IMPACT OF JET

OBJECTIVE
Measure the force due to the impact of water jet on the target.
EQUIPMENT

Impact Jet
Hydraulic Bench
A set of weight
Flat, 1200 cone and hemisphere target plates.
Stop Watch

THEORY

A working fluid contains potential

energy (pressure head) and kinetic energy
(velocity head).

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The fluid may be compressible or

incompressible .Several physical principles are
employed by turbin e to collect this energy:

IMPULSE TURBIN
These turbines change the direction of flow of a high velocity fluid jet. The resulting
impulse spins the turbine and leaves the fluid in the flow with diminished kinetic energy.
There is no pressure change of the fluid in the turbine rotor blades. Before reaching the
turbine the fluids Pressure head is changed to velocity head by accelerating the fluid with
nozzle. Pelton wheel use this process exclusively. Impulse turbine does not require a pressure
casement around the runner since the fluid jet is prepaid by a nozzle prior to reaching turbine.
Newton second law describe the transfer of energy for impulse turbines.

MOMENTUM AND NEWTONS SECOND LAW

Newton's second law, usually written as F = ma where F is the force, m is the mass of
the object and a is its acceleration, states that the acceleration of a body is proportional to the
force applied to it and inversely proportional to its mass. Although the second law is usually
written in this form it is not the form that Newton originally used in his (Mathematical
Principles of Natural Philosophy) nor can it be used in situations where the mass of the
object may be changing. The original form was written in terms of momentum and is
currently expressed as F = dp/dt where F is the force, dp is the change in momentum and dt is
the time interval. Although Newton expressed his second law of motion in terms of
momentum rather than acceleration there was no mention of the rate of change of
momentum.
First Newton defined the quantity of matter, mass, as an irreducible term arising from
density and volume. The mass is the density multiplied by the volume of the object. Then
Newton defined the quantity of motion, momentum, as an irreducible term arising from a
measure of velocity and quantity of matter. Momentum is defined as the product of velocity
and mass. In its original formulation, as Newton stated in Principia: the change of motion is
proportional to the motive force impressed; and is made in the direction of the right line in
which the force is impressed. When time is included, for continuous forces, the law states that
the net force is equal to the rate of change of linear momentum with time. This is actually a
more general form of Newton's second law which is true even in relativistic situations and in
situations where mass may be changing.

Newton's second law, in conjunction with his first and third laws, is used to both
qualitatively and quantitatively describe motion. It can be used with extended objects to
describe the motion of the center of mass and with two body problems by employing their

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The form of Newton's second law as it is usually written today is usually difficult for
students to understand as the mass is usually taken as the object's weight. But the weight is
actually caused by the mass of the object and gravity, which is in itself a force. Austrian
physicist Ernst Mach explained that Newton's laws can be thought of as a single law: "When
two compact objects act on each other, they accelerate in opposite directions, and the ratio of
their accelerations is always the same." Stated in this way force and mass are removed and it
is thought of only as acceleration of the two bodies.

reduced masses. The formulation of the second law that employs momentum is more broadly
useful since it takes into account the possibility of change in the object's mass.
IMPULSE RELATE TO MOMENTUM
In classic mechanic Impulse is known as integral of force with respect to time.

Where:
I = Impulse
F= force act.
dt = amount of time
Using the Newton Second Law :

As the result, may impulse also regard as the change in momentum of an object to
which force is applied. Impulse is express simpler when the force and mass are constants.

F is the constant total net force applied

t is the time interval over which the force is applied.
v is the change in velocity produced by the force
M is the constant mass
mv = (mv) is the change in linear momentum
F is the constant total net force applied, is the time interval over which the force is
applied, m is the constant mass of the object, Is the change in velocity produced by the force
in the considered time interval, and
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mv = (mv) is the change in linear momentum.

