision with perfect execution which is
profitable when it comes to construction.
Tabel 2.1 Indicating the variables which can be modified to reduce waste

Categories and variables

Sources

Architectural technologies
Large panel frame works

Poon et al.(2001)

Steel Scaffolding

Poon et al., (2001)

Metal hoarding

(Poon and Jaillon,2002)

Prefabricated Components

(Chiang et al., 2006)

Architecture design
Design for hanging cradles

(Zhang et al.,2012)

Design for thinner internal walls and floor slabs

Poon et al., (2001)

Fewer design modifications

Ekanayake and Ofori (2004)

Design for recycled materials such as recycled

aggregates

Poon et al.(2002)

External mechanism
Construction waste regulation

Karavezyris(2007); Lu and Yuan(2011)

Waste reduction investment

Chen et al.,(2002)

Market-simulation system

Wang et al.,(2004)

Regulation implementation supervision

Wang et al.,(2004)

Designers capacity
Educational background

Li et al.,(2009)

Work experience

Ye et al.,(2012)

Designers behavior and attitude

Environment awareness

(Liu et al., 2008)

Design strategy training

Tan (2011)

Economic incentive

Chen et al.,(2002) ;

Waste minimization culture

Yuan et al., (2011)

There are several factors which are there to specify but throughout past years of research
these are identified as the basic variables where the departing is done without re checking
the design. At those particular steps there can be variation shown in order to reduce their
effect like three Cs ( calculate, contemplate, change) specified in above sections and
revising the plan, co-ordination between the teams and giving audits will help to prevent
their effect on waste minimization plan in construction.
These variables should be shown attention in every construction if the waste minimization
is adopted because these are the basic fundamentals where waste can be segregated at the
source itself instead of managing it in the site and rest if arises there will be other plan
which is three Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) which is followed under supervision which
will help to overcome the problems in site and finally there is considerable chance if these
variables are identified in initial stage and minimize their effect on the project.
The potential to reduce waste in construction lies in design because it is the foremost part
where the whole construction is dependent on. During the design stage the designer can
alter the variables in terms of dimension and quantity of materials and run analysis in
order to make the structure safe, at this stage the designer will have many alternatives to
choose in terms of quantity of material, their dimensions and depending upon any other
8

several factors there might be a change in the design , during this calculation there can be
design which puts waste minimization as one the top priority in design in order to reduce
waste, cost and time. Among the solutions to reduction, WMD is commonly identified as a
key strategy for effectively minimizing waste (Baldwin et al., 2009) because a design that
fully considers ahead of time every detail of the overall construction project efficiently
prevents unnecessary material waste.
There must be waste minimization point of view design in construction project in order to
save material and cost. The designer should have a good waste minimizing strategies
which will be implemented effectively in order to produce good results on site and a virtual
design should be done in order to know the consequences which will arise during
construction, these are the basic amenities which will help the project in waste
minimization view. There is consensus that construction waste during design is mainly
related to design changes ineffective coordination and communication material
specification design and detailing complexity and design and construction detail errors
(Baldwin et al., 2015). Designer can identify the variables which can be altered and which
cannot be altered at maximum and minimum levels which should be reviewed repeatedly
over and over multiple times in order to bring out the best output for standard dimensions
and less material wastage.
BIM has been of the outstanding tools or method to identify the material wastage virtually,
in which this has been modern technique to understand the project wholly and implement
the project at the best level and identify the loop holes in construction and reduce it in
order to save material, waste and overall cost. It is important for project team members to
evaluate the design via simulation in BIM in early design stages (Yan et al., 2011).
Therefore, there are lot of opportunities in design stage to identify the waste generation and
keep that under control. The construction industry has been researching and developing
methods to minimize waste generation throughout the project lifecycle stages by
employing sustainable building design and reducing waste generation during the design
process ( Kim et al., 2009).
2.3 The study of how BIM will influence waste minimization in design stage
Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a digital representation of physical and functional
characteristics of a facility. A BIM is a shared knowledge resource for information about a
facility forming a reliable basis for decisions during its life-cycle; defined as existing from
earliest conception to demolition. BIM is not confined by one software, being a virtual
method there are several possibilities that we can adopt many resourceful virtual methods
for different stages of project in order to develop a model of project which clearly depicts
the building information precisely which is to be built exactly on site.
It is vital for a project team members to assess the design via imagining and recreation in
BIM in early design stages (Yan et al., 2011), because visualization gives clarity with we
can see each and every detail of the design components and understand it in depth to make
changes to reduce the generation of waste during construction. They influence all aspects
of construction projects across all lifecycle stages and have a significant impact on design
and construction, where BIM helps to streamline processes that use 3D parametric models
and facilitates communication among disparate project stakeholders such as client, design
team, and contractor to achieve a better understanding and quicker decision making
( Shelden et al., 2013). When there is precise design the detailing and visualization will be
9