EQUATION
Momentum leaves the system in the same direction at rate of :
mU1 cos ( kg m/s2 )
The force on the vane in the x directional equal to the rate of change of momentum change :
F = m ( u1 u2 cos )
F = mu1 ( 1-cos )
Shape
Flat
Cone
Hemisphere

900
1200
1800

F
Mu0
1.5 mu0
2 mu0

JET VELOCITY AT NOZZLE TIP

u = Q x 10-3 / 38.48 x 10-6
The velocity V0o of the jet it is deflected by the vane is less than the velocity, u, at exit
from the nozzle because of deceleration due the gravity and my be calculated from the
expression:

U12 = u22 2gs

= u22 2 ( 9.81 )( 0.03 )
= u22 - 0.5886

PROCEDURE

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= ( u22 0.5886 )1/2 m/s

1) The Flat target is installed at the shaft and indicter lever is adjusted until it fix to the
stem level.
2) Weight 100g is put on the stem plate.
3) To allow a jet hit on the target , bench supplier valve is opened
4) Slowly valve is adjusted, until the stem position will rise to the original point.
5) Volume and times are recorded.
6) Using 1 to 5 steps, the weight is rise 100g elevate until the maximum weight 500g.
RESULT
No

Weight Volume
( Kg )
( m3)

Time
(s)

Flow Velocity Momentum Impact

Rate
at
( kgm/s 2)
(N)
-4
(10 ) Nozzle
(Q)
( m/s )

Mass
Flow
Rate
( 103
)
(kg/s
)

0.1

5 x 10-3

27.2

1.832

4.76

0.8718

0.0087

2.72

2
3
4
5
Hemisphere

0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

5 x 10-3
5 x 10 -3
5 x 10-3
5 x 10-3

19.5
16.6
13.5
12.5

2.560
3.001
3.695
3.971

6.65
7.79
9.60
10.32

1.70
2.34
3.55
4.10

1.7025
2.3379
3.5477
4.0985

3.9
4.98
5.4
6.25

1
2
3
4
5
Cone

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

5 x 10-3
5 x 10-3
5 x 10-3
5 x 10-3
5 x 10-3

31.2
23.0
20.9
16.9
15.5

1.601
2.171
2.387
2.948
3.213

4.16
5.64
6.21
7.66
8.35

0.6659
1.2240
1.4839
2.2578
2.6829

0.9993
1.8367
2.2242
3.3874
4.0248

3.12
4.6
6.27
6.76
7.75

1
2
3
4
5

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

5 x 10-3
5 x 10-3
5 x 10-3
5 x 10-3
5 x10 -3

28.6
21.0
18.6
17.5
14.9

1.746
2.376
2.675
2.845
3.353

4.54
6.18
6.95
7.39
8.71

0.7931
1.4696
1.8587
2.1015
2.9193

1.5857
2.9372
3.7185
4.2061
5.8418

2.86
4.2
5.08
7.00
7.45

VOLUME
Given 5ml , convert to m3.

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Flat Plate

1 m3 = 1000L = 106 cm
= 5 x 10-3 m3

5L x

MASS FLOW RATE

m=W/s
Flate Plate
1. = 0.1 kg / 27.28 s
= 2.728 kg/s
2. = 0.2 kg / 19.53 s
= 3.906 kg/ s
3. = 0.3 kg / 16.66 s
= 4.998 kg/ s
4. = 0.4 kg / 13.53 s
= 5.412 kg/ s
5. = 0.5 kg / 12.59 s
= 6.295 kg/ s

Hemisphere
1.

= 0.1 kg / 31.22 s
= 3.122 kg/s

2.

= 0.2 kg / 23.03 s
= 4.606 kg/ s

3.

= 0.3 kg / 20.94 s
= 6.282 kg/ s

= 0.4 kg / 16.96 s
= 6.781 kg/ s
5. = 0.5 kg / 15.56 s
= 7.78 kg/ s
Cone 120

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4.

1.

= 0.1 kg / 28.63 s
= 2.863 kg/s

2.

= 0.2 kg / 21.04 s
= 4.208 kg/ s

3.

= 0.3 kg / 18.69 s
= 5.607 kg/ s

4.

= 0.4 kg / 17.57 s
= 7.028 kg/ s

5.