easy and it will give clarity to stakeholders about the project at completion which is seen in
virtual form which will help to reduce the last minute changes because the virtual methods
gives clear idea how the building looks and moreover the flexibility for changes is really
high so if there is anything that client want to improvise, subtract or make any changes is
completely acceptable and it gives the freedom of change in the design stage which is what
the clients actually needs in order to confirm his concept which is to be constructed.
BIM enhanced coordination and communication for collaborative working are fundamental
features offers by BIM (Liston, et al.,2008). BIM will benefit in communication between
the stakeholders, designers and other engineering departments which are included in the
project, the level of approach changes towards the project, as discussed above paragraph
the clarity between the working teams increases which will result in good communication
throughout the project life cycle and improves the productivity in the work in which waste
reduction will be common point of connection.
BIM is thought to provide significant enhancements in detailing (Hardin et al.,2009)
visualization and simulation (Eastman et al., 2008), clash detection ( Hardin et al.,2009)
and improved project performance in terms of coordination and communication ( Krygiel
et al., 2008). Using BIM will provide data for the particular material which is really helpful
to know the amount of waste that will generate because of using that particular material
and the number of alternatives can be sorted out very easily during design stage itself, the
amount of variation provided in the BIM will improve the flexibility to change and know
whether the component is less waste generating component or not, suitable for loading
condition or not, modern or not etc. overall the best opportunity in BIM is communication
between different working teams which is the main thing where it is highly benefit to the
whole project.
BIM-enhanced coordination and communication for collaborative working are
fundamental features offered by BIM (Teicholz et al.,2008). These are the main qualities
which are required to break open the doorway to minimize waste in construction which is
provided by BIM which is beneficial not only during construction but also delivering the
project economically where reworks can be reduced, material estimation and procurement
is perfectly calculated, the cost will be know beforehand only, moreover the assigning of
work will be easy for that particular task.
When there is overlap of work in construction site of two departments of engineering it
will be difficult to reset the schedule for the work because it will make the other works
delay and lead to conflicts between the contractors because delay may cost loss to
contractor which may be delay cost or extra time of equipment rental cost etc. in order to
reduce this there should be communication from the engineering sections in design stage
itself in order to resolve it design stage only for which BIM resolves the overlap of each
other works at same time which is generally called clash detection for which it can be done
through BIM in design stage only. The enhanced coordination and communication for
collaborative working processes within BIM can determine the success of the project; BIM
is implemented to manage conflicts between project participants models, known as clash
detection ( Kim et al., 2006).
The majority of construction waste minimization (CWM) practices focus on the
construction stage, such as on-site waste auditing (BRE, SMARTWaste2011) and
construction supply chain management (A.R.J. Dainty and R.J. Brooke, 2004) with less
10