= 0.5 kg / 14.91 s
= 7.455 kg/ s

FLOW RATE
Q = Volume / times
Flate Plate
1. Q =
=
2. Q =
=
3. Q =
=
4.

1.8328 m/s
m3 / 19.53 s
2.5601 m/s
m3 / 16.66 s
3.0012 m/s
m3 / 13.53 s

Q=
=

5.

m3 / 27.28 s

3.6955 m/s
m3 / 12.59 s

Q=
=

3.9714 m/s

1.

m3 / 31.22 s

Q=
=

1.605 m/s

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Hemisphere

2.

Q=
=

3.

Q=
=

4.

Q=
=

5.

Q=
=

m3 / 23.03 s
2.1711 m/s
m3 / 20.94 s
2.3878 m/s
m3 / 16.96 s
2.9481 m/s
m3 / 15.56 s
3.2134 m/s

Cone 120
1.

Q=

m3 / 28.63 s

= 1.7464 m/s
2.

Q=

m3 / 21.04 s

= 2.3764 m/s
3.

Q=

m3 / 18.69 s

= 2.6752 m/s
4.

Q=

m3 / 17.57 s

= 2.8458 m/s
Q=

m3 / 14.91 s

= 3.3535 m/s

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5.

VELOSITY AT THE NOZZLE

u = Q x 10-3 / A
Flat Plate
1.

u = 1.8328 m3/s / 38.48 x 10-6m2

u = 4.76 m/s

2.

u = 2.5601 m3/s / 38.48 x 10-6m2

u = 6.65 m/s

3.

u = 3.0012 m3/s / 38.48 x 10-6m2

u = 7.79 m/s

4.

u = 3.6955 m3/s / 38.48 x 10-6m2

u = 9.60 m/s

5.

u = 3.9714 m3/s / 38.48 x 10-6m2

u = 10.32 m/s

Hemisphere
1.

u = 31.22 m3/s / 38.48 x 10-6m2

u = 4.16 m/s

2.

u = 23.03 m3/s / 38.48 x 10-6m2

u = 5.64 m/s

3.

u = 20.94 m3/s / 38.48 x 10-6m2

u = 2.3878 m/s

4.

u = 16.96 m3/s / 38.48 x 10-6m2

u = 2.9481 m/s
u = 15.56 m3/s / 38.48 x 10-6m2
u = 3.2134 m/s
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5.

Cone 120
1.

u = 28.63 m3/s / 38.48 x 10-6m2

u = 1.7464 m/s

2.

u = 21.04 m3/s / 38.48 x 10-6m2

u = 2.3764 m/s

3.

u = 18.69 m3/s / 38.48 x 10-6m2

u = 2.6752 m/s

4.

u = 17.57 m3/s / 38.48 x 10-6m2

u = 2.8458 m/s

5.

u = 14.91 m3/s / 38.48 x 10-6m2

u = 3.3535 m/s

MOMENTUM
Mass x velocity
Flat Plate
1. M = 1000 kg / m3 x 38.48 x 10-6 m2 x (4.76)2 m / s
= 0.8718 N
2. M = 1000 kg / m3 x 38.48 x 10-6 m2 x (6.65)2 m / s
= 1.70 N
3. M = 1000 kg / m3 x 38.48 x 10-6 m2 x (7.79)2 m / s
= 2.34 N
4. M = 1000 kg / m3 x 38.48 x 10-6 m2 x (9.60)2 m / s
= 3.55 N

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5. M = 1000 kg / m3 x 38.48 x 10-6 m2 x (10.32)2 m / s

= 4.10 N

Hemispher
1. M = 1000 kg / m3 x 38.48 x 10-6 m2 x (4.16)2 m / s
= 0.6659 N
2. M = 1000 kg / m3 x 38.48 x 10-6 m2 x (5.64)2 m / s
= 1.2240 N
3. M = 1000 kg / m3 x 38.48 x 10-6 m2 x (6.21)2 m / s
= 1.4839 N
4. M = 1000 kg / m3 x 38.48 x 10-6 m2 x (7.66)2 m / s
= 2.2578 N
5. M = 1000 kg / m3 x 38.48 x 10-6 m2 x (8.35)2 m / s
= 2.6829 N