effort being paid to reduce waste during design. Along with the design this waste
minimization practice is considerably best working procedure to stop the generation of
waste because practices implementation will help to execute the plan if there is a loop in a
design with was unforeseen it can be implemented by on site practices to reduce waste but
not eliminate, only design stage has potential to eliminate the waste whereas the practices
can minimize the waste generation.
The current use of BIM for coordination is not only to ensure design-phase coordinated 3D
models, but also in monitoring the scale and speed of construction and in assigning
responsibility for site management and work coordination. (R. Davies and C. Harty,
2013).which will be the most effective way of implementation of waste management practice
because it will help to progress the work effectively without any disputes in sites and more
over the clarity of work will increase which is always a positive influence on the work which is
commencing.
(Ruwanpura et al.,2003) stated that for the first time that by using computer simulation
model to predict the quality of construction waste to improve the practices of sustainable
construction. During construction process the procedure of working should be known
exactly specified by the concerned ordinate in order to execute it keeping waste reduction
as center point of work which can also be simulated in computer based softwares which
will help to percept the working method in detail and it will make the supervisor to
understand the concept of that work or working methodology and execute accordingly to
generate less waste.
Construction waste forecasting tools, such as design-based waste assessment ( L.L.
Ekanayake and G. Ofori, 2004) and online waste forecasting (WRAP 2011) have been used
to assist construction waste reduction during design stages. These tools aimed to capture
live data of waste and provide improvements to resource efficiency in terms of waste
minimization; however, they do not consider CWM decision making during design stages.
This is another method of approach which acts as substitute when the design is not given in
design stage and keep the work under control to minimize the generation of waste.
To examine this work process we must see the function how BIM can be helpful in projects
and its advantages to project. The figure 1 explains the functions that BIM can carry out in
order to implement the chances of improvising BIM techniques.

11

Figure 2.2 adopted from IICC BIM Platform for managing sustainable construction

12

Tabel 1.2 Identifying the main causes of waste at important stages of project through BIM
Stages

Construction waste causes

Appraisal and design brief

lack of early involvement by contractor,

(M.Osmani and A.Kaleidoscope , 2012); (Osmani
et al., 2008)
lack of clear goal for waste minimization
(Osmani et al., 2012)
lack of waste responsibility
(M.Osmani , 2008; B.A.G. Bossink and H.J.H
Brouwers, 1996)
ineffective coordination and communication
( Alwi et al.,2002)
failure to meet client needs
( Muhwezi et al., 2012)

Concept design and development

ineffective coordination and communication

(Poon et al.,2002)
difficulties with design complexity coordination
(M. Osmani, 2013)
design changes
(Osmani et al., 2008)
unclear outline specification of material purpose
(G. Polat and G. Ballard , 2004)
lack of attention paid to dimension coordination
( Santos et al.,2002)

Technical design
information

and

production Design and construction detail errors (K. Panos

and G.I. Danai, 2012)
Unclear specification of material, products and
components (Osmani et al.,2008)
Not fully evaluated design leads to design changes
during construction period (M. Osmani and A
Kaleidoscope, 2012)

13

The potential to reduce waste in construction lies in design because it is the foremost part
where the whole construction is dependent on. During the design stage the designer can
alter the variables in terms of dimension and quantity of materials and run analysis in
order to make the structure safe, at this stage the designer will have many alternatives to
choose in terms of quantity of material, their dimensions and depending upon any other
several factors there might be a change in the design , during this calculation there can be
design which puts waste minimization as one the top priority in design in order to reduce
waste, cost and time in construction. Now 3D visualization has been developed there will
good perception towards the design and using these BIM resources in all particular
engineering sections will help to bring best waste minimization practice through BIM.
Since, BIM has been a helping tool and the decision carried from it and monitored
carefully in order to execute the plan to minimize the waste and make practice out of it.
2.4 Study of how waste management is influencing the reduction of waste in site.
Waste management mainly focuses on the waste which arises from the construction site,
this plan is followed by the plan which is given in design stage in where some of the waste
is eliminated by innovative design and some works are specified with working
methodology ( which is also a part of waste minimization plan) and least is where works
are based on supervision alone with moderate specification of waste minimization plan
because those works are solemnly dependent on working labor at that situation and there
this waste management plan will be imposed in order to reduce the generation of waste.
Having waste minimization plans and assigning implementation responsibility to
designated people helps to manage construction waste effectively in construction projects (
Johnston and Mincks, 1995). This can be one of the best strategies to manage waste in site
because more is the observation more is the attentiveness towards the waste generation in
work and will have good chance to segregate it as soon as possible and this is very basic in
waste minimization.
By implementing proper WM practices, the construction industry can gain economic,
quality and sustainability benefits (Kulatunga et al., 2006), because the more is the waste
generated more is the investment needed to get rid of waste from site if neglected from
starting stage of construction, not only supervision but also practices play a major role in
segregating the waste, in order to implement the practices the working labor should be
given audits and proper supervision and certain rules to follow during construction.
Training and education is another effective way of minimizing waste generation (Wang et
al., 2008).
All stakeholders need to be dedicated, engaged and collaborate to identify possible means
of waste generation and consequently take action to minimize it immediately ( Manowong
14

et al., 2012). Having WM plans and assigning implementation responsibility to designated

people helps to manage construction waste effectively in construction projects (Johnston
and Mincks, 1995). Waste management becomes better when there is involvement all
departments who can work collectively on this, because in construction every department
is linked with one another, in order to tackle this waste reduction there should be good
communication between teams in order to understand the concept of each others work and
find all potential ways to reduce the waste. The effectiveness of WM strategies can be
improved by educating supervisors and estimating staff about waste minimization
strategies, highlighting the advantages of profit maximization, and conveying to all staff
that WM is as important as the time, cost, quality and safety issues of construction projects
(Johnston and Mincks, 1995). Yuan (2013) also highlighted the critical role of enhancing
major project stakeholders awareness about saving resources and environmental protection
in order to improve WM performance in construction projects. We can say that the
awareness is proportional to the effect of implementation of waste reduction in site,
because once there is awareness here is no chance that implementation will go down
because waste management has its own advantages in terms of cost, time and output.
Tam (2007) also suggested that construction waste generation can be fully avoided by
using prefabrication technologies. Adoption of better technology is main stream in waste
reduction process and that must also prove the effectives of cost is positive or negative and
also basing upon the long run, flexibility for unforeseen change, requirement is must or
not, these things should also be considered ahead before specifying them. However, it is
necessary to conduct regular site inspections and review WM performance periodically to
identify additional waste reduction requirements (Poon et al., 2004). While inspection there
should be a checking notes which contains specification given by the designer or
engineering team for that particular work and check whether that is being followed if not
under supervision there should be some reasonable point made for entrusting other method
for reduction of waste if not preventive action must be specified for that.
The management of construction waste is an important part of sustainable construction
process, which is also popular research field (Deng, 2008); (Wimalasena, 2010). At
different stages of work there will be different waste products from different process of
work, take for example sometimes the wrong calculation of concrete may lead to more
than sufficient quantity which will be a waste, in that case the cross checking of the
concrete quantity is essential before commencement of work, this calculation comes under
waste reduction management and steel bars trim loss is also an waste which constitutes to
waste generation in site, due to mis-perception during the estimation of steel this situation
arises, to suppress this it has to be reviewed again before construction. The preventive
measures should be foreseen and documented before commencement work, it is not easy
but as explained above by reviewing the work before commencement it can help to reduce
the waste generation.
Lingard et al. (1997) have argued that contractors can reduce the cost of construction by
implementing WM plans. Construction WM plans help to achieve such cost benefits due
to: cost reduction in material purchasing (Jaillon et al., 2009), transportation costs of
materials and waste (Coventry and Guthrie, 1998), waste minimisation (Johnston and
Mincks, 1995), waste disposal and tipping (Bossink and Brouwers, 1996). Sometimes
contractor should also have his own waste minimization plans because that will in turn will
reduce the expenses he spend for materials if he has got good outline for waste
minimization it really worth to proceed after giving an audit in order to gain incentives if
15