Cone 120
1. M = 1000 kg / m3 x 38.48 x 10-6 m2 x (4.54)2 m / s
= 0.7931 N
2. M = 1000 kg / m3 x 38.48 x 10-6 m2 x (6.18)2 m / s
= 1.4696 N
3. M = 1000 kg / m3 x 38.48 x 10-6 m2 x (6.95)2 m / s
= 1.8587 N
4. M = 1000 kg / m3 x 38.48 x 10-6 m2 x (7.39)2 m / s
= 2.1015 N

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5. M = 1000 kg / m3 x 38.48 x 10-6 m2 x (8.71)2 m / s

= 2.9193 N

Impact Force
Shape
Flat
Cone
Hemisphere

900
1200
1800

F
mu0
1.5 mu0
2 mu0

Example ;
Flat = mu0
= 0.1kg x 5.64 m/s
= 0.564
Hemisphere = 1.5 mu0
= 1.5 (4.342 x10-3 kg /s) (5.64 m/s )
= 0.1123 N
Cone = 2 mu0
= 2 (3.128 x 10-3kg / s ) ( 4.064 m/s )

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= 0.0254 N

QUESTION

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1) Plot a graph Impact Force vs rate of Delivery of momentum.

2) Observe the experiment.

Page6

MOMENTUM AND NEWTON'S SECOND LAW

F = ma where F is the force, m is the mass of the object and a is its
acceleration, states that the acceleration of a body is proportional to the force applied
to it and inversely proportional to its mass. Although the second law is usually written
in this form it is not the form that Newton originally used in his Philosophiae
Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy)
nor can it be used in situations where the mass of the object may be changing. The
original form terms of momentum is expressed by F = dp/dt where F is the force, dp
is the change in momentum and dt is the time interval. Although Newton second law
said motion in terms of momentum rather than acceleration there was no mention of
the rate of change of momentum.

3) Calculate the slope of all the graph

FLAT PLATE

=
= 0.9974
HEMISPHERE PLATE

=
= 1.5
CONE PLATE

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= 2.008

4) Discuss the graph.

Graph shown that all type of plates give a same resultant , the Impact of force
constantly to the momentum . Otherwise Impact force also are related to the
momentum value by Newtons law F =dp / dt which, dp is change in momentum.
CONCLUSIONS
Control volume system can be describe as a fundamental to analyse all fluid flow.
They are only involved velocity and density. Vector directions are of no consequence except
to determine the normal velocity at surface and the hence whether the flow is in or out.
Although on analyse conscience on moment, force or energy ,the most important is
balancing of mass in system.
Based on experiment been done, application of momentum theorem for an inertial
control volume are describe with reference to three distinct type of practical problems,
namely as force acting due the inertial flow through expanding or reducing pipe bend ,force
on stationary and moving vanes due to impingement of fluid jet and Jet propulsion of ship
and aircraft with uniform velocity.
Explanation on last part of practical problem, based on the experiment it is a force on
a stationary surface. Consider stationary flat plate and liquid jet of cross areas, striking with
velocity V at an angle to the plate.

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Calculate force required the control volume is continuously and the control surface
coincide to the plate of area. Separately discussion, volume flow rate incoming jet named as
Q and divide to two section as Q1 and Q2 which gliding along the surface with the same
velocity since pressure through outs same as the atmosphere pressure, the plate is considered
to be frictionless and the influence of gravity is neglected. As the result of jet water equal the
overall of force but in cross direction .

REFERENCES
www. Wikipedia Pelton Turbine .com
Modul mekanik Bendalir, FKMP, 2007.
Fluid Mechanic and Fluid Machine, SK Som. G Biswas.

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Attachment

Water Jet Figure

Centrifugal Pump

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Supply Valve

Discharge Valve

Flat , Hemesphere and Cone Plate

ight

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We