mentioned by owner earlier. Contractor should find all possible advantages while adopting
the waste reduction plan because it will benefit him in terms of investment.
Poon et al. (2004) highlighted that in order to reduce the level of waste in building projects
it is necessary to pay more attention to WM at the planning stage of building development.
Things are very clear during planning stage which depends on designer mostly to be clear
but during that stage designing team can negotiate or have discussion on waste
minimization plan with the working teams in site and the teams who are responsible for
waste minimization plan because having audits will help them to sort out the mistakes in
panning stage and eliminate them at the best possible is the key strategy in waste
minimization plan.
The implementation of relevant policies and regulations also helps to enhance the
awareness and willingness of contractors to address WM (Manowong et al., 2012)
demonstrated that legislation is one of the key incentives for the implementation of WM in
the design process and asserted that WM policies encourage architects to design out waste
in construction projects. In order to promote zero waste culture, the construction industry
and authorities have to improve legislation with a solid enforcement plan and methods of
systematic tracking of proposed measures (Merino et al., 2010). As of discussed before the
team work is important but in waste minimization practices there is need to discuss
between the teams about each other works in order that there is no overlap or clash
between their works and that will help to check or monitor the material usage and working
method thoroughly in order to minimize the waste generation.
Osmani et al. (2008) found that architects are less engaged in waste minimization due to
lack of knowledge about what causes design waste generation and the perception that
contractors are liable for waste minimization. While promoting onsite WM systems helps
to minimize construction waste generation ( Wang et al., 2008). There must be head to
head conversation between the contractor and designer in order to specify the working
methods or giving suggestions about material alternatives or equipment alternatives and
clarifying and making the contractor understand the waste minimization plan or specifying
the necessary works which contractor has to carry out reduce the generation of waste.
While encouraging onsite WM techniques helps to minimize construction waste generation
( Wang et al., 2008), sites need to have enough space allocated for WM equipment, storage
of construction waste and space for processed materials (Wang et al., 2010). Generally
waste minimization plan is highly advantage to high budget projects but the normal and
low budgeted and less site area projects can follow the principle of lean construction which
does not take up much place from site .
Therefore, it is imperious to consider human factors when managing construction waste.
Similarly, researchers have found that understanding attitudes and behaviors towards WM
plays a crucial role in the effective management of construction waste ( Zaman and
Lehmann, 2011). As of explained before there should be rules, norms and set of actions
which workers should carry accordingly and commencement work as specified by designer
or contractor, it can be best and effective way for implementation of waste reduction
practices.
There are several factors which cause the effect to waste management which will lead to
generation of extra waste there are some of the chances which are identified from previous
studies which will help to maximize the performance of waste management.
16

Tabel 2.3 Indicating the chances where performance of waste management can be
improvised

Ways of improving the performance of References

waste management

1.Proper selection of materials

Faniran and Caban (1998)

2.Develop the market for recycled products

Wang (2010); Yuan (2013)

3.Consider environmental aspects in design and

tendering stages

Wang et al.,(2008)

4.understand the attitudes and behavior towards

WM

Begum et al.,(2009)

5.encourage industry to promote suitable waste

management practices

Lu and Yuan, (2010)

6.design for adaptability

Morgan and Stevenson , (2005)

7.on site management systems

Villoria Saez et al. (2013)

8.proper planning of construction activities

Kulatunga et al. (2006)

9.waste management plans

Wang et al. (2010)

10. Assign implementation responsibility for

WM to designated people

Lu and Yuan, (2010)

11. Adequate supervision

Kulatunga et al. (2006)

12. Training and education

Begum et al. (2009)

13. Simplification of design

Nowosielski et al. (2010)

14. Financial rewards and incentives

Kulatunga et al. (2006)

17

15. Enhance of communication

Wang et al. (2008)

16. Regular meetings

Wong and Yip, (2004)

17. Lifecycle costing

Arif et al. (2009)

18. Transparency in reporting

Lim et al.,(2011)

19. Sense of collective responsibility

Teo and Loosemore (2001)

20. Promoting prefabrication methods

Villoria Saez et al. (2013)

21. Relationship building among stakeholders

Alwi et al. (2002)

22. Implementation and enforcement of policies

and regulations

Manowong et al.,(2012)

23. Adoption of transparent environmental

reporting

Walker et al., (2008)

18

CHAPTER 3
CASE STUDIES
3.1 Construction waste minimization in the UK : Current pressures for changes and
approaches
This case discusses about construction waste at source, depicts the thinking on waste
generation research and how involvement and commitment of all stakeholders will help in
efficient planning of waste minimization to push the limits to zero waste vision in field of
construction. This case study mainly focused on how waste can be reduced at the source
(design) and how the legislation, financial, business aspects have influence on this waste
reduction in construction which in turn this study developed some theory for it can be adopted
in any design of construction as implementation of waste minimization practice in their
project.
Legislation aspects:
Government had established certain strategy for waste minimization in UK because the
waste generated from construction has some effects on environment in their country which
included
1. To reduce the landfill materials.
2. To develop reduce, reuse, recycle in every project for which is to submitted during
plan approval of construction.
3. Increment of landfill charges.
4. Waste management plan regulations for all construction projects which exceeds
value of 300,000 euros.
Financial aspects:
Government started funding the projects for waste minimization practices in construction
business. From April 2005 to March 2008 government spent 284 million euros
Business aspects:
Stakeholders who seek the work to be done in economic point of view observed that waste
minimization is helpful to solve the tax problems associated with landfilling, solve money
expenses on manpower bringing reduction to impose less impact on total budget.
In the discussion of solving the problem of waste minimization in order to change the
approach there are certain points specified in the case they are respectively:
Main four themes where the origin of waste is:
1. Architects failure to design-out waste which constitutes about 33 percentage
2. Lack of good communication and co-ordination
3. Poor documentation regarding the procurement and assigning of responsibilities
4. Uncoordinated involvement of stake holders and contractors at early stage of project
Explanation of different approaches at different stages classified to minimize waste
1.Perception or Estimation of waste generation at source (Design stage)
2.Designing out waste
3.Development of minimizing waste strategies through procurement

19

4.Development of waste data models, including flows of waste and management of waste
mapping which includes handling of on-site waste.
5.On-site auditing and assessment tools
6.Improvement of practices involved in waste management
7.Getting to know benefit involved in waste minimization and implementing at its best
8.Manuals, guidelines for all engineering departments
9.Encouraging designers to develop the design which is innovative and generates less waste
during construction.
10.Effect of legislation towards practices of waste reduction.
Overall there is an explanation which includes waste management works which should be
adopted they are: three Rs, behaviors and attitudes effect, designers and architecture
perceptions, complexity of design which should be reduced, approach towards project by
waste minimization as center of approach, supply chain management, cost-analysis over
the work, recommendations to engineers to design in waste reduction point of view, using
right techniques than modernized techniques, giving effort towards the waste reduction,
handling procedure to reduce unforeseen wastage, structured approach towards the project,
complying with legislation rules, environmental aspects consideration and finally the plan
should be cost-effective and sustainable.
3.2 Construction waste minimization comparing conventional and precast
construction ( mixed system and IBS ) methods in high rise buildings : A
Malaysia case study
This study many focuses on waste minimization in high rise building constructions by
using three construction methods in design stage to confirm it which methods suits best in
the site. The three categories are as follows:
1. Conventional system
2. Mixed system
3. IBS ( industrialized building system which is said to be efficient way of reducing
waste)
The main objective in this is to calculate the waste generation during the construction in all
three categories and calculate waste usage efficiency from each of the method of
construction.
The study is on 8 medium cost high rise residential buildings in which BOQs of all the
buildings were collected and 2 of them are conventional system construction, 3 of them are
mixed system and 3 are mixed system respectively. Furtherly, he divided the waste into
two categories which are: mineral and non-mineral where mineral consisted of (a) concrete
and aggregates (b) bricks and blocks (c) scrap material (d) tiles and (e) soil and sand nonmineral consists of mainly : (a) timber and plywood (b) packaging products (c) plastic
material
Furtherly he deduced them into categories which can be (a) reused, (b) recycling and (c)
disposal at landfills
Construction waste usage efficiency = reused percentage + recycled percentage which
helps to calculate how much further the waste has been used after construction
The information which is found in the case study will be furtherly simplified in tabular
form
20

21

Tabel 3.1 Generation of waste in three methods of construction

Type
construction

of Minerals
percentage

Non-minerals
percentage

Major wastage materials

Conventional
system

81

19

Concrete and aggregates (81%)

Timber and plywood (19%)

Mixed system

88

12

Soil and sand (50%) concrete and

aggregate(30%)
Timber and plywood (9%)

Sand and soil (75%)

Concrete and aggregates (14%)

IBS (industrialized 93
building system)

There is in depth explanation of generation of waste and the amount waste accumulated in
three systems for which conclusions can be drawn easily.

Figure 3.1 Construction waste generation measurement for all 8 projects in three methods
of construction

22

Figure 1.2 Total waste accumulated in construction and percentage of its usage, recycling
and disposal at landfills calculated as follows.

Figure 3.3 Waste accumulation and its usage efficiency

It is found from above study and observation is that precast has the less waste generation
followed by mixed system and last comes the conventional system but as of the other
recent studies it is also proved that mixed system has good benefits in economic point of
view which is also a gateway for both waste minimization and cost, in this way we can
choose things in design stage in order to execute with good waste management plan and
suitable methodology of working in order to achieve waste minimization.

3.3 Critical factors in effective construction waste minimization at design

stage: A Shenzhen case study, China
In this case study it has been identified that design has key role to play in minimizing the
waste. Through questionnaire survey from grade A construction design schools they found
six critical factors (i) large-panel frameworks (ii) prefabricated components (iii) fewer
design modifications (iv) waste reduction investment (v) modular design (vi) economic
incentive . These factors will help in design of building in waste minimization point of
view which will help to accomplish a waste minimization strategy in design stage itself.
Preliminarily semi structures interviews were taken and later questionnaire is designed for
and answered by the consulting professionals on a liker scale of 1 to 5 indicating 5 as most
important significant and 1 as least significant. Out of 142 approaches 86 were responded.
Basically 19 factors were identified which are critical in construction waste minimization
design they are metal formworks, scaffolding, hoardings, prefabricated elements, design
for walls and slabs, modifications, modular design, provision and analyzing for reuse of
aggregates, regulations for waste management, investment in waste minimization,
implementation for supervision, background of study, experience in work, awareness
towards the work, vision in economic point of view, culture and mechanism of whole
teams for waste minimization design.
Results from interviews followed by t-test in SPSS:
1. Prefabricated components received the highest rating of 3.767 which is best if
waste minimization strategy is adopted in construction
23

2. Investment in waste reduction plans received the second highest rating of 3.535,
this waste reduction included handling of material, approach procedure of work,
handling skills of works, design approach and procurement strategy are mainly pin
pointed.
3. Fewer design modifications received the third highest mean of 3.512, within the
working teams and client there should be good communications, also within the
working teams this will help to eradicate the clash of work. Mostly because clients
make last minute changes there will be a lot of loss in material and disturbances
caused in structure design but during design stage, there is lot of flexibility for
change in 3D models which client and engineers can discuss in make modification,
which will reduce the generation of waste.
4. Economic incentives have been rated 3.442 which suggested that it will drive the
designers and architects to work for waste minimization design which will help to
reduce waste in site, this penalization and rewarding system will help to overcome
the errors or less chance of missing opportunity to eradicate mistake and improve
the efficiency in construction.
5. Modular design has been rated 3.419 which showed the importance of repetitive
design in construction especially when it is high rise or any commercial building,
this will help to reduce waste if methodology is applied correctly to one floor
because the rest is followed and improvised or the same is done.
6. Large panel metal formworks is the factor which is rated 3.326 for which they
complained that timber might be cheap in terms of use but at the same time they
cause lot of waste in site and moreover replacing better one and leaving the old
ones leads to accumulation of waste in site instead of that steel or aluminum should
be preferred in order to reduce the waste on-site.
These six factors were found most effective because these are the values which exceed the
value of 1.6627 for which they are selected as most critical factors.
3.4 Architects perspectives on construction waste reduction by design
This study investigates on waste minimization design practices in UK region and the
barriers faced by the architects in design stage in waste minimization process. It is a twofold quantitative analysis where literature review was conducted and origins of waste were
identified and questionnaire survey was conducted 46 out of 100 were answered and only
40 were useful. Questionnaires were on liker scale were 1: lowest level to 5: highest level
and calculated by one sampling t-test while crosstabulation is used to identify the
relationship between the variables.
33 percentage of designers acknowledged that they never used any waste minimization
responsibilities, 85 percentage did not analyze potential waste that may raise during design
process, only 2 percentage organized waste management meetings.
The study found 12 variables which are not under observation during design stage and
construction sage which later led to waste generation during construction.
Design stage:
1. Last minute client changes
2. Design changes during construction
3. Detailing errors
4. Unclear specification
5. Lack of information in drawings
6. Delay during revision of drawings when construction is on going
24

During site-operations:
7. Unused materials and products
8. Off-cuts from cutting materials
9. Waste from application processes
10. Improper sorting space and methods
11. Delays in forwarding the information
12. Weather conditions
After the questionnaires in this study they made an extension in order to implement the waste
minimization strategies in design stage they are:
1. Avoidance of late variations in design
2. Design for standard dimension
3. Use of prefabricated units
4. Specifying the reclaimed/ recycle materials
5. Feasibility study for waste estimation
6. Waste management deign
7. Deconstruction design
In this study, the waste minimization barriers has been surveyed and found out that these
four received the highest rating they ae:
1.lack of interest from clients
2.waste accepted as inevitable
3.poorly defined individual responsibilities
4.lack of training
The study has found out that 79 percentage who were not provided training never
undertook waste management in their study and only 22 percentage attended waste
minimization related courses who were surveyed explained that they could make
stakeholders understand the design in prospect of waste minimization and make them
aware of waste minimization in order to invest in it rather than to investing highly it in
segregating and dumping of waste.
Overall study there is explanation that that this waste minimization should be in contract
stage also by mentioning it and during concept proposal it should be adopted, in design
waste minimization should be main approach along with other approaches and there should
be outline proposals which include the areas where there is chance of reduction of waste,
detailed proposals where there should explanation of every detail of change towards the
waste minimization and final proposals should consist of confirmation from client that
there will be no change in design section which will reduce the chance of variation form
client side which is helpful for reducing the waste of materials, also said that there should
be briefing about the working ,methods and pre-construction should be done in order to get
perception over total construction and finally execution with good supervision will help to
achieve the waste minimization which is exactly planed in design.

25

CHAPTER 4
SUMMARY
Construction waste is of the most disturbance causing element in construction in terms of
cost, work and time for which there is considerably good chance to minimize its effect on
project in design stage itself by designing the building in such a way that at the end of
construction the wastage caused by construction will be less. There are also chance of
bring it zero accumulation in construction by using precast but when the project is huge
sometimes it may not accommodate only precast where the flow of cash will be in linear
direction and expenses will be huge.
During design there should be right perception about the dimensions and complexity of
construction should be kept in mind, materials selection should be apt and less waste
producing product, the level flexibility for changes in design stage is high and can be
attained with ease with the technology available, designer can easily detect whether the
dimension will take up less material or more material and is that balancing the load which
is also important factor in design, also designing according to the concept is important
which is also main criteria for design aspect and number of continuous beam elements
matters because the trim loss can be managed easily when replaced by single bar instead of
two and also the amount of steel used in critical portion and non-critical portion must be
specified carefully keeping in mind the usage of materials.
In order to reduce the effect on project in economic point of view to reduce waste in
construction we need choose best way of constructing certain elements through different
procedures, the way construction should be chosen which suits best in terms of producing
less waste which should also include economic point of view.
Co-ordination between different working engineering teams should be accurate and should
be doing clash detection repeatedly if any changes after final report of design, client
involvement is highly recommended and several audits of all working departments with
client is must and should in order that any changes can be made by client and extra time
should be given to client for reviewing the 3D model so that if any changes required can be
made easily and pre-construction in virtual form will help to identify the difficulties in
minimizing waste and helps to choose the right method of construction in order to reduce
the outcome of waste.

26

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